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Zheng M, Sun H, Tian Z. Natural killer cells in liver diseases. Front Med 2018; 12:269-279. [PMID: 29675689 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver has been characterized as a frontline lymphoid organ with complex immunological features such as liver immunity and liver tolerance. Liver tolerance plays an important role in liver diseases including acute inflammation, chronic infection, autoimmune disease, and tumors. The liver contains a large proportion of natural killer (NK) cells, which exhibit heterogeneity in phenotypic and functional characteristics. NK cell activation, well known for its role in the immune surveillance against tumor and pathogen-infected cells, depends on the balance between numerous activating and inhibitory signals. In addition to the innate direct "killer" functions, NK cell activity contributes to regulate innate and adaptive immunity (helper or regulator). Under the setting of liver diseases, NK cells are of great importance for stimulating or inhibiting immune responses, leading to either immune activation or immune tolerance. Here, we focus on the relationship between NK cell biology, such as their phenotypic features and functional diversity, and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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2
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Macrophage polarization: the link between inflammation and related diseases. Inflamm Res 2015; 65:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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3
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Domingues PH, Teodósio C, Otero Á, Sousa P, Ortiz J, Macias MDCG, Gonçalves JM, Nieto AB, Lopes MC, de Oliveira C, Orfao A, Tabernero MD. Association between inflammatory infiltrates and isolated monosomy 22/del(22q) in meningiomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74798. [PMID: 24098347 PMCID: PMC3788099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas contain highly variable levels of infiltrating tissue macrophages (TiMa) and other immune cells. In this study we investigated the potential association between the number and immunophenotype of inflammatory and other immune cells infiltrating the tumor as evaluated by multiparameter flow cytometry, and the clinico-biological, cytogenetic and gene expression profile (GEP) of 75 meningioma patients. Overall, our results showed a close association between the amount and cellular composition of the inflammatory and other immune cell infiltrates and the cytogenetic profile of the tumors. Notably, tumors with isolated monosomy 22/del(22q) showed greater numbers of TiMa, NK cells and (recently)-activated CD69(+) lymphocytes versus meningiomas with diploid and complex karyotypes. In addition, in the former cytogenetic subgroup of meningiomas, tumor-infiltrating TiMa also showed a more activated and functionally mature phenotype, as reflected by a greater fraction of CD69(+), CD63(+), CD16(+) and CD33(+) cells. GEP at the mRNA level showed a unique GEP among meningiomas with an isolated monosomy 22/del(22q) versus all other cases, which consisted of increased expression of genes involved in inflammatory/immune response, associated with an M1 TiMa phenotype. Altogether, these results suggest that loss of expression of specific genes coded in chromosome 22 (e.g. MIF) is closely associated with an increased homing and potentially also anti-tumoral effect of TiMa, which could contribute to explain the better outcome of this specific good-prognosis cytogenetic subgroup of meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Henriques Domingues
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Cancer Research (CIC-IBMCC; CSIC/USAL; IBSAL) and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Teodósio
- Centre for Cancer Research (CIC-IBMCC; CSIC/USAL; IBSAL) and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Álvaro Otero
- Neurosurgery Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Sousa
- Neurosurgery Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Ortiz
- Pathology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Belén Nieto
- Centre for Cancer Research (CIC-IBMCC; CSIC/USAL; IBSAL) and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Celeste Lopes
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina de Oliveira
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Centre for Cancer Research (CIC-IBMCC; CSIC/USAL; IBSAL) and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Tabernero
- Centre for Cancer Research (CIC-IBMCC; CSIC/USAL; IBSAL) and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL-IBSAL) and Research Unit of the University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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4
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NK cells and conventional dendritic cells engage in reciprocal activation for the induction of inflammatory responses during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Immunobiology 2013; 218:263-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Blockade of NKG2D Synergized With CTLA4-Ig in Promoting Long-Term Graft Survival in Murine Models of Cardiac Transplantation [RETRACTED]. Transplantation 2012; 93:356-63. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31823ffce7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Kim JE, Cho HS, Yang HS, Jung DJ, Hong SW, Hung CF, Lee WJ, Kim D. Depletion of ascorbic acid impairs NK cell activity against ovarian cancer in a mouse model. Immunobiology 2012; 217:873-81. [PMID: 22306178 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) administration has been used to prevent infectious diseases in public or as a therapeutic agent by the physicians in treatment of several diseases. Ascorbic acid is also involved in immune cell functions and immune responses, although the mechanisms by which it exerts effects on immune cells against cancer cells are not fully understood at the normal plasma level. In this study, we used the mice lacking l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (Gulo), the enzyme required for the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid, to characterize the effects of ascorbic acid on NK cell cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cells, MOSECs (murine ovarian surface epithelial cells). Gulo(-/-) mice depleted of ascorbic acid survived for a shorter time than the normal control or Gulo(-/-) mice supplemented with ascorbic acid after tumor challenge regardless of treatment with IL-2. CD69 and NKG2D expression was clearly reduced in NK cells isolated from mice depleted of ascorbic acid as compared to that in the normal control and the mice supplemented with ascorbic acid. We also observed that IFN-γ secretion by NK cells isolated from Gulo(-/-) mice depleted of ascorbic acid was decreased after NK cells were co-cultured with MOSECs. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of perforin and granzyme B genes was also significantly decreased in NK cells isolated from mice depleted of ascorbic acid. Taken together, our results suggest that ascorbic acid at the normal plasma concentration has an essential role in maintaining the NK cytotoxicity against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Macaubas C, Nguyen KD, Peck A, Buckingham J, Deshpande C, Wong E, Alexander HC, Chang SY, Begovich A, Sun Y, Park JL, Pan KH, Lin R, Lih CJ, Augustine EM, Phillips C, Hadjinicolaou AV, Lee T, Mellins ED. Alternative activation in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis monocytes. Clin Immunol 2011; 142:362-72. [PMID: 22281427 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) is a chronic autoinflammatory condition. The association with macrophage activation syndrome, and the therapeutic efficacy of inhibiting monocyte-derived cytokines, has implicated these cells in SJIA pathogenesis. To characterize the activation state (classical/M1 vs. alternative/M2) of SJIA monocytes, we immunophenotyped monocytes using several approaches. Monocyte transcripts were analyzed by microarray and quantitative PCR. Surface proteins were measured at the single cell level using flow cytometry. Cytokine production was evaluated by intracellular staining and ELISA. CD14(++)CD16(-) and CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte subsets are activated in SJIA. A mixed M1/M2 activation phenotype is apparent at the single cell level, especially during flare. Consistent with an M2 phenotype, SJIA monocytes produce IL-1β after LPS exposure, but do not secrete it. Despite the inflammatory nature of active SJIA, circulating monocytes demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory features. The persistence of some of these phenotypes during clinically inactive disease argues that this state reflects compensated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Macaubas
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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8
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Oberlies J, Watzl C, Giese T, Luckner C, Kropf P, Müller I, Ho AD, Munder M. Regulation of NK cell function by human granulocyte arginase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5259-67. [PMID: 19380772 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The arginine-hydrolyzing enzyme arginase is constitutively expressed by human polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). Upon PMN cell death arginase is liberated and depletes arginine in the microenvironment. This amino acid depletion suppresses T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion and emerges as a key mechanism of immunosuppression during chronic inflammation and tumor growth. Here we show that PMN arginase also severely impairs key functions of primary human NK cells as well as IL-2-activated NK cells. In the absence of arginine, NK cell proliferation and IL-12/IL-18-induced secretion of IFN-gamma are severely diminished. In contrast, NK cell viability, granule exocytosis, and cytotoxicity are independent of extracellular arginine. The mechanism of NK cell suppression by arginine depletion is posttranscriptional since mRNA transcript frequency is unaffected upon NK cell activation in the absence of arginine. Finally, we demonstrate that human purulent exudate ex vivo inhibits NK cell functions exclusively due to liberated arginase. Arginase inhibitors are therefore promising pharmacological agents to treat unwanted suppression of the innate (NK cell) as well as the adaptive (T cell) immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Oberlies
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Hallett WHD, Ames E, Álvarez M, Barao I, Taylor PA, Blazar BR, Murphy WJ. Combination therapy using IL-2 and anti-CD25 results in augmented natural killer cell-mediated antitumor responses. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008; 14:1088-1099. [PMID: 18804038 PMCID: PMC2735407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2 has been extensively examined to promote clinical T and natural killer (NK) cell responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to regulate many aspects of the immune system, including NK cell-mediated responses. We have demonstrated that in vivo administration of IL-2 led to activation and expansion of both NK cells and immunosuppressive Tregs. Therefore, we attempted to augment NK cell antitumor effects by concurrently depleting Tregs using anti-CD25. Increased NK cell activation by IL-2 was found to be correlated with an increase in classical, short-term NK cell in vitro killing assays regardless of the depletion of Tregs. But when splenocytes of the treated mice were used in long-term tumor outgrowth experiments, we observed that prior depletion of Tregs from IL-2 administration led to improved antitumor effects compared with either treatment alone. Importantly, these in vitro data are correlated with subsequent in vivo survival of leukemia-bearing mice, in which co-treatment of IL-2 with anti-CD25 led to significantly improved survival compared with mice treated with either IL-2 alone or with Treg depletion. Prior depletion of NK1.1(+) cells, but not of CD8(+) cells, completely abrogated all antitumor effects mediated by IL-2 and anti-CD25 combination therapy. These findings demonstrate that superior NK cell-mediated antileukemic effects can be achieved with IL-2 administration and concurrent depletion of CD25(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H D Hallett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada
| | - Erik Ames
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada
| | - Maite Álvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada
| | - Isabel Barao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada
| | - Patricia A Taylor
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada.
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10
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Barber MA, Zhang T, Gagne BA, Van Ginderachter JA, De Baetselier P, Sentman CL. Ly49G2 receptor blockade reduces tumor burden in a leukemia model but not in a solid tumor model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:655-62. [PMID: 17891395 PMCID: PMC11030679 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NK cell activity is regulated in part by inhibitory receptors that bind to MHC class I molecules. It is possible to enhance NK cell cytotoxicity against tumor cells by preventing the interaction of these inhibitory receptors with their MHC class I ligands. RESULTS In this study, we determined that Ly49G2 is an inhibitory receptor in AKR mice for self-MHC class I, and AKR Ly49G2 has an identical sequence to BALB/c Ly49G2. Blockade of Ly49G2 receptors in vivo resulted in decreased growth of BW-Sp3 lymphoma cells when the tumor cells were given i.v. but not when the tumor cells were inoculated into the flank forming a solid tumor. However, NK cells were involved in inhibiting the growth of BW-Sp3 tumor cells in the flank. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that the effectiveness of inhibitory receptor blockade depends upon the tissue location of the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Barber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, 6W Borwell Bldg, One Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, 6W Borwell Bldg, One Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Bethany A. Gagne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, 6W Borwell Bldg, One Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Jo A. Van Ginderachter
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles L. Sentman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, 6W Borwell Bldg, One Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
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11
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Iannello A, Debbeche O, Samarani S, Ahmad A. Antiviral NK cell responses in HIV infection: I. NK cell receptor genes as determinants of HIV resistance and progression to AIDS. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1-26. [PMID: 18388298 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0907650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells play an important role in controlling viral infections. They can kill virus-infected cells directly as well as indirectly via antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity. They need no prior sensitization and expansion for this killing. NK cells are also considered as important regulators of antiviral immune responses. They do so by secreting a multitude of soluble mediators and by directly interacting with other immune cells, e.g., dendritic cells. NK cells do not possess a single well-defined receptor to recognize antigens on target cells. Instead, they express an array of inhibitory and activating receptors and coreceptors, which bind to their cognate ligands expressed on the surface of target cells. These ligands include classical and nonclassical MHC class I antigens, MHC-like proteins, and a variety of other self- and virus-derived molecules. They may be expressed constitutively and/or de novo on the surface of virus-infected cells. NK cell receptors (NKRs) of the killer-cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) family, like their MHC class I ligands, are highly polymorphic. Several recent studies suggest that epistatic interactions between certain KIR and MHC class I genes may determine innate resistance of the host to viral infections, including HIV. In the first part of this review article, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of NK cell immunobiology and describe how NKR genes, alone and in combination with HLA genes, may determine genetic resistance/susceptibilty to HIV infection and the development of AIDS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iannello
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center of Research Ste Justine Hospital, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Qc, H3T 1C5, Canada
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12
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Barber MA, Zhang T, Gagne BA, Sentman CL. NK cells negatively regulate antigen presentation and tumor-specific CTLs in a syngeneic lymphoma model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6140-7. [PMID: 17475840 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are known to kill tumor cells and produce proinflammatory cytokines that lead to the generation of tumor-specific CTLs. Many studies have used MHC class I-deficient tumor cells and/or adjuvants that induce NK cell responses. In this study, the focus was on less-immunogenic lymphoma cells that express MHC class I as a model to study NK cell responses to tumors that do not directly stimulate NK cell activation. When RMA tumor cells that expressed a truncated version of OVA, or RMA cells alone, were injected into mice that were depleted of NK cells, the mice developed an increased number of tumor-specific CTLs, increased IFN-gamma responses, and a higher amount of Ag presentation in draining LNs compared with mice with intact NK cells. These data suggest that NK cells can inhibit the development of effective adaptive immunity in the absence of signals that trigger NK cell activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- H-2 Antigens/biosynthesis
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Barber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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13
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Castoldi L, Golim MA, Filho OGR, Romagnoli GG, Ibañez OCM, Kaneno R. Enhanced natural killer activity and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice selected for high acute inflammatory response (AIRmax). Immunology 2007; 120:372-9. [PMID: 17163963 PMCID: PMC2265892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of mice with maximal and minimal acute inflammatory responsiveness (AIRmax and AIRmin, respectively) were developed through selective breeding based on their high- or low-acute inflammatory responsiveness. Previous reports have shown that AIRmax mice are more resistant to the development of a variety of tumours than AIRmin mice, including spontaneous metastasis of murine melanoma. Natural killer activity is involved in immunosurveillance against tumour development, so we analysed the number and activity of natural killer cells (CD49b(+)), T-lymphocyte subsets and in vitro cytokine production by spleen cells of normal AIRmax and AIRmin mice. Analysis of lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry showed that AIRmax mice had a higher relative number of CD49b(+) cells than AIRmin mice, as well as cytolytic activity against Yac.1 target cells. The number of CD3(+) CD8(+) cells was also higher in AIRmax mice. These findings were associated with the ability of spleen cells from AIRmax mice in vitro to produce higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-12p40 and interferon-gamma but not the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10. Taken together, our data suggest that the selective breeding to achieve the AIRmax and AIRmin strains was able to polarize the genes associated with cytotoxic activity, which can be responsible for the antitumour resistance observed in AIRmax mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Castoldi
- UNESP, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Botucatu, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
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Tsuchiyama T, Nakamoto Y, Sakai Y, Marukawa Y, Kitahara M, Mukaida N, Kaneko S. Prolonged, NK Cell-Mediated Antitumor Effects of Suicide Gene Therapy Combined with Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 178:574-83. [PMID: 17182598 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor recurrence rates remain high after curative treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Immunomodulatory agents, including chemokines, are believed to enhance the antitumor effects of tumor cell apoptosis induced by suicide gene therapy. We therefore evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of a bicistronic recombinant adenovirus vector (rAd) expressing both HSV thymidine kinase and MCP-1 on HCC cells. Using an athymic nude mouse model (BALB/c-nu/nu), primary s.c. tumors (HuH7; human HCC cells) were completely eradicated by rAd followed by treatment with ganciclovir. The same animals were subsequently rechallenged with HCC cells, tumor development was monitored, and the recruitment or activation of NK cells was analyzed immunohistochemically or by measuring IFN-gamma mRNA expression. Tumor growth was markedly suppressed as compared with that in mice treated with a rAd expressing the HSV thymidine kinase gene alone (p < 0.001). Suppression of tumor growth was associated with the elevation of serum IL-12 and IL-18. During suppression, NK cells were recruited exclusively, and Th1 cytokine gene expression was enhanced in tumor tissues. The antitumor activity, however, was abolished either when the NK cells were inactivated with anti-asialo GM1 Ab or when anti-IL-12 and anti-IL-18 Abs were administered. These results indicate that suicide gene therapy, together with delivery of MCP-1, eradicates HCC cells and exerts prolonged NK cell-mediated antitumor effects in a model of HCC, suggesting a plausible strategy to prevent tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Tsuchiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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15
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Chung JW, Jeon JH, Yoon SR, Choi I. Vitamin D3upregulated protein 1 (VDUP1) is a regulator for redox signaling and stress-mediated diseases. J Dermatol 2006; 33:662-9. [PMID: 17040494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D(3) upregulated protein 1 (VDUP1) is a 46-kDa multifunctional protein, initially isolated in HL-60 cells as a protein of which expression is upregulated by vitamin D(3) administration. Subsequently, it was identified independently by investigators from diverse scientific backgrounds as a thioredoxin binding protein that negatively regulates the expression and the activity of thioredoxin, and is thus involved in redox regulation. Further studies have revealed that VDUP1 plays multiple roles in a wide range of cellular processes such as proliferation or apoptosis. Recently, it has been reported that VDUP1 is also involved in the immune system via positive regulation of natural killer development. In addition, VDUP1 has been revealed to be associated with the fatty acid utilization. In the present review, we discuss the novel aspects of VDUP1 function as well as the historical background of VDUP1. Future studies will explore the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of modulating the function of VDUP1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woong Chung
- Laboratory of Immunology, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusong, Taejon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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16
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Hermann E, Alonso-Vega C, Berthe A, Truyens C, Flores A, Cordova M, Moretta L, Torrico F, Braud V, Carlier Y. Human congenital infection with Trypanosoma cruzi induces phenotypic and functional modifications of cord blood NK cells. Pediatr Res 2006; 60:38-43. [PMID: 16690951 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000220335.05588.ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We studied the phenotype and activity of cord blood natural killer (NK) cells in newborns congenitally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. We found that the proportion of CD56(bright) NK cells was significantly decreased in cord blood from these newborns, suggesting they may have been recruited to secondary lymphoid organs. The remaining CD56(bright) NK cells exhibited a defective ability in the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma following in vitro activation with interleukin (IL)-12 + IL-2 or IL-12 + IL-15 cytokines, as compared with NK cells from uninfected newborns. In addition, cord blood NK cells from congenitally infected newborns stimulated with cytokines have a decreased release of granzyme B (GrB) when incubated with K562 target cells. This defect in cytotoxic effector function is associated with a reduced surface expression of activating NK receptors (NKp30, NKp46, and NKG2D) on CD56(dim) NK cells compared with uninfected newborns. These alterations of fetal NK cells from congenitally infected newborns may reflect a down-regulation of the NK cell response after an initial peak of activation and could also be the result of T. cruzi modulating the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Hermann
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Barao I, Hanash AM, Hallett W, Welniak LA, Sun K, Redelman D, Blazar BR, Levy RB, Murphy WJ. Suppression of natural killer cell-mediated bone marrow cell rejection by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5460-5. [PMID: 16567639 PMCID: PMC1459377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509249103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells have been shown to inhibit adaptive responses by T cells. Natural killer (NK) cells represent an important component of innate immunity in both cancer and infectious disease states. We investigated whether CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells could affect NK cell function in vivo by using allogeneic (full H2-disparate) bone marrow (BM) transplantation and the model of hybrid resistance, in which parental marrow grafts are rejected solely by the NK cells of irradiated (BALB/c x C57BL/6) F(1) recipients. We demonstrate that the prior removal of host Treg cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, significantly enhanced NK cell-mediated BM rejection in both models. The inhibitory role of Treg cells on NK cells was confirmed in vivo with adoptive transfer studies in which transferred CD4(+)CD25(+) cells could abrogate NK cell-mediated hybrid resistance. Anti-TGF-beta mAb treatment also increased NK cell-mediated BM graft rejection, suggesting that the NK cell suppression is exerted through TGF-beta. Thus, CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells can potently inhibit NK cell function in vivo, and their depletion may have therapeutic ramifications for NK cell function in BM transplantation and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan M. Hanash
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101; and
| | | | | | - Kai Sun
- Departments of *Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Doug Redelman
- Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Robert B. Levy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101; and
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18
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Van Ginderachter JA, Meerschaut S, Liu Y, Brys L, De Groeve K, Hassanzadeh Ghassabeh G, Raes G, De Baetselier P. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands reverse CTL suppression by alternatively activated (M2) macrophages in cancer. Blood 2006; 108:525-35. [PMID: 16527895 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors may escape from immune control by the induction of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) myeloid suppressor cells in the spleen. In this study, we demonstrate that this cell population can be subdivided into a CD11b(hi)Gr-1(int)SSC(lo)Ly6G(neg)M-CSFR(int) immature monocytic fraction and a CD11b(hi+)Gr-1(hi)SSC(hi)Ly6G(hi)M-CSFR(neg) granulocytic fraction. Upon in vitro culture, the monocytic CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) cell fraction is sufficient for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) suppression, which is linked to the gradual differentiation of these monocytic cells into mature F4/80(+) CD68(+) macrophages. These CTL-suppressive macrophages are alternatively activated (M2), as demonstrated by the expression of known and novel M2 signature genes. In search of M2-associated genes involved in the suppressive activity, it is shown that stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and inhibition of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity cooperate to alleviate CTL suppression. Of importance, purified tumor-associated macrophages display a similar M2 phenotype and are suppressive for antitumor CTLs, via a mechanism that can be almost completely reversed by PPARgamma ligands. Overall, our data identify PLA(2) and especially PPARgamma as new potential therapeutic targets to subvert macrophage-mediated CTL suppression in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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19
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Usherwood EJ, Meadows SK, Crist SG, Bellfy SC, Sentman CL. Control of murine gammaherpesvirus infection is independent of NK cells. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2956-61. [PMID: 16134085 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that NK cells are important in controlling the early stages of infection with alpha- or betaherpesviruses. In contrast, little is known about the impact of NK cells on gammaherpesvirus infections. We tested mice with defects in NK cells for their ability to resist murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV-68) infection. The depletion of NK cells had no effect on the control of the acute or latent stages of the infection. In addition, transgenic mice deficient in NK cells controlled the infection in a comparable manner to wild-type mice. We also showed that the antiviral CD8 T cell response was unaffected by the presence or absence NK cells. We conclude that NK cells contribute little to the control of MHV-68 infection, and therefore, NK cells are not essential for controlling all herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Usherwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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20
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Fan Z, Yu P, Wang Y, Wang Y, Fu ML, Liu W, Sun Y, Fu YX. NK-cell activation by LIGHT triggers tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell immunity to reject established tumors. Blood 2005; 107:1342-51. [PMID: 16223768 PMCID: PMC1895398 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are generally reported as innate effector cells for killing virally infected and transformed cells. It is unclear how NK cells evoke adaptive immunity to eradicate tumors. We now demonstrate that the TNF superfamily member, LIGHT, known as TNFSF14 and a T-cell costimulatory molecule, is a critical ligand for the activation of NK cells. Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) is expressed on NK cells, and its engagement with LIGHT mediates NK-cell activation. The expression of LIGHT inside tumors leads to rapid rejection in a NK-dependent manner. Both NK and CD8+ cells are essential but not sufficient for the rejection of tumors because mice lacking either population fail to reject the tumor. Interestingly, activated NK cells do not kill tumors directly but can facilitate the priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in an IFN-gamma-dependent manner. Conversely, intratumor depletion of either NK cells or IFN-gamma during tumor progression disrupts CD8+ cell-mediated tumor rejection, suggesting that the tumor is the essential site for the crosstalk between NK and CD8+ cells. Furthermore, IFNG-deficient NK cells fail to effectively activate CD8+ T cells, suggesting IFN-gamma plays an important role in NK-mediated activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Our findings establish a direct role for LIGHT in NK activation/expansion and a critical helper role of activated NK cells in priming CD8+ T cells and breaking T-cell tolerance at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zusen Fan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules and Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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21
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DeMarco RA, Fink MP, Lotze MT. Monocytes promote natural killer cell interferon gamma production in response to the endogenous danger signal HMGB1. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:433-44. [PMID: 15607795 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Substantial attention has been paid to the role of the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands of late and their role in regulating the innate immune response. They serve as exogenous danger signals important in informing and driving the distal adaptive immune response to pathogens. Less clear has been the role of the nominal endogenous danger signals released and recognized in stressed cells following genotoxic or metabolic stress as occurs in progressively growing tumors. HMGB1 (high-mobility group B1) is a nuclear protein well characterized for its ability to modify DNA access to transcriptional proteins that is released from necrotic cells as well as secreted through the endosomal route from hematopoietic cells, serving as a late mediator of sepsis. It interacts with high-affinity RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) and TLR2 receptors. Here we show that HMGB1 enhances interferon gamma release from macrophage (but not dendritic cell)-stimulated NK cells. This is effective only when coupled with other pro-inflammatory cytokines particularly with IL-2 in combination with IL-1 or IL-12. We have used this information to suggest that HMGB1, which also promotes epithelial migration and proliferation, drives repair in the absence or inhibition of other factors but enhances inflammation in their presence. The implications for tumorigenesis and tumor progression are quite important as they may be for other states of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A DeMarco
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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22
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Adam C, King S, Allgeier T, Braumüller H, Lüking C, Mysliwietz J, Kriegeskorte A, Busch DH, Röcken M, Mocikat R. DC-NK cell cross talk as a novel CD4+ T-cell-independent pathway for antitumor CTL induction. Blood 2005; 106:338-44. [PMID: 15769894 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that priming of antitumor CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) needs help that can be provided by CD4+ T cells. We show that interactions between dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells can bypass the T helper arm in CTL induction. Bone marrow-derived DCs caused rejection of the A20 lymphoma and induced tumor-specific long-term memory, although they were not loaded with tumor-derived antigen. Experiments using CD40(-) knock-out mice and cell depletion showed that this effect did not require CD4+ cells. Both primary rejection and long-term CTL memory were the result of NK cell activation by DCs. NK cytotoxicity, which was necessary for primary rejection, was dependent on expression of natural killer group 2 D (NKG2D) ligands on tumor cells. Blocking of these ligands using NKG2D tetramers abrogated tumor killing in vitro and in vivo. The long-term response was due to CTLs directed against antigen(s) expressed on A20 and in vitro-differentiated DCs. The mechanism leading to CD4+ helper cell-independent CTL responses was elucidated as a cascade that was initiated by NK cell activation. This pathway was dependent on inter-feron-gamma expression and involved priming endogenous DCs for interleukin-12 production. Our data suggest a novel pathway linking innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Adam
- GSF-Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 München, Germany
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23
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Jin HT, Youn JI, Kim HJ, Lee JB, Ha SJ, Koh JS, Sung YC. Enhancement of Interleukin-12 Gene-Based Tumor Immunotherapy by the Reduced Secretion of p40 Subunit and the Combination with Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:328-38. [PMID: 15812228 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene was shown to produce both IL-12 and p40 subunit. The excess production of the p40 subunit as a natural antagonist of IL-12 is a major obstacle of IL-12 gene-based cancer therapy. We previously reported that IL-12N220L gene, which selectively reduces the secretion of the p40 subunit, induces long-lasting stronger type 1 helper T cells (T(H)1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity in hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 DNA vaccination model and higher protection from challenge with tumor cells expressing E2 than IL-12 in a prophylactic setting. Here, we demonstrated that intratumoral injection of IL-12N220L-expressing adenovirus showed better tumor growth inhibition and higher survival rate than that of IL-12 or granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing adenovirus in a therapeutic setting. In particular, the mice cured by IL-12N220L treatment were protected against intravenous rechallenge of the same tumor cells better than those by IL-12 treatment. In addition, the enhanced antitumor activity of IL-12N220L was confirmed in B16F10 lung metastasis model, which correlated with the frequency of tumor-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma-secreting cells. When tested in CT26/NP tumor that expresses influenza nucleoprotein (NP) as a tumor antigen, IL-12N220L induced stronger NP-specific T(H)1 and CTL responses than IL-12, particularly at a later time point, indicating the generating long-term tumor-specific memory T-cell responses. Moreover, the potent antitumor effects of IL-12N220L were further augmented by combination with chemotherapy using farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI), LB42908. Taken together, our results suggest that IL-12N220L is superior to IL-12 in cancer immunotherapy, which can be further enhanced by combination with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Tak Jin
- National Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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24
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Lee KN, Kang HS, Jeon JH, Kim EM, Yoon SR, Song H, Lyu CY, Piao ZH, Kim SU, Han YH, Song SS, Lee YH, Song KS, Kim YM, Yu DY, Choi I. VDUP1 Is Required for the Development of Natural Killer Cells. Immunity 2005; 22:195-208. [PMID: 15723808 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 upregulated protein 1 (VDUP1) is a stress-response gene that is upregulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 in tumor cells. The in vivo roles of VDUP1 were investigated by producing mice lacking VDUP1 (VDUP1-/- mice). VDUP1-/- mice showed minimal changes in the development of T and B cells, but there was a profound reduction in the numbers of natural killer (NK) cells. As well, these mice showed decreased NK activity. In the VDUP1-/- mice, the expression of CD122 was reduced, demonstrating that VDUP1 is required for CD122 expression and NK maturation. In addition, severe lymphoid hyperplasia in the small intestine was observed in VDUP1-/- mice. Taken together, these results suggest that VDUP1 is a critical factor for the development and function of NK cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Nyung Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusong, Taejon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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25
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Baral R, Chattopadhyay U. Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf mediated immune activation causes prophylactic growth inhibition of murine Ehrlich carcinoma and B16 melanoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:355-66. [PMID: 15037213 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2003] [Revised: 07/27/2003] [Accepted: 09/06/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Conditional growth inhibition of murine Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) and B16 melanoma (B16Mel) was observed, following treatment of mice (Swiss and C57BL/6) with aqueous extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) (1 unit/mice/week for 4 weeks) either before or after inoculation of 1 x 10(6) tumor cells. Tumor inoculation after weekly injections for 4 weeks with neem leaf preparation (NLP) induced significant reduction of tumor growth (both EC and B16Mel) and increased survivability of mice. On the other hand, NLP treatment after tumor inoculation demonstrated no tumor growth inhibition in the NLP treated group in comparison to the PBS treated control. No direct cytotoxic effect of NLP towards EC and B16Mel tumor cells was observed in vitro. The spleen cells of NLP treated mice when mixed with inoculum of B16Mel tumor cells and injected into a group of mice, tumor growth was found to be significantly reduced and survivability of the tumor hosts increased remarkably in comparison to mice inoculated with tumor along with normal spleen cells. Concanavalin A (ConA) induced proliferation of lymphocytes from NLP treated mice was significantly higher than the lymphocytes of untreated mice. In in vitro, NLP by itself had no proliferative effects on lymphocytes but it co-stimulated ConA induced mitogenesis. NLP induced lymphocytosis as evidenced by increased lymphocyte count in blood as well as spleen. Flow cytometric evidence suggested that increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells accounted for lymphocytosis. The conditional tumor growth retardation, observed in mice treated with NLP before tumor inoculation, may be regulated by NLP mediated immune activation, having prominent role in the cellular immune function of the tumor host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathindranath Baral
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37 S.P. Mookherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India.
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26
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Sun JB, Eriksson K, Li BL, Lindblad M, Azem J, Holmgren J. Vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed in vitro with tumor antigen conjugated to cholera toxin efficiently induces specific tumoricidal CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes dependent on cyclic AMP activation of dendritic cells. Clin Immunol 2004; 112:35-44. [PMID: 15207780 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the development of CD8+ tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) and protection against tumor growth after vaccination with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with a model protein ovalbumin conjugated to cholera toxin (OVA-CT) in B6 mice using E.G7 tumor cells expressing OVA(257-264) peptide (SIINFEKL) as target cells in vitro and in vivo. Vaccination with OVA-CT-pulsed DC concurrently induced strong CTL in vitro activity and anti-E.G7 tumor protection in vivo in WT, NK-depleted and CD4-deficient mice as well as in IL-12-/- and IFN-gamma-/- mice but not in CD8-deficient mice. Importantly, activation of CTL by OVA-CT-pulsed DC was dependent on CT-induced activation of adenylate cyclase and increased cAMP production by DC associated with increased expression of MHC class I and co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86 and CD40). These results show that vaccination with DC pulsed with antigens (Ag) conjugated to CT induces a strong CTL response and suggest that conjugation of tumor Ag to CT for DC vaccination represents a promising approach for tumor vaccination and immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
- Cholera Toxin/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Egg Proteins/immunology
- Egg Proteins/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Immunotoxins/immunology
- Immunotoxins/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- J-B Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, S-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
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27
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Costello RT, Fauriat C, Sivori S, Marcenaro E, Olive D. NK cells: innate immunity against hematological malignancies? Trends Immunol 2004; 25:328-33. [PMID: 15145323 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the treatment of malignant haemopathies enable increased remission and cure rates, however, many patients relapse and finally die. Although specific immunity mediated by cytolytic T-lymphocytes might have an anti-cancer role, tumours escape from T-cell-based immune surveillance using various mechanisms, such as downregulation, mutation or loss of HLA class I molecules. As a consequence, these transformed cells could become targets for natural killer (NK) cells, whose cytotoxic capabilities are not blocked by HLA class I molecule engagement by specific inhibitory receptors. Novel developments in NK-cell research, particularly the identification of the role of non-HLA-restricted activating receptors (and in some cases of their ligands), have recently enabled us to reconsider NK-cell interactions with haematological malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis T Costello
- Laboratoire Immunologie des Tumeurs, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer de Marseille, 232 boulevard Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
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28
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Jensen M, Tawadros S, Sedlacek HH, Schultze JL, Berthold F. NK cell depletion diminish tumour-specific B cell responses. Immunol Lett 2004; 93:205-10. [PMID: 15158618 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells can exercise immediate cytotoxicity against malignant cells and thus far modulate the development of tumour directed T cell immunity. To investigate the impact of NK cells on the development of tumour directed B cell immunity mice were immunised with IMR5-75 human neuroblastoma cells with or without prior in vivo NK cell depletion. Flow cytometry analyses gave evidence for an impaired IgG response against the cells immunised with. Dissection of Th1 (IgG2a) and Th2 (IgG1) oriented B cell responses revealed Th1 responses as primarily affected, while Th2 oriented B cell responses as measured by flow cytometry and GD2 ganglioside-specific ELISA were enforced. The data reveal an unexpected impact of NK cells on the development of tumour directed B cell responses. Consequently, NK cell function has also to be taken into account when developing B cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transplantation
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- G(M1) Ganglioside/immunology
- Gangliosides/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/blood
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Vaccination
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Jensen
- Molecular Tumour Biology and Tumour Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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29
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Serafini P, De Santo C, Marigo I, Cingarlini S, Dolcetti L, Gallina G, Zanovello P, Bronte V. Derangement of immune responses by myeloid suppressor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:64-72. [PMID: 14593498 PMCID: PMC11032848 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-003-0443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2003] [Accepted: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In tumor-bearing mice and cancer patients, tumor progression is often associated with altered hematopoiesis leading to the accumulation of myeloid cells. Extensive studies in preclinical models indicate that these cells share the CD11b and the Gr-1 markers, possess a mixed mature-immature myeloid phenotype, and are responsible for the induction of T-cell dysfunctions, both tumor-specific and nonspecific. Moreover, CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) myeloid cells are described under different unrelated situations associated with temporary impairment of the T-lymphocyte reactivity. This review examines recent findings on the nature, properties, and mechanisms of action of these myeloid suppressor cells (MSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Serafini
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Oncology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Carmela De Santo
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Oncology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marigo
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Oncology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Cingarlini
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Oncology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Dolcetti
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Oncology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gallina
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Oncology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Zanovello
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Oncology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bronte
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Oncology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Liu Y, Van Ginderachter JA, Brys L, De Baetselier P, Raes G, Geldhof AB. Nitric oxide-independent CTL suppression during tumor progression: association with arginase-producing (M2) myeloid cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5064-74. [PMID: 12734351 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.5064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most of the mice bearing a s.c. BW-Sp3 lymphoma tumor mount a CD8(+) T cell-mediated response resulting in tumor regression. Nonetheless, tumor progression occurs in some of the recipients and is associated with CTL inactivity. We demonstrated that T cell-activating APC were induced in regressors whereas T cell suppressive myeloid cells predominated in the spleen of progressors. Indeed, in vitro depletion of either the adherent or the CD11b(+) populations restored T cell cytotoxicity and proliferation in these mice. This CTL inhibition was cell-to-cell contact-dependent but not mediated by NO. However, the same progressor suppressive cells prevented the activity of in vitro-restimulated CTLs derived from regressors in a cell-to-cell contact and NO-dependent fashion. Thus, either the NO-dependent or -independent suppressive pathway prevailed, depending on the target CTL population. In addition, the suppressive population expressed a high arginase activity, suggesting an association of the suppressive phenotype with alternatively activated (M2) myeloid cells. However, the high arginase activity is not directly involved in the suppressive process. Our results provide new insights for myeloid cell-mediated CTL inhibition during cancer progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Arginase/biosynthesis
- CD11b Antigen/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/enzymology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred AKR
- Myeloid Cells/enzymology
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/enzymology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
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Abstract
The classical pathway of interferon-gamma-dependent activation of macrophages by T helper 1 (T(H)1)-type responses is a well-established feature of cellular immunity to infection with intracellular pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV. The concept of an alternative pathway of macrophage activation by the T(H)2-type cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 has gained credence in the past decade, to account for a distinctive macrophage phenotype that is consistent with a different role in humoral immunity and repair. In this review, I assess the evidence in favour of alternative macrophage activation in the light of macrophage heterogeneity, and define its limits and relevance to a range of immune and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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