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Williamson S, Ardern CL, Berry C, Heron N, van Rensburg DCJ, Jansen MGT, McCormick S, Reid M, Sánchez-Pay A, Saueressig T, Schoonmade LJ, Shaw RB, van der Slikke RMA, Webborn N, Pluim BM. The Physical Demands of Wheelchair Tennis Match Play: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:1931-1953. [PMID: 38722535 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheelchair tennis, a globally popular sport, features a professional tour spanning 40 countries and over 160 tournaments. Despite its widespread appeal, information about the physical demands of wheelchair tennis is scattered across various studies, necessitating a comprehensive systematic review to synthesise available data. OBJECTIVE The aim was to provide a detailed synthesis of the physical demands associated with wheelchair tennis, encompassing diverse factors such as court surfaces, performance levels, sport classes, and sexes. METHODS We conducted comprehensive searches in the PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases, covering articles from inception to March 1, 2023. Forward and backward citation tracking from the included articles was carried out using Scopus, and we established eligibility criteria following the Population, Exposure, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design (PECOS) framework. Our study focused on wheelchair tennis players participating at regional, national, or international levels, including both juniors and adults, and open and quad players. We analysed singles and doubles matches and considered sex (male, female), sport class (open, quad), and court surface type (hard, clay, grass) as key comparative points. The outcomes of interest encompassed play duration, on-court movement, stroke performance, and physiological match variables. The selected study designs included observational cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention studies (baseline data only). We calculated pooled means or mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and employed a random-effects meta-analysis with robust variance estimation. We assessed heterogeneity using Cochrane Q and 95% prediction intervals. RESULTS Our literature search retrieved 643 records, with 24 articles meeting our inclusion criteria. Most available information focused on international male wheelchair tennis players in the open division, primarily competing in singles on hard courts. Key findings (mean [95% CI]) for these players on hard courts were match duration 65.9 min [55.0-78.8], set duration 35.0 min [28.2-43.5], game duration 4.6 min [0.92-23.3], rally duration 6.1 s [3.7-10.2], effective playing time 19.8% [18.9-20.7], and work-to-rest ratio 1:4.1 [1:3.7-1:4.4]. Insufficient data were available to analyse play duration for female players. However, for the available data on hard court matches, the average set duration was 34.8 min [32.5-37.2]. International male players on hard court covered an average distance per match of 3859 m [1917-7768], with mean and peak average forward speeds of 1.06 m/s [0.85-1.32] and 3.55 m/s [2.92-4.31], respectively. These players executed an average of 365.9 [317.2-422.1] strokes per match, 200.6 [134.7-299.0] per set, 25.4 [16.7-38.7] per game, and 3.4 [2.6-4.6] per rally. Insufficient data were available for a meta-analysis of female players' on-court movement and stroke performance. The average and peak heart rates of international male players on hard court were 134.3 [124.2-145.1] and 166.0 [132.7-207.6] beats per minute, and the average match heart rate expressed as a percentage of peak heart rate was 74.7% [46.4-100]. We found no studies concerning regional players or juniors, and only one study on doubles match play. CONCLUSIONS While we present a comprehensive overview of the physical demands of wheelchair tennis, our understanding predominantly centres around international male players competing on hard courts in the open division. To attain a more comprehensive insight into the sport's physical requirements, future research should prioritise the inclusion of data on female and quad players, juniors, doubles, and matches played on clay and grass court surfaces. Such endeavours will facilitate the development of more tailored and effective training programmes for wheelchair tennis players and coaches. The protocol for this systematic review was registered a priori at the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (Registration https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.3.0060 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Williamson
- International Tennis Federation, London, UK
- UK Sports Institute, Bath, UK
| | - Clare L Ardern
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cain Berry
- International Tennis Federation, London, UK
| | - Neil Heron
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, England
| | - Dina C Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Medical Advisory Panel, World Netball, Manchester, UK
| | - Marleen G T Jansen
- Sport Science Department, Royal Dutch Lawn Tennis Association (KNLTB), Amstelveen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Samantha McCormick
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Machar Reid
- Tennis Australia, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Western Australia, School of Human Sciences, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | - Linda J Schoonmade
- University Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert B Shaw
- Spinal Cord Injury British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Nick Webborn
- IPC Medical Committee, Bonn, Germany
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Babette M Pluim
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Academic Center for Evidence-Based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Medical Department, Royal Dutch Lawn Tennis Association (KNLTB), Amstelveen, The Netherlands.
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Stieler E, de Mello MT, Lôbo ILB, Gonçalves DA, Resende R, Andrade AG, Lourenço TF, Silva AAC, Andrade HA, Guerreiro R, Silva A. Current Technologies and Practices to Assess External Training Load in Paralympic Sport: A Systematic Review. J Sport Rehabil 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37156538 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Knowing the methods to assess the external load in Paralympic sports can help multidisciplinary teams rely on scientific evidence to better prescribe and monitor the athlete's development, improving sports performance and reducing the risk of injury/illness of Paralympic athletes. OBJECTIVES This review aimed to systematically explore the current practices of quantifying the external load in Paralympic sports and provide an overview of the methods and techniques used. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A search in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO was carried out until November 2022. The measures of interest were objective methods for quantifying the external load of training or competition. The inclusion criteria for the studies were as follows: (1) peer-reviewed article; (2) the population were Paralympic athletes; (3) evaluated during training or competition; (4) reported at least one external load measure; and (5) published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Of the 1961 articles found, 22 were included because they met the criteria, and 8 methods were identified to quantify the external load in training or competition in 8 Paralympic sports. The methods varied according to the characteristics of the Paralympic sports. To date, the devices used included an internal radiofrequency-based tracking system (wheelchair rugby) a miniaturized data logger (wheelchair tennis, basketball, and rugby); a linear position transducer (powerlifting and wheelchair basketball); a camera (swimming, goalball, and wheelchair rugby); a global positioning system (wheelchair tennis); heart rate monitors that assess external load variables in set (paracycling and swimming) and an electronic timer (swimming). CONCLUSIONS Different objective methods were identified to assess the external load in Paralympic sports. However, few studies showed the validity and reliability of these methods. Further studies are needed to compare different methods of external load quantification in other Paralympic sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Stieler
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Marco T de Mello
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Ingrid L B Lôbo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Ibirité, MG,Brazil
| | - Dawit A Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Renan Resende
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - André G Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Thiago F Lourenço
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
| | - Anselmo A C Silva
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA,Brazil
| | | | - Renato Guerreiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
- Academia Paralímpica Brasileira, Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro, São Paulo, SP,Brazil
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,Brazil
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Snyder L, Goods PS, Peeling P, Binnie M, Peiffer JJ, Balloch A, Scott BR. Physical Characteristics and Competition Demands of Elite Wheelchair Basketball. Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Sánchez-Pay A, Pino-Ortega J, Sanz-Rivas D. Influence of Successive Wheelchair Tennis Matches on Handgrip Strength in High-Level Male Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4842. [PMID: 36981750 PMCID: PMC10048815 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on upper strength in high-level male players playing four successive wheelchair tennis (WT) matches. Eight international WT players took part in a competition, playing one match per day over four consecutive tournament days. Before and after the match, the maximal isometric handgrip strength was measured on the dominant and non-dominant hand. Additionally, each player was equipped with one radiofrequency and IMU device on their wheelchair to control his activity profile (distance). The results showed significant differences between successive matches, with decreasing dominant handgrip strength (p = 0.02, η2 = 0.043), and there was a significant interaction between successive matches and the accumulated distance (p = 0.013, η2 = 0.049). The pre- and post-match strength values of the dominant hand decreased throughout the matches over a number of days, and post hoc analysis showed differences between the first and fourth matches only in pre-match strength (49.06 ± 6.96 vs. 45.94 ± 7.1; p = 0.045; ES: 1.04) but not in the non-dominant hand. Successive matches caused a decrease in the strength values of the WT players, mainly in the dominant hand. These results should be taken into account in the recovery and prevention of injuries in competitions with successive matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez-Pay
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
| | - David Sanz-Rivas
- Tennis Research Group, Department of Methodology and Professional Specialization in MEDAC, 28037 Madrid, Spain;
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Van der Slikke RMA, Sindall P, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Mason BS. Load and performance monitoring in wheelchair court sports: A narrative review of the use of technology and practical recommendations. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:189-200. [PMID: 34974822 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2025267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying measures of physical loading has been an essential part of performance monitoring within elite able-bodied sport, facilitated through advancing innovative technology. In wheelchair court sports (WCS) the inter-individual variability of physical impairments in the athletes increases the necessity for accurate load and performance measurements, while at the same time standard load monitoring methods (e.g. heart-rate) often fail in this group and dedicated WCS performance measurement methods are scarce. The objective of this review was to provide practitioners and researchers with an overview and recommendations to underpin the selection of suitable technologies for a variety of load and performance monitoring purposes specific to WCS. This review explored the different technologies that have been used for load and performance monitoring in WCS. During structured field testing, magnetic switch-based devices, optical encoders and laser systems have all been used to monitor linear aspects of performance. However, movement in WCS is multidirectional, hence accelerations, decelerations and rotational performance and their impact on physiological responses and determination of skill level, is also of interest. Subsequently both for structured field testing as well as match-play and training, inertial measurement units mounted on wheels and frame have emerged as an accurate and practical option for quantifying linear and non-linear movements. In conclusion, each method has its place in load and performance measurement, yet inertial sensors seem most versatile and accurate. However, to add context to load and performance metrics, position-based acquisition devices such as automated image-based processing or local positioning systems are required.Highlights Objective measures of wheelchair mobility performance are paramount in wheelchair court sport support, since they enable quantification of workload across athletes of all classifications and in structured field testing, training and match play settings.Given the variety of methods for load and performance monitoring in wheelchair court sports, this review: identified and examined the technology available; provides meaningful insights and decision guidelines; describes applicability for different goals; and proposes practical recommendations for researchers and sports professionals.Wheelchair mounted inertial sensors are most reliable and versatile for measuring wheelchair mobility performance and estimates of workload, yet a combination with local position measurement via indoor tracking or image-based processing could be useful to add context.For wheelchair athletes bound to a wheelchair for daily use, workload monitoring on a regular basis, both on- and off-court, is crucial to avoid overuse injuries. Alternatively, in athletes with lower severity impairments often lack frequent exposure to optimal and progressive loading, reducing the likelihood of positive physiological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rienk M A Van der Slikke
- The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability SportSchool of Sport, Exercise & Health SciencesLoughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul Sindall
- School of Health and SocietyUniversity of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability SportSchool of Sport, Exercise & Health SciencesLoughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability SportSchool of Sport, Exercise & Health SciencesLoughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Validity of Two Wheelchair-Mounted Devices for Estimating Wheelchair Speed and Distance Traveled. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2021; 38:435-451. [PMID: 33819912 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2020-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the validity of two wheelchair-mounted devices-the Cateye® and Wheeler-for monitoring wheelchair speed and distance traveled. Speed estimates were validated against a calibrated treadmill at speeds from 1.5 to 10 km/hr. Twenty-five wheelchair users completed a course of known distance comprising a sequence of everyday wheelchair activities. Speed estimate validity was very good (mean absolute percentage error ≤ 5%) for the Wheeleri at all speeds and for the Cateye at speeds >3 km/hr but not speeds <3 km/hr (mean absolute percentage error > 20%). Wheeleri distance estimates were good (mean absolute percentage error < 10%) for linear pushing activities and general maneuvering but poor for confined-space maneuvering. Cateye estimates were good for continuous linear propulsion but poor for discontinuous pushing and maneuvering (both general and confined space). Both devices provided valid estimates of speed and distance for typical wheelchair-based exercise activities. However, the Wheeleri provided more accurate estimates of speed and distance during typical everyday wheelchair activities.
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Rum L, Sten O, Vendrame E, Belluscio V, Camomilla V, Vannozzi G, Truppa L, Notarantonio M, Sciarra T, Lazich A, Mannini A, Bergamini E. Wearable Sensors in Sports for Persons with Disability: A Systematic Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051858. [PMID: 33799941 PMCID: PMC7961424 DOI: 10.3390/s21051858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The interest and competitiveness in sports for persons with disabilities has increased significantly in the recent years, creating a demand for technological tools supporting practice. Wearable sensors offer non-invasive, portable and overall convenient ways to monitor sports practice. This systematic review aims at providing current evidence on the application of wearable sensors in sports for persons with disability. A search for articles published in English before May 2020 was performed on Scopus, Web-Of-Science, PubMed and EBSCO databases, searching titles, abstracts and keywords with a search string involving terms regarding wearable sensors, sports and disability. After full paper screening, 39 studies were included. Inertial and EMG sensors were the most commonly adopted wearable technologies, while wheelchair sports were the most investigated. Four main target applications of wearable sensors relevant to sports for people with disability were identified and discussed: athlete classification, injury prevention, performance characterization for training optimization and equipment customization. The collected evidence provides an overview on the application of wearable sensors in sports for persons with disability, providing useful indication for researchers, coaches and trainers. Several gaps in the different target applications are highlighted altogether with recommendation on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rum
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Oscar Sten
- BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (O.S.); (E.V.); (L.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Eleonora Vendrame
- BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (O.S.); (E.V.); (L.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Valeria Belluscio
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0636733522
| | - Luigi Truppa
- BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (O.S.); (E.V.); (L.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Marco Notarantonio
- Joint Veteran Center, Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (T.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Tommaso Sciarra
- Joint Veteran Center, Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (T.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Aldo Lazich
- Joint Veteran Center, Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (T.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Mannini
- BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pisa, Italy; (O.S.); (E.V.); (L.T.); (A.M.)
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 50143 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (V.B.); (V.C.); (E.B.)
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Ohji S, Kimura Y, Otobe Y, Nishio N, Ito D, Taguchi R, Ogawa H, Yamada M. Measurement of self-propulsion distance of wheelchair using cycle computer excluding assistance distance by touch switch: A pilot study. J Spinal Cord Med 2021; 44:262-266. [PMID: 30971190 PMCID: PMC7952071 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2019.1601936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Although the propulsion distance of a wheelchair is measured by some devices, measuring self-propulsion distance, excluding assistance propulsion distance by the caregiver, is difficult. This is a pilot study conducted to verify whether the propulsion distance of wheelchair users, excluding the assistance propulsion distance, can be measured using a cycle computer by attaching the touch switch.Methods: The wheelchair propulsion distance was measured using a cycle computer. We connected the touch switch and the cycle computer to the wheelchair to exclude assistance propulsion distance. We set the cycle computer to stop recording while the caregiver was touching the sensor. To confirm the propulsion distance using the cycle computer, the volunteer propelled the wheelchair on a rectangular facility with a total distance of 181 m, and the examiner confirmed the propulsion distance. The validation test to confirm the accuracy of the touch switch attached to the cycle computer was performed on a 50-m straight runway. The volunteer and caregiver propelled the wheelchair alternately by 10 m and continued until 50 m. The examiner confirmed the distance after 50-m propulsion.Results: In the 181-m rectangular facility, the propulsion distance that the volunteer propelled the wheelchair with the cycle computer was 180 m. In the 50-m straight runway, the propulsion distance was 30 m with caregiver assistance for 20 m.Conclusion: The present study showed that our modified device could measure the self-propulsion distance, excluding assistance propulsion distance in wheelchair users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ohji
- Graduate School of comprehensive human sciences, University of Tsukuba, Bunkyo-ku, Japan,Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan,Correspondence to: Shunsuke Ohji, Graduate School of comprehensive human sciences, University of Tsukuba, 3-29-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo112-0012, Japan; Ph: +81-3-5803-4721.
| | - Yosuke Kimura
- Graduate School of comprehensive human sciences, University of Tsukuba, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yuhei Otobe
- Graduate School of comprehensive human sciences, University of Tsukuba, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Naohito Nishio
- Graduate School of comprehensive human sciences, University of Tsukuba, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Graduate School of comprehensive human sciences, University of Tsukuba, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Ryota Taguchi
- Graduate School of comprehensive human sciences, University of Tsukuba, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ogawa
- Graduate School of comprehensive human sciences, University of Tsukuba, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Minoru Yamada
- Graduate School of comprehensive human sciences, University of Tsukuba, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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van der Slikke RMA, Berger MAM, Bregman DJJ, Veeger DHEJ. Wearable Wheelchair Mobility Performance Measurement in Basketball, Rugby, and Tennis: Lessons for Classification and Training. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20123518. [PMID: 32575915 PMCID: PMC7349814 DOI: 10.3390/s20123518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Athlete impairment level is an important factor in wheelchair mobility performance (WMP) in sports. Classification systems, aimed to compensate impairment level effects on performance, vary between sports. Improved understanding of resemblances and differences in WMP between sports could aid in optimizing the classification methodology. Furthermore, increased performance insight could be applied in training and wheelchair optimization. The wearable sensor-based wheelchair mobility performance monitor (WMPM) was used to measure WMP of wheelchair basketball, rugby and tennis athletes of (inter-)national level during match-play. As hypothesized, wheelchair basketball athletes show the highest average WMP levels and wheelchair rugby the lowest, whereas wheelchair tennis athletes range in between for most outcomes. Based on WMP profiles, wheelchair basketball requires the highest performance intensity, whereas in wheelchair tennis, maneuverability is the key performance factor. In wheelchair rugby, WMP levels show the highest variation comparable to the high variation in athletes’ impairment levels. These insights could be used to direct classification and training guidelines, with more emphasis on intensity for wheelchair basketball, focus on maneuverability for wheelchair tennis and impairment-level based training programs for wheelchair rugby. Wearable technology use seems a prerequisite for further development of wheelchair sports, on the sports level (classification) and on individual level (training and wheelchair configuration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rienk M. A. van der Slikke
- The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2501 EH The Hague, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-6-18989641
| | | | - Daan J. J. Bregman
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; (D.J.J.B.); (D.H.E.J.V.)
| | - Dirkjan H. E. J. Veeger
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; (D.J.J.B.); (D.H.E.J.V.)
- Faculty of Behavioural and Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sindall P, Lenton JP, Mason BS, Tolfrey K, Cooper RA, Martin Ginis KA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Practice improves court mobility and self-efficacy in tennis-specific wheelchair propulsion. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2020; 16:398-406. [PMID: 32412809 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2020.1761892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wheelchair tennis (WT) propulsion is uniquely characterized by the requirement for racket holding coupled with effective hand-rim contact. Thus, investigations involving strategies to enhance chair mobility skills are merited. The aim was to examine the effects of organized practice on WT match play responses and the impact of racket holding during practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following physiological profiling involving graded and peak exercise testing, 16 able-bodied (AB) participants performed bouts of WT match play interspersed with practice involving wheelchair mobility drills completed with (R) or without (NR) a tennis racket. A data logger recorded distance and speed. Self-efficacy was reported. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Significant main effects for match revealed higher post-practice overall and forwards distances (p < 0.05), peak (p < 0.005) and average (p < 0.05) speeds and self-efficacy (SE) (p = 0.001) were attained. During practice, lower distances and speeds were achieved with R, with a lower physiological cost than NR. Practice increases court movement and SE with no associated increases in physiological cost. Changes represent enhanced court mobility. Differences between practice characteristics provide options for skill development and optimization of health outcomes.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONWheelchair tennis participation is likely to confer positive health effects in those with a disability or physical impairment.As chair propulsion combined with racket holding represents a complex skill challenge, novices may find the sport challenging to play.Tennis-specific mobility drills improve confidence and chair propulsion skill with likely crossover into tennis match play competence and ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sindall
- School of Health and Society, The University of Salford, Salford, UK.,The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - John P Lenton
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Rory A Cooper
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Martin Ginis
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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11
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Mason BS, van der Slikke RM, Hutchinson MJ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Division, result and score margin alter the physical and technical performance of elite wheelchair tennis players. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:937-944. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1737361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry S. Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Rienk M.A. van der Slikke
- Faculty of Health, Nutrition & Sports, Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Hutchinson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Vicky L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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12
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Cooper RA, Tuakli-Wosornu YA, Henderson GV, Quinby E, Dicianno BE, Tsang K, Ding D, Cooper R, Crytzer TM, Koontz AM, Rice I, Bleakney AW. Engineering and Technology in Wheelchair Sport. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2018; 29:347-369. [PMID: 29627093 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Technologies capable of projecting injury and performance metrics to athletes and coaches are being developed. Wheelchair athletes must be cognizant of their upper limb health; therefore, systems must be designed to promote efficient transfer of energy to the handrims and evaluated for simultaneous effects on the upper limbs. This article is brief review of resources that help wheelchair users increase physiologic response to exercise, develop ideas for adaptive workout routines, locate accessible facilities and outdoor areas, and develop wheelchair sports-specific skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory A Cooper
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 6425 Penn Avenue, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.
| | - Yetsa A Tuakli-Wosornu
- Yale University Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Yale Physicians Building, 800 Howard Avenue, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Geoffrey V Henderson
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Kaufmann Medical Building, Suite 201, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Eleanor Quinby
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Kaufmann Medical Building, Suite 201, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Brad E Dicianno
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 6425 Penn Avenue, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Kalai Tsang
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 6425 Penn Avenue, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Dan Ding
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 6425 Penn Avenue, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Rosemarie Cooper
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 6425 Penn Avenue, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Theresa M Crytzer
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 6425 Penn Avenue, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Alicia M Koontz
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 6425 Penn Avenue, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Ian Rice
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Louise Freer Hall, 906 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adam W Bleakney
- Disability Resources & Educational Services, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 1207 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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13
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Tsang K, Hiremath SV, Crytzer TM, Dicianno BE, Ding D. Validity of activity monitors in wheelchair users: A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 53:641-658. [PMID: 27997674 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2016.01.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Assessing physical activity (PA) in manual wheelchair users (MWUs) is challenging because of their different movement patterns in comparison to the ambulatory population. The aim of this review was to investigate the validity of portable monitors in quantifying PA in MWUs. A systematic literature search was performed. The data source was full reports of validation and evaluation studies in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings. Eligible articles between January 1, 1999, and September 18, 2015, were identified in three databases: PubMed, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and Scopus. A total of 164 articles (158 from the databases and 6 from the citation/reference tracking) were identified, and 29 met the eligibility criteria. Two investigators independently extracted the characteristics from each selected article following a predetermined protocol and completed seven summary tables describing the study characteristics and key outcomes. In the identified studies, the monitors were used to assess three types of PA measures: energy cost, user movement, and wheelchair movement. The customized algorithms/monitors did not estimate energy cost in MWUs as well as the commercial monitors did in the ambulatory population; however, they showed fair accuracy in measuring both wheelchair and user movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- KaLai Tsang
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Theresa M Crytzer
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Brad E Dicianno
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA.,Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and
| | - Dan Ding
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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14
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Speed profiles in wheelchair court sports; comparison of two methods for measuring wheelchair mobility performance. J Biomech 2017; 65:221-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Ponzano M, Gollin M. Physical demand of wheelchair tennis match-play on hard courts and clay courts. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1384975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ponzano
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Adapted Training and Performance Research Group, SUISM, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Gollin
- Adapted Training and Performance Research Group, SUISM, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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16
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Load Monitoring Variables in Training and Competition Situations: A Systematic Review Applied to Wheelchair Sports. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2017; 34:466-483. [PMID: 29035578 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2016-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to identify the main variables for load monitoring in training and competition situations in wheelchair sports. Studies were identified from a systematic search of three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and SportDiscuss), with search phrases constructed from MeSH terms, alone or in combination, limited to English-language literature, and published up to January 2016. Our main findings were that variables related to external load (distance, speed, and duration) are used to monitor load in competition. In training situations, researchers have used variables related to internal load (heart rate and VO2); in both training and competition situations, researchers used internal load measurements (training impulse and ratings of perceived exertion). We conclude that the main variables for load monitoring in competitive situations were distance, speed, and duration, whereas the variables for training situations were heart rate, VO2, training impulse, and ratings of perceived exertion.
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17
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Routhier F, Lettre J, Miller WC, Borisoff JF, Keetch K, Mitchell IM. Data logger technologies for manual wheelchairs: A scoping review. Assist Technol 2017; 30:51-58. [PMID: 27846371 PMCID: PMC5489335 DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2016.1242516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, studies have increasingly employed data logger technologies to record objective driving and physiological characteristics of manual wheelchair users. However, the technologies used offer significant differences in characteristics, such as measured outcomes, ease of use, and level of burden. In order to identify and describe the extent of published research activity that relies on data logger technologies for manual wheelchair users, we performed a scoping review of the scientific and gray literature. Five databases were searched: Medline, Compendex, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. The 119 retained papers document a wide variety of logging devices and sensing technologies measuring a range of outcomes. The most commonly used technologies were accelerometers installed on the user (18.8%), odometers installed on the wheelchair (12.4%), accelerometers installed on the wheelchair (9.7%), and heart monitors (9.7%). Not surprisingly, the most reported outcomes were distance, mobility events, heart rate, speed/velocity, acceleration, and driving time. With decreasing costs and technological improvements, data loggers are likely to have future widespread clinical (and even personal) use. Future research may be needed to assess the usefulness of different outcomes and to develop methods more appropriate to wheelchair users in order to optimize the practicality of wheelchair data loggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Routhier
- Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Quebec City, Qc, Canada
- Centre for interdisciplinary research in rehabilitation and social integration, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec, Quebec City, Qc, Canada
| | - Josiane Lettre
- Centre for interdisciplinary research in rehabilitation and social integration, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec, Quebec City, Qc, Canada
| | - William C. Miller
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, and Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Research Program and GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jaimie F. Borisoff
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Rehabilitation Engineering Design Laboratory, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kate Keetch
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, and Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Research Program and GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ian M. Mitchell
- Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Recent Salient Literature Pertaining to the Use of Technology in Wheelchair Sports. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-016-0141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Popp WL, Brogioli M, Leuenberger K, Albisser U, Frotzler A, Curt A, Gassert R, Starkey ML. A novel algorithm for detecting active propulsion in wheelchair users following spinal cord injury. Med Eng Phys 2016; 38:267-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Loveday A, Sherar LB, Sanders JP, Sanderson PW, Esliger DW. Technologies That Assess the Location of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17:e192. [PMID: 26245157 PMCID: PMC4705371 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The location in which physical activity and sedentary behavior are performed can provide valuable behavioral information, both in isolation and synergistically with other areas of physical activity and sedentary behavior research. Global positioning systems (GPS) have been used in physical activity research to identify outdoor location; however, while GPS can receive signals in certain indoor environments, it is not able to provide room- or subroom-level location. On average, adults spend a high proportion of their time indoors. A measure of indoor location would, therefore, provide valuable behavioral information. Objective This systematic review sought to identify and critique technology which has been or could be used to assess the location of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Methods To identify published research papers, four electronic databases were searched using key terms built around behavior, technology, and location. To be eligible for inclusion, papers were required to be published in English and describe a wearable or portable technology or device capable of measuring location. Searches were performed up to February 4, 2015. This was supplemented by backward and forward reference searching. In an attempt to include novel devices which may not yet have made their way into the published research, searches were also performed using three Internet search engines. Specialized software was used to download search results and thus mitigate the potential pitfalls of changing search algorithms. Results A total of 188 research papers met the inclusion criteria. Global positioning systems were the most widely used location technology in the published research, followed by wearable cameras, and radio-frequency identification. Internet search engines identified 81 global positioning systems, 35 real-time locating systems, and 21 wearable cameras. Real-time locating systems determine the indoor location of a wearable tag via the known location of reference nodes. Although the type of reference node and location determination method varies between manufacturers, Wi-Fi appears to be the most popular method. Conclusions The addition of location information to existing measures of physical activity and sedentary behavior will provide important behavioral information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Loveday
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
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21
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Sindall P, Lenton J, Cooper R, Tolfrey K, Goosey-Tolfrey V. Data logger device applicability for wheelchair tennis court movement. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:527-33. [PMID: 25278114 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.949829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of movement logging devices is required to ensure suitability for the determination of court-movement variables during competitive sports performance and allow for practical recommendations to be made. Hence, the purpose was to examine wheelchair tennis speed profiles to assess data logger device applicability for court-movement quantification, with match play stratified by rank (HIGH, LOW), sex (male, female) and format (singles, doubles). Thirty-one wheelchair tennis players were monitored during competitive match play. Mixed sampling was employed (male = 23, female = 8). Friedman's test with Wilcoxon signed-rank post hoc testing revealed a higher percentage of time below 2.5 m · s(-1) [<2.5 vs. ≥2.5 m · s(-1): 89.4 (5.0) vs. 1.2 (3.5)%, Z = -4.860, P < 0.0005, r = 0.87] with the remaining time [9.0 (4.9%)] spent stationary. LOW-ranked players were stationary for longer than HIGH-ranked counterparts [12.6 (8.7) vs. 8.2 (5.1)%, U = 30.000, P = 0.011, r = 0.46] with more time at low propulsion speeds (<1.0 m · s(-1)). HIGH-ranked and doubles players spent more time in higher speed zones than respective counterparts. Females spent more time in the 1.0-1.49 m · s(-1) zone (U = 48.000, P = 0.047, r = 0.36). Regardless of rank, sex or format, propulsion speeds during wheelchair tennis match play are consistent with data logger accuracy. Hence, data logging is appropriate for court-movement quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sindall
- a School of Health Sciences , University of Salford , Salford , United Kingdom
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22
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Activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby players during competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 10:318-24. [PMID: 25202822 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby (WCR) players and establish classification-specific arbitrary speed zones. In addition, indicators of fatigue during full matches were explored. METHODS Seventy-five elite WCR players from 11 national teams were monitored using a radio-frequency-based, indoor tracking system across 2 international tournaments. Players who participated in complete quarters (n = 75) and full matches (n = 25) were included and grouped by their International Wheelchair Rugby Federation functional classification: groups I (0.5), II (1.0-1.5), III (2.0-2.5), and IV (3.0-3.5). RESULTS During a typical quarter, significant increases in total distance (m), relative distance (m/min), and mean speed (m/s) were associated with an increase in classification group (P < .001), with the exception of groups III and IV. However, group IV players achieved significantly higher peak speeds (3.82 ± 0.31 m/s) than groups I (2.99 ± 0.28 m/s), II (3.44 ± 0.26 m/s), and III (3.67 ± 0.32 m/s). Groups I and II differed significantly in match intensity during very-low/low-speed zones and the number of high-intensity activities in comparison with groups III and IV (P < .001). Full-match analysis revealed that activity profiles did not differ significantly between quarters. CONCLUSIONS Notable differences in the volume of activity were displayed across the functional classification groups. However, the specific on-court requirements of defensive (I and II) and offensive (III and IV) match roles appeared to influence the intensity of match activities, and consequently training prescription should be structured accordingly.
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23
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Conger SA, Scott SN, Bassett DR. Predicting energy expenditure through hand rim propulsion power output in individuals who use wheelchairs. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:1048-53. [PMID: 24825852 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the relationship between hand rim propulsion power and energy expenditure (EE) during wheelchair wheeling and to investigate whether adding other variables to the model could improve on the prediction of EE. METHODS Individuals who use manual wheelchairs (n=14) performed five different wheeling activities in a wheelchair with a PowerTap power meter hub built into the right rear wheel. Activities included wheeling on a smooth, level surface at three different speeds (4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 km/h), wheeling on a rubberised track at one speed (5.5 km/h) and wheeling on a sidewalk course that included uphill and downhill segments at a self-selected speed. EE was measured using a portable indirect calorimetry system. Stepwise linear regression was performed to predict EE from power output variables. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the measured EE to the estimates from the power models. Bland-Altman plots were used to assess the agreement between the criterion values and the predicted values. RESULTS EE and power were significantly correlated (r=0.694, p<0.001). Regression analysis yielded three significant prediction models utilising measured power; measured power and speed; and measured power, speed and heart rate. No significant differences were found between measured EE and any of the prediction models. CONCLUSION EE can be accurately and precisely estimated based on hand rim propulsion power. These results indicate that power could be used as a method to assess EE in individuals who use wheelchairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Conger
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacy N Scott
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David R Bassett
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Rhodes J, Mason B, Perrat B, Smith M, Goosey-Tolfrey V. The validity and reliability of a novel indoor player tracking system for use within wheelchair court sports. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1639-47. [PMID: 24758599 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.910608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the validity and reliability of a radio frequency-based system for accurately tracking athlete movement within wheelchair court sports. Four wheelchair-specific tests were devised to assess the system during (i) static measurements; (ii) incremental fixed speeds; (iii) peak speeds; and (iv) multidirectional movements. During each test, three sampling frequencies (4, 8 and 16 Hz) were compared to a criterion method for distance, mean and peak speeds. Absolute static error remained between 0.19 and 0.32 m across the session. Distance values (test (ii)) showed greatest relative error in 4 Hz tags (1.3%), with significantly lower errors seen in higher frequency tags (<1.0%). Relative peak speed errors of <2.0% (test (iii)) were revealed across all sampling frequencies in relation to the criterion (4.00 ± 0.09 m · s-(1)). Results showed 8 and 16 Hz sampling frequencies displayed the closest-to-criterion values, whilst intra-tag reliability never exceeded 2.0% coefficient of variation (% CV) during peak speed detection. Minimal relative distance errors (<0.2%) were also seen across sampling frequencies (test (iv)). To conclude, the indoor tracking system is deemed an acceptable tool for tracking wheelchair court match play using a tag frequency of 8 or 16 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rhodes
- a Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
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25
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Comparing the activity profiles of wheelchair rugby using a miniaturised data logger and radio-frequency tracking system. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:348048. [PMID: 24987678 PMCID: PMC4009327 DOI: 10.1155/2014/348048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study assessed the validity and reliability of a miniaturised data logger (MDL) against a radio-frequency-based indoor tracking system (ITS) for quantifying key aspects of mobility performance during wheelchair rugby. Eleven international wheelchair rugby players were monitored by both devices during four wheelchair rugby matches. MDL data were averaged over both 1-second (MDL-1) and 5-second (MDL-5) intervals to calculate distance, mean, and peak speeds. The results revealed no significant differences between devices for the distance covered or mean speeds, although random errors of 10% and 12%, respectively, were identified in relation to the mean values. No significant differences in peak speed were revealed between ITS (3.91 ± 0.32 m·s−1) and MDL-1 (3.85 ± 0.45 m·s−1). Whereas peak speeds in MDL-5 (2.75 ± 0.29 m·s−1) were significantly lower than ITS. Errors in peak speed led to large random errors in time and distance spent in speed zones relative to peak speed, especially in MDL-5. The current study revealed that MDL provide a reasonable representation of the distance and mean speed reported during wheelchair rugby. However, inaccuracy in the detection of peak speeds limits its use for monitoring performance and prescribing wheelchair rugby training programmes.
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Validity and Reliability of an Inertial Sensor for Wheelchair Court Sports Performance. J Appl Biomech 2014; 30:326-31. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2013-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to determine the validity and reliability of an inertial sensor for assessing speed specific to athletes competing in the wheelchair court sports (basketball, rugby, and tennis). A wireless inertial sensor was attached to the axle of a sports wheelchair. Over two separate sessions, the sensor was tested across a range of treadmill speeds reflective of the court sports (1.0 to 6.0 m/s). At each test speed, ten 10-second trials were recorded and were compared with the treadmill (criterion). A further session explored the dynamic validity and reliability of the sensor during a sprinting task on a wheelchair ergometer compared with high-speed video (criterion). During session one, the sensor marginally overestimated speed, whereas during session two these speeds were underestimated slightly. However, systematic bias and absolute random errors never exceeded 0.058 m/s and 0.086 m/s, respectively, across both sessions. The sensor was also shown to be a reliable device with coefficients of variation (% CV) never exceeding 0.9 at any speed. During maximal sprinting, the sensor also provided a valid representation of the peak speeds reached (1.6% CV). Slight random errors in timing led to larger random errors in the detection of deceleration values. The results of this investigation have demonstrated that an inertial sensor developed for sports wheelchair applications provided a valid and reliable assessment of the speeds typically experienced by wheelchair athletes. As such, this device will be a valuable monitoring tool for assessing aspects of linear wheelchair performance.
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Hiremath SV, Ding D, Cooper RA. Development and evaluation of a gyroscope-based wheel rotation monitor for manual wheelchair users. J Spinal Cord Med 2013; 36:347-56. [PMID: 23820150 PMCID: PMC3758531 DOI: 10.1179/2045772313y.0000000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and evaluate a wireless gyroscope-based wheel rotation monitor (G-WRM) that can estimate speeds and distances traveled by wheelchair users during regular wheelchair propulsion as well as wheelchair sports such as handcycling, and provide users with real-time feedback through a smartphone application. METHODS The speeds and the distances estimated by the G-WRM were compared with the criterion measures by calculating absolute difference, mean difference, and percentage errors during a series of laboratory-based tests. Intraclass correlations (ICC) and the Bland-Altman plots were also used to assess the agreements between the G-WRM and the criterion measures. In addition, battery life and wireless data transmission tests under a number of usage conditions were performed. RESULTS The percentage errors for the angular velocities, speeds, and distances obtained from three prototype G-WRMs were less than 3% for all the test trials. The high ICC values (ICC (3,1) > 0.94) and the Bland-Altman plots indicate excellent agreement between the estimated speeds and distances by the G-WRMs and the criterion measures. The battery life tests showed that the device could last for 35 hours in wireless mode and 139 hours in secure digital card mode. The wireless data transmission tests indicated less than 0.3% of data loss. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the G-WRM is an appropriate tool for tracking a spectrum of wheelchair-related activities from regular wheelchair propulsion to wheelchair sports such as handcycling. The real-time feedback provided by the G-WRM can help wheelchair users self-monitor their everyday activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivayogi V. Hiremath
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; and Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dan Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Correspondence to: Dan Ding, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 6425 Penn Avenue, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.
| | - Rory A. Cooper
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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