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Ito H, Morishita R, Noda M, Ishiguro T, Nishikawa M, Nagata KI. The synaptic scaffolding protein CNKSR2 interacts with CYTH2 to mediate hippocampal granule cell development. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101427. [PMID: 34800437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CNKSR2 is a synaptic scaffolding molecule that is encoded by the CNKSR2 gene located on the X chromosome. Heterozygous mutations to CNKSR2 in humans are associated with intellectual disability and epileptic seizures, yet the cellular and molecular roles for CNKSR2 in nervous system development and disease remain poorly characterized. Here, we identify a molecular complex comprising CNKSR2 and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for ARF small GTPases, CYTH2, that is necessary for the proper development of granule neurons in the mouse hippocampus. Notably, we show that CYTH2 binding prevents proteasomal degradation of CNKSR2. Furthermore, to explore the functional significance of coexpression of CNKSR2 and CYTH2 in the soma of granule cells within the hippocampal dentate gyrus, we transduced mouse granule cell precursors in vivo with small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to silence CNKSR2 or CYTH2 expression. We found that such manipulations resulted in the abnormal localization of transduced cells at the boundary between the granule cell layer and the hilus. In both cases, CNKSR2-knockdown and CYTH2-knockdown cells exhibited characteristics of immature granule cells, consistent with their putative roles in neuron differentiation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that CNKSR2 and its molecular interaction partner CYTH2 are necessary for the proper development of dentate granule cells within the hippocampus through a mechanism that involves the stabilization of a complex comprising these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Rika Morishita
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mariko Noda
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishiguro
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan; Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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EGFP-EGF1-conjugated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles as a carrier for the delivery of CCR2- shRNA to atherosclerotic macrophage in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19636. [PMID: 33184330 PMCID: PMC7661524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing macrophage recruitment by silencing chemokine (C–C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) expression is a promising therapeutic approach against atherosclerosis. However the transfection of macrophages with siRNA is often technically challenging. EGFP-EGF1-conjugated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (ENPs) have a specific affinity to tissue factor (TF). In this study, the feasibility of ENPs as a carrier for target delivery of CCR2-shRNA to atherosclerotic cellular models of macrophages was investigated. Coumarin-6 loaded ENPs were synthesized using a double-emulsion method. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry assay were taken to examine the uptake of Coumarin-6 loaded ENPs in the cellular model. Then a sequence of shRNA specific to CCR2 mRNA was constructed and encapsulated into ENPs. Target delivery of CCR2-shRNA to atherosclerotic cellular models of macrophages in vitro were evaluated. Results showed more uptake of ENPs by the cellular model than common PLGA nanoparticles. CCR2-shRNA loaded ENPs effectively silenced CCR2 gene in the atherosclerotic macrophages and exhibited a favorable cytotoxic profile to cultured cells. With their low cytotoxicity and efficient drug delivery, ENP could be a useful carrier for target delivery of CCR2-shRNA to inflammatory monocytes/macrophages for the therapy against atherosclerosis.
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Ito H, Morishita R, Mizuno M, Tabata H, Nagata KI. Rho family GTPases, Rac and Cdc42, control the localization of neonatal dentate granule cells during brain development. Hippocampus 2018; 29:569-578. [PMID: 30387892 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is generally considered as a brain center for learning and memory. We have recently established an electroporation-mediated gene transfer method to investigate the development of neonatal dentate granule cells in vivo. Using this new technique, we introduced knockdown vectors against Rac1 small GTPase into precursors for dentate granule cells at postnatal day 0. After 21 days, Rac1-deficient cells were frequently mispositioned between the granule cell layer (GCL) and hilus. About 60% of these mislocalized cells expressed a dentate granule cell marker, Prox1. Both the dendritic spine density and the ratio of mature spine were reduced when Rac1 was silenced. Notably, the deficient cells have immature thin processes during migrating in the early neonatal period. Knockdown of another Rac isoform, Rac3, also resulted in mislocalization of neonatally born dentate granule cells. In addition, knockdown of Cdc42, another Rho family protein, also caused mislocalization of the cell, although the effects were moderate compared to Rac1 and 3. Despite the ectopic localization, Rac3- or Cdc42-disrupted mispositioned cells expressed Prox1. These results indicate that Rho signaling pathways differentially regulate the proper localization and differentiation of dentate granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rika Morishita
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuno
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tabata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Xiao J, Zhu T, Yin YZ, Sun B. Notoginsenoside R1, a unique constituent of Panax notoginseng, blinds proinflammatory monocytes to protect against cardiac hypertrophy in ApoE-/- mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:441-450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Determining Physical Mechanisms of Gene Expression Regulation from Single Cell Gene Expression Data. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005072. [PMID: 27551778 PMCID: PMC4995004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many genes are expressed in bursts, which can contribute to cell-to-cell heterogeneity. It is now possible to measure this heterogeneity with high throughput single cell gene expression assays (single cell qPCR and RNA-seq). These experimental approaches generate gene expression distributions which can be used to estimate the kinetic parameters of gene expression bursting, namely the rate that genes turn on, the rate that genes turn off, and the rate of transcription. We construct a complete pipeline for the analysis of single cell qPCR data that uses the mathematics behind bursty expression to develop more accurate and robust algorithms for analyzing the origin of heterogeneity in experimental samples, specifically an algorithm for clustering cells by their bursting behavior (Simulated Annealing for Bursty Expression Clustering, SABEC) and a statistical tool for comparing the kinetic parameters of bursty expression across populations of cells (Estimation of Parameter changes in Kinetics, EPiK). We applied these methods to hematopoiesis, including a new single cell dataset in which transcription factors (TFs) involved in the earliest branchpoint of blood differentiation were individually up- and down-regulated. We could identify two unique sub-populations within a seemingly homogenous group of hematopoietic stem cells. In addition, we could predict regulatory mechanisms controlling the expression levels of eighteen key hematopoietic transcription factors throughout differentiation. Detailed information about gene regulatory mechanisms can therefore be obtained simply from high throughput single cell gene expression data, which should be widely applicable given the rapid expansion of single cell genomics.
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Ito H, Morishita R, Nagata KI. Schizophrenia susceptibility gene product dysbindin-1 regulates the homeostasis of cyclin D1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1383-91. [PMID: 27130439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysbindin-1 (dystrobrevin binding protein-1, DTNBP1) is now widely accepted as a potential schizophrenia susceptibility gene and accumulating evidence indicates its functions in the neural development. In this study, we tried to identify new binding partners for dysbindin-1 to clarify the novel function of this molecule. When consulted with BioGRID protein interaction database, cyclin D3 was found to be a possible binding partner for dysbindin-1. We then examined the interaction between various dysbindin-1 isoforms (dysbindin-1A, -1B and -1C) and all three D-type cyclins (cyclin D1, D2, and D3) by immunoprecipitation with the COS7 cell expression system, and found that dysbindin-1A preferentially interacts with cyclin D1. The mode of interaction between these molecules was considered as direct binding since recombinant dysbindin-1A and cyclin D1 formed a complex in vitro. Mapping analyses revealed that the C-terminal region of dysbindin-1A binds to the C-terminal of cyclin D1. Consistent with the results of the biochemical analyses, endogenous dysbindin-1was partially colocalized with cyclin D1 in NIH3T3 fibroblast cells and in neuronal stem and/or progenitor cells in embryonic mouse brain. While co-expression of dysbindin-1A with cyclin D1 changed the localization of the latter from the nucleus to cytosol, cyclin D1-binding partner CDK4 inhibited the dysbindin-cyclin D1 interaction. Meanwhile, depletion of endogenous dysbindin-1A increased cyclin D1 expression. These results indicate that dysbindin-1A may control the cyclin D1 function spatiotemporally and might contribute to better understanding of the pathophysiology of dysbindin-1-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Rika Morishita
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan; Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Wezel A, van der Velden D, Maassen JM, Lagraauw HM, de Vries MR, Karper JC, Kuiper J, Bot I, Quax PHA. RP105 deficiency attenuates early atherosclerosis via decreased monocyte influx in a CCR2 dependent manner. Atherosclerosis 2014; 238:132-9. [PMID: 25484103 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a key role in inflammation and previously it was established that TLR4 deficiency attenuates atherosclerosis. RadioProtective 105 (RP105) is a structural homolog of TLR4 and an important regulator of TLR4 signaling, suggesting that RP105 may also be an important effector in atherosclerosis. We thus aimed to determine the role of RP105 in atherosclerotic lesion development using RP105 deficient mice on an atherosclerotic background. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis was induced in Western-type diet fed low density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLr(-/-)) and LDLr/RP105 double knockout (LDLr(-/-)/RP105(-/-)) mice by means of perivascular carotid artery collar placement. Lesion size was significantly reduced by 58% in LDLr(-/-)/RP105(-/-) mice, and moreover, plaque macrophage content was markedly reduced by 40%. In a model of acute peritonitis, monocyte influx was almost 3-fold reduced in LDLr(-/-)/RP105(-/-) mice (P = 0.001), while neutrophil influx remained unaltered, suggestive of an altered migratory capacity of monocytes upon deletion of RP105. Interestingly, in vitro stimulation of monocytes with LPS induced a downregulation of CCR2, a chemokine receptor crucially involved in monocyte influx to atherosclerotic lesions, which was more pronounced in LDLr(-/-)/RP105(-/-) monocytes as compared to LDLr(-/-) monocytes. CONCLUSION We here show that RP105 deficiency results in reduced early atherosclerotic plaque development with a marked decrease in lesional macrophage content, which may be due to disturbed migration of RP105 deficient monocytes resulting from CCR2 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Wezel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël van der Velden
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Maassen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Maxime Lagraauw
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet R de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco C Karper
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Bot I, Daissormont ITMN, Zernecke A, van Puijvelde GHM, Kramp B, de Jager SCA, Sluimer JC, Manca M, Hérias V, Westra MM, Bot M, van Santbrink PJ, van Berkel TJC, Su L, Skjelland M, Gullestad L, Kuiper J, Halvorsen B, Aukrust P, Koenen RR, Weber C, Biessen EAL. CXCR4 blockade induces atherosclerosis by affecting neutrophil function. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 74:44-52. [PMID: 24816217 PMCID: PMC4418455 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The SDF-1α/CXCR4 dyad was previously shown by us and others to be instrumental in intimal hyperplasia as well as early stage atherosclerosis. We here sought to investigate its impact on clinically relevant stages of atherosclerosis in mouse and man. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis of CXCR4 expression in human atherosclerotic lesions revealed a progressive accumulation of CXCR4(+) cells during plaque progression. To address causal involvement of CXCR4 in advanced stages of atherosclerosis we reconstituted LDLr(-/-) mice with autologous bone marrow infected with lentivirus encoding SDF-1α antagonist or CXCR4 degrakine, which effects proteasomal degradation of CXCR4. Functional CXCR4 blockade led to progressive plaque expansion with disease progression, while also promoting intraplaque haemorrhage. Moreover, CXCR4 knockdown was seen to augment endothelial adhesion of neutrophils. Concordant with this finding, inhibition of CXCR4 function increased adhesive capacity and reduced apoptosis of neutrophils and resulted in hyperactivation of circulating neutrophils. Compatible with a role of the neutrophil CXCR4 in end-stage atherosclerosis, CXCR4 expression by circulating neutrophils was lowered in patients with acute cardiovascular syndromes. CONCLUSION In conclusion, CXCR4 contributes to later stages of plaque progression by perturbing neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabelle T M N Daissormont
- Experimental Vascular Pathology Group, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gijs H M van Puijvelde
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit Kramp
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith C Sluimer
- Experimental Vascular Pathology Group, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Manca
- Experimental Vascular Pathology Group, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Veronica Hérias
- Experimental Vascular Pathology Group, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Westra
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van Santbrink
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J C van Berkel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lishan Su
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Mona Skjelland
- Department of Neurology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Gullestad
- Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul Aukrust
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Rory R Koenen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Experimental Vascular Pathology Group, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Calero-Nieto FJ, Ng FS, Wilson NK, Hannah R, Moignard V, Leal-Cervantes AI, Jimenez-Madrid I, Diamanti E, Wernisch L, Göttgens B. Key regulators control distinct transcriptional programmes in blood progenitor and mast cells. EMBO J 2014; 33:1212-26. [PMID: 24760698 PMCID: PMC4168288 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances in the generation of genome-wide binding maps, the mechanisms by which transcription factors (TFs) regulate cell type identity have remained largely obscure. Through comparative analysis of 10 key haematopoietic TFs in both mast cells and blood progenitors, we demonstrate that the largely cell type-specific binding profiles are not opportunistic, but instead contribute to cell type-specific transcriptional control, because (i) mathematical modelling of differential binding of shared TFs can explain differential gene expression, (ii) consensus binding sites are important for cell type-specific binding and (iii) knock-down of blood stem cell regulators in mast cells reveals mast cell-specific genes as direct targets. Finally, we show that the known mast cell regulators Mitf and c-fos likely contribute to the global reorganisation of TF binding profiles. Taken together therefore, our study elucidates how key regulatory TFs contribute to transcriptional programmes in several distinct mammalian cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Calero-Nieto
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Felicia S Ng
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola K Wilson
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Hannah
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victoria Moignard
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana I Leal-Cervantes
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabel Jimenez-Madrid
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Evangelia Diamanti
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lorenz Wernisch
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
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10
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Lagraauw HM, Westra MM, Bot M, Wezel A, van Santbrink PJ, Pasterkamp G, Biessen EAL, Kuiper J, Bot I. Vascular neuropeptide Y contributes to atherosclerotic plaque progression and perivascular mast cell activation. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:196-203. [PMID: 24858338 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neuropeptide Y is an abundantly expressed neurotransmitter capable of modulating both immune and metabolic responses related to the development of atherosclerosis. NPY receptors are expressed by a number of vascular wall cell types, among which mast cells. However, the direct effects of NPY on atherosclerotic plaque development and progression remain to be investigated. In this study we thus aimed to determine whether NPY is expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and to establish its role in atherosclerotic plaque development. METHODS AND RESULTS NPY expression was seen to be increased up to 2-fold in unstable human endarterectomy plaques, as compared to stable plaques, and to be significantly upregulated during lesion progression in apoE(-/-) mice. In apoE(-/-) mice focal overexpression of NPY in the carotid artery significantly increased atherosclerotic plaque size compared to controls, while plaque composition was unaffected. Interestingly, perivascular mast cell activation was significantly higher in the NPY-overexpressing mice, suggesting that NPY may impact plaque progression in part via mast cell activation. Furthermore, in vitro NPY-induced murine mast cell activation resulted in the release of pro-atherogenic mediators including IL-6 and tryptase. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that NPY expression is increased during atherogenesis and in particular in unstable plaques. Furthermore, perivascular overexpression of NPY promoted plaque development and perivascular mast cell activation, suggestive of a role for NPY-induced mast cell activation in lesion progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maxime Lagraauw
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijke M Westra
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Wezel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van Santbrink
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- Experimental Vascular Pathology Group, Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Zhang X, Wang Q, Bi Y, Kou Z, Zhou J, Cui Y, Yan Y, Zhou L, Tan Y, Yang H, Du Z, Han Y, Song Y, Zhang P, Zhou D, Yang R, Wang X. Kinetics of Memory B Cell and Plasma Cell Responses in the Mice Immunized with Plague Vaccines. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:157-62. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Zhang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - Q. Wang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - Y. Bi
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - Z. Kou
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - J. Zhou
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - Y. Cui
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - Y. Yan
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - L. Zhou
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - Y. Tan
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - H. Yang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - Z. Du
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - Y. Han
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - Y. Song
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - P. Zhang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - D. Zhou
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - R. Yang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
| | - X. Wang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing China
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12
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Mittal V, Nolan DJ. Genomics and proteomics approaches in understanding tumor angiogenesis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 7:133-47. [PMID: 17331062 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Functional genomic and proteomic approaches have begun to revolutionize cancer research. The advent of powerful technologies, such as DNA microarrays, serial analysis of gene expression, RNA interference and proteomics, has accelerated investigations of gene identification and function at a scale never before accomplished. Approaches integrating these technologies with high-throughput forward and reverse genetic screens, are already providing insights into the mechanistic understanding of angiogenesis, leading to the identification of proteins that can be used for selective targeting of tumor vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mittal
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cancer Genome Research Center, NY, USA.
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13
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Cho YS, Lee GY, Sajja HK, Qian W, Cao Z, He W, Karna P, Chen X, Mao H, Wang YA, Yang L. Targeted delivery of siRNA-generating DNA nanocassettes using multifunctional nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1964-73. [PMID: 23292656 PMCID: PMC3674124 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular therapy using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) has shown promise in the development of novel therapeutics. Various formulations have been used for in vivo delivery of siRNAs. However, the stability of short double-stranded RNA molecules in the blood and efficiency of siRNA delivery into target organs or tissues following systemic administration have been the major issues that limit applications of siRNA in human patients. In this study, multifunctional siRNA delivery nanoparticles are developed that combine imaging capability of nanoparticles with urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-targeted delivery of siRNA expressing DNA nanocassettes. This theranostic nanoparticle platform consists of a nanoparticle conjugated with targeting ligands and double-stranded DNA nanocassettes containing a U6 promoter and a shRNA gene for in vivo siRNA expression. Targeted delivery and gene silencing efficiency of firefly luciferase siRNA nanogenerators are demonstrated in tumor cells and in animal tumor models. Delivery of survivin siRNA expressing nanocassettes into tumor cells induces apoptotic cell death and sensitizes cells to chemotherapy drugs. The ability of expression of siRNAs from multiple nanocassettes conjugated to a single nanoparticle following receptor-mediated internalization should enhance the therapeutic effect of the siRNA-mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - H. K. Sajja
- Emory University School of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Uijeongbu, 480717, Korea
| | - W. Qian
- Emory University School of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Uijeongbu, 480717, Korea
| | - Z. Cao
- Emory University School of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Uijeongbu, 480717, Korea
| | - W. He
- First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China
| | - P. Karna
- Emory University School of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Uijeongbu, 480717, Korea
| | - X. Chen
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - H. Mao
- Emory University School of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Uijeongbu, 480717, Korea
| | - Y. A. Wang
- Ocean Nanotech, LLC Springdale, AR 72764, USA
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14
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Guo J, Zhang H, Xiao J, Wu J, Ye Y, Li Z, Zou Y, Li X. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 promotes the myocardial homing of mesenchymal stem cells in dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8164-78. [PMID: 23591836 PMCID: PMC3645736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common form of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy that leads to heart failure. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are under active investigation currently as a potential therapy for DCM. However, little information is available about the therapeutic potential of intravenous administration of MSCs for DCM. Moreover, how MSCs home to the myocardium in DCM is also unclear. DCM was induced by intraperitoneally administering Doxorubicin and MSCs or vehicles were infused through the internal jugular vein. Cardiac functions including the percentage of fractional shortening, left ventricular diastolic dimension, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and left ventricular maximum dp/dt were evaluated by echocardiographic and hemodynamic studies. Fibrosis was determined by Masson’s trichrome staining. The mRNA expression levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3) were determined using real time polymerase chain reactions and the protein expression level of MCP-1 was detected with Western blot. The MSCs expression of C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), a MCP-1 receptor, was confirmed by Western blot and flow cytometry analysis. The chemotactic effects of MCP-1/CCR2 were checked by assessing the migration in vitro and in vivo. MSCs transplantation improved the cardiac function and decreased the myocardial fibrosis of mice with DCM. MCP-1 was up-regulated in dilated myocardial tissue both at the mRNA and protein level while SDF-1, MIP-1α and MCP-3 remain unchanged. CCR2 was present in MSCs. MCP-1 promoted MSCs migration in vitro while CCR2 inhibition decreased the migration of MCP-1 to the dilated heart. This study provides direct evidences that peripheral intravenous infusion of MSCs can support the functional recovery of DCM. In addition, novel insights into the myocardial homing factor of MSCs in DCM are presented. Modulation of MCP-1/CCR2 signaling system might be a novel therapeutic strategy for DCM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/therapy
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/physiology
- Chemokine CCL3/genetics
- Chemokine CCL3/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL7/genetics
- Chemokine CCL7/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL12/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Male
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/pathology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myocardium/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (J.G.); (H.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (J.G.); (H.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (J.G.); (H.Z.); (J.X.)
- Cell metabolism lab, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shanghai Cardiovascular Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yong Ye
- Shanghai Cardiovascular Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zheng Li
- Shanghai Cardiovascular Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Cardiovascular Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; E-Mails: (J.W.); (Y.Y.); (Z.L.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: or (X.L.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-25-8371-4511 (X.L.); Fax: +86-25-8367-3396 (X.L.)
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (J.G.); (H.Z.); (J.X.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: or (X.L.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-25-8371-4511 (X.L.); Fax: +86-25-8367-3396 (X.L.)
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15
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Schuh A, Kroh A, Konschalla S, Liehn EA, Sobota RM, Biessen EA, Bot I, Sönmez TT, Tolga Taha S, Schober A, Marx N, Weber C, Sasse A. Myocardial regeneration by transplantation of modified endothelial progenitor cells expressing SDF-1 in a rat model. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:2311-20. [PMID: 22288686 PMCID: PMC3823424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell based therapy has been shown to attenuate myocardial dysfunction after myocardial infarction (MI) in different acute and chronic animal models. It has been further shown that stromal-cell derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) facilitates proliferation and migration of endogenous progenitor cells into injured tissue. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of exogenously applied and endogenously mobilized cells in a regenerative strategy for MI therapy. Lentivirally SDF-1α-infected endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were injected after 90 min. of ligation and reperfusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) intramyocardial and intracoronary using a new rodent catheter system. Eight weeks after transplantation, echocardiography and isolated heart studies revealed a significant improvement of LV function after intramyocardial application of lentiviral with SDF-1 infected EPCs compared to medium control. Intracoronary application of cells did not lead to significant differences compared to medium injected control hearts. Histology showed a significantly elevated rate of apoptotic cells and augmented proliferation after transplantation of EPCs and EPCs + SDF-1α in infarcted myocardium. In addition, a significant increased density of CD31+ vessel structures, a lower collagen content and higher numbers of inflammatory cells after transplantation of SDF-1 transgenic cells were detectable. Intramyocardial application of lentiviral-infected EPCs is associated with a significant improvement of myocardial function after infarction, in contrast to an intracoronary application. Histological results revealed a significant augmentation of neovascularization, lower collagen content, higher numbers of inflammatory cells and remarkable alterations of apoptotic/proliferative processes in infarcted areas after cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schuh
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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16
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Shao SL, Sun YY, Li XY, Zhang WW, Fu B, Yun DZ, Zuo MX. The reversion effect of the RNAi-silencing mdr1 gene on multidrug resistance of the leukemia cell HT9. Cell Biol Int 2013; 32:893-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Raghunathan S, Patel BM. Therapeutic implications of small interfering RNA in cardiovascular diseases. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2012; 27:1-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2012.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suchi Raghunathan
- Institute of Pharmacy; Nirma University; Ahmedabad; 382 481; Gujarat; India
| | - Bhoomika M. Patel
- Institute of Pharmacy; Nirma University; Ahmedabad; 382 481; Gujarat; India
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18
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism to inhibit the expression of gene products in a highly specific manner. In recent years, RNAi has become the cornerstone of gene function studies, shortening the otherwise long process of target identification and validation. In addition, small interfering RNA (siRNA) and short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) therapies are being developed for the treatment of a variety of human diseases. Despite its huge potential for gene silencing, a hurdle to safe and effective RNAi is the activation of innate immune responses. Induction of innate immunity is dose- and sequence-dependent, and is also influenced by target tissue and delivery vehicle. Research on the molecular mechanisms mediating this response is helping to improve the design of the RNAi molecules. Nevertheless, appropriate testing for the presence of this undesired effect is needed prior to making conclusions on the outcome of the silencing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Morral
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Diabetes Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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19
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Izhak L, Wildbaum G, Jung S, Stein A, Shaked Y, Karin N. Dissecting the autocrine and paracrine roles of the CCR2-CCL2 axis in tumor survival and angiogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28305. [PMID: 22279523 PMCID: PMC3261135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCL2 CCR2 axis is likely to contributes to the development and progression of cancer diseases by two major mechanisms; autocrine effect of CCL2 as a survival/growth factor for CCR2+ cancer cells and, the attraction of CCR2+ CX₃CR1+tumor associated macrophages that in the absence of CCR2 hardly migrate. Thus far no in vivo system has been set up to differentiate the selective contribution of each of these features to cancer development. Here we employed a chimera animal model in which all non-malignant cells are CCR2-/-, but all cancer cells are CCR2+, combined with an adoptive transfer system of bone marrow (BM) CX₃CR1+ cells from CCR2+ mice harboring a targeted replacement of the CX₃CR1gene by an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene (cx₃cr1(gfp)), together with the CD45.1 congene. Using this system we dissected the selective contribution of CX₃CR1+CCR2+ cells, which comprise only about 7% of CD11b+ BM cells, to tumor development and angiogenesis. Showing that aside for their direct pro-angiogenic effect they are essential for the recruitment of other CD11b+ cells to the tumor site. We further show that the administration of CCR2-Ig, that selectively and specifically neutralize CCL2, to mice in which CCR2 is expressed only on tumor cells, further suppressed tumor development, implicating for the key role of this chemokine supporting tumor survival in an autocrine manner. This further emphasizes the important role of CCL2 as a target for therapy of cancer diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Autocrine Communication/genetics
- Autocrine Communication/physiology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Immunohistochemistry
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Paracrine Communication/genetics
- Paracrine Communication/physiology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Burden
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Izhak
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Institute for Medical Research, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gizi Wildbaum
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Institute for Medical Research, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avi Stein
- Department of Urology Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Shaked
- Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Institute for Medical Research, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Institute for Medical Research, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Institute for Medical Research, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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20
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Portillo JAC, Okenka G, Reed E, Subauste A, Van Grol J, Gentil K, Komatsu M, Tanaka K, Landreth G, Levine B, Subauste CS. The CD40-autophagy pathway is needed for host protection despite IFN-Γ-dependent immunity and CD40 induces autophagy via control of P21 levels. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14472. [PMID: 21217818 PMCID: PMC3013095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy degrades pathogens in vitro. The autophagy gene Atg5 has been reported to be required for IFN-γ-dependent host protection in vivo. However, these protective effects occur independently of autophagosome formation. Thus, the in vivo role of classic autophagy in protection conferred by adaptive immunity and how adaptive immunity triggers autophagy are incompletely understood. Employing biochemical, genetic and morphological studies, we found that CD40 upregulates the autophagy molecule Beclin 1 in microglia and triggers killing of Toxoplasma gondii dependent on the autophagy machinery. Infected CD40(-/-) mice failed to upregulate Beclin 1 in microglia/macrophages in vivo. Autophagy-deficient Beclin 1(+/-) mice, mice with deficiency of the autophagy protein Atg7 targeted to microglia/macrophages as well as CD40(-/-) mice exhibited impaired killing of T. gondii and were susceptible to cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis. Susceptibility to toxoplasmosis occurred despite upregulation of IFN-γ, TNF-α and NOS2, preservation of IFN-γ-induced microglia/macrophage anti-T. gondii activity and the generation of anti-T. gondii T cell immunity. CD40 upregulated Beclin 1 and triggered killing of T. gondii by decreasing protein levels of p21, a molecule that degrades Beclin 1. These studies identified CD40-p21-Beclin 1 as a pathway by which adaptive immunity stimulates autophagy. In addition, they support that autophagy is a mechanism through which CD40-dependent immunity mediates in vivo protection and that the CD40-autophagic machinery is needed for host resistance despite IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Andres C. Portillo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Genevieve Okenka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Erin Reed
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Angela Subauste
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Van Grol
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katrin Gentil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Laboratory for Frontier Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory for Frontier Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gary Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Beth Levine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos S. Subauste
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Chen BA, Mao PP, Cheng J, Gao F, Xia GH, Xu WL, Shen HL, Ding JH, Gao C, Sun Q, Chen WJ, Chen NN, Liu LJ, Li XM, Wang XM. Reversal of multidrug resistance by magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticle copolymerizating daunorubicin and MDR1 shRNA expression vector in leukemia cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:437-44. [PMID: 20957165 PMCID: PMC2950401 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s10083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In many instances, multidrug resistance (MDR) is mediated by increasing the expression at the cell surface of the MDR1 gene product, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a 170-kD energy-dependent efflux pump. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential benefit of combination therapy with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticle [MNP (Fe3O4)] and MDR1 shRNA expression vector in K562/A02 cells. For stable reversal of “classical” MDR by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) aiming directly at the target sequence (3491–3509, 1539–1557, and 3103–3121 nucleotide) of MDR1 mRNA. PGC silencer-U6-neo-GFP-shRNA/MDR1 called PGY1–1, PGY1–2, and PGY1–3 were constructed and transfected into K562/A02 cells by lipofectamine 2000. After transfected and incubated with or without MNP (Fe3O4) for 48 hours, the transcription of MDR1 mRNA and the expression of P-gp were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western-blot assay respectively. Meanwhile intracellular concentration of DNR in K562/A02 cells was detected by flow cytometry (FCM). PGC silencer-U6-neo-GFP-shRNA/MDR1 was successfully constructed, which was confirmed by sequencing and PGY1–2 had the greatest MDR1 gene inhibitory ratio. Analysis of the reversal ratio of MDR, the concentration of daunorubicin (DNR) and the transcription of MDR1 gene and expression of P-gp in K562/A02 showed that combination of DNR with either MNP (Fe3O4) or PGY1–2 exerted a potent cytotoxic effect on K562/A02 cells, while combination of MNP (Fe3O4) and PGY1–2 could synergistically reverse multidrug resistance. Thus our in vitro data strongly suggested that a combination of MNP (Fe3O4) and shRNA expression vector might be a more sufficient and less toxic anti-MDR method on leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-an Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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22
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Silencing of either SR-A or CD36 reduces atherosclerosis in hyperlipidaemic mice and reveals reciprocal upregulation of these receptors. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 88:530-8. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
Therapeutic application of siRNA requires delivery to the correct
intracellular location, to interact with the RNAi machinery within the
target cell, within the target tissue responsible for the pathology. Each of
these levels of targeting poses a significant barrier. To overcome these
barriers several strategies have been developed, such as chemical
modifications of siRNA, viral nucleic acid delivery systems, and nonviral
nucleic acid delivery systems. Here, we discuss progress that has been made
to improve targeted delivery of siRNA in vivo for each of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Oliveira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Room Z735A,
PO Box 80082, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Room Z735A,
PO Box 80082, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond M. Schiffelers
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Room Z735A,
PO Box 80082, 3508 Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * Raymond M. Schiffelers:
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24
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Aparicio-Vergara M, Shiri-Sverdlov R, de Haan G, Hofker MH. Bone marrow transplantation in mice as a tool for studying the role of hematopoietic cells in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:335-44. [PMID: 20576267 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cells have been established as major players in cardiovascular disease, with an important role in the etiology of atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, hematopoietic cells, and in particular the cells of monocyte and macrophage lineages, have recently been unmasked as one of the main causes of metabolic abnormalities leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. With the availability of transgenic mouse models that reproduce many aspects of these diseases, research in these areas has been able to make exceptional progress. Much of the work exploring the role of hematopoietic cells has been carried out on chimeric mice made by the recipient disease model mice being given donor bone marrow cells from transgenic mice harboring a genetic alteration in a relevant pathway. Here, we will describe the potential of the bone marrow transplantation approach and discuss recent developments, including the use of virally transduced cells. We will explain some of the caveats, their effect on the experimental outcomes, and some possible solutions. Taken as a whole, this technology offers great advantages in efficiency and cost-effectiveness, and it is expected to continue to be a crucial technique in cardiovascular research work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Aparicio-Vergara
- Molecular Genetics, Medical Biology Section, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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de Waard V, Bot I, de Jager SCA, Talib S, Egashira K, de Vries MR, Quax PHA, Biessen EAL, van Berkel TJC. Systemic MCP1/CCR2 blockade and leukocyte specific MCP1/CCR2 inhibition affect aortic aneurysm formation differently. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:84-9. [PMID: 20197192 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CCR2, the receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), is involved in atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Here, we explored the potential beneficial blockade of the MCP1/CCR2 pathway. METHODS We applied an AAA model in aging apolipoprotein E deficient mice with pre-existing atherosclerotic lesions. These mice were subjected to two therapeutic strategies. First, a dominant negative form of MCP1 was overexpressed in femoral muscles, resulting in circulating levels of MCP1-7ND (7ND), competing with native MCP1. In the second approach, bone marrow transplantation was performed using bone marrow cells that were infected with a lentiviral construct containing siRNA for CCR2, to specifically inhibit only leukocyte CCR2 expression. RESULTS Both strategies did not influence lesion size of the advanced atherosclerotic plaques. However, 7ND induced a more fibrous plaque phenotype. Yet, surprisingly a trend in increased number and severity of AAA was observed in the 7ND group. Smooth muscle cells in the aneurysm showed decreased phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription five (STAT5, P<0.01) in the 7ND group, which is indicative for a decreased proliferative and migratory (wound healing) response. This presumably resulted in the increased AAA development. In contrast, siRNA-induced inhibition of CCR2 in leukocytes led to a significant inhibition in aneurysm formation. In conclusion, systemic inhibition of the MCP1/CCR2 pathway leads to a fibrous plaque phenotype in the advanced atherosclerotic lesions, but to potential adverse effects on AAA formation, implying that for a beneficial overall therapeutic approach, specific inhibitory targeting of leukocyte CCR2 will be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian de Waard
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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Moore CB, Guthrie EH, Huang MTH, Taxman DJ. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA): design, delivery, and assessment of gene knockdown. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 629:141-58. [PMID: 20387148 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-657-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Shortly after the cellular mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) was first described, scientists began using this powerful technique to study gene function. This included designing better methods for the successful delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) into mammalian cells. While the simplest method for RNAi is the cytosolic delivery of siRNA oligonucleotides, this technique is limited to cells capable of transfection and is primarily utilized during transient in vitro studies. The introduction of shRNA into mammalian cells through infection with viral vectors allows for stable integration of shRNA and long-term knockdown of the targeted gene; however, several challenges exist with the implementation of this technology. Here we describe some well-tested protocols which should increase the chances of successful design, delivery, and assessment of gene knockdown by shRNA. We provide suggestions for designing shRNA targets and controls, a protocol for sequencing through the secondary structure of the shRNA hairpin structure, and protocols for packaging and delivery of shRNA lentiviral particles. Using real-time PCR and functional assays we demonstrate the successful knockdown of ASC, an inflammatory adaptor molecule. These studies demonstrate the practicality of including two shRNAs with different efficacies of knockdown to provide an additional level of control and to verify dose dependency of functional effects. Along with the methods described here, as new techniques and algorithms are designed in the future, shRNA is likely to include further promising application and continue to be a critical component of gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris B Moore
- Virology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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27
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Abstract
Formation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) occurs in two steps involving binding of the RNA nucleases to a large double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) and its cleavage into fragments called siRNA. In the second step, these siRNAs join a multinuclease complex, which degrades the homologous single‐stranded mRNAs. The delivery of siRNA involves viral‐ and non‐viral‐mediated delivery systems; the approaches for chemical modifications have also been developed. It has various therapeutic applications for disorders like cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatic disorders, etc. The present review gives an overview of the applications of siRNA and their potential for treating many hitherto untreatable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoomika R Goyal
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University of Science and Technology, Ahmedabad 382 481, Gujarat, India.
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28
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Eefting D, Bot I, de Vries MR, Schepers A, van Bockel JH, Van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL, Quax PHA. Local lentiviral short hairpin RNA silencing of CCR2 inhibits vein graft thickening in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E3-Leiden mice. J Vasc Surg 2009; 50:152-60. [PMID: 19563963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory responses to vascular injury are key events in vein graft disease and accelerated atherosclerosis, which may result in bypass failure. The monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CC-chemokine receptor (CCR)-2 pathway is hypothesized to play a central role. A murine model for vein graft disease was used to study the effect of local application of lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted against CCR2. METHODS A venous interposition was placed into the carotid artery of hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E3-Leiden (APOE*3-Leiden) mice to induce vein graft thickening with features of accelerated atherosclerosis. To demonstrate the efficacy of the lentiviral shRNA targeting murine CCR2 (shCCR2) in blocking vein graft disease in vivo, lentiviral shCCR2 or a control lentivirus was used to infect the vein graft locally (n = 8). RESULTS Vascular CCR2 and MCP-1 messenger RNA expression levels were significantly upregulated during lesion progression in the vein graft. Infection of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with a lentiviral shRNA targeting shCCR2 completely abolished MCP-1-induced SMC migration and inhibited SMC proliferation in vitro (n = 3 per group). Morphometric analysis of sections of grafts showed a significant 38% reduction in vein graft thickening in the shCCR2-treated mice 4 weeks after surgery (control, 0.42 +/- 0.05 mm(2); shCCR2, 0.26 +/- 0.03 mm(2); P = .007). CONCLUSION Vascular CCR2 contributes to vein graft disease, and local application of shRNA against CCR2 to the vessel wall prevents vein graft thickening in hypercholesterolemic mice, suggesting that local overexpressing of shRNA using organ-targeted lentiviral gene delivery may be a promising therapeutic tool to improve vein graft disease in bypassed patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Vein graft disease is an important clinical issue that results from an inflammatory response. The monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CC-chemokine receptor (CCR)-2 pathway plays a key role in the initiation and development of vein graft disease. This study demonstrates that perivascular overexpression of short hairpin RNA, targeted against CCR2, inhibits vein graft thickening. These data show that organ-targeted gene therapy against CCR2 in the vessel wall could be a promising therapeutic tool to improve vein graft patency in bypassed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël Eefting
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO Quality of Life, Leiden, The Netherlands
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A novel short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression system promotes Sox9-dependent gene silencing. Plasmid 2009; 62:50-5. [PMID: 19389425 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage development and function are dependent on a temporally integrated program of gene expression. With the advent of RNA interference (RNAi), artificial control of these complex programs becomes a possibility, limited only by the ability to regulate and express the RNAi. Using existing methods for production of RNAi's, we have constructed a plasmid-based short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression system under control of the human pol III H1 promoter and supplemented this promoter with DNA binding sites for the cartilage-specific transcription factor Sox9. The resulting shRNA expression system displays robust, Sox9-dependent gene silencing. Dependence on Sox9 expression was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The ability of the system to regulate heterologously expressed Sox9 was demonstrated by Western blot, as a function of both Sox9 to shRNA ratio, as well as time from transfection. This novel expression system supports auto-regulatory gene silencing, providing a tissue-specific feedback mechanism for temporal control of gene expression. Its applications for both basic mechanistic studies and therapeutic purposes should facilitate the design and implementation of innovative tissue engineering strategies.
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Santamaria J, Khalfallah O, Sauty C, Brunet I, Sibieude M, Mallet J, Berrard S, Lecomte MJ. Silencing of choline acetyltransferase expression by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference in cultured cells and in the adult rodent brain. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:532-44. [PMID: 18803282 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent mechanism for local silencing of gene expression and can be used to study loss-of-function phenotypes in mammalian cells. We used RNAi to knockdown specifically the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme of acetylcholine biosynthesis, both in cultured cells and in the adult brain. We first identified a 19-nucleotide sequence in the coding region of rat and mouse ChAT transcripts that constitutes a target for potent silencing of ChAT expression by RNAi. We generated a lentiviral vector that produces both a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting ChAT mRNAs and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter protein to facilitate identification of transduced cells. In the cholinergic cell line NG108-15, there was at least 90% less of the ChAT protein, as measured by assaying its enzymatic activity, 3 days postinfection with this vector than in cells infected with a control vector. The vector was used to transduce cholinergic neurons in vivo and reduced ChAT expression strongly and specifically in the cholinergic neurons of the medial septum in adult rats, without affecting the expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. This lentiviral vector is thus a powerful tool for specific inactivation of cholinergic neurotransmission and can therefore be used to study the role of cholinergic nuclei in the brain. This lentiviral-mediated RNAi approach will also allow the development of new animal models of diseases in which cholinergic neurotransmission is specifically altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Santamaria
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7091, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
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Porter CC, DeGregori J. Interfering RNA-mediated purine analog resistance for in vitro and in vivo cell selection. Blood 2008; 112:4466-74. [PMID: 18587011 PMCID: PMC2597122 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-146571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of gene therapy has been slowed, in part, by inefficient transduction of targeted cells and poor long-term engraftment of genetically modified cells. Thus, the ability to select for a desired population of cells within a recipient would be of great benefit for improving gene therapy. Proposed strategies for in vivo cell selection using drug resistance genes have had disappointing outcomes and/or require highly genotoxic medications to be effective. We hypothesized that resistance to purine analogs, a well-tolerated, relatively low-toxicity class of medications, could be provided to cells using interfering RNA against hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase. Using a lentiviral vector, we found that interfering RNA-mediated purine analog resistance (iPAR) provided relative resistance to 6-thioguanine (6TG) in murine hematopoietic cells compared with control- and untransduced cells. iPAR attenuated 6TG-induced G(2)/M checkpoint activation, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Furthermore, in recipients of transplanted bone marrow cells with iPAR, treatment with 6TG resulted in increased percentages of transduced peripheral blood cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Secondary transplantations resulted in higher hematopoietic contributions from 6TG-treated primary recipients relative to phosphate-buffered saline-treated recipients. These findings indicate that iPAR/6TG can be used for in vivo hematopoietic progenitor cell selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Porter
- Rick Wilson Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Children's Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Bursill CA, McNeill E, Wang L, Hibbitt OC, Wade-Martins R, Paterson DJ, Greaves DR, Channon KM. Lentiviral gene transfer to reduce atherosclerosis progression by long-term CC-chemokine inhibition. Gene Ther 2008; 16:93-102. [PMID: 18800153 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CC-chemokines are important mediators in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis progression is reduced by high-level, short-term inhibition of CC-chemokine activity, for example by adenoviral gene transfer. However, atherosclerosis is a chronic condition where short-term effects, while demonstrating proof-of-principle, are unlikely to provide maximum therapeutic benefit. Accordingly, we generated a recombinant lentivirus, lenti35K, encoding the broad-spectrum CC chemokine inhibitor, 35K, derived from the vaccinia virus. To investigate the effects of prolonged broad-spectrum chemokine inhibition on atherosclerosis, lenti35K, or lentiGFP or PBS were delivered to 6-week-old ApoE knockout (ApoE-KO) mice by hydrodynamic injection. Sustained lentiviral transduction and transgene expression were demonstrated by 35K mRNA and viral DNA in liver tissue, and recombinant 35K protein circulating in the plasma, 3 months after gene transfer. Plasma from lenti35K animals had reduced chemokine activity compared with plasma from lentiGFP or PBS-treated animals. Histologic analysis of aortic sinus sections revealed that atherosclerotic plaque area in lenti35K mice was significantly reduced compared with both lentiGFP and PBS controls. Furthermore, plaque macrophage content was substantially reduced in lenti35K mice. Lentiviral 35K gene transfer is a promising experimental strategy to reduce atherosclerosis progression, and demonstrates the potential of long-term CC-chemokine inhibition as a potential therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bursill
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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