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Peikert K, Federti E, Matte A, Constantin G, Pietronigro EC, Fabene PF, Defilippi P, Turco E, Del Gallo F, Pucci P, Amoresano A, Illiano A, Cozzolino F, Monti M, Garello F, Terreno E, Alper SL, Glaß H, Pelzl L, Akgün K, Ziemssen T, Ordemann R, Lang F, Brunati AM, Tibaldi E, Andolfo I, Iolascon A, Bertini G, Buffelli M, Zancanaro C, Lorenzetto E, Siciliano A, Bonifacio M, Danek A, Walker RH, Hermann A, De Franceschi L. Therapeutic targeting of Lyn kinase to treat chorea-acanthocytosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:81. [PMID: 33941276 PMCID: PMC8091687 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorea-Acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a devastating, little understood, and currently untreatable neurodegenerative disease caused by VPS13A mutations. Based on our recent demonstration that accumulation of activated Lyn tyrosine kinase is a key pathophysiological event in human ChAc cells, we took advantage of Vps13a−/− mice, which phenocopied human ChAc. Using proteomic approach, we found accumulation of active Lyn, γ-synuclein and phospho-tau proteins in Vps13a−/− basal ganglia secondary to impaired autophagy leading to neuroinflammation. Mice double knockout Vps13a−/− Lyn−/− showed normalization of red cell morphology and improvement of autophagy in basal ganglia. We then in vivo tested pharmacologic inhibitors of Lyn: dasatinib and nilotinib. Dasatinib failed to cross the mouse brain blood barrier (BBB), but the more specific Lyn kinase inhibitor nilotinib, crosses the BBB. Nilotinib ameliorates both Vps13a−/− hematological and neurological phenotypes, improving autophagy and preventing neuroinflammation. Our data support the proposal to repurpose nilotinib as new therapeutic option for ChAc patients.
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Bhoopalan SV, Huang LJS, Weiss MJ. Erythropoietin regulation of red blood cell production: from bench to bedside and back. F1000Res 2020; 9:F1000 Faculty Rev-1153. [PMID: 32983414 PMCID: PMC7503180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.26648.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 50 years of efforts to identify the major cytokine responsible for red blood cell (RBC) production (erythropoiesis) led to the identification of erythropoietin (EPO) in 1977 and its receptor (EPOR) in 1989, followed by three decades of rich scientific discovery. We now know that an elaborate oxygen-sensing mechanism regulates the production of EPO, which in turn promotes the maturation and survival of erythroid progenitors. Engagement of the EPOR by EPO activates three interconnected signaling pathways that drive RBC production via diverse downstream effectors and simultaneously trigger negative feedback loops to suppress signaling activity. Together, the finely tuned mechanisms that drive endogenous EPO production and facilitate its downstream activities have evolved to maintain RBC levels in a narrow physiological range and to respond rapidly to erythropoietic stresses such as hypoxia or blood loss. Examination of these pathways has elucidated the genetics of numerous inherited and acquired disorders associated with deficient or excessive RBC production and generated valuable drugs to treat anemia, including recombinant human EPO and more recently the prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, which act partly by stimulating endogenous EPO synthesis. Ongoing structure-function studies of the EPOR and its essential partner, tyrosine kinase JAK2, suggest that it may be possible to generate new "designer" drugs that control selected subsets of cytokine receptor activities for therapeutic manipulation of hematopoiesis and treatment of blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Velan Bhoopalan
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS #355, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Lily Jun-shen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS #355, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Erythropoiesis is a complex multistep process going from committed erythroid progenitors to mature red cells. Although recent advances allow the characterization of some components of erythropoiesis, much still remains to be investigated particularly on stress erythropoiesis. This review summarizes recent progresses made to understand the impact of oxidative stress on normal and pathologic erythropoiesis. RECENT FINDINGS During erythroid maturation, reactive oxygen species might function as second messenger through either transient oxidation of cysteine residues on signaling targets or modulation of intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, in erythropoiesis, efficient cytoprotective systems are required to limit possible reactive oxygen species-related toxic effects especially in stress erythropoiesis characterized by severe oxidation such as β-thalassemia. In addition, prolonged or severe oxidative stress impairs autophagy, which might contribute to the block of erythroid maturation in stress erythropoiesis. Understanding the functional role of cytoprotective systems such as peroxiredoxin-2 or classical molecular chaperones such as the heat shock proteins will contribute to develop innovative therapeutic strategies for ineffective erythropoiesis. SUMMARY We provide an update on cytoprotective mechanisms against oxidation in normal and stress erythropoiesis. We discuss the role of oxidative sensors involved in modulation of intracellular signaling during erythroid maturation process in normal and stress erythropoiesis.
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Tibaldi E, Federti E, Matte A, Iatcenko I, Wilson AB, Riccardi V, Pagano MA, De Franceschi L. Oxidation Impacts the Intracellular Signaling Machinery in Hematological Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040353. [PMID: 32344529 PMCID: PMC7222375 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic coordination between kinases and phosphatases is crucial for cell homeostasis, in response to different stresses. The functional connection between oxidation and the intracellular signaling machinery still remains to be investigated. In the last decade, several studies have highlighted the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as modulators directly targeting kinases, phosphatases, and downstream modulators, or indirectly acting on cysteine residues on kinases/phosphatases resulting in protein conformational changes with modulation of intracellular signaling pathway(s). Translational studies have revealed the important link between oxidation and signal transduction pathways in hematological disorders. The intricate nature of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms, based on the generation of complex networks of different types of signaling proteins, revealed the novel and important role of phosphatases together with kinases in disease mechanisms. Thus, therapeutic approaches to abnormal signal transduction pathways should consider either inhibition of overactivated/accumulated kinases or homeostatic signaling resetting through the activation of phosphatases. This review discusses the progress in the knowledge of the interplay between oxidation and cell signaling, involving phosphatase/kinase systems in models of globally distributed hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tibaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.T.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Enrica Federti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Alessandro Matte
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Iana Iatcenko
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Anand B. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Veronica Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Mario Angelo Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.T.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-812-4401
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5
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Beneduce E, Matte A, De Falco L, Mbiandjeu S, Chiabrando D, Tolosano E, Federti E, Petrillo S, Mohandas N, Siciliano A, Babu W, Menon V, Ghaffari S, Iolascon A, De Franceschi L. Fyn kinase is a novel modulator of erythropoietin signaling and stress erythropoiesis. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:10-20. [PMID: 30252956 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The signaling cascade induced by the interaction of erythropoietin (EPO) with its receptor (EPO-R) is a key event of erythropoiesis. We present here data indicating that Fyn, a Src-family-kinase, participates in the EPO signaling-pathway, since Fyn-/- mice exhibit reduced Tyr-phosphorylation of EPO-R and decreased STAT5-activity. The importance of Fyn in erythropoiesis is also supported by the blunted responsiveness of Fyn-/- mice to stress erythropoiesis. Fyn-/- mouse erythroblasts adapt to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating the redox-related-transcription-factor Nrf2. However, since Fyn is a physiologic repressor of Nrf2, absence of Fyn resulted in persistent-activation of Nrf2 and accumulation of nonfunctional proteins. ROS-induced over-activation of Jak2-Akt-mTOR-pathway and repression of autophagy with perturbation of lysosomal-clearance were also noted. Treatment with Rapamycin, a mTOR-inhibitor and autophagy activator, ameliorates Fyn-/- mouse baseline erythropoiesis and erythropoietic response to oxidative-stress. These findings identify a novel multimodal action of Fyn in the regulation of normal and stress erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Matte
- Department of Medicine; University of Verona, AOUI Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Luigia De Falco
- Department of Biochemistry; Federico II University; Naples Italy
| | - Serge Mbiandjeu
- Department of Medicine; University of Verona, AOUI Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Enrica Federti
- Department of Medicine; University of Verona, AOUI Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | | | - Angela Siciliano
- Department of Medicine; University of Verona, AOUI Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Wilson Babu
- Department of Medicine; University of Verona, AOUI Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Vijay Menon
- Department of Cell, Development and Regenerative Biology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | - Saghi Ghaffari
- Department of Cell, Development and Regenerative Biology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Department of Biochemistry; Federico II University; Naples Italy
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Pallarès V, Hoyos M, Chillón MC, Barragán E, Prieto Conde MI, Llop M, Falgàs A, Céspedes MV, Montesinos P, Nomdedeu JF, Brunet S, Sanz MÁ, González-Díaz M, Sierra J, Mangues R, Casanova I. Focal Adhesion Genes Refine the Intermediate-Risk Cytogenetic Classification of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110436. [PMID: 30428571 PMCID: PMC6265715 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several attempts have been made to identify novel prognostic markers in patients with intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia (IR-AML), to implement risk-adapted strategies. The non-receptor tyrosine kinases are proteins involved in regulation of cell growth, adhesion, migration and apoptosis. They associate with metastatic dissemination in solid tumors and poor prognosis. However, their role in haematological malignancies has been scarcely studied. We hypothesized that PTK2/FAK, PTK2B/PYK2, LYN or SRC could be new prognostic markers in IR-AML. We assessed PTK2, PTK2B, LYN and SRC gene expression in a cohort of 324 patients, adults up to the age of 70, classified in the IR-AML cytogenetic group. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that PTK2B, LYN and PTK2 gene expression are independent prognostic factors in IR-AML patients. PTK2B and LYN identify a patient subgroup with good prognosis within the cohort with non-favorable FLT3/NPM1 combined mutations. In contrast, PTK2 identifies a patient subgroup with poor prognosis within the worst prognosis cohort who display non-favorable FLT3/NPM1 combined mutations and underexpression of PTK2B or LYN. The combined use of these markers can refine the highly heterogeneous intermediate-risk subgroup of AML patients, and allow the development of risk-adapted post-remission chemotherapy protocols to improve their response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Pallarès
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, Pavelló 11, 2n pis, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Hematology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Mas Casanovas nº 90, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Hoyos
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, Pavelló 11, 2n pis, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Hematology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Mas Casanovas nº 90, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Chillón
- Servicio de Hematología, IBSAL-Hospital Universitario, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC)-IBMCC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Eva Barragán
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Instituto Carlos III, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Isabel Prieto Conde
- Servicio de Hematología, IBSAL-Hospital Universitario, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC)-IBMCC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Marta Llop
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Instituto Carlos III, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Aïda Falgàs
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, Pavelló 11, 2n pis, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Virtudes Céspedes
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, Pavelló 11, 2n pis, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER en Bioinginiería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pau Montesinos
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Instituto Carlos III, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Josep F Nomdedeu
- Department of Hematology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Mas Casanovas nº 90, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Salut Brunet
- Department of Hematology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Mas Casanovas nº 90, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Sanz
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Instituto Carlos III, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Marcos González-Díaz
- Servicio de Hematología, IBSAL-Hospital Universitario, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC)-IBMCC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Jorge Sierra
- Department of Hematology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Mas Casanovas nº 90, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, 08021 Barcelona, Spain.
- Hematology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ramon Mangues
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, Pavelló 11, 2n pis, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER en Bioinginiería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, 08021 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Isolda Casanova
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, Pavelló 11, 2n pis, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER en Bioinginiería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, 08021 Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Zhu LF, Xiao M, Chen YQ, Wang LY, Luo XF, Yuan XH, Ren JH, Chen ZZ, Hu JD, Yang T. In vitro effects of reprogramming factors on the expressions of pluripotent genes and CD 34 gene in human acute promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Genomics 2017; 109:331-335. [PMID: 28533192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aims to explore the in vitro effects of reprogramming factors on the expressions of pluripotent genes and CD34 gene in HL-60 cells. METHODS According to the construction of lentiviral vector LV-OSCK of reprogramming factors (Oct-4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc), 293T cells were transfected to detect virus titer. The endogenous pluripotent genes (Oct4, SOX2, c-Myc and Klf4) and CD34 mRNA and protein expressions were detected by AP staining, immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. RESULTS Expressions of Oct4, SOX2, c-Myc and Klf4 were 0.220±0.013, 0.186±0.009, 0.287±0.015 and 0.153±0.007. These levels were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control and blank groups. CD34 protein expression in the experimental group was also discovered to be significantly higher than the other two groups. CONCLUSION The reprogramming factors could increase the expressions of pluripotent genes and CD34 gene in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Fang Zhu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Min Xiao
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Yong-Quan Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Ling-Yan Wang
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Luo
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yuan
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Jin-Hua Ren
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Zhe Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Jian-Da Hu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Ting Yang
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, PR China.
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8
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Plani-Lam JHC, Slavova-Azmanova NS, Kucera N, Louw A, Satiaputra J, Singer P, Lam KP, Hibbs ML, Ingley E. Csk-binding protein controls red blood cell development via regulation of Lyn tyrosine kinase activity. Exp Hematol 2016; 46:70-82.e10. [PMID: 27751872 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is controlled principally through erythropoietin (Epo) receptor signaling, which involves Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and Lyn tyrosine kinase, both of which are important for regulating red blood cell (RBC) development. Negative regulation of Lyn involves C-Src kinase (Csk)-mediated phosphorylation of its C-terminal tyrosine, which is facilitated by the transmembrane adaptor Csk-binding protein (Cbp). Although Cbp has significant functions in controlling Lyn levels and activity in erythroid cells in vitro, its importance to primary erythroid cell development and signaling has remained unclear. To address this, we assessed the consequence of loss of Cbp on the erythroid compartment in vivo and whether Epo-responsive cells isolated from Cbp-knockout mice exhibited altered signaling. Our data show that male Cbp-/- mice display a modest but significant alteration to late erythroid development in bone marrow with evidence of increased erythrocytes in the spleen, whereas female Cbp-/- mice exhibit a moderate elevation in early erythroid progenitors (not seen in male mice) that does not influence the later steps in RBC development. In isolated primary erythroid cells and cell lines generated from Cbp-/- mice, survival signaling through Lyn/Akt/FoxO3 was elevated, resulting in sustained viability during differentiation. The high Akt activity disrupted GAB2/SHP-2 feedback inhibition of Lyn; however, the elevated Lyn activity also increased inhibitory signaling via SHP-1 to restrict the Erk1/2 pathway. Interestingly, whereas loss of Cbp led to mild changes to late RBC development in male mice, this was not apparent in female Cbp-/- mice, possibly due to their elevated estrogen, which is known to facilitate early progenitor self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice H C Plani-Lam
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Neli S Slavova-Azmanova
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole Kucera
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alison Louw
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jiulia Satiaputra
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Singer
- Laboratory of Immunology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Laboratory of Immunology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Leukocyte Signalling Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Evan Ingley
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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9
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Emerging EPO and EPO receptor regulators and signal transducers. Blood 2015; 125:3536-41. [PMID: 25887776 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-575357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As essential mediators of red cell production, erythropoietin (EPO) and its cell surface receptor (EPO receptor [EPOR]) have been intensely studied. Early investigations defined basic mechanisms for hypoxia-inducible factor induction of EPO expression, and within erythroid progenitors EPOR engagement of canonical Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (JAK2/STAT5), rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (RAS/MEK/ERK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. Contemporary genetic, bioinformatic, and proteomic approaches continue to uncover new clinically relevant modulators of EPO and EPOR expression, and EPO's biological effects. This Spotlight review highlights such factors and their emerging roles during erythropoiesis and anemia.
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10
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Usenko T, Chan G, Torlakovic E, Klingmüller U, Neel BG. Leukemogenic Ptpn11 allele causes defective erythropoiesis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109682. [PMID: 25289670 PMCID: PMC4188809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by PTPN11, regulates signaling networks and cell fate in many tissues. Expression of oncogenic PTPN11 in the hematopoietic compartment causes myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) in humans and mice. However, the stage-specific effect(s) of mutant Ptpn11 on erythroid development have remained unknown. We found that expression of an activated, leukemogenic Ptpn11 allele, Ptpn11D61Y, specifically in the erythroid lineage causes dyserythropoiesis in mice. Ptpn11D61Y progenitors produce excess cKIT+CD71+Ter119− cells and aberrant numbers of cKITl°CD71+ erythroblasts. Mutant erythroblasts show elevated activation of ERK, AKT and STAT3 in response to EPO stimulation, and MEK inhibitor treatment blocks Ptpn11D61Y-evoked erythroid hyperproliferation in vitro. Thus, the expression of oncogenic Ptpn11 causes dyserythropoiesis in a cell-autonomous manner in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Usenko
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gordon Chan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emina Torlakovic
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin G. Neel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lyn kinase plays important roles in erythroid expansion, maturation and erythropoietin receptor signalling by regulating inhibitory signalling pathways that control survival. Biochem J 2014; 459:455-66. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In erythroid cells both positive viability signals and feedback inhibitory signalling require the Src family kinase Lyn, influencing cell survival and their ability to differentiate. This illustrates that Lyn is critical for normal erythropoiesis and erythroid cell development.
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12
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Gain-of-function Lyn induces anemia: appropriate Lyn activity is essential for normal erythropoiesis and Epo receptor signaling. Blood 2013; 122:262-71. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-463158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Gain-of-function Lyn mice develop hemolytic anemia with acanthocyte red blood cells and display compensatory extramedullary erythropoiesis. Hyperactive Lyn notably alters Epo receptor signaling, particularly an Akt-FoxO3 pathway, enhancing viability and delaying differentiation.
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Ulyanova T, Jiang Y, Padilla SM, Papayannopoulou T. Erythroid cells generated in the absence of specific β1-integrin heterodimers accumulate reactive oxygen species at homeostasis and are unable to mount effective antioxidant defenses. Haematologica 2013; 98:1769-77. [PMID: 23812936 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.087577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that β1(Δ/Δ) mice have a markedly impaired response to hemolytic stress, but the mechanisms of this were unclear. In the present study we explored in detail quantitative, phenotypic and functional aspects of erythropoiesis at homeostasis in a large number of animals for each of 3 murine models with specific β1 heterodimer integrin deficiencies. We found that, at homeostasis, β1-deficient mice have a modest uncompensated anemia with ineffective erythropoiesis and decreased red blood cell survival. Mice lacking only α4 integrins (α4β1/α4β7) do not share this phenotype. There is an increased tendency for reactive oxygen species accumulation in β1(Δ/Δ) erythroid cells with decreased anti-oxidant defenses at homeostasis which are exaggerated after stress. Furthermore, expansion of erythroid cells in spleen post-stress is dependent on α5β1, likely through mechanisms activating focal adhesion kinase complexes that are distinct from α4β1-mediated responses. In vivo inhibition of focal adhesion kinase activation partially recapitulates the β1(Δ/Δ) stress response. Mice lacking all α4 and β1 integrins (double knockouts) had, at homeostasis, the most severe phenotype with selective impairment of erythroid responses. The fact that integrins participate in mitigating stress in erythroid cells through redox activation of distinct signaling pathways by specific integrin heterodimers is a link that has not been appreciated until now.
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Bridoux L, Etique N, Lambert E, Thevenard J, Sowa ML, Belloy N, Dauchez M, Martiny L, Charpentier E. A crucial role for Lyn in TIMP-1 erythroid cell survival signalling pathway. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1524-8. [PMID: 23583449 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
TIMP-1, a well-known MMP inhibitor, displays other biological activities such as cell survival, proliferation and differentiation in hematopoietic cells. In this report, we investigated the role of the Src-related kinase Lyn in TIMP-1 induced UT-7 erythroleukemic cell survival. We showed that (i) tyrosine 507 of Lyn was dephosphorylated and Lyn kinase activity enhanced by TIMP-1, (ii) Lyn silencing suppressed TIMP-1 anti-apoptotic activity and (iii) Lyn was activated upstream the JAK2/PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Our data suggest a novel role for Lyn in erythroid cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bridoux
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS FRE 3481 MEDyC, Laboratoire SiRMa, SFR CAP Santé, Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France
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15
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Conditional deletion of Jak2 reveals an essential role in hematopoiesis throughout mouse ontogeny: implications for Jak2 inhibition in humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59675. [PMID: 23544085 PMCID: PMC3609865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline deletion of Jak2 in mice results in embryonic lethality at E12.5 due to impaired hematopoiesis. However, the role that Jak2 might play in late gestation and postnatal life is unknown. To understand this, we utilized a conditional knockout approach that allowed for the deletion of Jak2 at various stages of prenatal and postnatal life. Specifically, Jak2 was deleted beginning at either mid/late gestation (E12.5), at postnatal day 4 (PN4), or at ∼2 months of age. Deletion of Jak2 beginning at E12.5 resulted in embryonic death characterized by a lack of hematopoiesis. Deletion beginning at PN4 was also lethal due to a lack of erythropoiesis. Deletion of Jak2 in young adults was characterized by blood cytopenias, abnormal erythrocyte morphology, decreased marrow hematopoietic potential, and splenic atrophy. However, death was observed in only 20% of the mutants. Further analysis of these mice suggested that the increased survivability was due to an incomplete deletion of Jak2 and subsequent re-population of Jak2 expressing cells, as conditional deletion in mice having one floxed Jak2 allele and one null allele resulted in a more severe phenotype and subsequent death of all animals. We found that the deletion of Jak2 in the young adults had a differential effect on hematopoietic lineages; specifically, conditional Jak2 deletion in young adults severely impaired erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis, modestly affected granulopoiesis and monocytopoiesis, and had no effect on lymphopoiesis. Interestingly, while the hematopoietic organs of these mutant animals were severely affected by the deletion of Jak2, we found that the hearts, kidneys, lungs, and brains of these same mice were histologically normal. From this, we conclude that Jak2 plays an essential and non-redundant role in hematopoiesis during both prenatal and postnatal life and this has direct implications regarding the inhibition of Jak2 in humans.
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16
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Ingley E. Functions of the Lyn tyrosine kinase in health and disease. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:21. [PMID: 22805580 PMCID: PMC3464935 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases such as Lyn are important signaling intermediaries, relaying and modulating different inputs to regulate various outputs, such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration and metabolism. Intriguingly, Lyn can mediate both positive and negative signaling processes within the same or different cellular contexts. This duality is exemplified by the B-cell defect in Lyn-/- mice in which Lyn is essential for negative regulation of the B-cell receptor; conversely, B-cells expressing a dominant active mutant of Lyn (Lynup/up) have elevated activities of positive regulators of the B-cell receptor due to this hyperactive kinase. Lyn has well-established functions in most haematopoietic cells, viz. progenitors via influencing c-kit signaling, through to mature cell receptor/integrin signaling, e.g. erythrocytes, platelets, mast cells and macrophages. Consequently, there is an important role for this kinase in regulating hematopoietic abnormalities. Lyn is an important regulator of autoimmune diseases such as asthma and psoriasis, due to its profound ability to influence immune cell signaling. Lyn has also been found to be important for maintaining the leukemic phenotype of many different liquid cancers including acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and B-cell lymphocytic leukaemia (BCLL). Lyn is also expressed in some solid tumors and here too it is establishing itself as a potential therapeutic target for prostate, glioblastoma, colon and more aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. LAY To relay information, a cell uses enzymes that put molecular markers on specific proteins so they interact with other proteins or move to specific parts of the cell to have particular functions. A protein called Lyn is one of these enzymes that regulate information transfer within cells to modulate cell growth, survival and movement. Depending on which type of cell and the source of the information input, Lyn can positively or negatively regulate the information output. This ability of Lyn to be able to both turn on and turn off the relay of information inside cells makes it difficult to fully understand its precise function in each specific circumstance. Lyn has important functions for cells involved in blood development, including different while blood cells as well as red blood cells, and in particular for the immune cells that produce antibodies (B-cells), as exemplified by the major B-cell abnormalities that mice with mutations in the Lyn gene display. Certain types of leukaemia and lymphoma appear to have too much Lyn activity that in part causes the characteristics of these diseases, suggesting it may be a good target to develop new anti-leukaemia drugs. Furthermore, some specific types, and even specific subtypes, of solid cancers, e.g. prostate, brain and breast cancer can also have abnormal regulation of Lyn. Consequently, targeting this protein in these cancers could also prove to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Ingley
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia.
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McGraw KL, Fuhler GM, Johnson JO, Clark JA, Caceres GC, Sokol L, List AF. Erythropoietin receptor signaling is membrane raft dependent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34477. [PMID: 22509308 PMCID: PMC3317978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon erythropoietin (Epo) engagement, Epo-receptor (R) homodimerizes to activate JAK2 and Lyn, which phosphorylate STAT5. Although recent investigations have identified key negative regulators of Epo-R signaling, little is known about the role of membrane localization in controlling receptor signal fidelity. Here we show a critical role for membrane raft (MR) microdomains in creation of discrete signaling platforms essential for Epo-R signaling. Treatment of UT7 cells with Epo induced MR assembly and coalescence. Confocal microscopy showed that raft aggregates significantly increased after Epo stimulation (mean, 4.3±1.4(SE) vs. 25.6±3.2 aggregates/cell; p≤0.001), accompanied by a >3-fold increase in cluster size (p≤0.001). Raft fraction immunoblotting showed Epo-R translocation to MR after Epo stimulation and was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy in Epo stimulated UT7 cells and primary erythroid bursts. Receptor recruitment into MR was accompanied by incorporation of JAK2, Lyn, and STAT5 and their activated forms. Raft disruption by cholesterol depletion extinguished Epo induced Jak2, STAT5, Akt and MAPK phosphorylation in UT7 cells and erythroid progenitors. Furthermore, inhibition of the Rho GTPases Rac1 or RhoA blocked receptor recruitment into raft fractions, indicating a role for these GTPases in receptor trafficking. These data establish a critical role for MR in recruitment and assembly of Epo-R and signal intermediates into discrete membrane signaling units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L. McGraw
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gwenny M. Fuhler
- Department of Gasteroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph O. Johnson
- Analytic Microscopy Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Justine A. Clark
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gisela C. Caceres
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lubomir Sokol
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alan F. List
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Ingley E. Integrating novel signaling pathways involved in erythropoiesis. IUBMB Life 2012; 64:402-10. [PMID: 22431075 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many extrinsic and intrinsic factors control the development of red blood cells from committed progenitors, with the Erythropoietin-receptor (Epo-R) signaling network being the primary controlling molecular hub. Although much is understood about erythroid signaling pathways, new and intriguing factors that influence different aspects of erythroid cell development are still being uncovered. New extrinsic effectors include hypoxia and polymeric IgA1 (pIgA1), and new Epo-R signaling pathway components include Lyn/Cbp and Lyn/Liar. Hypoxia directly activates committed erythroid progenitors to expand, whereas pIgA1 activates the Akt and MAP-Kinase (MAPK) pathways through transferrin receptors on more mature erythroid cells. The Lyn/Cbp pathway controls the activity and protein levels of Lyn through recruitment of Csk and SOCS1, as well as feeding into the control of other pathways mediated by recruitment of ras-GAP, PI3-kinase, PLCγ, Fes, and EBP50. Nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling of Lyn and other signaling molecules is influenced by Liar and results in regulation of their intersecting signaling pathways. The challenge of future research is to flesh out the details of these new signaling regulators/networks and integrate their influences during the different stages of erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Ingley
- Cell Signalling Group, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research and The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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19
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Computational identification of phospho-tyrosine sub-networks related to acanthocyte generation in neuroacanthocytosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31015. [PMID: 22355334 PMCID: PMC3280254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthocytes, abnormal thorny red blood cells (RBC), are one of the biological hallmarks of neuroacanthocytosis syndromes (NA), a group of rare hereditary neurodegenerative disorders. Since RBCs are easily accessible, the study of acanthocytes in NA may provide insights into potential mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Previous studies have shown that changes in RBC membrane protein phosphorylation state affect RBC membrane mechanical stability and morphology. Here, we coupled tyrosine-phosphoproteomic analysis to topological network analysis. We aimed to predict signaling sub-networks possibly involved in the generation of acanthocytes in patients affected by the two core NA disorders, namely McLeod syndrome (MLS, XK-related, Xk protein) and chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc, VPS13A-related, chorein protein). The experimentally determined phosphoproteomic data-sets allowed us to relate the subsequent network analysis to the pathogenetic background. To reduce the network complexity, we combined several algorithms of topological network analysis including cluster determination by shortest path analysis, protein categorization based on centrality indexes, along with annotation-based node filtering. We first identified XK- and VPS13A-related protein-protein interaction networks by identifying all the interactomic shortest paths linking Xk and chorein to the corresponding set of proteins whose tyrosine phosphorylation was altered in patients. These networks include the most likely paths of functional influence of Xk and chorein on phosphorylated proteins. We further refined the analysis by extracting restricted sets of highly interacting signaling proteins representing a common molecular background bridging the generation of acanthocytes in MLS and ChAc. The final analysis pointed to a novel, very restricted, signaling module of 14 highly interconnected kinases, whose alteration is possibly involved in generation of acanthocytes in MLS and ChAc.
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20
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De Franceschi L, Bertoldi M, De Falco L, Santos Franco S, Ronzoni L, Turrini F, Colancecco A, Camaschella C, Cappellini MD, Iolascon A. Oxidative stress modulates heme synthesis and induces peroxiredoxin-2 as a novel cytoprotective response in β-thalassemic erythropoiesis. Haematologica 2011; 96:1595-604. [PMID: 21750082 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.043612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-thalassemic syndromes are inherited red cell disorders characterized by severe ineffective erythropoiesis and increased levels of reactive oxygen species whose contribution to β-thalassemic anemia is only partially understood. DESIGN AND METHODS We studied erythroid precursors from normal and β-thalassemic peripheral CD34(+) cells in two-phase liquid culture by proteomic, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses. We measured intracellular reactive oxygen species, heme levels and the activity of δ-aminolevulinate-synthase-2. We exposed normal cells and K562 cells with silenced peroxiredoxin-2 to H(2)O(2) and generated a recombinant peroxiredoxin-2 for kinetic measurements in the presence of H(2)O(2) or hemin. RESULTS In β-thalassemia the increased production of reactive oxygen species was associated with down-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 and biliverdin reductase and up-regulation of peroxiredoxin-2. In agreement with these observations in β-thalassemic cells we found decreased heme levels related to significantly reduced activity of the first enzyme of the heme pathway, δ-aminolevulinate synthase-2 without differences in its expression. We demonstrated that the activity of recombinant δ-aminolevulinate synthase-2 is inhibited by both reactive oxygen species and hemin as a protective mechanism in β-thalassemic cells. We then addressed the question of the protective role of peroxiredoxin-2 in erythropoiesis by exposing normal cells to oxidative stress and silencing peroxiredoxin-2 in human erythroleukemia K562 cells. We found that peroxiredoxin-2 expression is up-regulated in response to oxidative stress and required for K562 cells to survive oxidative stress. We then showed that peroxiredoxin-2 binds heme in erythroid precursors with high affinity, suggesting a possible multifunctional cytoprotective role of peroxiredoxin-2 in β-thalassemia. CONCLUSIONS In β-thalassemic erythroid cells the reduction of δ-aminolevulinate synthase-2 activity and the increased expression of peroxiredoxin-2 might represent two novel stress-response protective systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Verona, Italy.
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Capron C, Lacout C, Lécluse Y, Wagner-Ballon O, Kaushik AL, Cramer-Bordé E, Sablitzky F, Duménil D, Vainchenker W. LYL-1 deficiency induces a stress erythropoiesis. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:629-42. [PMID: 21420467 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE LYL-1 is a transcription factor containing a basic helix-loop-helix motif closely related to SCL/TAL-1, a regulator of erythroid differentiation. Because LYL-1 is expressed in erythroid cell populations, we addressed its role in erythropoiesis using knockin mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Erythropoiesis of LYL-1(-/-) mice was studied by progenitor assays, flow cytometry, reconstitution assays, and functional tests. Expression of LYL-1, SCL, and GATA-1 was assessed at messenger RNA level by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS LYL-1(-/-) mice displayed decreased erythropoiesis with a partial arrest in differentiation, and enhanced apoptosis associated with decreased Bcl-x(L) expression in the bone marrow (BM). In addition, LYL-1(-/-) BM cells were severely impaired in their abilities to reconstitute the erythroid lineage in competitive assays, suggesting a cell autonomous abnormality of erythropoiesis. In parallel, erythroid progenitor and precursor cells were significantly increased in the spleen of LYL-1(-/-) mice. Expression of LYL-1 was differentially regulated during maturation of erythroblasts and strikingly different between spleen- and BM-derived erythroblasts. Expression of LYL-1 decreased during erythroid differentiation in the spleen whereas it increased in the BM to reach the same level in mature erythroblasts as in the soleen. Loss of Lyl-1 expression was accompanied with an increase of SCL/TAL-1 and GATA-1 transcripts in spleen but not in BM-derived erythroblasts. Furthermore, phenylhydrazine-induced stress erythropoiesis was elevated in LYL-1(-/-) mice and mutant BM and spleen erythroid progenitors were hypersensitive to erythropoietin. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that LYL-1 plays a definite role in erythropoiesis, albeit with different effects in BM specifically regulating basal erythropoiesis, and spleen, controlling stress-induced erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Capron
- INSERM U1009, IFR 54, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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22
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Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that has been extensively studied in fibroblasts; however its function in hematopoiesis remains an enigma. FAK is thought to be expressed in myeloid and erythroid progenitors, and its expression is enhanced in response to cytokines such as granu-locyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Furthermore, bone marrow cells cultured in granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor show active migration and chemoattractant-induced polarization, which correlates with FAK induction. While loss of FAK in mice results in embryonic lethality, we have deleted FAK in the adult bone marrow. We show an essential role for FAK in regulating hemolytic, myelotoxic, as well as acute inflammatory stress responses in vivo. In vitro, loss of FAK in erythroid and myeloid progenitor's results in impaired cytokine induced growth and survival, as well as defects in the activation and expression of antiapoptotic proteins caspase 3 and Bcl-x(L). Additionally, reduced migration and adhesion of myeloid cells on extracellular matrix proteins, as well as impaired activation of Rac GTPase is also observed in the absence of FAK. Our studies reveal an essential role for FAK in integrating growth/survival and adhesion based functions in myeloid and erythroid cells predominantly under conditions of stress.
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Huang LJ, Shen YM, Bulut GB. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of primary familial and congenital polycythaemia. Br J Haematol 2010; 148:844-52. [PMID: 20096014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.08069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Primary familial and congenital polycythemia (PFCP) is an autosomal-dominant proliferative disorder characterized by erythrocytosis and hypersensitivity of erythroid progenitors to erythropoietin (Epo). Several lines of evidence suggest a causal role of truncated erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) in this disease. In this review, we discuss PFCP in the context of erythrocytosis and EpoR signalling. We focus on recent studies describing mechanisms underlying Epo-dependent EpoR down-regulation. One mechanism depends on internalization mediated through the p85 regulatory subunit of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase, and the other utilizes ubiquitin-based proteasomal degradation. Truncated PFCP EpoRs are not properly down-regulated upon stimulation, underscoring the importance of these mechanisms in the pathogenesis of PFCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily J Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA.
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Di Giacomo V, Sancilio S, Caravatta L, Rana RA, Di Pietro R, Cataldi A. Regulation of CREB activation by p38 mitogen activated protein kinase during human primary erythroblast differentiation. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:679-88. [PMID: 19822084 DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the molecular events underlying erythroid differentiation, we analyzed the signalling pathway leading to cAMP response element binding (CREB) nuclear transcription factor activation. Normal donor blood light density cells differentiated to pro-erythroblasts during the proliferative phase (10 days) of the human erythroblast massive amplification (HEMA) culture, and to orthochromatic erythroblasts, during the differentiation phase (4 additional days) of the culture. Since erythropoietin was present all over the culture, also pro-erythroblasts left in proliferative medium for 14 days continued their maturation without reaching the final steps of differentiation. p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and CREB maximal activation occurred upon 4 days of differentiation induction, whereas a lower activation was detectable in the cells maintained in parallel in proliferative medium (14 days). Interestingly, when SB203580, a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, was added to the culture the percentage of differentiated cells decreased along with p38 MAPK and CREB phosphorylation. All in all, our results evidence a role for p38 MAPK in activating CREB metabolic pathway in the events leading to erythroid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Di Giacomo
- Dipartimento di Biomorfologia, Università G. d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
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25
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Class effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2009; 23:1698-707. [PMID: 19474800 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), offering patients several targeted therapeutic options that provide the possibility of sustained remissions and prolonged survival. With the availability of imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib, physicians must weigh the efficacy and safety profile of each agent when choosing the best therapeutic option for individual patients. Each agent targets tyrosine kinases within the cell uniquely to cause the desired antiproliferative effect. In addition to inhibiting the BCR-ABL kinase, imatinib and nilotinib target the same array of other tyrosine kinases, including c-KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), albeit with differing potencies. While targeting BCR-ABL with the highest potency among approved agents in CML, dasatinib also targets a broad array of off-target kinases, including SRC family members, PDGFR and EPHB4. The differences in kinase inhibition profiles among these agents in vitro probably account for the differing clinical safety profiles of these agents. This paper reviews the various kinases inhibited by imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib, and describes the potential impact of kinase inhibition on the efficacy and safety of each agent.
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Kosmider O, Buet D, Gallais I, Denis N, Moreau-Gachelin F. Erythropoietin down-regulates stem cell factor receptor (Kit) expression in the leukemic proerythroblast: role of Lyn kinase. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5721. [PMID: 19492092 PMCID: PMC2683931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the transcription factor Spi-1/PU.1 by transgenesis in mice induces a maturation arrest at the proerythroblastic stage of differentiation. We have previously isolated a panel of spi-1 transgenic erythroleukemic cell lines that proliferated in the presence of either erythropoietin (Epo) or stem cell factor (SCF). Using these cell lines, we observed that EpoR stimulation by Epo down-regulated expression of the SCF receptor Kit and induced expression of the Src kinase Lyn. Furthermore, enforced expression of Lyn in the cell lines increased cell proliferation in response to Epo, but reduced cell growth in response to SCF in accordance with Lyn ability to down-regulate Kit expression. Together, the data suggest that Epo-R/Lyn signaling pathway is essential for extinction of SCF signaling leading the proerythroblast to strict Epo dependency. These results highlight a new role for Lyn as an effector of EpoR in controlling Kit expression. They suggest that Lyn may play a central role in during erythroid differentiation at the switch between proliferation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorothée Buet
- Inserm U830, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicole Denis
- Inserm U830, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Scapini P, Pereira S, Zhang H, Lowell CA. Multiple roles of Lyn kinase in myeloid cell signaling and function. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:23-40. [PMID: 19290919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lyn is an Src family kinase present in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells. In these cell types, Lyn establishes signaling thresholds by acting as both a positive and a negative modulator of a variety of signaling responses and effector functions. Lyn deficiency in mice results in the development of myeloproliferation and autoimmunity. The latter has been attributed to the hyper-reactivity of Lyn-deficient B cells due to the unique role of Lyn in downmodulating B-cell receptor activation, mainly through phosphorylation of inhibitory molecules and receptors. Myeloproliferation results, on the other hand, from the enhanced sensitivity of Lyn-deficient progenitors to a number of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). The hyper-sensitivity to myeloid growth factors may also be secondary to poor inhibitory receptor phosphorylation, leading to impaired recruitment/activation of tyrosine phosphatases and reduced downmodulation of CSF signaling responses. Despite these observations, the overall role of Lyn in the modulation of myeloid cell effector functions is much less well understood, as often both positive and negative roles of this kinase have been reported. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the duplicitous nature of Lyn in the modulation of myeloid cell signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Scapini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0451, USA
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Agosti V, Karur V, Sathyanarayana P, Besmer P, Wojchowski DM. A KIT juxtamembrane PY567 -directed pathway provides nonredundant signals for erythroid progenitor cell development and stress erythropoiesis. Exp Hematol 2008; 37:159-71. [PMID: 19100679 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE KITL/KIT can elicit diverse sets of signals within lymphoid, myeloid, mast, and erythroid lineages, and exert distinct effects on growth, survival, migration, adhesion, and secretory responses. Presently, we have applied a PY-mutant allele knockin approach to specifically assess possible roles for KIT-PY567 and KIT-PY719 sites, and coupled pathways, during erythropoiesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse models used to investigate this problem include those harboring knocked-in KIT(Y567F/Y567F), KIT(Y569F/Y569F), KIT(Y719F,Y719F), and KIT(Y567F/Y567F:Y569F/Y569F) alleles. The erythron was stressed by myelosuppression using 5-fluorouracil, and by phenylhydrazine-induced hemolysis. In addition, optimized systems for ex vivo analyses of bone marrow and splenic erythropoiesis were employed to more directly analyze possible stage-specific effects on erythroid cell growth, survival, development and KIT signaling events. RESULTS In Kit(Y567F/Y567F) mice, steady-state erythropoiesis was unperturbed while recovery from anemia due to 5-fluorouracil or phenylhydrazine was markedly impaired. Deficiencies in erythroid progenitor expansion occurred both in the bone marrow and the spleen. Responses to chronic erythropoietin dosing were also compromised. Ex vivo, Kit(Y567F/Y567F) (pro)erythroblast development was skewed from a Kit(pos)CD71(high) stage toward a subsequent Kit(neg)CD71(high) compartment. Proliferation and, to an extent, survival capacities were also compromised. Similar stage-specific defects existed for erythroid progenitors from Kit(Y567F/Y567F:Y569F/Y569F) but not KIT(Y719F/Y719F) mice. Kit(Y567F/Y567F) erythroblasts were used further to analyze KIT-PY567-dependent signals. MEK-1,2/ERK-1,2 signaling was unaffected while AKT, p70S6K, and especially JNK2/p54 pathways were selectively attenuated. CONCLUSIONS Nonredundant KIT-PY567-directed erythroblast-intrinsic signals are selectively critical for stress erythropoiesis. Investigations also add to an understanding of how KIT directs distinct outcomes among diverse progenitors and lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Agosti
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Ingley E. Csk-binding protein can regulate Lyn signals controlling cell morphology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:1332-43. [PMID: 19124084 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Src family kinase Lyn is involved in differentiation signals emanating from activated erythropoietin (Epo) receptors, it interacts with COOH-terminal Src kinase-binding protein (Cbp), an adaptor protein that recruits negative regulators COOH-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1). Lyn phosphorylates Cbp on several tyrosine residues, including Tyr314, which recruits Csk/SOCS1, as well as Tyr381 and Tyr409 that bind Lyns own SH2 domain. We show that Cbp alters not only the ability of erythroid cells to differentiate but also their colony morphology. Consequently, we detailed the ability of Cbp to interact with and influence Lyns ability to initiate changes in cellular architecture, which affect cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions. Over-expression of active Lyn promotes filopodia formation while inactive Lyn promotes lamellipodia formation. Conversely, Cbp over-expression, which inhibits Lyn activity, promotes lamellipodia formation, while Cbp mutants preventing its interaction/signaling consequently allow Lyn to promote filopodia formation. Thus, the Lyn-Cbp pathway and subsequent regulation of Lyn signaling and cell morphology involves a dynamic and complex series of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Ingley
- Cell Signalling Group, Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Liar, a novel Lyn-binding nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling protein that influences erythropoietin-induced differentiation. Blood 2008; 113:3845-56. [PMID: 19064729 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-153452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is primarily controlled by erythropoietin (Epo), which stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and survival of erythroid precursors. We have previously shown that the tyrosine kinase Lyn is critical for transducing differentiation signals emanating from the activated Epo receptor. A yeast 2-hybrid screen for downstream effectors of Lyn identified a novel protein, Liar (Lyn-interacting ankyrin repeat), which forms a multiprotein complex with Lyn and HS1 in erythroid cells. Interestingly, 3 of the ankyrin repeats of Liar define a novel SH3 binding region for Lyn and HS1. Liar also contains functional nuclear localization and nuclear export sequences and shuttles rapidly between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Ectopic expression of Liar inhibited the differentiation of normal erythroid progenitors, as well as immortalized erythroid cells. Significantly, Liar affected Epo-activated signaling molecules including Erk2, STAT5, Akt, and Lyn. These results show that Liar is a novel Lyn-interacting molecule that plays an important role in regulating intracellular signaling events associated with erythroid terminal differentiation.
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Human inhibitory receptor immunoglobulin-like transcript 2 amplifies CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells that promote long-term survival of allografts. Transplantation 2008; 86:1125-34. [PMID: 18946352 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318186fccd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G during allogeneic recognition is associated with better graft acceptance. The inhibitory receptor immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)-2 is expressed on activated T cells and serves to shut down T-cell activation, culminating in T-cell death, or induction of anergy. One of the potential mechanisms in the immunosuppressive accomplishment of HLA-G-ILT2 interactions involves the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). The potential of MDSCs in transplantation has not yet been exploited. METHODS (1) Detailed phenotypic characteristics, immunosuppressive potential of MDSCs expanded by means of inhibitory receptor ILT2 and its ligands, and allogeneic transplant-activated MDSCs were obtained in mice. (2) Oligo- and real-time pathway-specific polymerase chain reaction arrays were performed to characterize ILT2-specific MDSCs. (3) Skin allograft survival after adoptive transfer of MDSCs was studied. RESULTS Engagement of ILT2 receptors, especially by HLA-G, expanded the population of MDSCs with enhanced suppressive activity. Adoptive transfer of MDSCs generated by ILT2 receptor and its ligands prolonged graft survival in recipients of allogeneic skin transplant. We have proposed pathways for enhancement of immunosuppressive activities and expansion of MDSCs by ILT2 and HLA-G. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that induction of MDSCs using ILT2 inhibitory receptor/HLA-G ligand may be an attractive strategy for preventing rejection of immunogenic organs or tissues in clinical transplantation.
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Diwan A, Koesters AG, Capella D, Geiger H, Kalfa TA, Dorn GW. Targeting erythroblast-specific apoptosis in experimental anemia. Apoptosis 2008; 13:1022-30. [PMID: 18584327 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocyte production is regulated by balancing precursor cell apoptosis and survival signaling. Previously, we found that BH3-only proapoptotic factor, Nix, opposed erythroblast-survival signaling by erythropoietin-induced Bcl-xl during normal erythrocyte formation. Since erythropoietin treatment of human anemia has limitations, we explored the therapeutic potential of abrogating Nix-mediated erythroblast apoptosis to enhance erythrocyte production. Nix gene ablation blunted the phenylhydrazine-induced fall in blood count, enhanced hematocrit recovery, and reduced erythroblast apoptosis, despite lower endogenous erythropoietin levels. Similar to erythropoietin, Nix ablation increased early splenic erythroblasts and circulating reticulocytes, while maintaining a pool of mature erythroblasts as erythropoietic reserve. Erythrocytes in Nix-deficient mice showed morphological abnormalities, suggesting that apoptosis during erythropoiesis not only controls red blood cell number, but also serves a "triage" function, preferentially eliminating abnormal erythrocytes. These results support the concept of targeting erythroblast apoptosis to maximize erythrocyte production in acute anemia, which may be of value in erythropoietin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Diwan
- Center for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Meta-analysis of microarray studies reveals a novel hematopoietic progenitor cell signature and demonstrates feasibility of inter-platform data integration. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2965. [PMID: 18698424 PMCID: PMC2495035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microarray-based studies of global gene expression (GE) have resulted in a large amount of data that can be mined for further insights into disease and physiology. Meta-analysis of these data is hampered by technical limitations due to many different platforms, gene annotations and probes used in different studies. We tested the feasibility of conducting a meta-analysis of GE studies to determine a transcriptional signature of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells. Data from studies that used normal bone marrow-derived hematopoietic progenitors was integrated using both RefSeq and UniGene identifiers. We observed that in spite of variability introduced by experimental conditions and different microarray platforms, our meta-analytical approach can distinguish biologically distinct normal tissues by clustering them based on their cell of origin. When studied in terms of disease states, GE studies of leukemias and myelodysplasia progenitors tend to cluster with normal progenitors and remain distinct from other normal tissues, further validating the discriminatory power of this meta-analysis. Furthermore, analysis of 57 normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell GE samples was used to determine a gene expression signature characteristic of these cells. Genes that were most uniformly expressed in progenitors and at the same time differentially expressed when compared to other normal tissues were found to be involved in important biological processes such as cell cycle regulation and hematopoiesis. Validation studies using a different microarray platform demonstrated the enrichment of several genes such as SMARCE, Septin 6 and others not previously implicated in hematopoiesis. Most interestingly, alpha-integrin, the only common stemness gene discovered in a recent comparative murine analysis (Science 302(5644):393) was also enriched in our dataset, demonstrating the usefulness of this analytical approach.
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Abstract
Receptor or nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (TKs) are known to play an important role in leukemogenesis. Here we studied the level of protein tyrosine phosphorylations in a series of fresh AML samples and evaluated the effect of TK inhibitors. Compared with normal hematopoietic progenitors, a high level of tyrosine phosphorylation was detected in most acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples. The Src family kinases (SFKs) appeared constitutively activated in most cases, including in the CD34+CD38−CD123+ compartment as revealed by the level of phosphorylated tyrosine 416. Lyn was the major SFK family member expressed in an active form in AML cells where it was abnormally distributed throughout the plasma membrane and the cytosol as opposed to normal hematopoietic progenitors. The SFK inhibitor, PP2, strongly reduced the global level of tyrosine phosphorylations, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis in patient samples without affecting normal granulomonocytic colony forming units. Moreover, silencing Lyn expression by small interfering RNA in primary AML cells strongly inhibited proliferation. Interestingly, a link between Lyn and the mTOR pathway was observed as PP2 and a Lyn knockdown both affected the phosphorylation of mTOR targets without inhibiting Akt phosphorylation. Lyn should be considered as a novel pharmacologic target for AML therapy.
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Salati S, Zini R, Bianchi E, Testa A, Mavilio F, Manfredini R, Ferrari S. Role of CD34 antigen in myeloid differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:950-9. [PMID: 18192237 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CD34 is a transmembrane protein that is strongly expressed on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs); despite its importance as a marker of HSCs, its function is still poorly understood, although a role in cell adhesion has been demonstrated. To characterize the function of CD34 antigen on human HSCs, we examined, by both inhibition and overexpression, the role of CD34 in the regulation of HSC lineage differentiation. Our results demonstrate that CD34 silencing enhances HSC granulocyte and megakaryocyte differentiation and reduces erythroid maturation. In agreement with these results, the gene expression profile of these cells reveals the upregulation of genes involved in granulocyte and megakaryocyte differentiation and the downregulation of erythroid genes. Consistently, retroviral-mediated CD34 overexpression leads to a remarkable increase in erythroid progenitors and a dramatic decrease in granulocyte progenitors, as evaluated by clonogenic assay. Together, these data indicate that the CD34 molecule promotes the differentiation of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors toward the erythroid lineage, which is achieved, at least in part, at the expense of granulocyte and megakaryocyte lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Salati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
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Sathyanarayana P, Menon MP, Bogacheva O, Bogachev O, Niss K, Kapelle WS, Houde E, Fang J, Wojchowski DM. Erythropoietin modulation of podocalyxin and a proposed erythroblast niche. Blood 2007; 110:509-18. [PMID: 17403918 PMCID: PMC1924484 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-056465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epo's erythropoietic capacity is ascribed largely to its antiapoptotic actions. In part via gene profiling of bone marrow erythroblasts, Epo is now shown to selectively down-modulate the adhesion/migration factors chemokine receptor-4 (Cxcr4) and integrin alpha-4 (Itga4) and to up-modulate growth differentiation factor-3 (Gdf3), oncostatin-M (OncoM), and podocalyxin like-1 (PODXL). For PODXL, Epo dose-dependent expression of this CD34-related sialomucin was discovered in Kit(+)CD71(high) proerythroblasts and was sustained at subsequent Kit(-)CD71(high) and Ter119(+) stages. In vivo, Epo markedly induced PODXL expression in these progenitors and in marrow-resident reticulocytes. This was further associated with a rapid release of PODXL(+) reticulocytes to blood. As studied in erythroblasts expressing minimal Epo receptor (EpoR) alleles, efficient PODXL induction proved dependence on an EpoR-PY343 Stat5 binding site. Moreover, in mice expressing an EpoR-HM F343 allele, compromised Epo-induced PODXL expression correlated with abnormal anucleated red cell representation in marrow. By modulating this select set of cell-surface adhesion molecules and chemokines, Epo is proposed to mobilize erythroblasts from a hypothesized stromal niche and possibly promote reticulocyte egress to blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Sathyanarayana
- Stem and Progenitor Cell Biology Program and Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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Park GB, Kim MJ, Vasileva EA, Mishchenko NP, Fedoreyev SA, Stonik VA, Han J, Lee HS, Kim D, Jeong JY. Comparison of two-stage epidermal carcinogenesis initiated by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in newborn and adult SENCAR and BALB/c mice. Cancer Res 1981; 17:md17090526. [PMID: 31505769 PMCID: PMC6780187 DOI: 10.3390/md17090526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to define factors which determine susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis, mice sensitive (SENCAR) and resistant (BALB/c) to epidermal carcinogenesis were studied under several treatment conditions for sensitivity to initiation by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. In newborns of both strains, topical application of initiator was much less effective than in adults. However, initiation by i.p. injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene is at least as effective in newborns as in adults, which may indicate that topically applied carcinogen is not delivered effectively to target cells in newborns. Thus, newborn epidermis can respond to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene as well as adult epidermis when the initiator is appropriately administered. SENCAR mice are much more sensitive than are BALB/c mice to both initiators, which suggests that enhanced metabolic activation of hydrocarbon carcinogens by SENCAR mice is unlikely to account for their sensitivity. Newborn male SENCAR's developed approximately 50% more papillomas than did females in all groups. BALB/c newborn mice developed so few tumors that a meaningful comparison of sensitivity of males and females could not be made. Thus, the increased sensitivity of SENCAR's was apparent regardless of route of administration of initiator or the age or sex of the mice. SENCAR mice also developed a significant number of papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate promotion in the absence of an exogenous initiator. Therefore, the skin of SENCAR mice may contain an initiated population of cells capable of responding to tumor promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Bin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Elena A Vasileva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Natalia P Mishchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Sergey A Fedoreyev
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Valentin A Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea.
| | - Ho Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea.
| | - Daejin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea.
| | - Jee-Yeong Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea.
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