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Alamri A. Sema-3E/PlexinD1 axis modulates dendritic cell phenotypes and functions: Current status and future implications. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110815. [PMID: 38772051 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive research review explores the complex interplay between the Sema-3E/PlexinD1 axis and dendritic cells (DCs), highlighting its critical role in immune modulation with implications for clinical application Critical regulators of immune responses Dendritic cells are central to adaptive immunity, and the Sema-3E /PlexinD1 axis emerges as a key modulator affecting their phenotypes and functions Review delineates the impact of this signaling axis on DC maturation, migration, antigen presentation, and cytokine production, unravels its multifaceted role in shaping the immune response. Recognizing the limitations and gaps in current knowledge, the study highlights the need for further studies to condition downstream signaling events and related information experienced by the Sema-3E/PlexinD1 axis emphasizes the clarity of the immune system. The review concludes by identifying opportunities for translation, focusing on therapeutic and diagnostic potential. It highlights the importance of collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts to address the challenges and harness the therapeutic and pathological potential of targeting the Sema-3E/PlexinD1 axis, thus opening the way for transformative advances in immunology and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alamri
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Motta RV, Culver EL. IgG4 autoantibodies and autoantigens in the context of IgG4-autoimmune disease and IgG4-related disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1272084. [PMID: 38433835 PMCID: PMC10904653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1272084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are an essential part of the humoral immune response. IgG4 antibodies are the least prevalent subclass and have unique structural and functional properties. In this review, we discuss IgG4 class switch and B cell production. We review the importance of IgG4 antibodies in the context of allergic responses, helminth infections and malignancy. We discuss their anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic effects in allergen-specific immunotherapy, and ability to evade the immune system in parasitic infection and tumour cells. We then focus on the role of IgG4 autoantibodies and autoantigens in IgG4-autoimmune diseases and IgG4-related disease, highlighting important parallels and differences between them. In IgG4-autoimmune diseases, pathogenesis is based on a direct role of IgG4 antibodies binding to self-antigens and disturbing homeostasis. In IgG4-related disease, where affected organs are infiltrated with IgG4-expressing plasma cells, IgG4 antibodies may also directly target a number of self-antigens or be overexpressed as an epiphenomenon of the disease. These antigen-driven processes require critical T and B cell interaction. Lastly, we explore the current gaps in our knowledge and how these may be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo V. Motta
- Translational Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Culver
- Translational Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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3
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Ahumada V, Zakzuk J, Aglas L, Coronado S, Briza P, Regino R, Ferreira F, Caraballo L. Comparison of Antibody Responses against Two Molecules from Ascaris lumbricoides: The Allergen Asc l 5 and the Immunomodulatory Protein Al-CPI. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1340. [PMID: 37887050 PMCID: PMC10604738 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to Ascaris lumbricoides influences the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Antibody responses to its proteins have been found to be associated with asthma presentation; however, helminth products that induce immunosuppression have been reported, which also raise specific antibodies. We aimed to evaluate antibody responses (IgE, IgG4 and IgG) to two A. lumbricoides molecules, Asc l 5 and Al-CPI (an anti-inflammatory Cysteine Protease Inhibitor), in an endemic population, exploring their relationships with the infection and asthma. The two molecules were produced as recombinant proteins in E. coli expression systems. Specific antibodies were detected by ELISA. Lower human IgE, but higher IgG4 and IgG antibody levels were observed for Al-CPI than for rAsc l 5. The IgE/IgG4 isotype ratio was significantly higher for Asc l 5 than for Al-CPI. In humans Al-CPI did not induce basophil activation as has been previously described for Asc l 5. In mice, Al-CPI induced fewer IgE responses, but more IgG2a antibody titers than rAsc l 5. Our results suggest that these molecules elicit different patterns of immune response to A. lumbricoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velky Ahumada
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130012, Colombia; (V.A.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130012, Colombia; (V.A.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Lorenz Aglas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.A.); (P.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Sandra Coronado
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130012, Colombia; (V.A.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.A.); (P.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Ronald Regino
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130012, Colombia; (V.A.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Fátima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.A.); (P.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130012, Colombia; (V.A.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
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Wongphutorn P, Worasith C, Kopolrat KY, Homwong C, Sithithaworn J, Eamudomkarn C, Techasen A, Tippayawat P, Pitaksakurat O, Hongsrichan N, Crellen T, Sithithaworn P. Diagnostic performance of Strongyloides-specific IgG4 detection in urine for diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:298. [PMID: 37641157 PMCID: PMC10464225 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of parasite-specific IgG in urine is a sensitive method for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis and gives similar accuracy to serum IgG. However, there are no data concerning detection of IgG subclass in urine. To further explore the utility of diagnosis from urine samples, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of IgG4 in urine compared with parasitological and other immunological methods. METHODS The urine and sera included proven strongyloidiasis (group 1, n = 93), other parasitic infections (group 2, n = 40) and parasite negatives (group 3, n = 93). The performance of Strongyloides-specific IgG4 in urine for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis using fecal examinations as the reference standard was assessed. RESULTS With fecal examination as a gold standard, Strongyloides-specific IgG4 in urine had 91.4% sensitivity and 93.2% specificity while serum IgG4 had 93.6% sensitivity and 91.0% specificity. IgG4 in both urine and serum had almost perfect diagnostic agreements with fecal examination (Cohen's kappa coefficient was > 0.8). Cross-reactivity to Opisthorchis viverrini and Taenia spp. of IgG4 in urine were 7.5% and 12.5% in serum. Concurrent analyses of total IgG in urine and serum showed that the sensitivities (97.9-100%) and specificities (88.7-91.0%) were similar (P > 0.05). The sensitivity for parasitological examination by the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) was 49.5% and that for agar plate culture technique (APC) it was 92.6%. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that specific IgG4 detection in urine yielded similar diagnostic performance to the same biomarkers in serum. This suggests that accurate diagnosis of strongyloidiasis can be performed using urine samples and IgG4 is a valid choice of diagnostic marker. Further assessment is required to assess the utility of urine IgG4 for measuring the response treatment in strongyloidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chanika Worasith
- Department of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Chutima Homwong
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Techasen
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Opal Pitaksakurat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nuttanan Hongsrichan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thomas Crellen
- School of Biodiversity One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Glasgow, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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5
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Kadkhoda K. Post-COVID mRNA-vaccine IgG4 shift: worrisome? mSphere 2023; 8:e0008523. [PMID: 37191589 PMCID: PMC10449502 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00085-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines play a key role in ending the pandemic. Unraveling the immunological phenomena involved in offering protective immunity is the cornerstone of achieving such success. This perspective evaluates the possible mechanisms and implications of IgG4 production in response to mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Kadkhoda
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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6
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Arndts K, Kegele J, Massarani AS, Ritter M, Wagner T, Pfarr K, Lämmer C, Dörmann P, Peisker H, Menche D, Al-Bahra M, Prazeres da Costa C, Schmutzhard E, Matuja W, Hoerauf A, Layland-Heni LE, Winkler AS. Epilepsy and nodding syndrome in association with an Onchocerca volvulus infection drive distinct immune profile patterns. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011503. [PMID: 37535695 PMCID: PMC10426931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have described the association of onchocerciasis (caused by Onchocerca volvulus) with epilepsy, including nodding syndrome, although a clear etiological link is still missing. Cases are found in different African countries (Tanzania, South Sudan, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic and Cameroon). In our study we investigated immunological parameters (cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin levels) in individuals from the Mahenge area, Tanzania, presenting with either epilepsy or nodding syndrome with or without O. volvulus infection and compared them to O. volvulus negative individuals from the same endemic area lacking neurological disorders. Additionally, cell differentiation was performed using blood smears and systemic levels of neurodegeneration markers, leiomodin-1 and N-acetyltyramine-O, β-glucuronide (NATOG) were determined. Our findings revealed that cytokines, most chemokines and neurodegeneration markers were comparable between both groups presenting with epilepsy or nodding syndrome. However, we observed elevated eosinophil percentages within the O. volvulus positive epilepsy/nodding syndrome patients accompanied with increased eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and antigen-specific IgG levels in comparison to those without an O. volvulus infection. Furthermore, highest levels of NATOG were found in O. volvulus positive nodding syndrome patients. These findings highlight that the detection of distinct biomarkers might be useful for a differential diagnosis of epilepsy and nodding syndrome in O. volvulus endemic areas. Trial-registration: NCT03653975.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Arndts
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, German
| | - Josua Kegele
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurology and Epileptology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alain S. Massarani
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, German
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, German
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, German
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine Lämmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, German
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helga Peisker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Menche
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mazen Al-Bahra
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Clarissa Prazeres da Costa
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Erich Schmutzhard
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - William Matuja
- Department of Neurology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, German
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E. Layland-Heni
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, German
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea S. Winkler
- Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Packi K, Rudek A, Matysiak J, Klimczak S, Matuszewska E, Rzetecka N, Matysiak J. Food Allergies and Parasites in Children. Foods 2023; 12:2465. [PMID: 37444203 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamically growing incidence of food allergies forces the scientific community to develop new methods for their diagnosis, differentiation, and effective treatment. Parasitoses appear much less frequently in the scientific literature, as well as among the presumed causes of numerous conditions. The similarity of inflammatory mechanisms in allergies and parasitosis necessitates a revision of current diagnostic standards. A lack of specificity and the coincidence of symptoms at an early stage of disease can lead to misdiagnosis. In this paper, we attempted to perform a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in symptoms for these two types of diseases. We described the molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways of food allergy and parasitosis. We presented the available research methods and directions of ongoing studies aimed at implementing precise medical techniques for differential diagnosis. We discussed the allergenic properties of certain parasite proteins, using the example of myofibrillar tropomyosins from the nematode Anisakis simplex. The literature in the fields of allergology and parasitology leads to the conclusion that it is reasonable to run parallel allergological and parasitological diagnostics in patients with non-specific symptoms. This approach will facilitate accurate and early diagnosis and implementation of effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Packi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- AllerGen Center of Personalized Medicine, 97-300 Piotrkow Trybunalski, Poland
| | - Alicja Rudek
- AllerGen Center of Personalized Medicine, 97-300 Piotrkow Trybunalski, Poland
| | - Joanna Matysiak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University-Kalisz, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Klimczak
- AllerGen Center of Personalized Medicine, 97-300 Piotrkow Trybunalski, Poland
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Eliza Matuszewska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Rzetecka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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8
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Tamadaho RSE, Osei-Mensah J, Arndts K, Debrah LB, Debrah AY, Layland LE, Hoerauf A, Pfarr K, Ritter M. Reduced Type 2 Innate Lymphocyte Cell Frequencies in Patent Wuchereria bancrofti-Infected Individuals. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050665. [PMID: 37242335 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 51 million individuals suffer from lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused mainly by the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti. Mass drug administration (MDA) programs led to a significant reduction in the number of infected individuals, but the consequences of the treatment and clearance of infection in regard to host immunity remain uncertain. Thus, this study investigates the composition of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), macrophage subsets and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), in patent (circulating filarial antigen (CFA)+ microfilariae (MF)+) and latent (CFA+MF-) W. bancrofti-infected individuals, previously W. bancrofti-infected (PI) individuals cured of the infection due to MDA, uninfected controls (endemic normal (EN)) and individuals who suffer from lymphoedema (LE) from the Western Region of Ghana. Frequencies of ILC2 were significantly reduced in W. bancrofti-infected individuals, while the frequencies of MDSCs, M2 macrophages, ILC1 and ILC3 were comparable between the cohorts. Importantly, clearance of infection due to MDA restored the ILC2 frequencies, suggesting that ILC2 subsets might migrate to the site of infection within the lymphatic tissue. In general, the immune cell composition in individuals who cured the infection were comparable to the uninfected individuals, showing that filarial-driven changes of the immune responses require an active infection and are not maintained upon the clearance of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S E Tamadaho
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jubin Osei-Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Kathrin Arndts
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Alexander Y Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
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9
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Veletzky L, Eberhardt KA, Hergeth J, Stelzl DR, Zoleko Manego R, Mombo-Ngoma G, Kreuzmair R, Burger G, Adegnika AA, Agnandji ST, Matsiegui PB, Boussinesq M, Mordmüller B, Ramharter M. Distinct loiasis infection states and associated clinical and hematological manifestations in patients from Gabon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010793. [PMID: 36121900 PMCID: PMC9521832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loiasis–a filarial disease endemic in Central and West Africa–is increasingly recognized as significant individual and public health concern. While the understanding of the disease characteristics remains limited, significant morbidity and excess mortality have been demonstrated. Here, we characterize clinical and hematological findings in a large cohort from Gabon. Methods Loiasis-related clinical manifestations and microfilaremia, hemoglobin and differential blood counts were recorded prospectively during a cross-sectional survey. For analysis, participants were categorized into distinct infection states by the diagnostic criteria of eye worm history and microfilaremia. Results Analysis of data from 1,232 individuals showed that occurrence of clinical and hematological findings differed significantly between the infection states. Eye worm positivity was associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations while microfilaremia by itself was not. Loa loa infection was associated with presence of eosinophilia and absolute eosinophil counts were associated with extent of microfilaremia (p-adj. = 0.012, ß-estimate:0.17[0.04–0.31]). Conclusions Loiasis is a complex disease, causing different disease manifestations in patients from endemic regions. The consequences for the affected individuals or populations as well as the pathophysiological consequences of correlating eosinophilia are largely unknown. High-quality research on loiasis should be fostered to improve patient care and understanding of the disease. Loiasis is a parasitic disease, endemic in parts of Western and Central Africa. While the disease has traditionally been considered to be benign, only recently significant disease morbidity and mortality have been shown. Most of the knowledge about loiasis, however, stems from reports on returning travelers, while comprehensive data from patients living in endemic areas are missing. Blood microfilaremia and reported eye worm are important diagnostic manifestations of the disease, but they can occur independent of each other in affected individuals. We analyzed hematological and clinical findings according to loiasis infection states, comprising reported eye worm and microfilaremia positivity, in a large group of individuals from a highly endemic area. While we found that all loiasis infection states were significantly associated with absolute blood eosinophilia, the eosinophilia was more pronounced in microfilaremic loiasis. Further, there was an association between the extent of microfilaremia and absolute eosinophilia. Analyzing the frequency of clinical disease manifestations, we found that eye worm positive loiasis was associated with a range of symptoms, but microfilaremic loiasis was not. Summarizing, even in highly endemic populations different loiasis infection states are associated with distinct disease manifestations, underlining that loiasis is a versatile and indeed relevant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Veletzky
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Dep. of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center For Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Riems, Germany
- * E-mail: (LV); (MR)
| | - Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Dep. of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Robert Stelzl
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rella Zoleko Manego
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Dep. of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Dep. of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Kreuzmair
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Gerrit Burger
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayôla Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Selidji Todagbe Agnandji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michel Boussinesq
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-Inserm U1175-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Dep. of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center For Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel-Riems, Germany
- * E-mail: (LV); (MR)
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10
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Bhoj P, Togre N, Khatri V, Goswami K. Harnessing Immune Evasion Strategy of Lymphatic Filariae: A Therapeutic Approach against Inflammatory and Infective Pathology. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081235. [PMID: 36016123 PMCID: PMC9415972 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lymphatic filariae have evolved numerous immune evasion strategies to secure their long-term survival in a host. These strategies include regulation of pattern recognition receptors, mimicry with host glycans and immune molecules, manipulation of innate and adaptive immune cells, induction of apoptosis in effector immune cells, and neutralization of free radicals. This creates an anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory milieu in the host: a modified Th2 immune response. Therefore, targeting filarial immunomodulators and manipulating the filariae-driven immune system against the filariae can be a potential therapeutic and prophylactic strategy. Filariae-derived immunosuppression can also be exploited to treat other inflammatory diseases and immunopathologic states of parasitic diseases, such as cerebral malaria, and to prevent leishmaniasis. This paper reviews immunomodulatory mechanisms acquired by these filariae for their own survival and their potential application in the development of novel therapeutic approaches against parasitic and inflammatory diseases. Insight into the intricate network of host immune-parasite interactions would aid in the development of effective immune-therapeutic options for both infectious and immune-pathological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Namdev Togre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (K.G.)
| | | | - Kalyan Goswami
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Saguna, Kalyani 741245, India
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (K.G.)
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11
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Amor DALM, Santos LN, Silva ES, de Santana MBR, Belitardo EMMDA, Sena FDA, Pontes-de-Carvalho L, Figueiredo CA, Alcântara-Neves NM. Toxocara canis extract fractions promote mainly the production of Th1 and regulatory cytokines by human leukocytes in vitro. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106579. [PMID: 35843307 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Helminths possibly down-modulate immune responses to airborne allergens through the induction of a regulatory network. The identification of helminths bioactive molecules is highly desirable, given their immunomodulatory potential which could be used in immunotherapies for allergy and autoimmune diseases. To investigate the immunoregulatory potential of the adult Toxocara canis crude extract and ten protein fractions of its extract, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 10 allergic and 9 non-allergic individuals were cultivated, in vitro, in the presence or absence of these antigens, and their supernatants were evaluated for cytokine production (TGF-β, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-5, IL13, and IL-17). To determine the cell viability, the PBMC were cultivated for 24 h in the presence of the antigens and, following, they were subjected to a cytotoxicity assay. The viability of the PBMC was not affected by incubation with the T. canis antigens. As some fractions stimulated the production of immunoregulatory (TGF-β and/or IL-10), IL-12 and Th1 (TNF-α) cytokines, without stimulating Th2 cytokines (IL-5 and IL13) and IL-17, it was proposed that they would be potential candidates for further studies, especially involving the purification and characterization of specific proteins, which could be tested separately to evaluate their specific role as adjuvants in immunotherapy for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dra Ana Lúcia Moreno Amor
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Avenida Carlos Amaral, 1015 - Cajueiro, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia 44430-622, Brazil.
| | | | - Eduardo Santos Silva
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Flávia de Araújo Sena
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Camila A Figueiredo
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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12
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Adjobimey T, Meyer J, Terkeš V, Parcina M, Hoerauf A. Helminth antigens differentially modulate the activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes of convalescent COVID-19 patients in vitro. BMC Med 2022; 20:241. [PMID: 35764965 PMCID: PMC9241220 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a recently discovered strain of coronavirus. The virus has spread rapidly, causing millions of death worldwide. Contrary to the predictions, prevalence and mortality due to COVID-19 have remained moderate on the African continent. Several factors, including age, genetics, vaccines, and co-infections, might impact the course of the pandemic in Africa. Helminths are highly endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa and are renowned for their ability to evade, skew, and suppress human immune responses through various immune-modulatory mechanisms. Such effects will likely impact SARS-CoV-2 transmission and disease progression. METHODS Here, we analyzed in vitro the impact of antigen extracts from three major helminth parasites, including Onchocerca volvulus, Brugia malayi, and Ascaris lumbricoides, on the immune reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 peptides in COVID-19 patients. Activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was investigated using flow cytometry to monitor the expression of CD137 (4-1BB) and CD69. Cytokine expression, including IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNFα, was measured by Luminex in cell culture supernatants. RESULTS We observed that helminth antigens significantly reduced the frequency of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ T helper cells. In contrast, the expression of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD8+ T cells was not affected and even significantly increased when PBMCs from COVID-19 patients living in Benin, an endemic helminth country, were used. In addition, stimulation with helminth antigens was associated with increased IL-10 and a reduction of IFNγ and TNFα. CONCLUSIONS Our data offer a plausible explanation for the moderate incidence of COVID-19 in Africa and support the hypothesis that helper T cell-mediated immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are mitigated in the presence of helminth antigens, while virus-specific cytotoxic T cell responses are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomabu Adjobimey
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany. .,Unité de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Bénin.
| | - Julia Meyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vedrana Terkeš
- Department of Infectiology, General Hospital Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Marijo Parcina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.,Bonn-Cologne Site, German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
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13
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Immunoreactivity of Brugia malayi Calreticulin and Its Domains with Sera of Different Categories of Bancroftian Filarial Patients. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:784-793. [PMID: 35083711 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We identified calreticulin in human filaria Brugia malayi (BmCRT) that shares 97% homology with Wuchereria bancrofti calreticulin (WbCRT), but only 56% with human calreticulin. We found that BmCRT binds C1q and prevents complement-mediated parasite death; immunization with BmCRT leads to parasite death in a rodent model of the infection. BmCRT could, therefore, be a potential vaccine candidate. In the present study, we determined the levels of BmCRT-reactive IgG and its isotype in bancroftian filarial subjects. METHODS Recombinant BmCRT (rBmCRT) was prepared, and the sera of endemic normal subjects (EN), microfilaraemics (Mf+) and chronic amicrofilaraemics (ChMf-) from a bancroftian filaria-endemic area and normal subjects from filaria-non-endemic area (NEN) were probed for IgG and its isotypes reacting with rBmCRT and its domains rN, rP and rC. RESULTS rBmCRT and its rN domain-reactive IgG levels were high in EN and Mf+ groups; rC domain and rP domain showed moderate and very little reactivity, respectively. NEN sera were non-reactive. Moderate levels of rBmCRT-reactive IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 in EN and Mf+ groups and low levels of IgG2 in Mf+ were found; IgG1 and IgG3 reactivity was found for rBmCRT and its rN domain only, while IgG4 reactivity was moderate for rN domain and low for rP and rC domains. While IgG reactivity was seen in all the endemic subjects, IgG isotype reactivity was found mostly in EN and Mf+ subjects. CONCLUSIONS Moderate levels of rBmCRT (and its rN domain)-reactive IgG and its isotypes are present in bancroftian subjects. Preponderance of IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes which bind and activate complement has relevance to vaccine potential of BmCRT.
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14
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Adjobimey T, Hoerauf A. Distinct N-Linked Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation Patterns Are Associated With Chronic Pathology and Asymptomatic Infections in Human Lymphatic Filariasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:790895. [PMID: 35401511 PMCID: PMC8992374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.790895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis presents a complex spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic microfilariaemic (MF+) to chronic pathology (CP), including lymphedema and elephantiasis. Emerging evidence suggests a link between the physiopathology of filarial infections and antibody properties. Post-translational glycosylation has been shown to play a key role in the modulation of antibodies’ effector functions. Here, we investigated the link between total IgG-N-glycosylation patterns and the physiopathology of human lymphatic filariasis using UPLC-FLD/ESI-MS comparison of N-glycan profiles of total IgG purified from endemic normals (EN), MF+, and CP patients. We detected a total of 19 glycans released from all IgG samples. Strikingly, agalactosylated glycan residues were more prominent in EN, whereas sialylation and bisecting GlcNac correlated with asymptomatic infections. While IgG from all three clinical groups expressed high levels of fucosylated residues, significantly lower expressions of afucosylated IgG were seen in MF+ individuals compared to EN and CP. Our data reveal distinct N-linked IgG glycan profiles in EN, MF+, and CP and suggest that IgG galactosylation and sialylation are associated with chronic pathology, whereas agalactosylation correlates with putative immunity. The results also indicate a role for sialylation, fucosylation, and bisecting GlcNac in immune tolerance to the parasite. These findings highlight the link between N-glycosylation and the physiopathology of lymphatic filariasis and open new research avenues for next-generation therapeutic formulations against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomabu Adjobimey
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Institut for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d'Abomey Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Institut for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Bonn-Cologne Site, German Center for Infectious Disease Research Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
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15
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Horn S, Ritter M, Arndts K, Borrero-Wolff D, Wiszniewsky A, Debrah LB, Debrah AY, Osei-Mensah J, Chachage M, Hoerauf A, Kroidl I, Layland LE. Filarial Lymphedema Patients Are Characterized by Exhausted CD4 + T Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:767306. [PMID: 35071034 PMCID: PMC8770542 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.767306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, more than 200 million people are infected with filariae which can cause severe symptoms leading to reduced quality of life and contribute to disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). In particular, lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by Wuchereria bancrofti can lead to lymphedema (LE) and consequently presents a serious health problem. To understand why only a fraction of the infected individuals develop pathology, it is essential to understand how filariae regulate host immunity. The central role of T cells for immunity against filariae has been shown in several studies. However, there is little knowledge about T cell exhaustion, which causes T cell dysfunction and impaired immune responses, in this group of individuals. Recently, we showed that LE patients from Ghana harbor distinct patterns of exhausted effector and memory CD8+ T cell subsets. Based on these findings, we now characterized CD4+ T cell subsets from the same Ghanaian patient cohort by analyzing distinct markers within a 13-colour flow cytometry panel. We revealed that LE patients had increased frequencies of CD4+ T cells expressing exhaustion-associated receptors such as KLRG-1, TIM-3 and PD-1 compared to healthy endemic normal and W. bancrofti-infected individuals. Moreover, CD4+ T cells in LE patients were characterized by distinct co-expression patterns of inhibitory receptors. Collectively with the previous findings on CD8+ T cell exhaustion patterns, the data shown here demonstrates that filarial LE patients harbor distinct subsets of exhausted T cells. Thus, T cell exhaustion patterns in LE patients need attention especially in regards to susceptibility of concomitant infections and should be taken into consideration for LE management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Horn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathrin Arndts
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Dennis Borrero-Wolff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Wiszniewsky
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Filariasis Unit, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Sciences and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Kumasi, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Y Debrah
- Filariasis Unit, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Kumasi, Kumasi, Ghana.,Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Sciences and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jubin Osei-Mensah
- Filariasis Unit, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Kumasi, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Mkunde Chachage
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Department of Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Dar es Salaam-Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences (UDSM-MCHAS), Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, Partner Site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Inge Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, Partner Site, Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, Partner Site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Shi W, Xu N, Wang X, Vallée I, Liu M, Liu X. Helminth Therapy for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Current and Future Perspectives. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:475-491. [PMID: 35087284 PMCID: PMC8789313 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s348079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Isabelle Vallée
- UMR BIPAR, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaolei Liu; Mingyuan Liu, Tel +86-15943092280; +86-13019125996, Email ;
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17
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Wiszniewsky A, Layland LE, Arndts K, Wadephul LM, Tamadaho RSE, Borrero-Wolff D, Chunda VC, Kien CA, Hoerauf A, Wanji S, Ritter M. Adoptive Transfer of Immune Cells Into RAG2IL-2Rγ-Deficient Mice During Litomosoides sigmodontis Infection: A Novel Approach to Investigate Filarial-Specific Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:777860. [PMID: 34868049 PMCID: PMC8636703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.777860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite long-term mass drug administration programmes, approximately 220 million people are still infected with filariae in endemic regions. Several research studies have characterized host immune responses but a major obstacle for research on human filariae has been the inability to obtain adult worms which in turn has hindered analysis on infection kinetics and immune signalling. Although the Litomosoides sigmodontis filarial mouse model is well-established, the complex immunological mechanisms associated with filarial control and disease progression remain unclear and translation to human infections is difficult, especially since human filarial infections in rodents are limited. To overcome these obstacles, we performed adoptive immune cell transfer experiments into RAG2IL-2Rγ-deficient C57BL/6 mice. These mice lack T, B and natural killer cells and are susceptible to infection with the human filaria Loa loa. In this study, we revealed a long-term release of L. sigmodontis offspring (microfilariae) in RAG2IL-2Rγ-deficient C57BL/6 mice, which contrasts to C57BL/6 mice which normally eliminate the parasites before patency. We further showed that CD4+ T cells isolated from acute L. sigmodontis-infected C57BL/6 donor mice or mice that already cleared the infection were able to eliminate the parasite and prevent inflammation at the site of infection. In addition, the clearance of the parasites was associated with Th17 polarization of the CD4+ T cells. Consequently, adoptive transfer of immune cell subsets into RAG2IL-2Rγ-deficient C57BL/6 mice will provide an optimal platform to decipher characteristics of distinct immune cells that are crucial for the immunity against rodent and human filarial infections and moreover, might be useful for preclinical research, especially about the efficacy of macrofilaricidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wiszniewsky
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathrin Arndts
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa M Wadephul
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ruth S E Tamadaho
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Dennis Borrero-Wolff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Valerine C Chunda
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Chi Anizette Kien
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
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18
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Risch F, Ritter M, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Human filariasis-contributions of the Litomosoides sigmodontis and Acanthocheilonema viteae animal model. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4125-4143. [PMID: 33547508 PMCID: PMC8599372 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-07026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Filariae are vector-borne parasitic nematodes that are endemic worldwide, in tropical and subtropical regions. Important human filariae spp. include Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp., and Loa loa and Mansonella spp. causing onchocerciasis (river blindness), lymphatic filariasis (lymphedema and hydrocele), loiasis (eye worm), and mansonelliasis, respectively. It is estimated that over 1 billion individuals live in endemic regions where filarial diseases are a public health concern contributing to significant disability adjusted life years (DALYs). Thus, efforts to control and eliminate filarial diseases were already launched by the WHO in the 1970s, especially against lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, and are mainly based on mass drug administration (MDA) of microfilaricidal drugs (ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, albendazole) to filarial endemic areas accompanied with vector control strategies with the goal to reduce the transmission. With the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it was decided to eliminate transmission of onchocerciasis and stop lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem by 2030. It was also requested that novel drugs and treatment strategies be developed. Mouse models provide an important platform for anti-filarial drug research in a preclinical setting. This review presents an overview about the Litomosoides sigmodontis and Acanthocheilonema viteae filarial mouse models and their role in immunological research as well as preclinical studies about novel anti-filarial drugs and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Risch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
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19
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Chavda VP, Pandya A, Pulakkat S, Soniwala M, Patravale V. Lymphatic filariasis vaccine development: neglected for how long? Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1471-1482. [PMID: 34633881 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1990760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphatic filariasis (LF), also known as elephantiasis, has been recognized by the world health organization and the centers for disease control and prevention as one of the neglected tropical diseases. The huge prevalence and risk of manifestation to date reflect the poor management of this disease. The disease poses vast public health and socio-economic burdens and generates a dire need for the development of a prophylactic solution for mass administration. AREAS COVERED Vaccination has been a sought-out strategy for dealing with ever-evolving infectious diseases and can be duly tuned to become a cost effective means of disease control and eventual eradication. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology of LF with the current diagnosis and treatment modules. The need for the development of a potential vaccine candidates, and challenges are discussed. The evidence presented in this review aims to enlighten the readers regarding the essential factors governing LF and its management using prophylactic measures. EXPERT OPINION The complex nature of filarial parasites is evident from the absence of a single vaccine for LF. The development and selection of an appropriate preclinical model and its translation into clinical practice is deemed to be a major task needing in-depth evaluation to formulate an effective vaccine. Explorations of the existing vaccine platforms would serve to be an apt strategy in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Anjali Pandya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Sreeranjini Pulakkat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Moinuddin Soniwala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, B K Modi Government Pharmacy College, Rajkot, India
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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20
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Horn S, Borrero-Wolff D, Ritter M, Arndts K, Wiszniewsky A, Debrah LB, Debrah AY, Osei-Mensah J, Chachage M, Hoerauf A, Kroidl I, Layland LE. Distinct Immune Profiles of Exhausted Effector and Memory CD8 + T Cells in Individuals With Filarial Lymphedema. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:680832. [PMID: 34485170 PMCID: PMC8415778 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.680832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are crucial for the clearance of viral infections, and current research begins to highlight their importance in parasitic diseases too. In-depth research about characteristics of CD8+ T-cell subsets and exhaustion remains uncertain, especially during filariasis, a chronic helminth infection. Lymphatic filariasis, elicited by Wuchereria bancrofti, remains a serious health problem in endemic areas in Ghana, especially in those suffering from morbidity due to lymphedema (LE). In this observational study, the characteristics and profiles of CD8+ T cells were compared between asymptomatic Wuchereria bancrofti-infected individuals, uninfected endemic normals, and those with LE (grades 2–6). Focusing on exhausted memory (CD8+exmem: CD8+ T-betdimEomeshi) and effector (CD8+exeff: CD8+T-bethiEomesdim) CD8+ T-cell subsets, advanced flow cytometry revealed that LE individuals presented reduced frequencies of IFN-γ+CD8+exmem T cells expressing Tim-3 or LAG-3 which negatively correlated to the presence of LE. Moreover, the LE cohort further showed significantly higher frequencies of IL-10+CD8+exeff T cells expressing either Tim-3, LAG-3, CD39, KLRG-1, or PD-1, all associated markers of exhaustion, and that these frequencies positively correlated with the presence of LE. In summary, this study shows that distinct exhausted CD8+ T-cell subsets are prominent in individuals suffering from LE, suggesting that enhanced inflammation and constant immune activation might drive exhaustion of CD8+ T cells. Since T-cell exhaustion is known to be associated with insufficient control of persisting antigen, the data presented here reveals that these CD8+ T-cell exhaustion patterns in filarial LE should be taken into consideration for prevention and control management of LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Horn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Borrero-Wolff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathrin Arndts
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Wiszniewsky
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Filariasis Unit, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Sciences and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Kumasi, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Y Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Filariasis Unit, Kumasi, Ghana.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Kumasi, Kumasi, Ghana.,Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Sciences and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jubin Osei-Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Filariasis Unit, Kumasi, Ghana.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Kumasi, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Mkunde Chachage
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany.,National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR)-Mbeya Medical Research Center (MMRC), Department of Immunology, Mbeya, Tanzania.,University of Dar es Salaam-Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences (UDSM-MCHAS), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, partner site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Inge Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, partner site, Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, partner site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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21
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Chulanetra M, Chaicumpa W. Revisiting the Mechanisms of Immune Evasion Employed by Human Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:702125. [PMID: 34395313 PMCID: PMC8358743 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.702125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For the establishment of a successful infection, i.e., long-term parasitism and a complete life cycle, parasites use various diverse mechanisms and factors, which they may be inherently bestowed with, or may acquire from the natural vector biting the host at the infection prelude, or may take over from the infecting host, to outmaneuver, evade, overcome, and/or suppress the host immunity, both innately and adaptively. This narrative review summarizes the up-to-date strategies exploited by a number of representative human parasites (protozoa and helminths) to counteract the target host immune defense. The revisited information should be useful for designing diagnostics and therapeutics as well as vaccines against the respective parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Wanji S, Deribe K, Minich J, Debrah AY, Kalinga A, Kroidl I, Luguet A, Hoerauf A, Ritter M. Podoconiosis - From known to unknown: Obstacles to tackle. Acta Trop 2021; 219:105918. [PMID: 33839086 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Podoconiosis is a non-filarial and non-communicable disease leading to lymphedema of the lower limbs. Worldwide, 4 million individuals live with podoconiosis, which is accompanied by disability and painful intermittent acute inflammatory episodes that attribute to significant disability adjusted life years (DALYs). Different risk factors like contact with volcanic red clay soil, high altitude (above 1000 m), high seasonal rainfall (above 1000 mm/year) and occupation (e.g., subsistence farmer) are associated with the risk of podoconiosis. Although podoconiosis was described to be endemic in 32 countries in Africa, parts of Latin America and South East Asia, knowledge about related genetics, pathophysiology, immunology and especially the causing molecule(s) in the soil remain uncertain. Thus, podoconiosis can be considered as one of the most neglected diseases. This review provides an overview about this non-filarial related geochemical disease and aim to present perspectives and future directions that might be important for better understanding of the disease, prospect for point-of-care diagnosis, achieving protection and developing novel treatment strategies.
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23
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Wang Y, Ma A, Liu XL, Eamsobhana P, Gan XX. Evaluation of Rapid IgG4 Test for Diagnosis of Gnathostomiasis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:257-263. [PMID: 34218597 PMCID: PMC8255487 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human gnathostomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Gnathostoma nematode infection. A rapid, reliable, and practical immunoassay, named dot immuno-gold filtration assay (DIGFA), was developed to supporting clinical diagnosis of gnathostomiasis. The practical tool detected anti-Gnathostoma-specific IgG4 in human serum using crude extract of third-stage larvae as antigen. The result of the test was shown by anti-human IgG4 monoclonal antibody conjugated colloidal gold. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were both 100% for detection in human sera from patients with gnathostomiasis (13/13) and from healthy negative controls (50/50), respectively. Cross-reactivity with heterogonous serum samples from patients with other helminthiases ranged from 0 (trichinosis, paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, schistosomiasis, and cysticercosis) to 25.0% (sparganosis), with an average of 6.3% (7/112). Moreover, specific IgG4 antibodies diminished at 6 months after treatment. This study showed that DIGFA for the detection of specific IgG4 in human sera could be a promising tool for the diagnosis of gnathostomiasis and useful for evaluating therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - An Ma
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Long Liu
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Praphathip Eamsobhana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xiao-Xian Gan
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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24
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Zografou C, Vakrakou AG, Stathopoulos P. Short- and Long-Lived Autoantibody-Secreting Cells in Autoimmune Neurological Disorders. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686466. [PMID: 34220839 PMCID: PMC8248361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), short-lived plasmablasts (SLPBs) are produced by a primary extrafollicular response, followed by the generation of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) in germinal centers (GCs). Generation of IgG4 antibodies is T helper type 2 (Th2) and IL-4, -13, and -10-driven and can occur parallel to IgE, in response to chronic stimulation by allergens and helminths. Although IgG4 antibodies are non-crosslinking and have limited ability to mobilize complement and cellular cytotoxicity, when self-tolerance is lost, they can disrupt ligand-receptor binding and cause a wide range of autoimmune disorders including neurological autoimmunity. In myasthenia gravis with predominantly IgG4 autoantibodies against muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), it has been observed that one-time CD20+ B cell depletion with rituximab commonly leads to long-term remission and a marked reduction in autoantibody titer, pointing to a short-lived nature of autoantibody-secreting cells. This is also observed in other predominantly IgG4 autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders, such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and autoimmune encephalitis with autoantibodies against the Ranvier paranode and juxtaparanode, respectively, and extends beyond neurological autoimmunity as well. Although IgG1 autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders can also respond well to rituximab induction therapy in combination with an autoantibody titer drop, remission tends to be less long-lasting and cases where titers are refractory tend to occur more often than in IgG4 autoimmunity. Moreover, presence of GC-like structures in the thymus of myasthenic patients with predominantly IgG1 autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor and in ovarian teratomas of autoimmune encephalitis patients with predominantly IgG1 autoantibodies against the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) confers increased the ability to generate LLPCs. Here, we review available information on the short-and long-lived nature of ASCs in IgG1 and IgG4 autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders and highlight common mechanisms as well as differences, all of which can inform therapeutic strategies and personalized medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zografou
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A G Vakrakou
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - P Stathopoulos
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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25
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Brattig NW, Cheke RA, Garms R. Onchocerciasis (river blindness) - more than a century of research and control. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105677. [PMID: 32857984 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises more than a century of research on onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, and its control. River blindness is an infection caused by the tissue filaria Onchocerca volvulus affecting the skin, subcutaneous tissue and eyes and leading to blindness in a minority of infected persons. The parasite is transmitted by its intermediate hosts Simulium spp. which breed in rivers. Featured are history and milestones in onchocerciasis research and control, state-of-the-art data on the parasite, its endobacteria Wolbachia, on the vectors, previous and current prevalence of the infection, its diagnostics, the interaction between the parasite and its host, immune responses and the pathology of onchocerciasis. Detailed information is documented on the time course of control programmes in the afflicted countries in Africa and the Americas, a long road from previous programmes to current successes in control of the transmission of this infectious disease. By development, adjustment and optimization of the control measures, transmission by the vector has been interrupted in foci of countries in the Americas, in Uganda, in Sudan and elsewhere, followed by onchocerciasis eliminations. The current state and future perspectives for control, elimination and eradication within the next 20-30 years are described and discussed. This review contributes to a deeper comprehension of this disease by a tissue-dwelling filaria and it will be helpful in efforts to control and eliminate other filarial infections.
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26
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Janwan P, Intapan PM, Sadaow L, Rodpai R, Yamasaki H, Boonroumkaew P, Sanpool O, Thanchomnang T, Sadee P, Maleewong W. Development of Immunochromatographic Test Kit for Rapid Detection of Specific IgG4 Antibody in Whole-Blood Samples for Diagnosis of Human Gnathostomiasis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050862. [PMID: 34064745 PMCID: PMC8151850 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gnathostomiasis is a harmful food-borne zoonosis caused by roundworms of the genus Gnathostoma. The parasite can occasionally migrate to the central nervous system, causing life-threatening disease and death. Here, we report a new point-of-care (POC) test kit, the gnathostomiasis blood immunochromatographic test (GB-ICT) kit. The kit is based on recombinant Gnathostoma spinigerum antigen and detects specific IgG4 antibody in whole-blood samples (WBSs). The GB-ICT kit showed potentially high diagnostic values with simulated WBSs (n = 248), which were obtained by spiking patients’ sera with red blood cells. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 95.2%, 100%, 93.8%, 81.5%, and 100%, respectively. Ten WBSs from clinically suspected gnathostomiasis patients were all positive according to the GB-ICT kit, while 10 WBSs from healthy volunteers were negative. The GB-ICT kit is a simple and convenient POC testing tool using finger-prick blood samples: venous blood sampling and serum separation processes are not required. The GB-ICT kit can support clinical diagnosis in remote areas and field settings without sophisticated equipment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penchom Janwan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand;
| | - Pewpan M. Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.I.); (L.S.); (R.R.); (P.B.); (O.S.)
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.I.); (L.S.); (R.R.); (P.B.); (O.S.)
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.I.); (L.S.); (R.R.); (P.B.); (O.S.)
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Hiroshi Yamasaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
| | - Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.I.); (L.S.); (R.R.); (P.B.); (O.S.)
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.I.); (L.S.); (R.R.); (P.B.); (O.S.)
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Phuangphaka Sadee
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.I.); (L.S.); (R.R.); (P.B.); (O.S.)
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-4336-3434
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Functional monovalency amplifies the pathogenicity of anti-MuSK IgG4 in myasthenia gravis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020635118. [PMID: 33753489 PMCID: PMC8020787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020635118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An expanding group of autoimmune diseases is now recognized to be hallmarked by pathogenic IgG4 autoantibodies. IgG4 has the unique ability to exchange Fab-arms, rendering it bispecific and functionally monovalent. Here we show that autoantibody functional monovalency significantly amplifies the pathogenicity of IgG4 autoantibodies using patient-derived monoclonal antibodies in an in vivo model of MuSK myasthenia gravis. Therefore, subclass switching to predominant IgG4 autoantibodies is a critical step in the development of MuSK myasthenia gravis. This new mechanism in autoimmunity is also potentially relevant to 29 other IgG4-mediated autoimmune diseases known to date, allergy and other disease settings where IgG4 antibodies contribute to pathology. Human immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 usually displays antiinflammatory activity, and observations of IgG4 autoantibodies causing severe autoimmune disorders are therefore poorly understood. In blood, IgG4 naturally engages in a stochastic process termed “Fab-arm exchange” in which unrelated IgG4s exchange half-molecules continuously. The resulting IgG4 antibodies are composed of two different binding sites, thereby acquiring monovalent binding and inability to cross-link for each antigen recognized. Here, we demonstrate that this process amplifies autoantibody pathogenicity in a classic IgG4-mediated autoimmune disease: muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) myasthenia gravis. In mice, monovalent anti-MuSK IgG4s caused rapid and severe myasthenic muscle weakness, whereas the same antibodies in their parental bivalent form were less potent or did not induce a phenotype. Mechanistically this could be explained by opposing effects on MuSK signaling. Isotype switching to IgG4 in an autoimmune response thereby may be a critical step in the development of disease. Our study establishes functional monovalency as a pathogenic mechanism in IgG4-mediated autoimmune disease and potentially other disorders.
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28
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Gorovits B. Current Considerations for Immunoglobulin Isotype Characterization of Antibody Response against Biotherapeutics. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:144. [PMID: 33161459 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability of biotherapeutics to induce immune response in patients has been broadly accepted. Humoral immune response to biotherapeutics is expected to be polyclonal in nature with a high degree of diversity, including treatment-induced anti-drug antibodies (ADA) immunoglobulin isotype composition. Therapeutics with strong potential to induce immunity may produce a T cell-dependent response resulting in a gradual transition from initial IgM based to mature, IgG-based ADAs. Immunoglobulin class switch and transition to high affinity IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies were linked to a reduced drug efficacy, accelerated clearance, development of drug neutralizing antibodies, and modulation of hypersensitivity reaction rates. Examples presented herein demonstrate that understanding of isotype composition of ADA response can be highly important to predict future of disease progression. Isotype characterization of ADA response can be viewed highly useful, particularly for high immunogenicity risk biotherapeutics although may be less relevant or used as a research tool only for medium and low immunogenicity risk level therapeutics. Isotype-specific characteristics, methods of detection, and several case studies are presented herein.
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29
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Liu W, Gao C, Liu Z, Dai H, Feng Z, Dong Z, Zheng Y, Gao Y, Tian X, Liu B. Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: Glomerular Pathological Pattern Caused by Extrarenal Immunity Activity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1846. [PMID: 33042109 PMCID: PMC7524879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is a pathological pattern of glomerular damage caused by an autoimmune response. Immune complex deposition, thickness of glomerular basement membrane, and changes in the podocyte morphology are responsible for the development of proteinuria, which is caused by the targeted binding of auto-antibodies to podocytes. Several auto-antigens have recently been identified in IMN, including M-type receptor for secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2R1), thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing 7A (THSD7A), and neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein (NELL-1). The measurement of peripheral circulating antibodies has become an important clinical reference index. However, some clinical features of IMN remain elusive and need to be further investigated, such as the autoimmunity initiation, IgG4 predominance, spontaneous remission, and the unique glomerular lesion. As these unresolved issues are closely related to clinical practice, we have proposed a hypothetical pathogenesis model of IMN. Induced by environmental stimuli or other causes, the PLA2R1 antigen and/or THSD7A antigen exposed to extrarenal tissues, such as lungs, then produce the auto-antibodies that target and cause damage to the podocytes in circulation. In this review, we highlighted the potential association between environmental stimuli, immune activity, and glomerular lesions, the underlying basis for spontaneous immune and proteinuria remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Gao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Basic Medical College, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Haoran Dai
- Beijing Chinese Medicine Hospital PingGu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Feng
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaocheng Dong
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Baoli Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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30
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Koneczny I. Update on IgG4-mediated autoimmune diseases: New insights and new family members. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102646. [PMID: 32801046 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies of IgG4 subclass are exceptional players of the immune system, as they are considered to be immunologically inert and functionally monovalent, and as such may be part of classical tolerance mechanisms. IgG4 antibodies are found in a range of different diseases, including IgG4-related diseases, allergy, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, helminth infection and IgG4 autoimmune diseases, where they may be pathogenic or protective. IgG4 autoimmune diseases are an emerging new group of diseases that are characterized by pathogenic, antigen-specific autoantibodies of IgG4 subclass, such as MuSK myasthenia gravis, pemphigus vulgaris and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The list of IgG4 autoantigens is rapidly growing and to date contains 29 candidate antigens. Interestingly, IgG4 autoimmune diseases are restricted to four distinct organs: 1) the central and peripheral nervous system, 2) the kidney, 3) the skin and mucous membranes and 4) the vascular system and soluble antigens in the blood circulation. The pathogenicity of IgG4 can be validated using our classification system, and is usually excerted by functional blocking of protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Koneczny
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Bianchini R, Karagiannis SN, Jordakieva G, Jensen-Jarolim E. The Role of IgG4 in the Fine Tuning of Tolerance in IgE-Mediated Allergy and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145017. [PMID: 32708690 PMCID: PMC7404042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the four immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, IgG4 is the least represented in serum of a healthy human and it is considered an “odd” antibody. The IgG4 antibody has unique structural features that affect its biological function. These include the ability to undergo antigen-binding fragment (Fab)-arm exchange, to create fragment crystallizable (Fc) – Fc binding with other IgG4 and other IgG subclass antibodies, have a unique affinity profile for Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) and no binding to complement component C1q. Altogether, these characteristics support anti-inflammatory roles of IgG4 leading to immune tolerance. Under conditions of chronic antigenic stimulation and Th2-type inflammation, both tissue and serum IgG4 levels are increased. This review seeks to highlight how in allergen immunotherapy IgG4 can confer a protective role as a “blocking” antibody and safeguard from subsequent allergen exposure, while IgG4 can confer immunomodulatory functions to support malignancy. While Th2 conditions drive polarization of macrophages to the M2a subtype, chronic antigen stimulation drives B cell class switching to IgG4 to further support phenotypical macrophage changes towards an M2b-like state. M2b-like macrophages can secrete chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) to support regulatory cell recruitment and to further shape a tolerogenic microenvironment. Thereby, IgG4 have a Janus-faced role, favorable in allergy but detrimental in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Bianchini
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Division of Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia N. Karagiannis
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, 9th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK;
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Cancer Centre, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Galateja Jordakieva
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Division of Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Napodano C, Marino M, Stefanile A, Pocino K, Scatena R, Gulli F, Rapaccini GL, Delli Noci S, Capozio G, Rigante D, Basile U. Immunological Role of IgG Subclasses. Immunol Invest 2020; 50:427-444. [PMID: 32522062 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1775643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The loss of tolerance to self-antigens is the unequivocal "red line" of autoimmunity: both development of autoreactive T and B cells and production of polyclonal autoantibodies represent seminal keys to the pathogenesis of protean autoimmune diseases. Most of these autoantibodies are immunoglobulins G (IgG), functionally distinguished in four subclasses named IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, due to structural differences in the hinge and heavy chain constant regions. Different studies analyzed serum levels of IgG subclasses in the course of different disorders, showing that they might have a pathogenic role by regulating interactions among immunoglobulins, Fc-gamma receptors, and complement. To date, the mechanisms promoting different IgG subclasses distribution during the natural history of most autoimmune diseases remain somewhat unclear. Evidence from the medical literature shows that the serum IgG profile is peculiar for many autoimmune diseases, suggesting that different subclasses could be specific for the underlying driving autoantigens. A better knowledge of IgG subsets may probably help to elucidate their pathological task, but also to define their relevance for diagnostic purposes, patients' personalized management, and prognosis assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Napodano
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - MariaPaola Marino
- Institute of General Pathology, Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Annunziata Stefanile
- Area Diagnostica di Laboratorio, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Krizia Pocino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Scatena
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Di Laboratorio, Ospedale Madre Giuseppina Vannini, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gulli
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Di Laboratorio, Ospedale Madre Giuseppina Vannini, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Lodovico Rapaccini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Delli Noci
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capozio
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Rigante
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Basile
- Area Diagnostica di Laboratorio, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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33
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Kim SR, Park KH, Lee JE, Kim BJ, Lim KJ, Park JW. Validation of a Multiplex Assay for Measuring Specific IgG4. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:524-532. [PMID: 32469176 PMCID: PMC7255997 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.6.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Specific IgG4 (sIgG4) increases with allergen specific immunotherapy and may reflect a state of immune tolerance in food allergy. While ImmunoCAP® has been widely used to measure sIgG4 to a single allergen, PROTIA™ Specific IgG4® has been designed as a multiplex assay for measuring sIgG4. This study sought to validate this assay in comparison to ImmunoCAP®. MATERIALS AND METHODS Measurements of sIgG4 were compared between PROTIA™ Specific IgG4® and ImmunoCAP® using sera from 519 allergy patients (asthma: 114, allergic rhinitis: 318, food allergy: 146) with 731 paired tests. sIgG4 was measured against nine inhalant allergens (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, cat dander, dog dander, birch pollen, oak pollen, ragweed pollen, mugwort pollen, and Alternaria alternata spores) and nine food allergens (egg white, casein, wheat, peanut, walnut, crab, shrimp, apple, and peach). RESULTS PROTIA™ Specific IgG4® showed 95.6% agreement rate with ImmunoCAP® in the positivity comparison. For sIgG4 positivity to each individual allergen, an agreement rate of more than 84.8% was observed. In Cohen's kappa analysis, these assays displayed substantial correlations [Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) ≥0.699], except for shrimp (κ=0.448). Furthermore, both assays displayed strong correlations in quantitative comparisons [correlation coefficients value (ρ) ≥0.8014], except for apple (ρ=0.6571, p=0.175). Serial dilution tests also showed consistency between the assays. CONCLUSION PROTIA™ Specific IgG4® showed high consistency with ImmunoCAP® in measuring sIgG4. This assay is applicable to various clinical fields, including allergen immunotherapy and food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ryeol Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
- Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Park
- Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jung Won Park
- Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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34
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Coakley G, Volpe B, Bouchery T, Shah K, Butler A, Geldhof P, Hatherill M, Horsnell WGC, Esser-von Bieren J, Harris NL. Immune serum-activated human macrophages coordinate with eosinophils to immobilize Ascaris suum larvae. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12728. [PMID: 32394439 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infection represents a major health problem causing approximately 5 million disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Concerns that repeated anti-helminthic treatment may lead to drug resistance render it important that vaccines are developed but will require increased understanding of the immune-mediated cellular and antibody responses to helminth infection. IL-4 or antibody-activated murine macrophages are known to immobilize parasitic nematode larvae, but few studies have addressed whether this is translatable to human macrophages. In the current study, we investigated the capacity of human macrophages to recognize and attack larval stages of Ascaris suum, a natural porcine parasite that is genetically similar to the human helminth Ascaris lumbricoides. Human macrophages were able to adhere to and trap A suum larvae in the presence of either human or pig serum containing Ascaris-specific antibodies and other factors. Gene expression analysis of serum-activated macrophages revealed that CCL24, a potent eosinophil attractant, was the most upregulated gene following culture with A suum larvae in vitro, and human eosinophils displayed even greater ability to adhere to, and trap, A suum larvae. These data suggest that immune serum-activated macrophages can recruit eosinophils to the site of infection, where they act in concert to immobilize tissue-migrating Ascaris larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Coakley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beatrice Volpe
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiffany Bouchery
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kathleen Shah
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alana Butler
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mark Hatherill
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicola Laraine Harris
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Yasin N, Sugerappa Laxmanappa H, Muddapur UM, Cheruvathur J, Uday Prakash SM, Venkataramaiah Thulasiram H. Design, expression, and evaluation of novel multiepitope chimeric antigen of Wuchereria bancrofti for the diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis - A structure-based strategy. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106431. [PMID: 32222640 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Global Program for Elimination Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is in an advanced stage and requires tools for diagnosing infection, assessing transmission and certification. This study was aimed at developing an antibody-based assay using a chiemric antigen containing multi-B-cell epitopes from antigens highly expressed in different stages of Wuchereria bancrofti to detect LF infection and its transmission. The antigen was express cloned and two indirect ELISA based (IgG1 & IgG4 based) antibody assays were developed using the recombinant antigen. The chimeric antigen displayed 1 and 3-fold reactivity with IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies, respectively in microfilaraial (mf) positive sera when compared to that in sera samples of Non-endemic normal sera (NEN) (O.D, 0.13 ± 0.20 and 0.18 ± 0.07), thus differentiating infected from uninfected individuals. In IgG1 and IgG4 antibody assays, the multiepitope antigen also showed reactivity (O.D, 0.27 ± 0.18 and 0.16 ± 0.03) in a small proportion (18 and 30, respectively out of 156) endemic normal individuals and in IgG1 antibody in a few (4) chronic patients (CP). The antigen did not react with IgG1 or IgG4 antibodies in the sera samples of malaria, scrub typhus, dengue, hookworm, and roundworm helminth cases (0.139 ± 0.018, 0.144 ± 0.007 0.17804 ± 0.007 and 0.162 ± 0.006), thus showing its high specificity. The sensitivity (%) and specificity (%) of the multi-epitope antigen-based IgG1 and IgG4 antibody assays are 100, 98.1 and 100, 99.52, respectively. Thus, the recombinant multiepitope antigen appears to have good potential in detecting active LF infection and in assessing its transmission in endemic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeer Yasin
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Hoti Sugerappa Laxmanappa
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India.
| | - Uday M Muddapur
- Department of Biotechnology, B.V.B College of Engineering and Technology, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - Jennifer Cheruvathur
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Division, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - S M Uday Prakash
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
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36
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Buchheit KM, Dwyer DF, Ordovas-Montanes J, Katz HR, Lewis E, Vukovic M, Lai J, Bankova LG, Bhattacharyya N, Shalek AK, Barrett NA, Boyce JA, Laidlaw TM. IL-5Rα marks nasal polyp IgG4- and IgE-expressing cells in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145:1574-1584. [PMID: 32199912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cause of severe nasal polyposis in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is unknown. Elevated antibody levels have been associated with disease severity in nasal polyps, but upstream drivers of local antibody production in nasal polyps are undetermined. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify upstream drivers and phenotypic properties of local antibody-expressing cells in nasal polyps from subjects with AERD. METHODS Sinus tissue was obtained from subjects with AERD, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), CRS without nasal polyps, and controls without CRS. Tissue antibody levels were quantified via ELISA and immunohistochemistry and were correlated with disease severity. Antibody-expressing cells were profiled with single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence, with IL-5Rα function determined through IL-5 stimulation and subsequent RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR. RESULTS Tissue IgE and IgG4 levels were elevated in AERD compared with in controls (P < .01 for IgE and P < .001 for IgG4 vs CRSwNP). Subjects with AERD whose nasal polyps recurred rapidly had higher IgE levels than did subjects with AERD, with slower regrowth (P = .005). Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed increased IL5RA, IGHG4, and IGHE in antibody-expressing cells from patients with AERD compared with antibody-expressing cells from patients with CRSwNP. There were more IL-5Rα+ plasma cells in the polyp tissue from those with AERD than in polyp tissue from those with CRSwNP (P = .026). IL-5 stimulation of plasma cells in vitro induced changes in a distinct set of transcripts. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies an increase in antibody-expressing cells in AERD defined by transcript enrichment of IL5RA and IGHG4 or IGHE, with confirmed surface expression of IL-5Rα and functional IL-5 signaling. Tissue IgE and IgG4 levels are elevated in AERD, and higher IgE levels are associated with faster nasal polyp regrowth. Our findings suggest a role for IL-5Rα+ antibody-expressing cells in facilitating local antibody production and severe nasal polyps in AERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Buchheit
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Daniel F Dwyer
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass; Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Howard R Katz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Erin Lewis
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Marko Vukovic
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Juying Lai
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Lora G Bankova
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Neil Bhattacharyya
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Mass
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass; Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Nora A Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Tanya M Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
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Saeed M, Kushwaha V, Faisal SM, Verma R, Ahmad I, Mustafa H, Ganash M, Kamal MA, Ashraf GM. A Study on Serological Reactivity Profile of Different Antigen Preparations with Bancroftian filariasis Human Infection Sera. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:841-850. [PMID: 32096736 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200225123534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) is one of the incapacitating and mosquito-borne sicknesses that on progression may prompt a few recognizable types of clutters like extreme lymphedema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. METHODS Antigenic preparations of B. malayi adult (BmA), S. cervi adult parasites and microfilariae (mf) total parasite extract were used to analyze the serological reactivity profile with human infectious sera collected from endemic areas of Bancroftian filariasis by performing Western blot and ELISA analysis. Sera from healthy human subjects were also included in the study to determine the variation incurred in the reactivity due to the filariasis infection. Gelelectrophoresis analysis of the crude-extract of BmA revealed seven protein bands while more than ten bands were recognized in S. cervi. RESULTS our results represent a clear variation in protein patterns among the crude-antigens. ELISA results showed highest prevalence of IgG, IgM and IgG4 antibodies against all antigen preparations when recorded among microfilaraemic chronic infected patients. In both the antigenic preparations, the positive reactions were in the order of microfilaraemic>endemic normal>chronic>acute>nonendemic normal subjects. All sera of Mf+ patients were uniformly positive, while sera of both chronic and endemic normal subjects showed less reactivity. CONCLUSION In the present study, we endeavoured to establish the extent of cross-reactivity of antigens derived from animal filarial parasites such as B. malayi and S. cervi with W. bancrofti filariasis sera of human patients. Besides, we further analyzed antibody-isotype profile of IgG, IgG4 and IgM in various human infection sera of bancroftian filarial subjects reactive to heterologous parasite antigens derived from adult worms of S. cervi from bovine and B. malayi from bovine and jirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vikas Kushwaha
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Syed Mohd Faisal
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Richa Verma
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia,Research Center for Advanced Material Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia,Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Huma Mustafa
- Council of Science and Technology, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Magdah Ganash
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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38
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Chunda VC, Ritter M, Bate A, Gandjui NVT, Esum ME, Fombad FF, Njouendou AJ, Ndongmo PWC, Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Layland LE, Turner JD, Wanji S. Comparison of immune responses to Loa loa stage-specific antigen extracts in Loa loa-exposed BALB/c mice upon clearance of infection. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:51. [PMID: 32033624 PMCID: PMC7006431 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Different immune mechanisms are capable of killing developmental stages of filarial nematodes and these mechanisms are also likely to vary between the primary and a challenge infection. However, the lack of a detailed analysis of cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulin levels in human loiasis is still evident. Therefore, detailed analysis of immune responses induced by the different developmental stages of Loa loa in immune-competent BALB/c mice will aid in the characterization of distinct immune responses that are important for the immunity against loiasis. Methods Different developmental stages of L. loa were obtained from human peripheral blood (microfilariae, MF), the transmitting vector, Chrysops (larval stage 3, L3) and infected immune-deficient BALB/cRAG2γc−/− mice (L4, L5, adult worms). Groups of wildtype BALB/c mice were then injected with the isolated stages and after 42 days post-infection (pi), systemic cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulin levels were determined. These were then compared to L. loa-specific responses from in vitro re-stimulated splenocytes from individual mice. All parameters were determined using Luminex technology. Results In a pilot study, BALB/c mice cleared the different life stages of L. loa within 42 days pi and systemic cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulin levels were equal between infected and naive mice. Nevertheless, L. loa-specific re-stimulation of splenocytes from mice infected with L5, MF or adult worms led to induction of Th2, Th17 and chemokine secretion patterns. Conclusions This study shows that although host immunity remains comparable to naive mice, clearance of L. loa life-cycle development stages can induce immune cell memory leading to cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulins secretion patterns which might contribute to immunity and protection against reinfection.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerine C Chunda
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ayukenchengamba Bate
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Narcisse V T Gandjui
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Mathias E Esum
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fanny F Fombad
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Abdel J Njouendou
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Patrick W C Ndongmo
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Research, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne partner site, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne partner site, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph D Turner
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Research, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
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IgG4 antibodies from patients with asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis inhibit the binding of IgG1 and IgG2 to C1q in a Fc-Fc-dependent mechanism. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2957-2968. [PMID: 31485865 PMCID: PMC6754495 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A striking feature of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is the clinical heterogeneity among exposed individuals. While endemic normals (EN) remain free of infection despite constant exposure to the infective larvae, a small group of patients, generally microfilaria free (Mf-) develops severe pathology (CP) such as lymphedema or hydrocele. Another group of infected individuals remains asymptomatic while expressing large amounts of microfilariae (Mf+). This Mf+ group is characterized by an immune-suppressed profile with high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and elevated IgG4. This particular immunoglobulin is unable to activate the complement. The complement system plays a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity. However, its importance and regulation during LF is not fully understood. Using affinity chromatography and solid-phase-enzyme-immunoassays, we investigated the ability of antibody isotypes from LF clinical groups to bind C1q, the first element of the complement’s classical pathway. The results indicate that while C1q is similarly expressed in all LF clinical groups, IgG1–2 in the plasma from Mf+ individuals presented significantly lower affinity to C1q compared to EN, Mf−, and CP. In addition, selective depletion of IgG4 significantly enhanced the affinity of IgG1–2 to C1q in Mf+ individuals. Strikingly, no effect was seen on the ability of IgG3 to bind C1q in the same conditions. More interestingly, papain-generated IgG4-Fc-portions interacted with Fc portions of IgG1–2 as revealed by far-western blot analysis. These data suggest that while being unable to bind C1q, IgG4 inhibits the first steps of the complement classical pathway by IgG1 or IgG2 via Fc-Fc interactions.
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Parker AR, Skold M, Harding S, Barton JC, Bertoli LF, Barton JC. Pneumococcal vaccination responses in adults with subnormal IgG subclass concentrations. BMC Immunol 2019; 20:29. [PMID: 31429700 PMCID: PMC6701150 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-019-0310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to compare Pneumovax®23 responses in adults with subnormal IgG subclass concentrations. We studied adults with normal total IgG, frequent/severe respiratory infection, and subnormal IgG1, IgG3, or IgG1 + IgG3 before and after Pneumovax®23. We defined response as serotype-specific IgG > 1.3 μg/mL and aggregate response as IgG > 1.3 μg/mL for ≥70% of all serotypes tested. We compared patients with and without serotype-specific responses and performed logistic regression on aggregate responses using: age; male sex; body mass index; autoimmune condition(s); atopy; other allergies; subnormal IgGSc immunophenotypes; IgA; and IgM. RESULTS There were 59 patients (mean age 44 ± 13 (SD) years; 83.1% women). Median days between pre- and post-Pneumovax®23 testing was 33 (range 19-158). The median post-vaccination summated concentration of serotype-specific IgG was higher in patients with subnormal IgG1 than subnormal IgG3 (responders and non-responders). All subnormal IgG1 + IgG3 non-responders responded to serotypes 8, 9 and 26, unlike other non-responders. Subnormal IgG3 responders had lower responses to serotypes 1, 4, 12, 23, 26, and 51. Subnormal IgG3 non-responders had higher responses to serotypes 1, 3, 8, 9, 12, 14, 19, 51, and 56. Response rates decreased with increasing age. Aggregate responders were: subnormal IgG1, 54%; IgG3, 46%; and IgG1 + IgG3, 46%. Regression on aggregate response revealed lower response with male sex (odds ratio 0.09 [95% CI 0.01, 0.77]) and atopy (0.17 [0.03, 0.83]). CONCLUSIONS Serotype-specific IgG responses to Pneumovax®23 were greater in patients with subnormal IgG1 than subnormal IgG3. Male sex and atopy were associated with lower aggregate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony R Parker
- The Binding Site Group Limited, 8 Calthorpe Road, Birmingham, B15 1QT, UK
| | - Markus Skold
- The Binding Site Group Limited, 8 Calthorpe Road, Birmingham, B15 1QT, UK
| | - Stephen Harding
- The Binding Site Group Limited, 8 Calthorpe Road, Birmingham, B15 1QT, UK.
| | | | - Luigi F Bertoli
- Department of Medicine, Brookwood Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James C Barton
- Southern Iron Disorders Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brookwood Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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41
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Self-reactive IgG4 antibodies are associated with blocking of pathology in human lymphatic filariasis. Cell Immunol 2019; 341:103927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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42
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Njume FN, Ghogomu SM, Shey RA, Gainkam LOT, Poelvoorde P, Humblet P, Kamgno J, Robert A, Mutesa L, Lelubre C, Edelweiss E, Poterszman A, Anheuser S, Vanhamme L, Souopgui J. Identification and characterization of the Onchocerca volvulus Excretory Secretory Product Ov28CRP, a putative GM2 activator protein. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007591. [PMID: 31329585 PMCID: PMC6675134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Onchocerca volvulus is the nematode pathogen responsible for human onchocerciasis also known as "River blindness", a neglected tropical disease that affects up to 18 million people worldwide. Helminths Excretory Secretory Products (ESPs) constitute a rich repertoire of molecules that can be exploited for host-parasite relationship, diagnosis and vaccine studies. Here, we report, using a range of molecular techniques including PCR, western blot, recombinant DNA technology, ELISA, high performance thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry that the 28 KDa cysteine-rich protein (Ov28CRP) is a reliable component of the O. volvulus ESPs to address the biology of this parasite. We showed that (1) Ov28CRP is a putative ganglioside GM2 Activator Protein (GM2AP) conserved in nematode; (2) OvGM2AP gene is transcriptionally activated in all investigated stages of the parasitic life cycle, including larval and adult stages; (3) The full-length OvGM2AP was detected in in-vitro O. volvulus ESPs of adult and larval stages; (4) the mass expressed and purified recombinant OvGM2AP purified from insect cell culture medium was found to be glycosylated at asparagine 173 and lacked N-terminal signal peptide sequence; (5) the recombinant OvGM2AP discriminated serum samples of infected and uninfected individuals; (6) OvGM2AP competitively inhibits MUG degradation by recombinant β-hexosaminidase A but not MUGS, and could not hydrolyze the GM2 to GM3; (7) humoral immune responses to the recombinant OvGM2AP revealed a negative correlation with ivermectin treatment. Altogether, our findings suggest for the first time that OvGM2AP is an antigenic molecule whose biochemical and immunological features are important to gain more insight into our understanding of host-parasite relationship, as well as its function in parasite development at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Ngale Njume
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Stephen Mbigha Ghogomu
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Robert Adamu Shey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lea Olive Tchouate Gainkam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Philippe Poelvoorde
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Perrine Humblet
- École de santé publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Joseph Kamgno
- Department of Epidemiology, Centre for research on filariasis and other tropical diseases, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Annie Robert
- Faculté de santé publique, Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique, Pôle d'épidémiologie et biostatistique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-champs, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Christophe Lelubre
- Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)—Unité 222, CHU Charleroi (Hôpital André Vésale), Rue de Gozée, Montigny-Le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Evelina Edelweiss
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
| | - Arnaud Poterszman
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
| | - Susi Anheuser
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jacob Souopgui
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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Ritter M, Osei-Mensah J, Debrah LB, Kwarteng A, Mubarik Y, Debrah AY, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Layland LE. Wuchereria bancrofti-infected individuals harbor distinct IL-10-producing regulatory B and T cell subsets which are affected by anti-filarial treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007436. [PMID: 31120872 PMCID: PMC6550419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite worldwide mass drug administration, it is estimated that 68 million individuals are still infected with lymphatic filariasis with 19 million hydrocele and 17 million lymphedema reported cases. Despite the staggering number of pathology cases, the majority of LF-infected individuals do not develop clinical symptoms and present a tightly regulated immune system characterized by higher frequencies of regulatory T cells (Treg), suppressed proliferation and Th2 cytokine responses accompanied with increased secretion of IL-10, TGF-β and infection-specific IgG4. Nevertheless, the filarial-induced modulation of the host`s immune system and especially the role of regulatory immune cells like regulatory B (Breg) and Treg during an ongoing LF infection remains unknown. Thus, we analysed Breg and Treg frequencies in peripheral blood from Ghanaian uninfected endemic normals (EN), lymphedema (LE), asymptomatic patent (CFA+MF+) and latent (CFA+MF-) W. bancrofti-infected individuals as well as individuals who were previously infected with W. bancrofti (PI) but had cleared the infection due to the administration of ivermectin (IVM) and albendazole (ALB). In summary, we observed that IL-10-producing CD19+CD24highCD38dhigh Breg were specifically increased in patently infected (CFA+MF+) individuals. In addition, CD19+CD24highCD5+CD1dhigh and CD19+CD5+CD1dhighIL-10+ Breg as well as CD4+CD127-FOXP3+ Treg frequencies were significantly increased in both W. bancrofti-infected cohorts (CFA+MF+ and CFA+MF-). Interestingly, the PI cohort presented frequency levels of all studied regulatory immune cell populations comparable with the EN group. In conclusion, the results from this study show that an ongoing W. bancrofti infection induces distinct Breg and Treg populations in peripheral blood from Ghanaian volunteers. Those regulatory immune cell populations might contribute to the regulated state of the host immune system and are probably important for the survival and fertility (microfilaria release) of the helminth. Regulation of the host`s immune system by filarial nematodes is crucial for the fertility and survival of the nematode. Indeed, the majority of W. bancrofti-infected individuals are characterized by a regulated state including increased regulatory T cells (Treg), IL-10, TGF-β and filarial-specific IgG4 and suppressed Th2 cytokine responses. However, the functional role of Treg populations and regulatory B cells (Breg) during filarial infection remains unknown. Thus, in this study we investigated whether W. bancrofti-infected individuals from Ghana harbored distinct Breg and Treg populations which might be important for filarial-specific immunomodulation. Overall, this study shows that W. bancrofti induces distinct Breg populations, especially in patently (microfilaremic) infected individuals who presented significantly increased frequencies of IL-10-producing CD19+CD24highCD38dhigh Breg. Furthermore, clearance of the infection, due to anti-filarial treatment, returned these regulatory immune cells to homeostatic levels showing that an ongoing filarial infection is important for the activation of distinct Breg and Treg subsets. Those regulatory immune cell subsets are a part of a complex system which are induced by filarial nematodes to modulate the host`s immune system and maintain long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jubin Osei-Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yusif Mubarik
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Y. Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E. Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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Prasad BVS, Khatri V, Yadav PS, Chandra MS, Lakshmi DV, Goswami K. Immunodiagnostic potential of Wuchereria bancrofti L1 antigen-based filarial immunoglobulin G4 detection assay. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:36-43. [PMID: 30321407 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After mass drug administration to eliminate human lymphatic filariasis, there is a need for surveillance to detect the measurable endpoint of the program. Methods An immunodominant seroreactive clone, WbL1, was identified through immunoscreening of a Wuchereria bancrofti L3 complementary DNA expression library. Recombinant WbL1 (rWbL1) was analysed with sera from W. bancrofti patients. Diagnostic evaluation was carried out by developing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the filarial-specific antibodies in various categories of filarial sera samples against recombinant WbL1 (rWbL1) protein. Results Performance parameters of the test in terms of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG4 detection displayed significant sensitivity and specificity values up to 77% and 100%, respectively. Our results showed filarial antibodies against rWbL1 to be highly reactive with microfilaremic and clinical filarial sera samples compared with the endemic and non-endemic control sera samples. Reasonably satisfactory performance of the test was also confirmed from the multicentric evaluation of an anti-WbL1 IgG4 detection ELISA. This test was found to be minimally reactive with other nematode parasites and protozoan infections. Conclusions The anti-WbL1 IgG4 detection test can be considered as a field test for initial screening and epidemiological monitoring of filarial infections in filariasis-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Siva Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Khatri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - P Suresh Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Subhosh Chandra
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - D Vijaya Lakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, India
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Filarial infection during pregnancy has profound consequences on immune response and disease outcome in children: A birth cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006824. [PMID: 30252839 PMCID: PMC6173457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) that prohibits pregnant mothers and children below two years of age from coverage targeted interruption of transmission after 5–6 rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA). However, after more than 10 rounds of MDA in India the target has not been achieved, which poses challenge to the researchers and policy makers. Several studies have shown that in utero exposure to maternal filarial infections plays certain role in determining the susceptibility and disease outcome in children. But the mechanism of which has not been studied extensively. Therefore the present study was undertaken to understand the mechanism of immune modulation in children born to filarial infected mother in a MDA ongoing area. Methodology and principal finding To our knowledge this is the first study to conduct both cellular and humoral immunological assays and follow up the children until older age in a W bancrofti endemic area,where the microfilariae (Mf) rate has come down to <1% after 10 rounds of MDA. A total 57 (32: born to infected, 25: born to uninfected mother) children were followed up. The infection status of children was measured by presence of Mf and circulating filarial antigen (CFA) assay. Filaria specific IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 responses were measured by ELISA. Plasma level of IL-10 and IFN-γ were evaluated by using commercially available ELISA kit. The study reveals a high rate of acquisition of filarial infection among the children born to infected mother compared to uninfected mothers. A significantly high level of IgG1 and IgG4 was observed in children born to infected mother, whereas high level of IgG3 was marked in children born to uninfected mother. Significantly high level of IL-10 positively correlated with IgG4 have been observed in infected children born to infected mother, while high level of IFN-γ positively correlated with IgG3 was found in infection free children born to mother free from infection at the time of pregnancy. Moreover a negative correlation between IL-10 and IFN-γ has been observed only among the infected children born to infected mother. Significance conclusion The study shows a causal association between maternal filarial infection and impaired or altered immune response in children more susceptible to filarial infection during early childhood. As lymphatic damage that commences in childhood during asymptomatic stage has major implications from public health point of view, understanding maternal programming of the newborn immune system could provide a basis for interventions promoting child health by implementing MDA campaigns towards all women of childbearing age and young children in achieving the target of global elimination of LF. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) has been targeted for elimination by 2020 through a major global initiative. The elimination strategy mainly aims to interrupt the transmission, or spread of infection, through annual mass drug administration (MDA) to entire at-risk population except the pregnant women and children below two years of age. Nevertheless, evidence exists that maternal W bancrofti infection during pregnancy can increase the susceptibility of the offspring to such infection during early childhood, the precise mechanism of which is not clear. Therefore in this study we have made an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of alteration of the foetal immunity due to maternal filarial infection, which may help developing strategy to strengthen the elimination programme. It is known that regulatory T cells are responsible for development of hyporesponsiveness, a condition that supports parasite growth and maternal filarial infection influences the development of T-regulatory cells from infancy to early childhood. Since T-reg cell can induce the production of regulatory cytokine IL-10 that often implicated in induction of IgG4 and we have observed an increased level of IL-10 / IgG4 and decreased levels of IFN- γ/ IgG3 in cord blood of infected mothers, we have thought that the modulation that takes place in utero affects the immune response and eventually disease outcome in early childhood. In order to prove our hypothesis, we have followed up a cohort of 57 children born to infected and uninfected mother in a MDA ongoing area of Odisha, India, where we have found a high rate of acquisition of filarial infection by children born to infected mother. Moreover a significantly high as well as a positive correlation between IgG4 and IL-10 levels in children born to infected mother during early childhood indicates that IL-10 and IgG4 contribute to immune modulation that starts during the period of gestation and continues till the early childhood helping the filarial parasites to evade destruction by their host’s immune system. In contrast a high level of IFN-γ and IgG3 in infection free children irrespective of infection status of mother shows the protective mechanism against the parasite. Additionally the correlation between antibodies and cytokines indicates that susceptibility to filarial infection during early childhood is due to the in utero modulation of T and B responses. Our findings highlights that every effort should be made to advance implementation policies and continue the focus to use the currently available anti-filarial drugs to prevent filarial infection before pregnancy as well as early childhood to achieve the target on time.
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Murdoch ME. Onchodermatitis: Where Are We Now? Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:E94. [PMID: 30274490 PMCID: PMC6160948 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Onchocerciasis causes debilitating pruritus and rashes as well as visual impairment and blindness. Prior to control measures, eye disease was particularly prominent in savanna areas of sub-Saharan Africa whilst skin disease was more common across rainforest regions of tropical Africa. Mass drug distribution with ivermectin is changing the global scene of onchocerciasis. There has been successful progressive elimination in Central and Southern American countries and the World Health Organization has set a target for elimination in Africa of 2025. This literature review was conducted to examine progress regarding onchocercal skin disease. PubMed searches were performed using keywords 'onchocerciasis', 'onchodermatitis' and 'onchocercal skin disease' over the past eight years. Articles in English, or with an English abstract, were assessed for relevance, including any pertinent references within the articles. Recent progress in awareness of, understanding and treatment of onchocercal skin disease is reviewed with particular emphasis on publications within the past five years. The global burden of onchodermatitis is progressively reducing and is no longer seen in children in many formerly endemic foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele E Murdoch
- Department of Dermatology, West Herts Hospitals NHS Trust, Vicarage Road, Watford, Hertfordshire WD18 0HB, UK.
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Absence of IL-17A in Litomosoides sigmodontis-infected mice influences worm development and drives elevated filarial-specific IFN-γ. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2665-2675. [PMID: 29931394 PMCID: PMC6061040 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and loiasis are widespread neglected tropical diseases causing serious public health problems and impacting the socio-economic climate in endemic communities. More than 100 million people currently suffer from filarial infections but disease-related symptoms and infection-induced immune mechanisms are still ambiguous. Although most infected individuals have dominant Th2 and regulatory immune responses leading to a homeostatic regulated state, filarial-induced overt pathology like lymphedema, dermal pathologies or blindness can occur. Interestingly, besides dominant Th2 and regulatory T cell activation, increased Th17-induced immune responses were associated with filarial infection and overt helminth-induced pathology in humans. However, the immunological mechanisms of Th17 cells and the release of IL-17A during filarial infections remain unclear. To decipher the role of IL-17A during filarial infection, we naturally infected IL-17A-/- and wildtype C57BL/6 mice with the rodent filariae Litomosoides sigmodontis and analysed parasite development and immune alterations. Our study reveals that infected IL-17A-deficient C57BL/6 mice present reduced worm burden on days 7 and 28 p.i. but had longer adult worms on day 28 p.i. in the thoracic cavity (TC), the site of infection. In addition, infiltration of CD4+ T cells, CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T and functional CD4+Rorγt+pStat3+ Th17 cells in the TC was reduced in IL-17A-deficient mice accompanied by reduced eotaxin-1 and CCL17 levels. Furthermore, mediastinal lymph node cells isolated from IL-17A-/- mice showed increased filarial-specific IFN-γ but not IL-4, IL-6, or IL-21 secretion. This study shows that Th17 signalling is important for host immune responses against filarial infection but appears to facilitate worm growth in those that reach the TC.
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Sahoo PK, Panda SK, Satapathy AK, Pati S. Anti-filarial immunity blocks parasite development and plays a protective role. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199090. [PMID: 29927974 PMCID: PMC6013016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a complex parasitic disease having a spectrum of clinical parameters which are critical in deciding the severity of the pathogenesis. Individuals residing in the endemic areas are categorized into different clinical groups such as: EC (endemic controls-free of disease and infection), AS (asymptomatic carriers- free of disease but carries both antigens and microfilaria (Mf) in circulation), CR (cryptic-free of disease and Mf but having circulatory antigen) and CH (chronic-having manifestations of elephantiasis and hydrocele). The immune response to the parasitic infection is well studied, whereas the protective mechanism explaining the fate of antigenemia and filaremia between AS and CR group remains unexplained. Increased anti-Mf antibodies have been implicated for Mf clearance in experimental infection models whereas its role in clinical filariasis is not known. Here, we followed up two groups of 24 and 33 CR cases for 18 and 36 months respectively and analyzed both the clinical parameters and the anti-filarial antibody response. The humoral response to both whole filarial antigen and Mf antigens as well as recombinant active parasitic antigens was significantly higher in CR cases than AS individuals, whereas the clinical parameters remain unchanged. This study made insights into the protective immune mechanism responsible for the clearance of Mf from circulation in CR individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kumar Sahoo
- Division of Immunology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh K. Panda
- Division of Immunology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Medimmune, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Ashok Kumar Satapathy
- Division of Immunology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Division of Immunology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Njambe Priso GD, Lissom A, Ngu LN, Nji NN, Tchadji JC, Tchouangueu TF, Ambada GE, Ngane CSS, Dafeu BL, Djukouo L, Nyebe I, Magagoum S, Ngoh AA, Herve OF, Garcia R, Gutiérrez A, Okoli AS, Esimone CO, Njiokou F, Park CG, Waffo AB, Nchinda GW. Filaria specific antibody response profiling in plasma from anti-retroviral naïve Loa loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected people. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:160. [PMID: 29618330 PMCID: PMC5885382 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In West and Central Africa areas of endemic Loa loa infections overlap with regions of high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections. Because individuals in this region are exposed to filarial parasites from birth, most HIV-1 infected individuals invariably also have a history of filarial parasite infection. Since HIV-1 infection both depletes immune system and maintains it in perpetual inflammation, this can hamper Loa loa filarial parasite mediated immune modulation, leading to enhanced loaisis. Methods In this study we have assessed in plasma from asymptomatic anti-retroviral (ARV) naïve Loa loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected people the filarial antibody responses specific to a filariasis composite antigen consisting of Wbgp29-BmR1-BmM14-WbSXP. The antibody responses specific to the filariasis composite antigen was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in plasma from ARV naïve Loa loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected participants. In addition the filarial antigen specific IgG antibody subclass profiles were also determined for both HIV-1 positive and negative people. Results Both Loa loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 positive and negative individuals showed significantly higher plasma levels of IgG1 (P < 0.0001), IgG2 (P < 0.0001) and IgM (P < 0.0001) relative to amicrofilaraemic participants. A significant increase in IgE (P < 0.0001) was observed exclusively in Loa loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected people. In contrast there was a significant reduction in the level of IgG4 (p < 0.0001) and IgG3 (P < 0.0001) in Loa loa microfilaraemic HIV-1 infected individuals. Conclusions Loa loa microfilaraemia in ARV naïve HIV-1 infected people through differential reduction of plasma levels of filarial antigen specific IgG3, IgG4 and a significant increase in plasma levels of filarial antigen specific IgE could diminish Loa loa mediated immune-regulation. This in effect can result to increase loaisis mediated immunopathology in antiretroviral naive HIV-1 infected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislain Donald Njambe Priso
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of animal biology and Phisiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Abel Lissom
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of animal biology and Phisiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Loveline N Ngu
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of biochemistry, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Nadesh N Nji
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jules Colince Tchadji
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of animal biology and Phisiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Thibau Flaurant Tchouangueu
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of biochemistry, University of Dschang, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Georgia E Ambada
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of animal biology and Phisiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Carole Stéphanie Sake Ngane
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Microbiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of biochemistry, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Brigitte Laure Dafeu
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of animal biology and Phisiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Larissa Djukouo
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of biochemistry, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Inès Nyebe
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Microbiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Suzanne Magagoum
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of animal biology and Phisiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Apeh Alfred Ngoh
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of biomedical sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Ouambo Fotso Herve
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of medical laboratory sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Rosario Garcia
- CSCB (Centre de santé catholique de Bikop), Bikop, Cameroon
| | - Anna Gutiérrez
- CSCB (Centre de santé catholique de Bikop), Bikop, Cameroon
| | | | - Charles O Esimone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Department of animal biology and Phisiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Alain Bopda Waffo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College STEM, 1627 Hall Street, Montgomery, AL, 36101, USA.,Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA
| | - Godwin W Nchinda
- Laboratory of vaccinology/biobanking, CIRCB, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.
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Togre N, Bhoj P, Amdare N, Goswami K, Tarnekar A, Shende M. Immunomodulatory potential of recombinant filarial protein, rWbL2, and its therapeutic implication in experimental ulcerative colitis in mouse. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:483-490. [PMID: 29411665 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1431925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunomodulation by helminth proteins has potential therapeutic implications in inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, we have explored the therapeutic effect of a RAL family protein of filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti i.e., rWbL2 protein against DSS induced colitis in a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-inflammatory activity of rWbL2 on mice peritoneal exudate cells was analyzed under in vitro condition. The colitis mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with rWbL2 in increasing doses (10 µg, 25 µg, and 50 µg) on days 4, 5, and 6. Disease severity was assessed by disease activity index (DAI), macroscopic and histopathological scores, and enzyme myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) in the colon. The response of the cultured splenocytes from treated mice to Con-A stimulation, in terms of ELISA-based assessment of the protein followed by the assessment of mRNA expression of cytokines, was measured by real-time PCR analysis. RESULT rWbL2 protein showed anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Treatment with rWbL2 (at 25 µg/dose) effectively attenuated disease severity by reducing weight loss, DAI, mucosal edema, colon damage, and MPO activity. This therapeutic effect was found to be associated with increased release of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and decreased release of pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and TNF-α by the splenocytes of treated mice followed by stimulation with Con-A. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of the strong immunomodulatory potential of rWbL2 protein implicating its therapeutic application against ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdev Togre
- a Department of Biochemistry and JB Tropical Disease Research Center , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
| | - Priyanka Bhoj
- a Department of Biochemistry and JB Tropical Disease Research Center , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
| | - Nitin Amdare
- a Department of Biochemistry and JB Tropical Disease Research Center , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- a Department of Biochemistry and JB Tropical Disease Research Center , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
| | - Aaditya Tarnekar
- b Department of Anatomy , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
| | - Moreshwar Shende
- b Department of Anatomy , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
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