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Rubio V, McInchak N, Fernandez G, Benavides D, Herrera D, Jimenez C, Mesa H, Meade J, Zhang Q, Stawikowski MJ. Modular Fluorescent Cholesterol Naphthalimide Probes And Their Application For Cholesterol Trafficking Studies In Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.600118. [PMID: 38979187 PMCID: PMC11230193 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.600118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Development of fluorescent cholesterol analogs to better understand subcellular cholesterol trafficking is of great interest for cell biology and medicine. Our approach utilizes a bifunctional 1,8-naphthalimide scaffold with a push-pull character, modified on one side with a head group and a linker on the other side connecting it to cholesterol via an ester bond. Through structure-function studies, we've explored how different substituents-linkers and head groups-affect the ability of these fluorescent cholesterol naphthalimide analogs (CNDs) to mimic natural cholesterol behavior at both molecular and cellular levels. We categorized the resulting analogs into three groups: neutral, charged, and those featuring a hydroxyl group. Each compound was assessed for its solvatochromic behavior in organic solvents and model membranes. Extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations helped us examine how these analogs perform in model membranes compared to cholesterol. Additionally, we investigated the partitioning of these fluorescent probes in phase-separated giant unilamellar vesicles. We evaluated the uptake and distribution of these probes within mouse fibroblast cells and astrocytes, for their subcellular distributions in lysosomes and compared that to BODIPY-cholesterol, a well-regarded fluorescent cholesterol analog. The internalization efficiency of the fluorescent probes varies in different cell types and is affected mainly by the head groups. Our results demonstrate that the modular design significantly simplifies the creation of fluorescent cholesterol probes bearing distinct spectral, biophysical, and cellular targeting features, which makes it a valuable toolkit for the investigation of subcellular distribution and trafficking of cholesterol and its derivatives.
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Blume RY, Rabokon AM, Pydiura M, Yemets AI, Pirko YV, Blume YB. Genome-wide identification and evolution of the tubulin gene family in Camelina sativa. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:599. [PMID: 38877397 PMCID: PMC11177405 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubulins play crucial roles in numerous fundamental processes of plant development. In flowering plants, tubulins are grouped into α-, β- and γ-subfamilies, while α- and β-tubulins possess a large isotype diversity and gene number variations among different species. This circumstance leads to insufficient recognition of orthologous isotypes and significantly complicates extrapolation of obtained experimental results, and brings difficulties for the identification of particular tubulin isotype function. The aim of this research is to identify and characterize tubulins of an emerging biofuel crop Camelina sativa. RESULTS We report comprehensive identification and characterization of tubulin gene family in C. sativa, including analyses of exon-intron organization, duplicated genes comparison, proper isotype designation, phylogenetic analysis, and expression patterns in different tissues. 17 α-, 34 β- and 6 γ-tubulin genes were identified and assigned to a particular isotype. Recognition of orthologous tubulin isotypes was cross-referred, involving data of phylogeny, synteny analyses and genes allocation on reconstructed genomic blocks of Ancestral Crucifer Karyotype. An investigation of expression patterns of tubulin homeologs revealed the predominant role of N6 (A) and N7 (B) subgenomes in tubulin expression at various developmental stages, contrarily to general the dominance of transcripts of H7 (C) subgenome. CONCLUSIONS For the first time a complete set of tubulin gene family members was identified and characterized for allohexaploid C. sativa species. The study demonstrates the comprehensive approach of precise inferring gene orthology. The applied technique allowed not only identifying C. sativa tubulin orthologs in model Arabidopsis species and tracking tubulin gene evolution, but also uncovered that A. thaliana is missing orthologs for several particular isotypes of α- and β-tubulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostyslav Y Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 02000, Ukraine.
| | - Anastasiia M Rabokon
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 02000, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Pydiura
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 02000, Ukraine
- JSC "Farmak", Kyiv, 04080, Ukraine
| | - Alla I Yemets
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 02000, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav V Pirko
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 02000, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav B Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 02000, Ukraine
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3
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Tzirkel-Hancock N, Sharabi L, Argov-Argaman N. Milk fat globule size: Unraveling the intricate relationship between metabolism, homeostasis, and stress signaling. Biochimie 2023; 215:4-11. [PMID: 37802210 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Fat is an important component of milk which delivers energy, nutrients, and bioactive molecules from the lactating mother to the suckling neonate. Milk fat consists of a complex mixture of different types of lipids; hundreds of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol and cholesteryl ester, and glycoconjugates, secreted by the mammary gland epithelial cells (MEC) in the form of a lipid-protein assembly termed the milk fat globule (MFG). The mammary gland in general, and specifically that of modern dairy cows, faces metabolic stress once lactation commences, which changes the lipogenic capacity of MECs directly by reducing available energy and reducing factors required for both lipid synthesis and secretion or indirectly by activating a proinflammatory response. Both processes have the capacity to change the morphometric features (e.g., number and size) of the secreted MFG and its precursor-the intracellular lipid droplet (LD). The MFG size is tightly associated with its lipidome and proteome and also affects the bioavailability of milk fat and protein. Thus, MFG size has the potential to regulate the bioactivity of milk and dairy products. MFG size also plays a central role in the functional properties of milk and dairy products such as texture and stability. To understand how stress affects the structure-function of the MFG, we cover: (i) The mechanism of production and secretion of the MFG and the implications of MFG size, (ii) How the response mechanisms to stress can change the morphometric features of MFGs, and (iii) The possible consequences of such modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Tzirkel-Hancock
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lior Sharabi
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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4
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Cochard A, Safieddine A, Combe P, Benassy M, Weil D, Gueroui Z. Condensate functionalization with microtubule motors directs their nucleation in space and allows manipulating RNA localization. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114106. [PMID: 37724036 PMCID: PMC10577640 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The localization of RNAs in cells is critical for many cellular processes. Whereas motor-driven transport of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) condensates plays a prominent role in RNA localization in cells, their study remains limited by the scarcity of available tools allowing to manipulate condensates in a spatial manner. To fill this gap, we reconstitute in cellula a minimal RNP transport system based on bioengineered condensates, which were functionalized with kinesins and dynein-like motors, allowing for their positioning at either the cell periphery or centrosomes. This targeting mostly occurs through the active transport of the condensate scaffolds, which leads to localized nucleation of phase-separated condensates. Then, programming the condensates to recruit specific mRNAs is able to shift the localization of these mRNAs toward the cell periphery or the centrosomes. Our method opens novel perspectives for examining the role of RNA localization as a driver of cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Cochard
- Department of Chemistry, École Normale SupérieurePSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRSParisFrance
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris‐Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du DéveloppementParisFrance
| | - Adham Safieddine
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris‐Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du DéveloppementParisFrance
| | - Pauline Combe
- Department of Chemistry, École Normale SupérieurePSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Marie‐Noëlle Benassy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris‐Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du DéveloppementParisFrance
| | - Dominique Weil
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris‐Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du DéveloppementParisFrance
| | - Zoher Gueroui
- Department of Chemistry, École Normale SupérieurePSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRSParisFrance
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Kilwein MD, Johnson MR, Thomalla JM, Mahowald AP, Welte MA. Drosophila embryos spatially sort their nutrient stores to facilitate their utilization. Development 2023; 150:dev201423. [PMID: 36805634 PMCID: PMC10108605 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Animal embryos are provided by their mothers with a diverse nutrient supply that is crucial for development. In Drosophila, the three most abundant nutrients (triglycerides, proteins and glycogen) are sequestered in distinct storage structures: lipid droplets (LDs), yolk vesicles (YVs) and glycogen granules (GGs). Using transmission electron microscopy as well as live and fixed sample fluorescence imaging, we find that all three storage structures are dispersed throughout the egg but are then spatially allocated to distinct tissues by gastrulation: LDs largely to the peripheral epithelium, YVs and GGs to the central yolk cell. To confound the embryo's ability to sort its nutrients, we employ Jabba and mauve mutants to generate LD-GG and LD-YV compound structures. In these mutants, LDs are mis-sorted to the yolk cell and their turnover is delayed. Our observations demonstrate dramatic spatial nutrient sorting in early embryos and provide the first evidence for its functional importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D. Kilwein
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Matthew R. Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | | | | | - Michael A. Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
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Hüsler D, Stauffer P, Hilbi H. Tapping lipid droplets: A rich fat diet of intracellular bacterial pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:194-209. [PMID: 37429596 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic and versatile organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. LDs consist of a hydrophobic core of neutral lipids, a phospholipid monolayer coat, and a variety of associated proteins. LDs are formed at the endoplasmic reticulum and have diverse roles in lipid storage, energy metabolism, membrane trafficking, and cellular signaling. In addition to their physiological cellular functions, LDs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancer, and infections. A number of intracellular bacterial pathogens modulate and/or interact with LDs during host cell infection. Members of the genera Mycobacterium, Legionella, Coxiella, Chlamydia, and Salmonella exploit LDs as a source of intracellular nutrients and membrane components to establish their distinct intracellular replicative niches. In this review, we focus on the biogenesis, interactions, and functions of LDs, as well as on their role in lipid metabolism of intracellular bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Hüsler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pia Stauffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Smith G, Sweeney ST, O’Kane CJ, Prokop A. How neurons maintain their axons long-term: an integrated view of axon biology and pathology. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1236815. [PMID: 37564364 PMCID: PMC10410161 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1236815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons are processes of neurons, up to a metre long, that form the essential biological cables wiring nervous systems. They must survive, often far away from their cell bodies and up to a century in humans. This requires self-sufficient cell biology including structural proteins, organelles, and membrane trafficking, metabolic, signalling, translational, chaperone, and degradation machinery-all maintaining the homeostasis of energy, lipids, proteins, and signalling networks including reactive oxygen species and calcium. Axon maintenance also involves specialised cytoskeleton including the cortical actin-spectrin corset, and bundles of microtubules that provide the highways for motor-driven transport of components and organelles for virtually all the above-mentioned processes. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual overview of key aspects of axon biology and physiology, and the homeostatic networks they form. This homeostasis can be derailed, causing axonopathies through processes of ageing, trauma, poisoning, inflammation or genetic mutations. To illustrate which malfunctions of organelles or cell biological processes can lead to axonopathies, we focus on axonopathy-linked subcellular defects caused by genetic mutations. Based on these descriptions and backed up by our comprehensive data mining of genes linked to neural disorders, we describe the 'dependency cycle of local axon homeostasis' as an integrative model to explain why very different causes can trigger very similar axonopathies, providing new ideas that can drive the quest for strategies able to battle these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor Smith
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sean T. Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York and York Biomedical Research Institute, York, United Kingdom
| | - Cahir J. O’Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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8
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Herrera-Moro Huitron L, De Jesús-González LA, Martínez-Castillo M, Ulloa-Aguilar JM, Cabello-Gutierrez C, Helguera-Repetto C, Garcia-Cordero J, León Juárez M. Multifaceted Nature of Lipid Droplets in Viral Interactions and Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1851. [PMID: 37513023 PMCID: PMC10386712 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Once regarded as inert organelles with limited and ill-defined roles, lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged as dynamic entities with multifaceted functions within the cell. Recent research has illuminated their pivotal role as primary energy reservoirs in the form of lipids, capable of being metabolized to meet cellular energy demands. Their high dynamism is underscored by their ability to interact with numerous cellular organelles, notably the endoplasmic reticulum (the site of LD genesis) and mitochondria, which utilize small LDs for energy production. Beyond their contribution to cellular bioenergetics, LDs have been associated with viral infections. Evidence suggests that viruses can co-opt LDs to facilitate their infection cycle. Furthermore, recent discoveries highlight the role of LDs in modulating the host's immune response. Observations of altered LD levels during viral infections suggest their involvement in disease pathophysiology, potentially through production of proinflammatory mediators using LD lipids as precursors. This review explores these intriguing aspects of LDs, shedding light on their multifaceted nature and implications in viral interactions and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Herrera-Moro Huitron
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | | | - Macario Martínez-Castillo
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Ulloa-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Departamento de Investigación en Virología y Micología, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Belisario Domínguez, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Helguera-Repetto
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Julio Garcia-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. IPN# 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Moisés León Juárez
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
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9
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Jin Y, Tan Y, Wu J, Ren Z. Lipid droplets: a cellular organelle vital in cancer cells. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:254. [PMID: 37474495 PMCID: PMC10359296 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cellular organelles comprising a core of neutral lipids (glycerides, sterols) encased within a single phospholipid membrane, responsible for storing surplus lipids and furnishing cellular energy. LDs engage in lipid synthesis, catabolism, and transport processes by interacting with other organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria), and they play critical roles in regulating cellular stress and immunity. Recent research has uncovered that an elevated number of LDs is a hallmark of cancer cells, attributable to their enhanced lipid uptake and synthesis capacity, with lipids stored as LDs. Depletion of LDs in cancer cells induces apoptosis, prompting the emergence of small molecule antitumor drugs targeting LDs or key factors (e.g., FASN, SCD1) within the lipid synthesis pathway. Advancements in LD isolation and artificial synthesis have demonstrated their potential applicability in antitumor research. LDs extracted from murine adipose tissue and incubated with lipophilic antitumor drugs yield drug-coated LDs, which promote apoptosis in cancer cells. Furthermore, LDs have been employed as biological lenses to augment the resolution of subcellular structures (microfilaments, microtubules), facilitating the observation of intricate structures within thicker cells, including cancer cells. This review delineates the functional and metabolic mechanisms of LDs in cancer cells and encapsulates recent progress in LD-centered antitumor research, offering novel insights for tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Tan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, P. R. China.
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10
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Han L, Huang D, Wu S, Liu S, Wang C, Sheng Y, Lu X, Broxmeyer HE, Wan J, Yang L. Lipid droplet-associated lncRNA LIPTER preserves cardiac lipid metabolism. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1033-1046. [PMID: 37264180 PMCID: PMC10344779 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cellular organelles critical for lipid homeostasis, with intramyocyte LD accumulation implicated in metabolic disorder-associated heart diseases. Here we identify a human long non-coding RNA, Lipid-Droplet Transporter (LIPTER), essential for LD transport in human cardiomyocytes. LIPTER binds phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate on LD surface membranes and the MYH10 protein, connecting LDs to the MYH10-ACTIN cytoskeleton and facilitating LD transport. LIPTER and MYH10 deficiencies impair LD trafficking, mitochondrial function and survival of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Conditional Myh10 deletion in mouse cardiomyocytes leads to LD accumulation, reduced fatty acid oxidation and compromised cardiac function. We identify NKX2.5 as the primary regulator of cardiomyocyte-specific LIPTER transcription. Notably, LIPTER transgenic expression mitigates cardiac lipotoxicity, preserves cardiac function and alleviates cardiomyopathies in high-fat-diet-fed and Leprdb/db mice. Our findings unveil a molecular connector role of LIPTER in intramyocyte LD transport, crucial for lipid metabolism of the human heart, and hold significant clinical implications for treating metabolic syndrome-associated heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dayang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yi Sheng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiongbin Lu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hal E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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11
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Bouchnak I, Coulon D, Salis V, D’Andréa S, Bréhélin C. Lipid droplets are versatile organelles involved in plant development and plant response to environmental changes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1193905. [PMID: 37426978 PMCID: PMC10327486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1193905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Since decades plant lipid droplets (LDs) are described as storage organelles accumulated in seeds to provide energy for seedling growth after germination. Indeed, LDs are the site of accumulation for neutral lipids, predominantly triacylglycerols (TAGs), one of the most energy-dense molecules, and sterol esters. Such organelles are present in the whole plant kingdom, from microalgae to perennial trees, and can probably be found in all plant tissues. Several studies over the past decade have revealed that LDs are not merely simple energy storage compartments, but also dynamic structures involved in diverse cellular processes like membrane remodeling, regulation of energy homeostasis and stress responses. In this review, we aim to highlight the functions of LDs in plant development and response to environmental changes. In particular, we tackle the fate and roles of LDs during the plant post-stress recovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Bouchnak
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Denis Coulon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Vincent Salis
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Sabine D’Andréa
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Claire Bréhélin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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12
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White RP, Welte MA. Visualizing Lipid Droplets in Drosophila Oogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2626:233-251. [PMID: 36715908 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2970-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are fat storage organelles highly abundant in oocytes and eggs of many vertebrates and invertebrates. They have roles both during oogenesis and in provisioning the developing embryo. In Drosophila, large numbers of LDs are generated in nurse cells during mid-oogenesis and then transferred to oocytes. Their number and spatial distribution changes developmentally and in response to various experimental manipulations. This chapter demonstrates how to visualize LDs in Drosophila follicles, both in fixed tissues and living samples. For fixed samples, the protocol explains how to prepare female flies, dissect ovaries, isolate follicles, fix, apply stains, mount the tissue, and perform imaging. For live samples, the protocol shows how to dissect ovaries, apply a fluorescent LD dye, and culture follicles such that they remain alive and healthy during imaging. Finally, a method is provided that employs in vivo centrifugation to assess colocalization of markers with LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger P White
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Castillo-Quan JI, Steinbaugh MJ, Fernández-Cárdenas LP, Pohl NK, Wu Z, Zhu F, Moroz N, Teixeira V, Bland MS, Lehrbach NJ, Moronetti L, Teufl M, Blackwell TK. An antisteatosis response regulated by oleic acid through lipid droplet-mediated ERAD enhancement. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadc8917. [PMID: 36598980 PMCID: PMC9812393 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc8917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although excessive lipid accumulation is a hallmark of obesity-related pathologies, some lipids are beneficial. Oleic acid (OA), the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid (FA), promotes health and longevity. Here, we show that OA benefits Caenorhabditis elegans by activating the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident transcription factor SKN-1A (Nrf1/NFE2L1) in a lipid homeostasis response. SKN-1A/Nrf1 is cleared from the ER by the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery and stabilized when proteasome activity is low and canonically maintains proteasome homeostasis. Unexpectedly, OA increases nuclear SKN-1A levels independently of proteasome activity, through lipid droplet-dependent enhancement of ERAD. In turn, SKN-1A reduces steatosis by reshaping the lipid metabolism transcriptome and mediates longevity from OA provided through endogenous accumulation, reduced H3K4 trimethylation, or dietary supplementation. Our findings reveal an unexpected mechanism of FA signal transduction, as well as a lipid homeostasis pathway that provides strategies for opposing steatosis and aging, and may mediate some benefits of the OA-rich Mediterranean diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J. Steinbaugh
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Paulette Fernández-Cárdenas
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy K. Pohl
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ziyun Wu
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feimei Zhu
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalie Moroz
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Biology Department, Emmanuel College, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Veronica Teixeira
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monet S. Bland
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas J. Lehrbach
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorenza Moronetti
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Magdalena Teufl
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T. Keith Blackwell
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Corresponding author.
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14
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Singh J, Sanghavi P, Mallik R. Microtubule motor driven interactions of lipid droplets: Specificities and opportunities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:893375. [PMID: 36200039 PMCID: PMC9527339 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.893375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid Droplets (LDs) are evolutionarily conserved cellular organelles that store neutral lipids such as triacylglycerol and cholesterol-esters. Neutral lipids are enclosed within the limiting membrane of the LD, which is a monolayer of phospholipids and is therefore fundamentally different from the bilayer membrane enclosing most other organelles. LDs have long been viewed as a storehouse of lipids needed on demand for generating energy and membranes inside cells. Outside this classical view, we are now realizing that LDs have significant roles in protein sequestration, supply of signalling lipids, viral replication, lipoprotein production and many other functions of important physiological consequence. To execute such functions, LDs must often exchange lipids and proteins with other organelles (e.g., the ER, lysosomes, mitochondria) via physical contacts. But before such exchanges can occur, how does a micron-sized LD with limited ability to diffuse around find its cognate organelle? There is growing evidence that motor protein driven motion of LDs along microtubules may facilitate such LD-organelle interactions. We will summarize some aspects of LD motion leading to LD-organelle contacts, how these change with metabolic state and pathogen infections, and also ask how these pathways could perhaps be targeted selectively in the context of disease and drug delivery. Such a possibility arises because the binding of motor proteins to the monolayer membrane on LDs could be different from motor binding to the membrane on other cellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagjeet Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- *Correspondence: Roop Mallik, ; Jagjeet Singh,
| | - Paulomi Sanghavi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Roop Mallik
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- *Correspondence: Roop Mallik, ; Jagjeet Singh,
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15
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Zhao P, Han H, Wu X, Wu J, Ren Z. ARP2/3 Regulates Fatty Acid Synthesis by Modulating Lipid Droplets' Motility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158730. [PMID: 35955862 PMCID: PMC9368945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of lipid droplets (LDs) provides energy and contributes to the proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Recent studies have suggested that motility plays a key role in LD breakdown. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LD motility were poorly characterized. In this study, we examined the function of microfilament-associated proteins 2 and 3 (ARP2 and ARP3) in regulating LDs’ motility in Hela cells. ARP2/3 mediated the LDs’ physical contact with F-actin and promoted the recruitment of Myosin Heavy Chain 9 (MYH9). MYH9 regulated the LD content by binding with LDs and ARP2/3. The number of LDs and TG content was increased after MYH9 interfered. The genes related to FA-related genes and neutral lipid synthesis-related genes were significantly increased (p < 0.05) when ARP2 and ARP3 were overexpressed. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that the high expression of ARP2/3 was associated with a poorer prognosis in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). This study showed the effect of cytoskeletal filaments on LD metabolism in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongbo Han
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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16
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Zaman M, Shutt TE. The Role of Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics in MFN2-Mediated Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:858286. [PMID: 35399520 PMCID: PMC8989266 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.858286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mitofusin 2 protein (MFN2), encoded by the MFN2 gene, was first described for its role in mediating mitochondrial fusion. However, MFN2 is now recognized to play additional roles in mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), mitochondrial motility, lipid transfer, and as a tether to other organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets. The tethering role of MFN2 is an important mediator of mitochondrial-ER contact sites (MERCs), which themselves have many important functions that regulate mitochondria, including calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Exemplifying the importance of MFN2, pathogenic variants in MFN2 are established to cause the peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Subtype 2A (CMT2A). However, the mechanistic basis for disease is not clear. Moreover, additional pathogenic phenotypes such as lipomatosis, distal myopathy, optic atrophy, and hearing loss, can also sometimes be present in patients with CMT2A. Given these variable patient phenotypes, and the many cellular roles played by MFN2, the mechanistic underpinnings of the cellular impairments by which MFN2 dysfunction leads to disease are likely to be complex. Here, we will review what is known about the various functions of MFN2 that are impaired by pathogenic variants causing CMT2A, with a specific emphasis on the ties between MFN2 variants and MERCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashiat Zaman
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Timothy E. Shutt
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Timothy E. Shutt,
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17
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Wang Y, Li T, Li H, Liang Y, Mai W, Liu C, Chen H, Huang Y, Zhang Q. CORO1A regulates lipoprotein uptake in Leydig cells exposed to cadmium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 232:113255. [PMID: 35121256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most common environmental pollutants, which has a long biological half-life. Maternal Cd-exposure in the natural environment causes steroidogenesis defects resulting in spermatogenesis disorder in male offspring. For better understanding its underlying mechanism, we have employed iTRAQ to screen the differentially expressed protein and found that the expression of CORO1A and Cofilin 1 was up-regulated approximately 2 fold in Leydig cells of maternal Cd-exposure offspring. As the major source of steroid hormone, cholesterol is transported to cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis which relies on the remodel of cytoskeleton, then stores in lipid droplets (LDs). However, few studies have focused on the role of cytoskeleton in abnormal steroidogenesis. This study was performed to explore the role of CORO1A in androgen deficiency caused by Cd exposure and its involvement of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and effects on LDs. We found that Cd resulted in the up-regulation of CORO1A and Cofilin 1, and down-regulation of Profilin 1 in the testis of male offspring with maternal exposure. The structure of filamentous actin was broken, disordered and even crumpled up in Cd-treated R2C cells. F-actin disassembly led to a low uptake of LDL with a reduced number of LDs, followed by decreased total cholesterol and low progesterone production. When CORO1A was silenced, the expression of Cofilin 1 was down-regulated and Profilin 1 was up-regulated in Cd-treated R2C cells. The filamentous actin was rescued and the integrated cytoskeleton prompted LDL uptake, which resulted in the increased total cholesterol and high progesterone production. These findings highlight the crucial role of CORO1A as a cytoskeleton regulatory protein in steroidogenesis, which may help to better understand Cd-induced steroid hormone deficiency in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Wang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haoji Li
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuqing Liang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wanwen Mai
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongxia Chen
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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18
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Liao PC, Yang EJ, Borgman T, Boldogh IR, Sing CN, Swayne TC, Pon LA. Touch and Go: Membrane Contact Sites Between Lipid Droplets and Other Organelles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852021. [PMID: 35281095 PMCID: PMC8908909 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged not just as storage sites for lipids but as central regulators of metabolism and organelle quality control. These critical functions are achieved, in part, at membrane contact sites (MCS) between LDs and other organelles. MCS are sites of transfer of cellular constituents to or from LDs for energy mobilization in response to nutrient limitations, as well as LD biogenesis, expansion and autophagy. Here, we describe recent findings on the mechanisms underlying the formation and function of MCS between LDs and mitochondria, ER and lysosomes/vacuoles and the role of the cytoskeleton in promoting LD MCS through its function in LD movement and distribution in response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chao Liao
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Emily J. Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Taylor Borgman
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Istvan R. Boldogh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cierra N. Sing
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Theresa C. Swayne
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Liza A. Pon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Liza A. Pon,
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19
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Smolič T, Zorec R, Vardjan N. Pathophysiology of Lipid Droplets in Neuroglia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:22. [PMID: 35052526 PMCID: PMC8773017 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing evidence regarding the functional importance of lipid droplets (LDs), cytoplasmic storage organelles in the central nervous system (CNS), has emerged. Although not abundantly present in the CNS under normal conditions in adulthood, LDs accumulate in the CNS during development and aging, as well as in some neurologic disorders. LDs are actively involved in cellular lipid turnover and stress response. By regulating the storage of excess fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides in addition to their subsequent release in response to cell needs and/or environmental stressors, LDs are involved in energy production, in the synthesis of membranes and signaling molecules, and in the protection of cells against lipotoxicity and free radicals. Accumulation of LDs in the CNS appears predominantly in neuroglia (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells), which provide trophic, metabolic, and immune support to neuronal networks. Here we review the most recent findings on the characteristics and functions of LDs in neuroglia, focusing on astrocytes, the key homeostasis-providing cells in the CNS. We discuss the molecular mechanisms affecting LD turnover in neuroglia under stress and how this may protect neural cell function. We also highlight the role (and potential contribution) of neuroglial LDs in aging and in neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Smolič
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.S.); (R.Z.)
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.S.); (R.Z.)
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.S.); (R.Z.)
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Tan Y, Jin Y, Zhao P, Wu J, Ren Z. Lipid droplets contribute myogenic differentiation in C2C12 by promoting the remodeling of the acstin-filament. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1102. [PMID: 34815388 PMCID: PMC8611090 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD), a multi-functional organelle, is found in most eukaryotic cells. LDs participate in the regulation of many cellular processes including proliferation, stress, and apoptosis. Previous studies showed the athlete's paradox that trained athletes accumulate LDs in their skeletal muscle. However, the impact of LDs on skeletal muscle and myogenesis is not clear. We discovered that C2C12 myoblast cells containing more LDs formed more multinucleated muscle fibers. We also discovered that LDs promoted cell migration and fusion by promoting actin-filaments remodeling. Mechanistically, two LD-proteins, Acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 3 (ACSL3) and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1), medicated the recruitment of actinin proteins which contributed to actin-filaments formation on the surface of LDs. During remodeling, the actinin proteins on LDs surface translocated to actin-filaments via ARF1/COPI vesicles. Our study demonstrate LDs contribute to cell differentiation, which lead to new insight into the LD function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Tan
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei P. R. China ,grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, 250014 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Yi Jin
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Pengxiang Zhao
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China. .,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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21
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Schmeisser J, Verlhac-Trichet V, Madaro A, Lall SP, Torrissen O, Olsen RE. Molecular Mechanism Involved in Carotenoid Metabolism in Post-Smolt Atlantic Salmon: Astaxanthin Metabolism During Flesh Pigmentation and Its Antioxidant Properties. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:653-670. [PMID: 34417678 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of carotenoid dynamics (transport, absorption, metabolism, and deposition) is essential to develop a better strategy to improve astaxanthin (Ax) retention in muscle of Atlantic salmon. To achieve that, a comparison of post-smolt salmon with (+ Ax) or without (- Ax) dietary Ax supplementation was established based on a transcriptomic approach targeting pyloric, hepatic, and muscular tissues. Results in post-smolts showed that the pyloric caeca transcriptome is more sensitive to dietary Ax supplementation compared to the other tissues. Key genes sensitive to Ax supplementation could be identified, such as cd36 in pylorus, agr2 in liver, or fbp1 in muscle. The most modulated genes in pylorus were related to absorption but also metabolism of Ax. Additionally, genes linked to upstream regulation of the ferroptosis pathway were significantly modulated in liver, evoking the involvement of Ax as an antioxidant in this process. Finally, the muscle seemed to be less impacted by dietary Ax supplementation, except for genes related to actin remodelling and glucose homeostasis. In conclusion, the transcriptome data generated from this study showed that Ax dynamics in Atlantic salmon is characterized by a high metabolism during absorption at pyloric caeca level. In liver, a link with a potential of ferroptosis process appears likely via cellular lipid peroxidation. Our data provide insights into a better understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in dietary Ax supplementation, as well as its beneficial effects in preventing oxidative stress and related inflammation in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Schmeisser
- DSM Nutritional Products - Research Centre of Animal Nutrition and Health, 68305, Saint-Louis Cedex, France.
| | - Viviane Verlhac-Trichet
- DSM Nutritional Products - Research Centre of Animal Nutrition and Health, 68305, Saint-Louis Cedex, France
| | - Angelico Madaro
- Institute of Marine Research, Animal Welfare Science Group, 5984, Matredal, Norway
| | - Santosh P Lall
- Retired From National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Canada
| | - Ole Torrissen
- Institute of Marine Research, Animal Welfare Science Group, 5984, Matredal, Norway
| | - Rolf Erik Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Animal Welfare Science Group, 5984, Matredal, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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22
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Valdebenito S, Malik S, Luu R, Loudig O, Mitchell M, Okafo G, Bhat K, Prideaux B, Eugenin EA. Tunneling nanotubes, TNT, communicate glioblastoma with surrounding non-tumor astrocytes to adapt them to hypoxic and metabolic tumor conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14556. [PMID: 34267246 PMCID: PMC8282675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is essential for the development and proper function of multicellular systems. We and others demonstrated that tunneling nanotubes (TNT) proliferate in several pathological conditions such as HIV, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the nature, function, and contribution of TNT to cancer pathogenesis are poorly understood. Our analyses demonstrate that TNT structures are induced between glioblastoma (GBM) cells and surrounding non-tumor astrocytes to transfer tumor-derived mitochondria. The mitochondrial transfer mediated by TNT resulted in the adaptation of non-tumor astrocytes to tumor-like metabolism and hypoxia conditions. In conclusion, TNT are an efficient cell-to-cell communication system used by cancer cells to adapt the microenvironment to the invasive nature of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Shaily Malik
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ross Luu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Olivier Loudig
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Megan Mitchell
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | | | - Krishna Bhat
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, M.D. Anderson, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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23
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Shou J, Oda R, Hu F, Karasawa K, Nuriya M, Yasui M, Shiramizu B, Min W, Ozeki Y. Super-multiplex imaging of cellular dynamics and heterogeneity by integrated stimulated Raman and fluorescence microscopy. iScience 2021; 24:102832. [PMID: 34381966 PMCID: PMC8333161 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Observing multiple molecular species simultaneously with high spatiotemporal resolution is crucial for comprehensive understanding of complex, dynamic, and heterogeneous biological systems. The recently reported super-multiplex optical imaging breaks the “color barrier” of fluorescence to achieve multiplexing number over six in living systems, while its temporal resolution is limited to several minutes mainly by slow color tuning. Herein, we report integrated stimulated Raman and fluorescence microscopy with simultaneous multimodal color tunability at high speed, enabling super-multiplex imaging covering diverse molecular contrasts with temporal resolution of seconds. We highlight this technique by demonstrating super-multiplex time-lapse imaging and image-based cytometry of live cells to investigate the dynamics and cellular heterogeneity of eight intracellular components simultaneously. Our technique provides a powerful tool to elucidate spatiotemporal organization and interactions in biological systems. Integrated SRS and fluorescence microscopy with fast tunability has been developed Eight-color live-cell imaging can be conducted with a temporal resolution of seconds Super-multiplex time-lapse imaging reveals complex organelle interactions Super-multiplex image-based cytometry accesses high-dimensional heterogeneity
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Shou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Robert Oda
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, The University of Hawaii, Manoa, 1955 East West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Fanghao Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Keiko Karasawa
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Nuriya
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Bruce Shiramizu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, The University of Hawaii, Manoa, 1955 East West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Corresponding author
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24
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Chen T, Yavuz A, Wang MC. Dissecting lipid droplet biology with coherent Raman scattering microscopy. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:261811. [PMID: 33975358 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are lipid-rich organelles universally found in most cells. They serve as a key energy reservoir, actively participate in signal transduction and dynamically communicate with other organelles. LD dysfunction has been associated with a variety of diseases. The content level, composition and mobility of LDs are crucial for their physiological and pathological functions, and these different parameters of LDs are subject to regulation by genetic factors and environmental inputs. Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy utilizes optical nonlinear processes to probe the intrinsic chemical bond vibration, offering label-free, quantitative imaging of lipids in vivo with high chemical specificity and spatiotemporal resolution. In this Review, we provide an overview over the principle of CRS microscopy and its application in tracking different parameters of LDs in live cells and organisms. We also discuss the use of CRS microscopy in genetic screens to discover lipid regulatory mechanisms and in understanding disease-related lipid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ahmet Yavuz
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meng C Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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25
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Monson EA, Whelan DR, Helbig KJ. Lipid Droplet Motility Increases Following Viral Immune Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4418. [PMID: 33922664 PMCID: PMC8122965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) have traditionally been thought of as solely lipid storage compartments for cells; however, in the last decade, they have emerged as critical organelles in health and disease. LDs are highly dynamic within cells, and their movement is critical in organelle-organelle interactions. Their dynamics are known to change during cellular stress or nutrient deprivation; however, their movement during pathogen infections, especially at very early timepoints, is under-researched. This study aimed to track LD dynamics in vitro, in an astrocytic model of infection. Cells were either stimulated with a dsRNA viral mimic, poly I:C, or infected with the RNA virus, Zika virus. Individual LDs within infected cells were analysed to determine displacement and speed, and average LD characteristics for multiple individual cells calculated. Both LD displacement and mean speed were significantly enhanced in stimulated cells over a time course of infection with an increase seen as early as 2 h post-infection. With the emerging role for LDs during innate host responses, understanding their dynamics is critical to elucidate how these organelles influence the outcome of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony A. Monson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia;
| | - Donna R. Whelan
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Karla J. Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia;
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26
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Bovyn M, Janakaloti Narayanareddy BR, Gross S, Allard J. Diffusion of kinesin motors on cargo can enhance binding and run lengths during intracellular transport. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:984-994. [PMID: 33439674 PMCID: PMC8108528 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-10-0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cargoes, including lipid droplets and mitochondria, are transported along microtubules using molecular motors such as kinesins. Many experimental and computational studies focused on cargoes with rigidly attached motors, in contrast to many biological cargoes that have lipid surfaces that may allow surface mobility of motors. We extend a mechanochemical three-dimensional computational model by adding coupled-viscosity effects to compare different motor arrangements and mobilities. We show that organizational changes can optimize for different objectives: Cargoes with clustered motors are transported efficiently but are slow to bind to microtubules, whereas those with motors dispersed rigidly on their surface bind microtubules quickly but are transported inefficiently. Finally, cargoes with freely diffusing motors have both fast binding and efficient transport, although less efficient than clustered motors. These results suggest that experimentally observed changes in motor organization may be a control point for transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bovyn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - Steven Gross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jun Allard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Department of Mathematics, and
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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27
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Watchaputi K, Somboon P, Phromma-in N, Ratanakhanokchai K, Soontorngun N. Actin cytoskeletal inhibitor 19,20-epoxycytochalasin Q sensitizes yeast cells lacking ERG6 through actin-targeting and secondarily through disruption of lipid homeostasis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7779. [PMID: 33833332 PMCID: PMC8032726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive uses of antifungals result in a worldwide crisis of drug resistance; therefore, natural fungicides with minimal side-effects are currently sought after. This study aimed to investigate antifungal property of 19, 20-epoxycytochalasin Q (ECQ), derived from medicinal mushroom Xylaria sp. BCC 1067 of tropical forests. In a model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ECQ is more toxic in the erg6∆ strain, which has previously been shown to allow higher uptake of many hydrophilic toxins. We selected one pathway to study the effects of ECQ at very high levels on transcription: the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, which is unlikely to be the primary target of ECQ. Ergosterol serves many functions that cholesterol does in human cells. ECQ's transcriptional effects were correlated with altered sterol and triacylglycerol levels. In the ECQ-treated Δerg6 strain, which presumably takes up far more ECQ than the wild-type strain, there was cell rupture. Increased actin aggregation and lipid droplets assembly were also found in the erg6∆ mutant. Thereby, ECQ is suggested to sensitize yeast cells lacking ERG6 through actin-targeting and consequently but not primarily led to disruption of lipid homeostasis. Investigation of cytochalasins may provide valuable insight with potential biopharmaceutical applications in treatments of fungal infection, cancer or metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanrutai Watchaputi
- grid.412151.20000 0000 8921 9789Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150 Thailand
| | - Pichayada Somboon
- grid.419784.70000 0001 0816 7508Division of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Food Industry, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, 10520 Thailand
| | - Nipatthra Phromma-in
- grid.412151.20000 0000 8921 9789Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150 Thailand
| | - Khanok Ratanakhanokchai
- grid.412151.20000 0000 8921 9789Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150 Thailand
| | - Nitnipa Soontorngun
- grid.412151.20000 0000 8921 9789Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150 Thailand
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28
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Motility Plays an Important Role in the Lifetime of Mammalian Lipid Droplets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083802. [PMID: 33916886 PMCID: PMC8067576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid droplet is a kind of organelle that stores neutral lipids in cells. Recent studies have found that in addition to energy storage, lipid droplets also play an important role in biological processes such as resistance to stress, immunity, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and signal transduction. Lipid droplets are formed at the endoplasmic reticulum, and mature lipid droplets participate in various cellular processes. Lipid droplets are decomposed by lipase and lysosomes. In the life of a lipid droplet, the most important thing is to interact with other organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and autophagic lysosomes. The interaction between lipid droplets and other organelles requires them to be close to each other, which inevitably involves the motility of lipid droplets. In fact, through many microscopic observation techniques, researchers have discovered that lipid droplets are highly dynamic organelles that move quickly. This paper reviews the process of lipid droplet motility, focusing on explaining the molecular basis of lipid droplet motility, the factors that regulate lipid droplet motility, and the influence of motility on the formation and decomposition of lipid droplets. In addition, this paper also proposes several unresolved problems for lipid droplet motility. Finally, this paper makes predictions about the future research of lipid droplet motility.
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29
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Smolič T, Tavčar P, Horvat A, Černe U, Halužan Vasle A, Tratnjek L, Kreft ME, Scholz N, Matis M, Petan T, Zorec R, Vardjan N. Astrocytes in stress accumulate lipid droplets. Glia 2021; 69:1540-1562. [PMID: 33609060 PMCID: PMC8248329 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When the brain is in a pathological state, the content of lipid droplets (LDs), the lipid storage organelles, is increased, particularly in glial cells, but rarely in neurons. The biology and mechanisms leading to LD accumulation in astrocytes, glial cells with key homeostatic functions, are poorly understood. We imaged fluorescently labeled LDs by microscopy in isolated and brain tissue rat astrocytes and in glia-like cells in Drosophila brain to determine the (sub)cellular localization, mobility, and content of LDs under various stress conditions characteristic for brain pathologies. LDs exhibited confined mobility proximal to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum that was attenuated by metabolic stress and by increased intracellular Ca2+ , likely to enhance the LD-organelle interaction imaged by electron microscopy. When de novo biogenesis of LDs was attenuated by inhibition of DGAT1 and DGAT2 enzymes, the astrocyte cell number was reduced by ~40%, suggesting that in astrocytes LD turnover is important for cell survival and/or proliferative cycle. Exposure to noradrenaline, a brain stress response system neuromodulator, and metabolic and hypoxic stress strongly facilitated LD accumulation in astrocytes. The observed response of stressed astrocytes may be viewed as a support for energy provision, but also to be neuroprotective against the stress-induced lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Smolič
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Tavčar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anemari Horvat
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Černe
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Halužan Vasle
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Larisa Tratnjek
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maja Matis
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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30
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Jeon S, Carr R. Alcohol effects on hepatic lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:470-479. [PMID: 32029510 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r119000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the most prevalent type of chronic liver disease with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. ALD begins with simple hepatic steatosis and progresses to alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The severity of hepatic steatosis is highly associated with the development of later stages of ALD. This review explores the disturbances of alcohol-induced hepatic lipid metabolism through altered hepatic lipid uptake, de novo lipid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, hepatic lipid export, and lipid droplet formation and catabolism. In addition, we review emerging data on the contributions of genetics and bioactive lipid metabolism in alcohol-induced hepatic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyoung Jeon
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rotonya Carr
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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