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Lim C, Vaughan B, Fitzgerald K, Fitzpatrick J. Profile of Sport and Exercise Physician trainee's clinical practice within Australasia in 2019: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001930. [PMID: 39092237 PMCID: PMC11293413 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective To identify the patient population profile and the spectrum of training activities and influencing factors of Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physician (ACSEP) trainees. Design Retrospective cross-sectional design. Setting Training settings for ACSEP trainees. Participants Twenty ACSEP trainees undertaking full-time training in training period 2 of the 2019 training year (1 August 2019-31 January 2020). Exclusion criteria were trainees undertaking part time study and new fellows who completed their fellowship exams in 2019. Independent variables Patient and practitioner demographics. Method Retrospective cross-sectional design. Main outcome measurements Patient data recorded in ACSEP trainees' logbook. Short questionnaire capturing pertinent trainee demographics. Results Most ACSEP trainee patients are adults aged 18-65 years of age (78.2%), presenting with knee (18.7%), ankle (17%) and spinal complaints (13.1%) in clinical practice or sporting team environments. Youths 10-17 make up 13.1% of presentations and older adults 66 years and older make up 8%. Only Australian trainees are engaging in additional training activities, such as surgical assisting outside of the clinic or sporting team environment. Conclusion Australasian Sport and Exercise Physician trainees appear to consult primarily musculoskeletal complaints, including providing broader care to paediatric and older populations, and work with sporting teams. There are differences between Australia and New Zealand trainee employment conditions, which appear to be affecting training experiences. These differences warrant consideration to ensure equitable training experiences and financial stability for trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lim
- Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett Vaughan
- University of Melbourne VCCC, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie Fitzgerald
- Medical Education, The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Fitzpatrick
- Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Research Committee, Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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van Zyl S, Bayne H, Schwellnus M, Viljoen C. A high incidence of injury among male university student rugby players requires urgent injury prevention strategies. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 65:107-112. [PMID: 38103358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of training and match injuries in university student rugby players over a two-season period. DESIGN Prospective cohort. SETTING Varsity Cup (VC) and Young Guns (YG) rugby tournaments (2018 and 2019). PARTICIPANTS 171 male university student rugby players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES For time-loss injuries: injury incidence (injuries per 1000 player-hours), injured player proportion (% of injured players) and the frequency (n, %) of injury characteristics (new or recurrent, anatomical region, body area, severity. RESULTS The injury incidence was 2.4 per 1000 player-hours for training injuries and 131.1 per 1000 player-hours for match injuries. The overall injured player proportion was 59.6%. New injuries (83.9%) were more frequent than recurrent injuries. Most injuries occurred in the lower limb involving muscle/tendon (56.7%) and ligament/joint capsule (27.2%). The shoulder (19.6%) and ankle (15.7%) were the most common body areas of injury during matches and training, respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was a high injured player proportion and match injury incidence among university student rugby players. Most injuries were new. Lower limb injuries were most common in training whereas upper limb injuries were most common in matches. These findings highlight the need to prioritise future injury prevention among university student rugby players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanet van Zyl
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa. https://twitter.com/sanetvz
| | - Helen Bayne
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. https://twitter.com/HelenBayneZA
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre, South Africa
| | - Carel Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa. https://twitter.com/CarelViljoen
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Goetti P, Martinho T, Seurot A, Bothorel H, Lädermann A. Is sling immobilization necessary after open Latarjet surgery for anterior shoulder instability? A randomized control trial. Trials 2023; 24:148. [PMID: 36850012 PMCID: PMC9969622 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a current lack of knowledge regarding optimal rehabilitation and duration of sling immobilization after an open Latarjet procedure. A shift towards immediate self-rehabilitation protocols in shoulder surgery is observed to avoid postoperative stiffness and fasten return to sport. Avoiding sling immobilization could further simplify rehabilitation and provide an even faster return to activities of daily living and enhance patient satisfaction. METHODS This study is a single-center, randomized control trial. Sixty-eight patients will be instructed with the same standardized immediate postoperative self-rehabilitation protocol. Patients will be allocated 1:1 between a sling immobilization group for the first three postoperative weeks and no sling group without postoperative immobilization. The primary endpoint will be functional outcome at 6 months postoperative evaluated by the disease-specific Rowe score. Secondary endpoints will include baseline, 1.5-, 6-, and 12-month single assessment numeric evaluation (SANE) of instability score and visual analog pain scale (VAS). At the 6-month time point, graft bony union and position will be assessed by computed tomography. Motion capture technology will evaluate the baseline and 6-month postoperative range of motion. Finally, time to return to work and sport during the first postoperative year, along with patient satisfaction at one postoperative year, will also be recorded. DISCUSSION This study will allow further insights into the optimal rehabilitation protocol after open Latarjet surgery and enhance patient care by helping identify rehabilitation and coracoid graft-related factors influencing functional outcomes, bony union, range of motion, and patient satisfaction. TRIAL REGISTRATION The protocol was approved by the ethical committee board (CCER 2019-02,469) in April 2020 and by ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04479397 ) in July 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Goetti
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Avenue Pierre Decker 4, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Martinho
- grid.413934.80000 0004 0512 0589Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, La Tour Hospital, Rue J.-D. Maillard 3, CH-1217 Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Seurot
- grid.413934.80000 0004 0512 0589Department of Physiotherapy, La Tour Hospital, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Bothorel
- grid.413934.80000 0004 0512 0589Research Department, La Tour Hospital, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Lädermann
- Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, La Tour Hospital, Rue J.-D. Maillard 3, CH-1217, Meyrin, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland. .,Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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Nutritional Strategies in the Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Athletes: A Systematic Integrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040819. [PMID: 36839176 PMCID: PMC9965375 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that three to five million sports injuries occur worldwide each year. The highest incidence is reported during competition periods with mainly affectation of the musculoskeletal tissue. For appropriate nutritional management and correct use of nutritional supplements, it is important to individualize based on clinical effects and know the adaptive response during the rehabilitation phase after a sports injury in athletes. Therefore, the aim of this PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Sports Science PERSiST-based systematic integrative review was to perform an update on nutritional strategies during the rehabilitation phase of musculoskeletal injuries in elite athletes. After searching the following databases: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, PEDro, and Google Scholar, a total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria (Price Index: 66.6%). The risk of bias assessment for randomized controlled trials was performed using the RoB 2.0 tool while review articles were evaluated using the AMSTAR 2.0 items. Based on the main findings of the selected studies, nutritional strategies that benefit the rehabilitation process in injured athletes include balanced energy intake, and a high-protein and carbohydrate-rich diet. Supportive supervision should be provided to avoid low energy availability. The potential of supplementation with collagen, creatine monohydrate, omega-3 (fish oils), and vitamin D requires further research although the effects are quite promising. It is worth noting the lack of clinical research in injured athletes and the higher number of reviews in the last 10 years. After analyzing the current quantitative and non-quantitative evidence, we encourage researchers to conduct further clinical research studies evaluating doses of the discussed nutrients during the rehabilitation process to confirm findings, but also follow international guidelines at the time to review scientific literature.
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O' Connor C, McIntyre M, Delahunt E, Thorborg K. Reliability and validity of common hip adduction strength measures: The ForceFrame strength testing system versus the sphygmomanometer. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 59:162-167. [PMID: 36566587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The criterion validity of the sphygmomanometer was evaluated, relative to the Force Frame strength testing system. Test-retest reliability was assessed for both hip adduction and abduction strength. DESIGN Test-retest reliability study and criterion validity study. PARTICIPANTS 50 asymptomatic, field-sport athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Maximal isometric hip adduction and abduction strength were measured. Interclass correlation coefficient(ICC2,1) with confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate reliability of peak strength values. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient(r) was calculated to examine criterion validity of the sphygmomanometer as a measure of force when compared to the ForceFrame. RESULTS Intra-rater reliability for bilateral adduction testing using both ForceFrame and sphygmomanometer values revealed good-excellent reliability for both the 0° (ICC2.1 = 0.87-0.90) and 45° (ICC2.1 = 0.81-0.91) positions. ForceFrame values revealed good-excellent reliability for 0° abduction position and 45° abduction position. A good-moderate relationship (Pearson's r = 0.63) for 0° adduction position, and poor relationship (Pearson's r = 0.40) for 45° adduction position, were found between adduction squeeze values on ForceFrame and sphygmomanometer. CONCLUSION Excellent reliability in hip adduction squeeze strength testing for both modes. However, there exists a 'good to moderate'-'fair' relationship between the Force Frame and sphygmomanometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran O' Connor
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Martin McIntyre
- Sports Injuries and Sport Medicine Clinic, Castlebar, Co. Mayo, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Institute of Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center Copenhagen - (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amager-Hvidovre Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Denmark
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Moore IS, Bitchell CL, Vicary D, Rafferty J, Robson BC, Mathema P. Concussion increases within-player injury risk in male professional rugby union. Br J Sports Med 2022; 57:bjsports-2021-105238. [PMID: 36588427 PMCID: PMC10086303 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess within-player change in injury risk and between-player subsequent injury risk associated with concussive and common non-concussive injuries in professional rugby union. METHODS This prospective cohort study in Welsh professional male rugby union analysed within-player and between-player injury risk for five common injuries: concussion, thigh haematoma, hamstring muscle strain, lateral ankle sprain and acromioclavicular joint sprain. Survival models quantified within-player injury risk by comparing precommon (before) injury risk to postcommon (after) injury risk, whereas between-player subsequent injury risk was quantified by comparing players who had sustained one of the common injuries against those who had not sustained the common injury. HRs and 95% CIs were calculated. Specific body area and tissue type were also determined for new injuries. RESULTS Concussion increased the within-player overall injury risk (HR 1.26 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.42)), elevating head/neck (HR 1.47 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.83)), pelvic region (HR 2.32 (95% CI 1.18 to 4.54)) and neurological (HR 1.38 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.76)) injury risk. Lateral ankle sprains decreased within-player injury risk (HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.97)), reducing head/neck (HR 0.60 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.91)), upper leg and knee (HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.81)), joint and ligament (HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.99)) and neurological (HR 0.55 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.91)) injury risk. Concussion (HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.40)), thigh haematomas (HR 1.18 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.34)) and hamstring muscle strains (HR 1.14 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.29)) increased between-player subsequent injury risk. CONCLUSION Elevated within-player injury risk was only evident following concussive injuries, while lateral ankle sprains reduced the risk. Both concussion and ankle injuries altered head/neck and neurological injury risk, but in opposing directions. Understanding why management of ankle sprains might be effective, while current concussion management is not at reducing such risks may help inform concussion return to play protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Moore
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Danielle Vicary
- School of Health and Social Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Ben Charles Robson
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Murias-Lozano R, San Sebastián-Obregón FJ, Lucio-Mejías H, Saló-Cuenca JC, Plaza-Manzano G, López-de-Uralde-Villanueva I, Maté-Muñoz JL, García-Fernández P. Match Injuries in the Spanish Rugby Union Division de Honor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11861. [PMID: 36231172 PMCID: PMC9565692 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the injury rate, severity, cause, anatomical location (tissue damaged), recurrence, place and time during matches throughout a season in the Spanish Rugby Union Division de Honor. METHODS Observational, prospective and descriptive study conducted in the competition of the Spanish División de Honor de Rugby with 258 players. The data were reported by the medical services of the previously formed clubs. RESULTS Total exposure was 4100 h, during which 220 injuries occurred. The average number of sick days was 36.8. The total injury rate was 53.6 injuries/1000 h of exposure. Three quarters suffered 93 injuries and the forwards sustained a total of 127 injuries, with a total of 48.6 and 58.1 injuries/1000 h of exposure, respectively. Moderate injuries were the most frequent. Specifically, ligament injury was the most frequent, and dislocation was the injury that caused the most sick days. The most injuries occurred in the third quarter of the match, and the most serious injuries occurred in the second quarter. CONCLUSIONS The injury rate of Spanish rugby competitors is 53.6 injuries/1000 match hours, with an average of 36.8 sick days. Contact injuries are the most frequent, taking place especially when tackling or being tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Murias-Lozano
- Department of Physiotherapy, Camilo José Cela University, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Rugby Federation, 28008 Madrid, Spain
- Physioactive Clinic, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Henar Lucio-Mejías
- Department of Physiotherapy, Camilo José Cela University, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Rugby Federation, 28008 Madrid, Spain
- Physioactive Clinic, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Saló-Cuenca
- Traumatology Unit, Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology Service, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Gustavo Plaza-Manzano
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo InPhysio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibai López-de-Uralde-Villanueva
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo InPhysio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo InPhysio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Epidemiology of injuries in amateur boxing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:995-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.09.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Buchholtz K, Barnes C, Burgess TL. Injury and Illness Incidence in 2017 Super Rugby Tournament: A Surveillance Study on a Single South African Team. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:648-657. [PMID: 35693864 PMCID: PMC9159725 DOI: 10.26603/001c.35581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Professional rugby presents significant injury and illness risks to players, which need to be regularly assessed to monitor the effects of interventions and competition rules changes. Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and nature of time-loss injuries and illness during the pre-season and competition period of the 2017 Super Rugby tournament in a single South African team. Study Design Descriptive Epidemiology Study. Methods Forty-five adult players were recruited from one 2017 Super Rugby South African team, with 39 included in the final data set. Daily injury and illness data were routinely collected during the season by support staff over a 28-week period (January to July 2017), based on standardized injury and illness definitions. Retrospective analyses of the data were performed. Results The incidence of match injuries (241.0 per 1000 player hours) was significantly higher than training injuries (3.3 per 1000 player hours). Twenty one percent of all injuries occurred during the tackle; 37.5% of all injuries were of a "moderate" severity. The proportion of players who sustained a time-loss injury was 76.9% (n=30). The overall incidence of illness was 1.8 per 1000 player days. Acute respiratory tract infection (28.6%) was the most common diagnosis, and the majority of illnesses (64.3%) did not result in time-loss. Conclusion This study presented a longer study period than previous research by including the pre-season training, but represented only one single team. The incidence of match injuries was significantly higher than previously reported in Super Rugby tournaments, whereas illness rates were significantly lower. Support staff in professional rugby need to be trained on the standardized Orchard System of Classifications to ensure good quality data that can be compared to other teams within the same or other sporting codes. Level of evidence Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Buchholtz
- Health, Physical Activity, Lifestyle, and Sport (HPALS) Research Centre, University of Cape Town; Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports
| | - Curt Barnes
- Division of Physiotherapy, University of Cape Town
| | - Theresa L Burgess
- Division of Physiotherapy, University of Cape Town; Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, Stellenbosch University
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Williams S, Robertson C, Starling L, McKay C, West S, Brown J, Stokes K. Injuries in Elite Men's Rugby Union: An Updated (2012-2020) Meta-Analysis of 11,620 Match and Training Injuries. Sports Med 2022; 52:1127-1140. [PMID: 34854059 PMCID: PMC9023408 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most recent meta-analytic review of injuries in elite senior men's Rugby Union was published in 2013. The demands of the game at the elite level are continually changing alongside law amendments and developments in player preparation. As such, an updated meta-analysis of injury data in this setting is necessary. OBJECTIVE To meta-analyse time-loss injury data in elite senior men's Rugby Union between 2012 and 2020. METHODS Electronic databases were searched using the keywords 'rugby' and 'inj*'. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Injury incidence rate data were modelled using a mixed-effects Poisson regression model. Days missed data were modelled using a general linear mixed model. RESULTS The included data encompassed a total of 8819 match injuries and 2801 training injuries. The overall incidence rate of injuries in matches was 91 per 1000 h (95% confidence interval (CI) 77-106). The estimated mean days missed per match injury was 27 days (95% CI 23-32). The overall incidence rate of match concussions was 12 per 1000 h (95% CI 9-15). The overall incidence rate of training injuries was 2.8 per 1000 h (95% CI 1.9-4.0). Playing level was not a significant effect modifier for any outcome. CONCLUSIONS The injury incidence rate and mean days missed per injury in the present meta-analysis were higher, but statistically equivalent to, the 2013 meta-analysis (81 per 1000 h and 20 days, respectively). The injury incidence rate for match injuries in elite senior men's Rugby Union is high in comparison to most team sports, though the training injury incidence rate compares favourably. The tackle event and concussion injuries should continue to be the focus of future preventative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Williams
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Charli Robertson
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Lindsay Starling
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Carly McKay
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Stephen West
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - James Brown
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- IOC Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Keith Stokes
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
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Leahy TM, Kenny IC, Campbell MJ, Warrington GD, Purtill H, Cahalan R, Comyns TM, Harrison AJ, Lyons M, Glynn LG, O’Sullivan K. Injury Trends for School Rugby Union in Ireland: The Need for Position-specific Injury-prevention Programs. Sports Health 2022; 15:131-141. [PMID: 35354389 PMCID: PMC9808841 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221078531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern has been raised over the injury risk to school Rugby union (Rugby) players and the potential long-term health consequences. Despite the increase in studies for this cohort, the influence of playing position on injury incidence and presentation is unclear. PURPOSE To describe the incidence, nature and severity of match injuries for school Rugby in Ireland overall, and as a function of playing position. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Data were collected from 15 male (aged 16-19 years) school Senior Cup teams across 2 seasons. In total, 339 players participated in season 1, whereas 326 players participated in season 2. Injury data were recorded onto a bespoke online platform. Match exposure was also recorded. RESULTS The incidence rate of match injuries (24-hour time loss) was 53.6 per 1000 hours. Across both seasons, 6810 days were lost from play due to injury. Forwards (65.4 per 1000 hours) sustained significantly more (P < 0.05) injuries than backs (40.5 per 1000 hours). The head, shoulder, knee, and ankle were the most common injured body regions; however, forwards sustained significantly more (P < 0.05) head and shoulder injuries than backs. The tackle was responsible for the majority of injuries in both groups. The highest proportion of injuries occurred during the third quarter. CONCLUSION Clear differences in injury presentation and incidence were evident when comparing forwards versus backs. The high rate of head and shoulder injuries in the forwards suggest the need for more targeted injury-prevention strategies and further research on education and laws around the tackle event. The spike of injuries in the third quarter suggests that fatigue or inadequate half-time warm-up may be a contributing factor warranting further exploration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study demonstrates clear differences in injury presentation according to playing position in school Rugby and highlights the need for a more tailored approach to the design and implementation of injury-prevention strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M. Leahy
- Therese M. Leahy MSc, PhD,
Researcher IRFU IRIS Project, Department of Physical Activity & Sports
Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Clooneen, Headford, h91V06k, Ireland
() (Twitter: @ThereseMLeahy)
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The Epidemiology of Injuries in Spanish Rugby Union División de Honor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073882. [PMID: 35409565 PMCID: PMC8997440 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe and analyze injury incidence, severity, cause of injury, anatomical location, damaged tissue, injury recurrence, and the time and place at which injuries occur over the course of a season. METHODS An observational, descriptive, prospective, nomothetic, and multidimensional study was conducted during the 2018-2019 season with 258 players of the top semiprofessional rugby league in Spain (División de Honor de Rugby). Data were reported by the clubs' medical services. Reported time-loss injuries were collected. RESULTS Overall exposure was 4100 h (137 matches), over 35 weeks of competition. A total of 288 injuries were reported, with three of these leading to withdrawal from the sport. A total average of 35.63 days was lost to injury. Overall time-loss injury incidence was 3.41 injuries/1000 h of exposure. Backs suffered 119 injuries corresponding to 3.80 injuries/1000 h of exposure, whilst forwards suffered 169 injuries with 4.27 injuries/1000 h of exposure. Severe injuries were the most frequent injury type. CONCLUSIONS Outcomes confirm that more injuries take place during competition, with these also being more severe in nature. Contact injuries were most frequently suffered, above all, due to tackling or being tackled.
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13
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MacMillan C, Olivier B, Benjamin-Damons N. Sport Science Lab® Screening Protocol: The association between physical fitness Parameters and injury among elite rugby players. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 52:272-279. [PMID: 34695773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES The Sport Science Lab® (SSL®) screening protocol includes novel methods of assessing flexibility, strength, plyometric ability and rugby specific fitness. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between these tests and injury among professional rugby players. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Fitness facilities of participating teams. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-nine injury-free, elite, adult (>18 years), male rugby players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The test battery consisted of eleven flexibility-, nine strength- and six plyometric tests and a rugby specific fitness test (RSFT). Injuries were recorded weekly during the 2019 rugby season. Associations between test results and injuries were analysed utilising suitable tests of association i.e., sensitivity, specificity, false positive rate, false negative rate, positive predictive value and negative predictive value and odds ratios (OR) (with confidence intervals (CI)). Bivariate correlations and logistic regression were performed to assess the relationship of the predictor variables to the outcome. RESULTS Players who achieved the set standard for the RSFT (OR = 3.17; 95% CI = 0.79-12.75), triple horizontal broad jump (OR = 2.40; 95% CI = 0.86-19.61) and lateral depth jumps (OR = 2.40-3.44; 95% CI = 0.53-18.84) were two to three times less likely to sustain an injury during the season. CONCLUSION Players with superior rugby specific fitness and cyclic linear- and lateral plyometric ability, may have a decreased risk of sustaining injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice MacMillan
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Benita Olivier
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Natalie Benjamin-Damons
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
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14
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Hind K, Konerth N, Entwistle I, Theadom A, Lewis G, King D, Chazot P, Hume P. Cumulative Sport-Related Injuries and Longer Term Impact in Retired Male Elite- and Amateur-Level Rugby Code Athletes and Non-contact Athletes: A Retrospective Study. Sports Med 2021; 50:2051-2061. [PMID: 32671695 PMCID: PMC7575474 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Rugby union and rugby league are popular team contact sports, but they bring a high risk of injury. Although previous studies have reported injury occurrence across one or several seasons, none have explored the total number of injuries sustained across an entire career. As the first to do so, the aim of this study was to report on cumulative injuries and their perceived long-term impact in retired rugby code athletes compared to athletes from non-contact sports. Methods One hundred and eighty-nine former rugby code athletes (rugby union n = 145; rugby league n = 44) and 65 former non-contact athletes were recruited to the UK Rugby Health Project between September 2016 and December 2018. Details on sports participation, sports injuries and concussion history, sports injury-related surgeries, and previous and current health were obtained from a validated, online self-report questionnaire. Results Former elite rugby code athletes (n = 83) reported more total injuries per player (median 39, IQR 35) than former amateur rugby code athletes (n = 106; median 23, IQR 30; p = 0.014) and non-contact sports athletes (n = 65; median 7.5, IQR 15; p < 0.001). Concussion was the most frequently reported injury for the elite and amateur rugby code groups, followed by upper/lower back and knee ligament injuries. These injuries also presented with the highest recurrence. Rugby code groups reported a higher continued impact of previous concussion, neck injuries, shoulder dislocation, ACL tears, and knee ligament injuries (p = 0.003–0.045). The reported prevalence of osteoarthritis was more than twofold greater in the elite rugby code group than in non-contact athletes (51% v 22%, p < 0.001). The prevalence of back pain and/or severe and regular joint pain was high across all groups (47–80%), particularly the elite rugby code group. The total number of joint injuries and sport injury-related surgeries was higher in those who reported current osteoarthritis and current severe and regular joint pain (p < 0.001–p = 0.028). Conclusion Across multiple injury types, past participation in rugby union and rugby league, particularly at elite level, is associated with a high cumulative injury load and a continued impact of previous injuries post-retirement. Given the high number of reported concussions (and their recurrence) and associations between previous injuries during a player’s career and current musculoskeletal conditions, efforts should be prioritized to reduce the occurrence and recurrence of injuries in rugby codes at all levels of the sport. Strategies should also be developed for supporting the specific physical health needs of rugby code athletes post-retirement. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-020-01310-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, 42 Old Elvet, Durham, DH1 3HN, UK. .,Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Stockton, TS17 6BH, UK.
| | - Natalie Konerth
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, 42 Old Elvet, Durham, DH1 3HN, UK
| | - Ian Entwistle
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, 42 Old Elvet, Durham, DH1 3HN, UK.,Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Stockton, TS17 6BH, UK
| | - Alice Theadom
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gwyn Lewis
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Doug King
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Chazot
- Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Stockton, TS17 6BH, UK.,Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Patria Hume
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Abstract
The epidemiology of any given topic sometimes is overlooked. This is true particularly with sports physicians and sports injuries. The identification of sports-specific injury patterns by collection and examination of data can help prevent injuries. Thus, as a physician involved in any sport, it is essential to have this knowledge because understanding it and imparting it may allow a valuable contribution to the health and safety of the athletes and success of the teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Hodgkins
- Miami Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Institute, 1150 Campo Sano Avenue, Miami, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Wessling
- Lenox Hill Hospital, 159 East 74th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10021, USA
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16
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Claudino JG, Cardoso Filho CA, Bittencourt NFN, Gonçalves LG, Couto CR, Quintão RC, Reis GF, de Oliveira Júnior O, Amadio AC, Boullosa D, Serrão JC. Eccentric Strength Assessment of Hamstring Muscles with New Technologies: a Systematic Review of Current Methods and Clinical Implications. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:10. [PMID: 33507412 PMCID: PMC7843797 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the severe economic and performance implications of hamstring injuries, there are different attempts to identify their risk factors for subsequently developing injury prevention strategies to reduce the risk of these injuries. One of the strategies reported in the scientific literature is the application of interventions with eccentric exercises. To verify the effectiveness of these interventions, different eccentric strength measurements have been used with low-cost devices as alternatives to the widespread used isokinetic dynamometers and the technically limited handheld dynamometers. Therefore, the purpose of the present systematic review was to summarize the findings of the scientific literature related to the evaluation of eccentric strength of hamstring muscles with these new technologies. METHODS Systematic searches through the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, from inception up to April 2020, were conducted for peer reviewed articles written in English, reporting eccentric strength of hamstrings assessed by devices, different to isokinetic and handheld dynamometers, in athletes. RESULTS Seventeen studies were finally included in the review with 4 different devices used and 18 parameters identified. The pooled sample consisted of 2893 participants (97% male and 3% female: 22 ± 4 years). The parameters most used were peak force (highest and average), peak torque (average and highest), and between-limb imbalance (left-to-right limb ratio). There is inconsistency regarding the association between eccentric hamstrings strength and both injury risk and athletic performance. There is no standardized definition or standardization of the calculation of the used parameters. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence is insufficient to recommend a practical guide for sports professionals to use these new technologies in their daily routine, due to the need for standardized definitions and calculations. Furthermore, more studies with female athletes are warranted. Despite these limitations, the eccentric strength of hamstring muscles assessed by different devices may be recommended for monitoring the neuromuscular status of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gustavo Claudino
- School of Physical Education and Sport – Laboratory of Biomechanics, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65 – Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030 Brazil
- Research and Development Department, LOAD CONTROL, Contagem, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Cardoso Filho
- School of Physical Education and Sport – Laboratory of Biomechanics, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65 – Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030 Brazil
| | - Natália Franco Netto Bittencourt
- Uni-BH University Center – Physical Therapy Department, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
- PHAST, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Carlos Amadio
- School of Physical Education and Sport – Laboratory of Biomechanics, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65 – Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030 Brazil
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD Australia
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, INISA, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Júlio Cerca Serrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport – Laboratory of Biomechanics, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65 – Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030 Brazil
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17
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West SW, Starling L, Kemp S, Williams S, Cross M, Taylor A, Brooks JHM, Stokes KA. Trends in match injury risk in professional male rugby union: a 16-season review of 10 851 match injuries in the English Premiership (2002–2019): the Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:676-682. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesThe Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project is the largest and longest running rugby union injury surveillance project globally and focuses on the highest level of rugby in England.MethodsWe examined match injuries in professional men’s rugby over the period 2002/2003 to 2018/2019 and described trends in injuries over this time.ResultsOver the period 2002/2003–2018/2019, 10 851 injuries occurred in 1 24 952 hours of match play, equating to a mean of 57 injuries per club per season and one injury per team per match. The mean incidence, severity (days absence) and burden (days absence/1000 hours) of injury were 87/1000 hours (95% CI 82 to 92), 25 days (95% CI 22 to 28) and 2178 days/1000 hours (95% CI 1872 to 2484), respectively. The tackle accounted for 43% injuries with running the second most common activity during injury (12%). The most common injury location was the head/face with an incidence of 11.3/1000 hours, while the location with the highest overall burden was the knee (11.1 days/1000 hours). Long-term trends demonstrated stable injury incidence and proportion of injured players, but an increase in the mean and median severity of injuries. Concussion incidence, severity and burden increased from the 2009/2010 season onwards and from 2011 to 2019 concussion was the most common injury.ConclusionThe rise in overall injury severity and concussion incidence are the most significant findings from this work and demonstrate the need for continued efforts to reduce concussion risk as well as a greater understanding of changes in injury severity over time.
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18
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King D, Hume PA, Clark TN, Pearce AJ. Use of the King-Devick test for the identification of concussion in an amateur domestic women's rugby union team over two competition seasons in New Zealand. J Neurol Sci 2020; 418:117162. [PMID: 33017712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the use of the King-Devick (K-D) test for sideline assessment of concussive injuries in a New Zealand amateur women's rugby union team. DESIGN Prospective cohort observational. METHODS All players were K-D tested during pre-season using a tablet (iPad; Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA). Differences in K-D scores and test-retest reliability were calculated for baseline test scores, baseline, and post-injury (concussion) sideline assessment and baseline and post-season testing scores for tests by year and as a combined score. RESULTS One training-related (0.3 per 1000 training-hrs) and nine match-related (16.1 per 1000 match-hrs) concussions were recorded. The K-D post-injury (concussion) sideline test score were significantly slower than established baseline (-4.4 [-5.8 to -3.4] s; χ2(1) = 42.2; p < 0.0001; t(9) = -4.0; p = 0.0029; d = -0.8). There was good-to-excellent reliability of the K-D test for baseline (ICC: 0.84 to 0.89), post-injury (concussion) sideline assessment (ICC: 0.82 to 0.97) and post-season evaluation (ICC: 0.79 to 0.83). DISCUSSION By utilising the baseline to post-injury (concussion) assessment comparisons, any player with a post-injury (concussion) assessment slowing of their K-D test time, regardless of whether the player has, or has not had a witnessed insult, should be withheld from any further participation until they are evaluated by a medical professional trained in the management of concussion. CONCLUSION This study has provided additional evidence to support the use of the K-D test as a frontline method of assessing concussion with good to excellent reliability of the test for baseline, side-line assessment and post-season evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D King
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environment Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | - P A Hume
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; National Institute of Stroke and Applied Neuroscience (NISAN), Faculty of Health and Environment Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T N Clark
- International College of Management Sydney, Manly, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A J Pearce
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Kilic Ö, Hopley P, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Lambert M, Verhagen E, Viljoen W, Wylleman P, Gouttebarge V. Impact of concussion and severe musculoskeletal injuries on the onset of mental health symptoms in male professional rugby players: a 12-month study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5:e000693. [PMID: 31908840 PMCID: PMC6937054 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study explored the association between concussion or musculoskeletal injuries, and the onset of mental health symptoms (MHS) in male professional rugby players over a 12-month period. Methods Observational prospective cohort study with three measurements over a follow-up period of 12 months. At baseline, 573 participants provided informed consent. A total of 327 male professional rugby players (62% forwards, 38% backs) completed all follow-up assessments at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. The mean (±SD) age, height and weight of the participants at baseline was 25.9 (±4.4) years, 184.9 (±8.7) cm and 101.5 (±14.6) kg, respectively. Number of musculoskeletal injuries and number of confirmed concussions were assessed through single questions. Symptoms of distress, anxiety/depression, sleep disturbance, adverse alcohol use and eating disorders were assessed using validated questionnaires. Results Professional rugby players who sustained a concussion within 12 months of baseline were more likely to develop MHS with ORs ranging from 1.5 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.1) for distress to 2.0 (1.2 to 3.6) for adverse alcohol use. Players who sustained a severe injury within 12 months of baseline were more likely to develop symptoms anxiety/depression with an OR of 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0). There was no significant association in both groups for other MHS. Conclusions Rugby players who sustained concussion or severe injuries are up to two times more likely to develop symptoms of distress, adverse alcohol use or anxiety/depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Kilic
- Amsterdam UMC, Univ of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam UMC IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Phil Hopley
- Cognacity, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Surgery, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Amsterdam UMC, Univ of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam UMC IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam UMC IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wayne Viljoen
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Rugby Union (SARU), Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam UMC, Univ of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam UMC IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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20
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West SW, Williams S, Kemp SPT, Cross MJ, McKay C, Fuller CW, Taylor A, Brooks JHM, Stokes KA. Patterns of training volume and injury risk in elite rugby union: An analysis of 1.5 million hours of training exposure over eleven seasons. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:238-247. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1692415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew J. Cross
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Premier Rugby Limited, Twickenham, UK
| | - Carly McKay
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | - John H. M. Brooks
- St. George’s University of London, London, UK
- Battersea Fields Practice, London, UK
| | - Keith A. Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
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21
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Schwellnus MP, Jordaan E, Janse van Rensburg C, Bayne H, Derman W, Readhead C, Collins R, Kourie A, Suter J, Strauss O. Match injury incidence during the Super Rugby tournament is high: a prospective cohort study over five seasons involving 93 641 player-hours. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:620-627. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesTo determine the incidence and nature of injuries in the Super Rugby tournament over a 5-year period.Methods482 male professional rugby union players from six South African teams participating in the Super Rugby tournament were studied (1020 player-seasons). Medical staff of participating teams (2012–2016 tournaments) recorded all time loss injuries (total injuries and match injuries) and exposure hours (93 641 total playing hours; 8032 match hours). Injury incidence, injured player proportion, severity (time lost), anatomical location, tissue type and activity/phase during which injury occurred are reported.ResultsThe overall incidence of match injuries (per 1000 player-hours; 95% CI) for each year was as follows: 2012 (83.3; 69.4–99.2); 2013 (115.1; 98.7–133.5); 2014 (95.9; 80.8–113.1), 2015 (112.3; 96.6–129.9) and 2016 (93.2; 79.9–107.9). The injured player proportion for each year was as follows: 2012 (54.6%); 2013 (49.4%); 2014 (52.0%); 2015 (50.0%); and 2016 (39.8%). The thigh, knee, head/face and shoulder/clavicle are the most frequently injured locations, and muscle/tendon and joint/ligament injuries account for the majority of injuries. Most injuries (79%) occur in contact situations, in particular during a tackle (54%).ConclusionThe incidence of match injuries and the injured player proportion in South African teams competing in the Super Rugby tournament is high. Match injury incidence is consistently higher than previously reported for senior male rugby players at elite/professional level. Targeted risk management strategies are therefore needed in the Super Rugby tournament to manage risk of injury.
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22
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Viviers PL, Viljoen JT, Derman W. A Review of a Decade of Rugby Union Injury Epidemiology: 2007-2017. Sports Health 2018; 10:223-227. [PMID: 29442612 PMCID: PMC5958454 DOI: 10.1177/1941738118757178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Rugby union is the most widely played team collision sport globally. As with
other contact sports, there is substantial risk of injury. To date, the
majority of studies on injury epidemiology have focused on elite male
cohorts, which inherently prevents extrapolation of research findings to
other groups within the player continuum. This review aims to describe
emerging injury trends across the spectrum of various rugby union
subpopulations and to highlight gaps that may influence future injury
prevention tactics. Evidence Acquisition: Relevant articles published from 2007 to 2017 were obtained by searching
MEDLINE, PubMed, and SPORT Discus. Studies on 15-a-side rugby union,
implemented according to the 2007 consensus statement on injury definitions
and data collection procedures for injuries in rugby union, were used. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Results: Match injuries occur more frequently than training injuries. Injury rates
increase consistently according to age and level of play. Severity of injury
often is greater among lower levels of the game, and sex-specific
differences relating to injury patterns and incidence rates exist. Conclusion: To date, a paucity of injury surveillance data exists for women and players
of both sexes at all levels of community rugby union. Furthermore, the
incidence of injuries and illnesses are poorly reported in epidemiological
studies. Despite methodological differences, injury trends remain consistent
throughout all levels of play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre L Viviers
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Campus Health Service, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jeandré T Viljoen
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Campus Health Service, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,IOC Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
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23
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Evans KL, Hughes J, Williams MD. Reduced severity of lumbo-pelvic-hip injuries in professional Rugby Union players following tailored preventative programmes. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 21:274-279. [PMID: 28797830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to tailor lumbo-pelvic-hip (LPH) injury reduction programmes in professional rugby union players based on screening data and examine its effectiveness. DESIGN Prospective case controlled study. METHODS Twenty-eight professional rugby union players were screened pre- and immediately post- the YO-YO intermittent recovery level 1 test using six hip and groin strength tests (adductor squeeze at 0°, 60° and 90°, prone hip extension, abductor, adductor hand held dynamometry). The changes in hip and groin measures, were analysed using hierarchical cluster analysis. Three clusters emerged and a tailored LPH injury reduction programme was administered for each cluster. In addition, 22 players who were not involved in the initial testing received a generic LPH injury reduction programme and were used as the control. Seasonal information for LPH injury incidence, severity and prevalence were compared to the previous season. RESULTS The same number of injuries were observed when the prospective injury surveillance data was compared to the previous season, however a reduced injury severity (936days vs 468days), average severity (78±126days vs 42±37days) and prevalence (21% vs 19%) were found. Moreover, LPH injury severity for players who were prescribed a tailored injury reduction programme (209days) were 50days less than players given a generic LPH injury reduction programme (259days). CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary observations support the effectiveness of grouping players and tailoring intervention based on common group characteristics in reducing the severity of LPH injuries in professional Rugby Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Evans
- School of Sport, Health and Outdoor Education, Faculty of Business & Management, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, United Kingdom; Gwent Dragons Rugby, United Kingdom.
| | - Jonathan Hughes
- School of Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan D Williams
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, United Kingdom
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