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Zhang X, Duan Y, Zhang X, Jiang M, Man W, Zhang Y, Wu D, Zhang J, Song X, Li C, Lin J, Sun D. Adipsin alleviates cardiac microvascular injury in diabetic cardiomyopathy through Csk-dependent signaling mechanism. BMC Med 2023; 21:197. [PMID: 37237266 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular complications are associated with an overtly increased risk of adverse outcomes in patients with diabetes including coronary microvascular injury which manifested as disruption of adherens junctions between cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs). However, particular mechanism leading to diabetic coronary microvascular hyperpermeability remains elusive. METHODS Experimental diabetes was induced in mice with adipose tissue-specific Adipsin overexpression (AdipsinLSL/LSL-Cre) and their respective control (AdipsinLSL/LSL). In addition, cultured CMECs were subjected to high glucose/palmitic acid (HG + PA) treatment to simulate diabetes for a mechanistic approach. RESULTS The results showed that Adipsin overexpression significantly reduced cardiac microvascular permeability, preserved coronary microvascular integrity, and increased coronary microvascular density. Adipsin overexpression also attenuated cardiac dysfunction in diabetic mice. E/A ratio, an indicator of cardiac diastolic function, was improved by Adipsin. Adipsin overexpression retarded left ventricular adverse remodeling, enhanced LVEF, and improved cardiac systolic function. Adipsin-enriched exosomes were taken up by CMECs, inhibited CMECs apoptosis, and increased CMECs proliferation under HG + PA treatment. Adipsin-enriched exosomes also accelerated wound healing, rescued cell migration defects, and promoted tube formation in response to HG + PA challenge. Furthermore, Adipsin-enriched exosomes maintained adherens junctions at endothelial cell borders and reversed endothelial hyperpermeability disrupted by HG + PA insult. Mechanistically, Adipsin blocked HG + PA-induced Src phosphorylation (Tyr416), VE-cadherin phosphorylation (Tyr685 and Tyr731), and VE-cadherin internalization, thus maintaining CMECs adherens junctions integrity. LC-MS/MS analysis and co-immunoprecipitation analysis (Co-IP) unveiled Csk as a direct downstream regulator of Adipsin. Csk knockdown increased Src phosphorylation (Tyr416) and VE-cadherin phosphorylation (Tyr685 and Tyr731), while abolishing Adipsin-induced inhibition of VE-cadherin internalization. Furthermore, Csk knockdown counteracted Adipsin-induced protective effects on endothelial hyperpermeability in vitro and endothelial barrier integrity of coronary microvessels in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings favor the vital role of Adipsin in the regulation of CMECs adherens junctions integrity, revealing its promises as a treatment target against diabetic coronary microvascular dysfunction. Graphical abstract depicting the mechanisms of action behind Adipsin-induced regulation of diabetic coronary microvascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengyuan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wanrong Man
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dexi Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiye Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinglong Song
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Congye Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Dongdong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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2
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Calcium-dependent cAMP mediates the mechanoresponsive behaviour of endothelial cells to high-frequency nanomechanostimulation. Biomaterials 2023; 292:121866. [PMID: 36526351 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial junction plays a central role in regulating intravascular and interstitial tissue permeability. The ability to manipulate its integrity therefore not only facilitates an improved understanding of its underlying molecular mechanisms but also provides insight into potential therapeutic solutions. Herein, we explore the effects of short-duration nanometer-amplitude MHz-order mechanostimulation on interendothelial junction stability and hence the barrier capacity of endothelial monolayers. Following an initial transient in which the endothelial barrier is permeabilised due to Rho-ROCK-activated actin stress fibre formation and junction disruption typical of a cell's response to insults, we observe, quite uniquely, the integrity of the endothelial barrier to not only spontaneously recover but also to be enhanced considerably-without the need for additional stimuli or intervention. Central to this peculiar biphasic response, which has not been observed with other stimuli to date, is the role of second messenger calcium and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling. We show that intracellular Ca2+, modulated by the high frequency excitation, is responsible for activating reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton in the barrier recovery phase, in which circumferential actin bundles are formed to stabilise the adherens junctions via a cAMP-mediated Epac1-Rap1 pathway. Despite the short-duration stimulation (8 min), the approximate 4-fold enhancement in the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of endothelial cells from different tissue sources, and the corresponding reduction in paracellular permeability, was found to persist over hours. The effect can further be extended through multiple treatments without resulting in hyperpermeabilisation of the barrier, as found with prolonged use of chemical stimuli, through which only 1.1- to 1.2-fold improvement in TEER has been reported. Such an ability to regulate and enhance endothelial barrier capacity is particularly useful in the development of in vitro barrier models that more closely resemble their in vivo counterparts.
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3
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Wei W, Li Y, Lee M, Andrikopoulos N, Lin S, Chen C, Leong DT, Ding F, Song Y, Ke PC. Anionic nanoplastic exposure induces endothelial leakiness. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4757. [PMID: 35963861 PMCID: PMC9376074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The global-scale production of plastics has been instrumental in advancing modern society, while the rising accumulation of plastics in landfills, oceans, and anything in between has become a major stressor on environmental sustainability, climate, and, potentially, human health. While mechanical and chemical forces of man and nature can eventually break down or recycle plastics, our understanding of the biological fingerprints of plastics, especially of nanoplastics, remains poor. Here we report on a phenomenon associated with the nanoplastic forms of anionic polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate), where their introduction disrupted the vascular endothelial cadherin junctions in a dose-dependent manner, as revealed by confocal fluorescence microscopy, signaling pathways, molecular dynamics simulations, as well as ex vivo and in vivo assays with animal model systems. Collectively, our results implicated nanoplastics-induced vasculature permeability as primarily biophysical-biochemical in nature, uncorrelated with cytotoxic events such as reactive oxygen species production, autophagy, and apoptosis. This uncovered route of paracellular transport has opened up vast avenues for investigating the behaviour and biological effects of nanoplastics, which may offer crucial insights for guiding innovations towards a sustainable plastics industry and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Myeongsang Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Nicholas Andrikopoulos
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Sijie Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Feng Ding
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Pu Chun Ke
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Nanomedicine Center, The Great Bay Area National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, 136 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
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4
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Yang M, Li S, Huang L, Zhao R, Dai E, Jiang X, He Y, Lu J, Peng L, Liu W, Zhang Z, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Yang Y, Zhao P, Zhu X, Ding X, Yang Z. CTNND1 variants cause familial exudative vitreoretinopathy through Wnt/Cadherin axis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:158428. [PMID: 35700046 PMCID: PMC9431724 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a hereditary disorder that can cause vision loss. The CTNND1 gene encodes a cellular adhesion protein p120-catenin (p120), which is essential for vascularization, yet the function of p120 in postnatal physiological angiogenesis remains unclear. Here, we applied whole-exome sequencing (WES) on 140 probands of FEVR families and identified three candidate variants in the human CTNND1 gene. We performed inducible deletion of Ctnnd1 in the postnatal mouse endothelial cells (ECs) and observed typical phenotypes of FEVR. Immunofluorescence of retina flat mounts also revealed immune responses, including reactive astrogliosis and microgliosis accompanied by abnormal Vegfa expression. Using an unbiased proteomics analysis in combination with in vivo or in vitro approaches, we propose that p120 is critical for the integrity of cadherin/catenin complex, and that p120 activates Wnt signaling activity by protecting β-catenin from Gsk3β-ubiquitin-guided degradation. Treatment of CTNND1-depleted HRECs with Gsk3β inhibitors LiCl or CHIR-99021 successfully enhanced cell proliferation by preventing β-catenin from degradation. Moreover, LiCl treatment increased vessel density in Ctnnd1-deficient mouse retinas. Functional analysis also revealed that variants in CTNND1 cause FEVR by compromising the expression of adherens junctions (AJs) and Wnt signaling activity. Additionally, genetic interactions between p120 and β-catenin or α-catenin revealed by double heterozygous deletion in mice further confirmed that p120 regulates vascular development through the Wnt/Cadherin axis. Together, we propose that CTNND1 is a novel candidate gene associated with FEVR, and that variants in CTNND1 can cause FEVR through the Wnt/Cadherin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Yang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujin Li
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rulian Zhao
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Erkuan Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xinhua Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunqi He
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinglin Lu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Peng
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, Sun Yat-sen University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, Sun Yat-sen University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaotian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province, Sichua, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhilin Jiang
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yeming Yang
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiquan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xinhua Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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5
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Zhao Y, Gan L, Ren L, Lin Y, Ma C, Lin X. Factors influencing the blood-brain barrier permeability. Brain Res 2022; 1788:147937. [PMID: 35568085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic structure that protects the brain from harmful blood-borne, endogenous and exogenous substances and maintains the homeostatic microenvironment. All constituent cell types play indispensable roles in the BBB's integrity, and other structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, adherens junctions, and junctional proteins, can control the barrier permeability. Regarding the need to exchange nutrients and toxic materials, solute carriers, ATP-binding case families, and ion transporter, as well as transcytosis regulate the influx and efflux transport, while the difference in localisation and expression can contribute to functional differences in transport properties. Numerous chemical mediators and other factors such as non-physicochemical factors have been identified to alter BBB permeability by mediating the structural components and barrier function, because of the close relationship with inflammation. In this review, we highlight recently gained mechanistic insights into the maintenance and disruption of the BBB. A better understanding of the factors influencing BBB permeability could contribute to supporting promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and the delivery of central nervous system drugs via BBB permeability interventions under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Gan
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Ren
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubo Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Ma
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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6
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Mishchenko EL, Mishchenko AM, Ivanisenko VA. Mechanosensitive molecular interactions in atherogenic regions of the arteries: development of atherosclerosis. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:552-561. [PMID: 34595377 PMCID: PMC8453358 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A terrible disease of the cardiovascular system, atherosclerosis, develops in the areas of bends and
branches of arteries, where the direction and modulus of the blood flow velocity vector change, and consequently
so does the mechanical effect on endothelial cells in contact with the blood flow. The review focuses on topical
research studies on the development of atherosclerosis – mechanobiochemical events that transform the proatherogenic
mechanical stimulus of blood flow – low and low/oscillatory arterial wall shear stress in the chains of biochemical
reactions in endothelial cells, leading to the expression of specific proteins that cause the progression
of the pathological process. The stages of atherogenesis, systemic risk factors for atherogenesis and its important
hemodynamic factor, low and low/oscillatory wall shear stress exerted by blood flow on the endothelial cells lining
the arterial walls, have been described. The interactions of cell adhesion molecules responsible for the development
of atherosclerosis under low and low/oscillating shear stress conditions have been demonstrated. The activation
of the regulator of the expression of cell adhesion molecules, the transcription factor NF-κB, and the factors
regulating its activation under these conditions have been described. Mechanosensitive signaling pathways leading
to the expression of NF-κB in endothelial cells have been described. Studies of the mechanobiochemical signaling
pathways and interactions involved in the progression of atherosclerosis provide valuable information for the
development of approaches that delay or block the development of this disease.
Key words: atherogenesis; shear stress; transcription factor NF-κB; RelA expression; mechanosensitive receptors;
cell adhesion molecules; signaling pathways; mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Mishchenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - V A Ivanisenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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7
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Schwartz AB, Campos OA, Criado-Hidalgo E, Chien S, del Álamo JC, Lasheras JC, Yeh YT. Elucidating the Biomechanics of Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration by Quantitative Imaging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635263. [PMID: 33855018 PMCID: PMC8039384 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte transendothelial migration is crucial for innate immunity and inflammation. Upon tissue damage or infection, leukocytes exit blood vessels by adhering to and probing vascular endothelial cells (VECs), breaching endothelial cell-cell junctions, and transmigrating across the endothelium. Transendothelial migration is a critical rate-limiting step in this process. Thus, leukocytes must quickly identify the most efficient route through VEC monolayers to facilitate a prompt innate immune response. Biomechanics play a decisive role in transendothelial migration, which involves intimate physical contact and force transmission between the leukocytes and the VECs. While quantifying these forces is still challenging, recent advances in imaging, microfabrication, and computation now make it possible to study how cellular forces regulate VEC monolayer integrity, enable efficient pathfinding, and drive leukocyte transmigration. Here we review these recent advances, paying particular attention to leukocyte adhesion to the VEC monolayer, leukocyte probing of endothelial barrier gaps, and transmigration itself. To offer a practical perspective, we will discuss the current views on how biomechanics govern these processes and the force microscopy technologies that have enabled their quantitative analysis, thus contributing to an improved understanding of leukocyte migration in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Schwartz
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Obed A. Campos
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ernesto Criado-Hidalgo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Juan C. del Álamo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Juan C. Lasheras
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yi-Ting Yeh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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8
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Ring S, Inaba Y, Da M, Bopp T, Grabbe S, Enk A, Mahnke K. Regulatory T Cells Prevent Neutrophilic Infiltration of Skin during Contact Hypersensitivity Reactions by Strengthening the Endothelial Barrier. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2006-2017. [PMID: 33675787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The healing phase of contact hypersensitivity reactions is critically dependent on regulatory T cells (Tregs), but even the early inflammatory phase, that is, 6-24 hours after induction of a contact hypersensitivity reaction, is susceptible to Treg-mediated suppression. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we injected Tregs before the challenge and analyzed the skin-infiltrating cells as early as 6 hours later. Early on, we found mainly neutrophils in the challenged skin, but only a few T cells. This influx of neutrophils was blocked by the injection of Tregs, indicating that they were able to prevent the first wave of leukocytes, which are responsible for starting an immune reaction. As an underlying mechanism, we identified that Tregs can tighten endothelial junctions by inducing intracellular cAMP, leading to protein kinase A-RhoA‒dependent signaling. This eventually reorganizes endothelial junction proteins, such as Notch3, Nectin 2, Filamin B, and VE-cadherin, all of which contribute to the tightening of the endothelial barrier. In summary, Tregs prevent the leakage of proinflammatory cells from and into the tissue, which establishes a mechanism to downregulate immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ring
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yutaka Inaba
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meihong Da
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Enk
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Ca 2+ homeostasis in brain microvascular endothelial cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 362:55-110. [PMID: 34253298 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) is formed by the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) lining the wall of brain capillaries. Its integrity is regulated by multiple mechanisms, including up/downregulation of tight junction proteins or adhesion molecules, altered Ca2+ homeostasis, remodeling of cytoskeleton, that are confined at the level of BMVECs. Beside the contribution of BMVECs to BBB permeability changes, other cells, such as pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, leukocytes or neurons, etc. are also exerting direct or indirect modulatory effects on BBB. Alterations in BBB integrity play a key role in multiple brain pathologies, including neurological (e.g. epilepsy) and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis etc.). In this review, the principal Ca2+ signaling pathways in brain microvascular endothelial cells are discussed and their contribution to BBB integrity is emphasized. Improving the knowledge of Ca2+ homeostasis alterations in BMVECa is fundamental to identify new possible drug targets that diminish/prevent BBB permeabilization in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.
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10
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Su K, Wang J, Lv Y, Tian M, Zhao YY, Minshall RD, Hu G. YAP expression in endothelial cells prevents ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L568-L582. [PMID: 33565367 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00472.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilator-induced lung injury is associated with an increase in mortality in patients with respiratory dysfunction, although mechanical ventilation is an essential intervention implemented in the intensive care unit. Intrinsic molecular mechanisms for minimizing lung inflammatory injury during mechanical ventilation remain poorly defined. We hypothesize that Yes-associated protein (YAP) expression in endothelial cells protects the lung against ventilator-induced injury. Wild-type and endothelial-specific YAP-deficient mice were subjected to a low (7 mL/kg) or high (21 mL/kg) tidal volume (VT) ventilation for 4 h. Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lung, vascular permeability, lung histopathology, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured. Here, we showed that mechanical ventilation with high VT upregulated YAP protein expression in pulmonary endothelial cells. Endothelial-specific YAP knockout mice following high VT ventilation exhibited increased neutrophil counts and protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, Evans blue leakage, and histological lung injury compared with wild-type littermate controls. Deletion of YAP in endothelial cells exaggerated vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin phosphorylation, downregulation of vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP), and dissociation of VE-cadherin and catenins following mechanical ventilation. Importantly, exogenous expression of wild-type VE-PTP in the pulmonary vasculature rescued YAP ablation-induced increases in neutrophil counts and protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, vascular leakage, and histological lung injury as well as VE-cadherin phosphorylation and dissociation from catenins following ventilation. These data demonstrate that YAP expression in endothelial cells suppresses lung inflammatory response and edema formation by modulating VE-PTP-mediated VE-cadherin phosphorylation and thus plays a protective role in ventilator-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ming Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - You-Yang Zhao
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard D Minshall
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guochang Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Lin WC, Fessler MB. Regulatory mechanisms of neutrophil migration from the circulation to the airspace. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4095-4124. [PMID: 33544156 PMCID: PMC7863617 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neutrophil, a short-lived effector leukocyte of the innate immune system best known for its proteases and other degradative cargo, has unique, reciprocal physiological interactions with the lung. During health, large numbers of ‘marginated’ neutrophils reside within the pulmonary vasculature, where they patrol the endothelial surface for pathogens and complete their life cycle. Upon respiratory infection, rapid and sustained recruitment of neutrophils through the endothelial barrier, across the extravascular pulmonary interstitium, and again through the respiratory epithelium into the airspace lumen, is required for pathogen killing. Overexuberant neutrophil trafficking to the lung, however, causes bystander tissue injury and underlies several acute and chronic lung diseases. Due in part to the unique architecture of the lung’s capillary network, the neutrophil follows a microanatomic passage into the distal airspace unlike that observed in other end-organs that it infiltrates. Several of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the stepwise recruitment of circulating neutrophils to the infected lung have been defined over the past few decades; however, fundamental questions remain. In this article, we provide an updated review and perspective on emerging roles for the neutrophil in lung biology, on the molecular mechanisms that control the trafficking of neutrophils to the lung, and on past and ongoing efforts to design therapeutics to intervene upon pulmonary neutrophilia in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chi Lin
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, MD D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, MD D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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12
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Understanding Molecules that Mediate Leukocyte Extravasation. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-020-00207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Wettschureck N, Strilic B, Offermanns S. Passing the Vascular Barrier: Endothelial Signaling Processes Controlling Extravasation. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1467-1525. [PMID: 31140373 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A central function of the vascular endothelium is to serve as a barrier between the blood and the surrounding tissue of the body. At the same time, solutes and cells have to pass the endothelium to leave or to enter the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis. Under pathological conditions, for example, inflammation, permeability for fluid and cells is largely increased in the affected area, thereby facilitating host defense. To appropriately function as a regulated permeability filter, the endothelium uses various mechanisms to allow solutes and cells to pass the endothelial layer. These include transcellular and paracellular pathways of which the latter requires remodeling of intercellular junctions for its regulation. This review provides an overview on endothelial barrier regulation and focuses on the endothelial signaling mechanisms controlling the opening and closing of paracellular pathways for solutes and cells such as leukocytes and metastasizing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wettschureck
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany ; and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Boris Strilic
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany ; and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany ; and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
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14
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Vassallo A, Wood AJ, Subburayalu J, Summers C, Chilvers ER. The counter-intuitive role of the neutrophil in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Br Med Bull 2019; 131:43-55. [PMID: 31504234 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophils are the primary effectors of the innate immune system but are profoundly histotoxic cells. The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is considered to be a prime example of neutrophil-mediated tissue injury. SOURCES OF DATA The information presented in this review is acquired from the published neutrophil cell biology literature and the longstanding interest of the senior authors in ARDS pathogenesis and clinical management. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Investigators in the field would agree that neutrophils accumulate in high abundance in the pulmonary microcirculation, lung interstitium and alveolar airspace of patients with ARDS. ARDS is also associated with systemic neutrophil priming and delayed neutrophil apoptosis and clearance of neutrophils from the lungs. In animal models, reducing circulating neutrophil numbers ameliorates lung injury. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Areas of uncertainty include how neutrophils get stuck in the narrow pulmonary capillary network-whether this reflects changes in the mechanical properties of primed neutrophils alone or additional cell adhesion molecules, the role of neutrophil sub-sets or polarization states including pro-angiogenic and low-density neutrophils, whether neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is beneficial (through bacterial capture) or harmful and the potential for neutrophils to participate in inflammatory resolution. The latter may involve the generation of specialized pro-resolving molecules (SPMs) and MMP-9, which is required for adequate matrix processing. GROWING POINTS Different and possibly stable endotypes of ARDS are increasingly being recognized, yet the relative contribution of the neutrophil to these endotypes is uncertain. There is renewed and intense interest in understanding the complex 'new biology' of the neutrophil, specifically whether this cell might be a valid therapeutic target in ARDS and other neutrophil-driven diseases and developing understanding of ways to enhance the beneficial role of the neutrophil in the resolution phase of ARDS. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Aside from treatment of the precipitating causes of ARDS, and scrupulous fluid, infection and ventilation management, there are no pharmacological interventions for ARDS; this represents an urgent and unmet need. Therapies aimed at reducing overall neutrophil numbers risk secondary infection; hence better ways are needed to reverse the processes of neutrophil priming activation, hyper-secretion and delayed apoptosis while enhancing the pro-resolution functions of the neutrophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlette Vassallo
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Alex J Wood
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | | | - Charlotte Summers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Edwin R Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
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15
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Li R, Liu Y, Li L, Zhang R, Tang Y. p120 inhibits LPS/TNFα-induced endothelial Ang2 synthesis and release in an NF-κB independent fashion. Cytokine 2019; 123:154786. [PMID: 31352174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adherens junction protein p120 is thought to be crucial for maintaining vascular integrity, which is important in many pathologies and diseases including atherosclerosis, vascular malformations, hemorrhagic stroke, sepsis and others. However, the mechanisms responsible for this is not completely understood. In this study, using an unbiased proteomics approach, followed by other experimental techniques, we identified that in HUVECs p120 overexpression inhibits LPS/TNFα-induced angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) expression, a key switch of endothelial destabilization. Interestingly, p120 overexpression did not inhibit LPS/TNFα-induced expression of adhesion molecules/cytokines including VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, MCP-1, IL-8 and IL-6 in our experimental system. Furthermore, this p120-mediated repression of Ang2 is in an NF-κB independent manner, possibly via transcription factor Ets1. Our results demonstrate that p120 influences vascular integrity by secreted signals, providing new insights into the mechanisms of p120-mediated vascular stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruyuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yaoqing Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Burg N, Swendeman S, Worgall S, Hla T, Salmon JE. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Signaling Maintains Endothelial Cell Barrier Function and Protects Against Immune Complex-Induced Vascular Injury. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 70:1879-1889. [PMID: 29781582 DOI: 10.1002/art.40558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune complex (IC) deposition activates polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), increases vascular permeability, and leads to organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. The bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), acting via S1P receptor 1 (S1P1 ), is a key regulator of endothelial cell (EC) barrier function. This study was undertaken to investigate whether augmenting EC integrity via S1P1 signaling attenuates inflammatory injury mediated by ICs. METHODS In vitro barrier function was assessed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing. Phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2 (p-MLC-2) and VE-cadherin staining in HUVECs were assessed by immunofluorescence. A reverse Arthus reaction (RAR) was induced in the skin and lungs of mice with S1P1 deleted from ECs (S1P1 EC-knockout [ECKO] mice) and mice treated with S1P1 agonists and antagonists. RESULTS S1P1 agonists prevented loss of barrier function in HUVECs treated with IC-activated PMNs. S1P1 ECKO and wild-type (WT) mice treated with S1P1 antagonists had amplified RAR, whereas specific S1P1 agonists attenuated skin and lung RAR in WT mice. ApoM-Fc, a novel S1P chaperone, mitigated EC cell barrier dysfunction induced by activated PMNs in vitro and attenuated lung RAR. Expression levels of p-MLC-2 and disruption of VE-cadherin, each representing manifestations of cell contraction and destabilization of adherens junctions, respectively, that were induced by activated PMNs, were markedly reduced by treatment with S1P1 agonists and ApoM-Fc. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that S1P1 signaling in ECs modulates vascular responses to IC deposition. S1P1 agonists and ApoM-Fc enhance the EC barrier, limit leukocyte escape from capillaries, and provide protection against inflammatory injury. The S1P/S1P1 axis is a newly identified target to attenuate tissue responses to IC deposition and mitigate end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Burg
- Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Timothy Hla
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jane E Salmon
- Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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17
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Role of truncated oxidized phospholipids in acute endothelial barrier dysfunction caused by particulate matter. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206251. [PMID: 30419037 PMCID: PMC6231611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is a global environmental health problem contributing to more severe lung inflammation and injury. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of PM-induced exacerbation of lung barrier dysfunction and injury are not well understood. In the current study, we tested a hypothesis that PM exacerbates vascular barrier dysfunction via ROS-induced generation of truncated oxidized phospholipids (Tr-OxPLs). Treatment of human pulmonary endothelial cells with PM caused endothelial cell barrier disruption in a dose-dependent fashion. Biochemical analysis showed destabilization of cell junctions by PM via tyrosine phosphorylation and internalization of VE-cadherin. These events were accompanied by PM-induced generation of Tr-OxPLs, detected by mass spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, purified Tr-OxPLs: POVPC, PGPC and lyso-PC alone, caused a rapid increase in endothelial permeability and augmented pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction induced by submaximal doses of PM. In support of a role of TR-OxPLs-dependent mechanism in mediation of PM effects, ectopic expression of intracellular type 2 platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAFAH2), which specifically hydrolyzes Tr-OxPLs, significantly attenuated PM-induced endothelial hyperpermeability. In summary, this study uncovered a novel mechanism of PM-induced sustained dysfunction of pulmonary endothelial cell barrier which is driven by PM-induced generation of truncated products of phospholipid oxidation causing destabilization of cell junctions.
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18
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Karki P, Birukova AA. Substrate stiffness-dependent exacerbation of endothelial permeability and inflammation: mechanisms and potential implications in ALI and PH (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045894018773044. [PMID: 29714090 PMCID: PMC5987909 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018773044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity is absolutely essential to prevent the vascular leak associated with pneumonia, pulmonary edema resulting from inhalation of toxins, acute elevation to high altitude, traumatic and septic lung injury, acute lung injury (ALI), and its life-threatening complication, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In addition to the long-known edemagenic and inflammatory agonists, emerging evidences suggest that factors of endothelial cell (EC) mechanical microenvironment such as blood flow, mechanical strain of the vessel, or extracellular matrix stiffness also play an essential role in the control of endothelial permeability and inflammation. Recent studies from our group and others have demonstrated that substrate stiffening causes endothelial barrier disruption and renders EC more susceptible to agonist-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement and inflammation. Further in vivo studies have provided direct evidence that proinflammatory stimuli increase lung microvascular stiffness which in turn exacerbates endothelial permeability and inflammation and perpetuates a vicious circle of lung inflammation. Accumulating evidence suggests a key role for RhoA GTPases signaling in stiffness-dependent mechanotransduction mechanisms defining EC permeability and inflammatory responses. Vascular stiffening is also known to be a key contributor to other cardiovascular diseases such as arterial pulmonary hypertension (PH), although the precise role of stiffness in the development and progression of PH remains to be elucidated. This review summarizes the current understanding of stiffness-dependent regulation of pulmonary EC permeability and inflammation, and discusses potential implication of pulmonary vascular stiffness alterations at macro- and microscale in development and modulation of ALI and PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Karki
- 12264 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna A Birukova
- 12264 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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The role of TRPM2 channels in neurons, glial cells and the blood-brain barrier in cerebral ischemia and hypoxia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018. [PMID: 29542681 PMCID: PMC5943904 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide, yet novel therapeutic treatments for this condition are lacking. This review focuses on the roles of the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) ion channels in cellular damage following hypoxia-ischemia and their potential as a future therapeutic target for stroke. Here, we highlight the complex molecular signaling that takes place in neurons, glial cells and the blood-brain barrier following ischemic insult. We also describe the evidence of TRPM2 involvement in these processes, as shown from numerous in vitro and in vivo studies that utilize genetic and pharmacological approaches. This evidence implicates TRPM2 in a broad range of pathways that take place every stage of cerebral ischemic injury, thus making TRPM2 a promising target for drug development for stroke and other neurodegenerative conditions of the central nervous system.
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20
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Abstract
Lipid mediators play a critical role in the development and resolution of vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction caused by various pathologic interventions. The accumulation of excess lipids directly impairs endothelial cell (EC) barrier function that is known to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes as well as chronic inflammation in the vascular endothelium. Certain products of phospholipid oxidation (OxPL) such as fragmented phospholipids generated during oxidative and nitrosative stress show pro-inflammatory potential and cause endothelial barrier dysfunction. In turn, other OxPL products enhance basal EC barrier and exhibit potent barrier-protective effects in pathologic settings of acute vascular leak caused by pro-inflammatory mediators, barrier disruptive agonists and pathologic mechanical stimulation. These beneficial effects were further confirmed in rodent models of lung injury and inflammation. The bioactive oxidized lipid molecules may serve as important therapeutic prototype molecules for future treatment of acute lung injury syndromes associated with endothelial barrier dysfunction and inflammation. This review will summarize recent studies of biological effects exhibited by various groups of lipid mediators with a focus on the role of oxidized phospholipids in control of vascular endothelial barrier, agonist induced EC permeability, inflammation, and barrier recovery related to clinical settings of acute lung injury and inflammatory vascular leak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Karki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,CONTACT Konstantin G. Birukov, MD, PhD Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, HSF-2, Room 145, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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21
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Abstract
Endothelial cells line blood vessels and provide a dynamic interface between the blood and tissues. They remodel to allow leukocytes, fluid and small molecules to enter tissues during inflammation and infections. Here we compare the signaling networks that contribute to endothelial permeability and leukocyte transendothelial migration, focusing particularly on signals mediated by small GTPases that regulate cell adhesion and the actin cytoskeleton. Rho and Rap GTPase signaling is important for both processes, but they differ in that signals are activated locally under leukocytes, whereas endothelial permeability is a wider event that affects the whole cell. Some molecules play a unique role in one of the two processes, and could therefore be targeted to selectively alter either endothelial permeability or leukocyte transendothelial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Cerutti
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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22
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Mittal M, Nepal S, Tsukasaki Y, Hecquet CM, Soni D, Rehman J, Tiruppathi C, Malik AB. Neutrophil Activation of Endothelial Cell-Expressed TRPM2 Mediates Transendothelial Neutrophil Migration and Vascular Injury. Circ Res 2017; 121:1081-1091. [PMID: 28790198 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE TRPM2 (transient receptor potential melastatin-2) expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) is a cation channel mediating Ca2+ entry in response to intracellular generation of adenosine diphosphoribose-the TRPM2 ligand. OBJECTIVE Because polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) interaction with ECs generates reactive oxygen species, we addressed the possible role of TRPM2 expressed in ECs in the mechanism of transendothelial migration of PMNs. METHODS AND RESULTS We observed defective PMN transmigration in response to lipopolysaccharide challenge in adult mice in which the EC expressed TRPM2 is conditionally deleted (Trpm2iΔEC ). PMN interaction with ECs induced the entry of Ca2+ in ECs via the EC-expressed TRPM2. Prevention of generation of adenosine diphosphoribose in ECs significantly reduced Ca2+ entry in response to PMN activation of TRPM2 in ECs. PMNs isolated from gp91phox-/- mice significantly reduced Ca2+ entry in ECs via TRPM2 as compared with wild-type PMNs and failed to induce PMN transmigration. Overexpression of the adenosine diphosphoribose insensitive TRPM2 mutant channel (C1008→A) in ECs suppressed the Ca2+ entry response. Further, the forced expression of TRPM2 mutant channel (C1008→A) or silencing of poly ADP-ribose polymerase in ECs of mice prevented PMN transmigration. CONCLUSIONS Thus, endotoxin-induced transmigration of PMNs was secondary to TRPM2-activated Ca2+ signaling and VE-cadherin phosphorylation resulting in the disassembly of adherens junctions and opening of the paracellular pathways. These results suggest blocking TRPM2 activation in ECs is a potentially important means of therapeutically modifying PMN-mediated vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Mittal
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.M., S.N., Y.T., C.M.H., D.S., J.L., C.T., A.B.M.), and Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine (J.L.)
| | - Saroj Nepal
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.M., S.N., Y.T., C.M.H., D.S., J.L., C.T., A.B.M.), and Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine (J.L.)
| | - Yoshikazu Tsukasaki
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.M., S.N., Y.T., C.M.H., D.S., J.L., C.T., A.B.M.), and Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine (J.L.)
| | - Claudie M Hecquet
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.M., S.N., Y.T., C.M.H., D.S., J.L., C.T., A.B.M.), and Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine (J.L.)
| | - Dheeraj Soni
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.M., S.N., Y.T., C.M.H., D.S., J.L., C.T., A.B.M.), and Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine (J.L.)
| | - Jalees Rehman
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.M., S.N., Y.T., C.M.H., D.S., J.L., C.T., A.B.M.), and Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine (J.L.)
| | - Chinnaswamy Tiruppathi
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.M., S.N., Y.T., C.M.H., D.S., J.L., C.T., A.B.M.), and Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine (J.L.)
| | - Asrar B Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.M., S.N., Y.T., C.M.H., D.S., J.L., C.T., A.B.M.), and Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine (J.L.).
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23
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Morsing KSH, Peters AL, van Buul JD, Vlaar APJ. The role of endothelium in the onset of antibody-mediated TRALI. Blood Rev 2017; 32:1-7. [PMID: 28823763 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity following blood transfusion. The mechanisms behind the disease are not yet fully understood but seem to involve many different activating pathways and donor factors, in synergy with patient susceptibility. Studies have focused mostly on neutrophil activation, as aggregates of neutrophils and edema in lungs are found in post-mortem histological sections. This review aims to highlight the role of the endothelium in TRALI, as activated endothelium is the main promoter of leukocyte transmigration, and creates the barrier between blood and tissue. Since recent evidence suggests that a strong endothelial barrier prevents leukocyte transmigration and vascular leakage, we suggest that strengthening this barrier may be key to TRALI prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S H Morsing
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Molecular Cell Biology Lab, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A L Peters
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J D van Buul
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Molecular Cell Biology Lab, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A P J Vlaar
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Muller WA. Transendothelial migration: unifying principles from the endothelial perspective. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:61-75. [PMID: 27558328 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transendothelial migration (TEM) of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) involves a carefully orchestrated dialog of adhesion and signaling events between leukocyte and endothelial cell. This article focuses on the contribution of endothelial cells to transmigration. The initiation of TEM itself generally requires interaction of PECAM on the leukocyte with PECAM at the endothelial cell border. This is responsible for the transient elevation of cytosolic-free calcium ions in endothelium that is required for TEM and for recruitment of membrane from the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC). TEM requires LBRC to move to the site at which TEM will take place and for VE-cadherin to move away. Targeting of the LBRC to this site likely precedes movement of VE-cadherin and may play a role in clearing VE-cadherin from the site of TEM. The process of TEM can be dissected into steps mediated by distinct pairs of PMN/endothelial interacting molecules. CD99 regulates a step at or close to the end of TEM. CD99 signals through soluble adenylyl cyclase to activate PKA to trigger ongoing targeted recycling of the LBRC. Paracellular transmigration predominates (≥90% of events) in the cremaster muscle circulation, but transcellular migration may be more important at sites such as the blood-brain barrier. Both processes involve many of the same molecules and recruitment of the LBRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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25
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Reyat JS, Chimen M, Noy PJ, Szyroka J, Rainger GE, Tomlinson MG. ADAM10-Interacting Tetraspanins Tspan5 and Tspan17 Regulate VE-Cadherin Expression and Promote T Lymphocyte Transmigration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:666-676. [PMID: 28600292 PMCID: PMC5502317 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The recruitment of blood leukocytes across the endothelium to sites of tissue infection is central to inflammation, but also promotes chronic inflammatory diseases. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is a ubiquitous transmembrane molecular scissor that is implicated in leukocyte transmigration by proteolytically cleaving its endothelial substrates. These include VE-cadherin, a homotypic adhesion molecule that regulates endothelial barrier function, and transmembrane chemokines CX3CL1 and CXCL16, which have receptors on leukocytes. However, a definitive role for endothelial ADAM10 in transmigration of freshly isolated primary leukocytes under flow has not been demonstrated, and the relative importance of distinct ADAM10 substrates is unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that ADAM10 can be regarded as six different molecular scissors with different substrate specificities, depending on which of six TspanC8 tetraspanins it is associated with, but TspanC8s remain unstudied in leukocyte transmigration. In the current study, ADAM10 knockdown on primary HUVECs was found to impair transmigration of freshly isolated human peripheral blood T lymphocytes, but not neutrophils or B lymphocytes, in an in vitro flow assay. This impairment was due to delayed transmigration rather than a complete block, and was overcome in the presence of neutrophils. Transmigration of purified lymphocytes was dependent on ADAM10 regulation of VE-cadherin, but not CX3CL1 and CXCL16. Tspan5 and Tspan17, the two most closely related TspanC8s by sequence, were the only TspanC8s that regulated VE-cadherin expression and were required for lymphocyte transmigration. Therefore endothelial Tspan5- and Tspan17-ADAM10 complexes may regulate inflammation by maintaining normal VE-cadherin expression and promoting T lymphocyte transmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet S Reyat
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Chimen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Noy
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Justyna Szyroka
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - G Ed Rainger
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G Tomlinson
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
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26
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Komarova YA, Kruse K, Mehta D, Malik AB. Protein Interactions at Endothelial Junctions and Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability. Circ Res 2017; 120:179-206. [PMID: 28057793 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The monolayer of endothelial cells lining the vessel wall forms a semipermeable barrier (in all tissue except the relatively impermeable blood-brain and inner retinal barriers) that regulates tissue-fluid homeostasis, transport of nutrients, and migration of blood cells across the barrier. Permeability of the endothelial barrier is primarily regulated by a protein complex called adherens junctions. Adherens junctions are not static structures; they are continuously remodeled in response to mechanical and chemical cues in both physiological and pathological settings. Here, we discuss recent insights into the post-translational modifications of junctional proteins and signaling pathways regulating plasticity of adherens junctions and endothelial permeability. We also discuss in the context of what is already known and newly defined signaling pathways that mediate endothelial barrier leakiness (hyperpermeability) that are important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and lung diseases and vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Komarova
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Kevin Kruse
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Dolly Mehta
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Asrar B Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago.
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27
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Dragoni S, Hudson N, Kenny BA, Burgoyne T, McKenzie JA, Gill Y, Blaber R, Futter CE, Adamson P, Greenwood J, Turowski P. Endothelial MAPKs Direct ICAM-1 Signaling to Divergent Inflammatory Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4074-4085. [PMID: 28373581 PMCID: PMC5421301 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) is critically dependent on intraendothelial signaling triggered by adhesion to ICAM-1. Here we show that endothelial MAPKs ERK, p38, and JNK mediate diapedesis-related and diapedesis-unrelated functions of ICAM-1 in cerebral and dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). All three MAPKs were activated by ICAM-1 engagement, either through lymphocyte adhesion or Ab-mediated clustering. MAPKs were involved in ICAM-1-dependent expression of TNF-α in cerebral and dermal MVECs, and CXCL8, CCL3, CCL4, VCAM-1, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in cerebral MVECs. Endothelial JNK and to a much lesser degree p38 were the principal MAPKs involved in facilitating diapedesis of CD4+ lymphocytes across both types of MVECs, whereas ERK was additionally required for TEM across dermal MVECs. JNK activity was critical for ICAM-1-induced F-actin rearrangements. Furthermore, activation of endothelial ICAM-1/JNK led to phosphorylation of paxillin, its association with VE-cadherin, and internalization of the latter. Importantly ICAM-1-induced phosphorylation of paxillin was required for lymphocyte TEM and converged functionally with VE-cadherin phosphorylation. Taken together we conclude that during lymphocyte TEM, ICAM-1 signaling diverges into pathways regulating lymphocyte diapedesis, and other pathways modulating gene expression thereby contributing to the long-term inflammatory response of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dragoni
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Hudson
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget-Ann Kenny
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny A McKenzie
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Yadvinder Gill
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Blaber
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E Futter
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Adamson
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Patric Turowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
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28
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Garrett JP, Lowery AM, Adam AP, Kowalczyk AP, Vincent PA. Regulation of endothelial barrier function by p120-catenin∙VE-cadherin interaction. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:85-97. [PMID: 27852896 PMCID: PMC5221632 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining VE-cadherin levels by inhibiting its endocytosis through p120-catenin binding is not sufficient for forming a restrictive barrier. Instead, p120-catenin binding to VE-cadherin is required to allow tyrosine-phosphorylated VE-cadherin to contribute to barrier formation. Endothelial p120-catenin (p120) maintains the level of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-Cad) by inhibiting VE-Cad endocytosis. Loss of p120 results in a decrease in VE-Cad levels, leading to the formation of monolayers with decreased barrier function (as assessed by transendothelial electrical resistance [TEER]), whereas overexpression of p120 increases VE-Cad levels and promotes a more restrictive monolayer. To test whether reduced endocytosis mediated by p120 is required for VE-Cad formation of a restrictive barrier, we restored VE-Cad levels using an endocytic-defective VE-Cad mutant. This endocytic-defective mutant was unable to rescue the loss of TEER associated with p120 or VE-Cad depletion. In contrast, the endocytic-defective mutant was able to prevent sprout formation in a fibrin bead assay, suggesting that p120•VE-Cad interaction regulates barrier function and angiogenic sprouting through different mechanisms. Further investigation found that depletion of p120 increases Src activity and that loss of p120 binding results in increased VE-Cad phosphorylation. In addition, expression of a Y658F–VE-Cad mutant or an endocytic-defective Y658F–VE-Cad double mutant were both able to rescue TEER independently of p120 binding. Our results show that in addition to regulating endocytosis, p120 also allows the phosphorylated form of VE-Cad to participate in the formation of a restrictive monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alejandro P Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and.,Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307.,Department of Dermatology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307
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29
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Small GTPases and their guanine-nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins in neutrophil recruitment. Curr Opin Hematol 2016; 23:44-54. [PMID: 26619317 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review describes the roles of Rho- and Rap-guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) and of their activators, guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), and inhibitors, GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), in neutrophil recruitment from the blood stream into inflamed tissues, with a focus on recently identified roles in neutrophils, endothelial cells, and platelets. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have identified important roles of Rho- and Rap-GTPases, and of their GEFs and GAPs, in the neutrophil recruitment cascade. These proteins control the upregulation and/or activation of adhesion molecules on the surface of neutrophils, endothelial cells, and platelets, and they alter cell/cell adhesion in the vascular endothelium. This enables the capture of neutrophils from the blood stream, their migration along and through the vessel wall, and their passage into the inflamed tissue. In particular, it has recently become clear that P-Rex and Vav family Rac-GEFs in platelets are crucial for neutrophil recruitment. SUMMARY These recent findings have contributed greatly to our understanding of the signalling pathways that control neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation and have opened up new avenues of research in this field.
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30
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Reglero-Real N, Colom B, Bodkin JV, Nourshargh S. Endothelial Cell Junctional Adhesion Molecules: Role and Regulation of Expression in Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2048-2057. [PMID: 27515379 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells line the lumen of all blood vessels and play a critical role in maintaining the barrier function of the vasculature. Sealing of the vessel wall between adjacent endothelial cells is facilitated by interactions involving junctionally expressed transmembrane proteins, including tight junctional molecules, such as members of the junctional adhesion molecule family, components of adherence junctions, such as VE-Cadherin, and other molecules, such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule. Of importance, a growing body of evidence indicates that the expression of these molecules is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner during inflammation: responses that have significant implications for the barrier function of blood vessels against blood-borne macromolecules and transmigrating leukocytes. This review summarizes key aspects of our current understanding of the dynamics and mechanisms that regulate the expression of endothelial cells junctional molecules during inflammation and discusses the associated functional implications of such events in acute and chronic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Reglero-Real
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bartomeu Colom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jennifer Victoria Bodkin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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31
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Häuselmann I, Roblek M, Protsyuk D, Huck V, Knopfova L, Grässle S, Bauer AT, Schneider SW, Borsig L. Monocyte Induction of E-Selectin-Mediated Endothelial Activation Releases VE-Cadherin Junctions to Promote Tumor Cell Extravasation in the Metastasis Cascade. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5302-12. [PMID: 27488527 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells interact with blood constituents and these interactions promote metastasis. Selectins are vascular receptors facilitating interactions of tumor cells with platelets, leukocytes, and endothelium, but the role of endothelial E-selectin remains unclear. Here we show that E-selectin is a major receptor for monocyte recruitment to tumor cell-activated endothelium. Experimental and spontaneous lung metastasis using murine tumor cells, without E-selectin ligands, were attenuated in E-selectin-deficient mice. Tumor cell-derived CCL2 promoted endothelial activation, resulting in enhanced endothelial E-selectin expression. The recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to metastasizing tumor cells was dependent on the local endothelial activation and the presence of E-selectin. Monocytes promoted transendothelial migration of tumor cells through the induction of E-selectin-dependent endothelial retractions and a subsequent modulation of tight junctions through dephosphorylation of VE-cadherin. Thus, endothelial E-selectin shapes the tumor microenvironment through the recruitment, adhesion, and activation of monocytes that facilitate tumor cell extravasation and thereby metastasis. These findings provide evidence that endothelial E-selectin is a novel factor contributing to endothelial retraction required for efficient lung metastasis. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5302-12. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Häuselmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marko Roblek
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darya Protsyuk
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volker Huck
- Department of Dermatology, Experimental Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lucia Knopfova
- International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biological and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital and Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Grässle
- Department of Dermatology, Experimental Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander T Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Experimental Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan W Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, Experimental Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lubor Borsig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland.
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32
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Schmidt EP, Kuebler WM, Lee WL, Downey GP. Adhesion Molecules: Master Controllers of the Circulatory System. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:945-73. [PMID: 27065171 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript will review our current understanding of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) relevant to the circulatory system, their physiological role in control of vascular homeostasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and their importance in pathophysiological (disease) processes such as acute lung injury, atherosclerosis, and pulmonary hypertension. This is a complex and rapidly changing area of research that is incompletely understood. By design, we will begin with a brief overview of the structure and classification of the major groups of adhesion molecules and their physiological functions including cellular adhesion and signaling. The role of specific CAMs in the process of platelet aggregation and hemostasis and leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration will be reviewed as examples of the complex and cooperative interplay between CAMs during physiological and pathophysiological processes. The role of the endothelial glycocalyx and the glycobiology of this complex system related to inflammatory states such as sepsis will be reviewed. We will then focus on the role of adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of specific disease processes involving the lungs and cardiovascular system. The potential of targeting adhesion molecules in the treatment of immune and inflammatory diseases will be highlighted in the relevant sections throughout the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren L Lee
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Respirology and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory P Downey
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Departments of Medicine, and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Gonzalez AM, Cyrus BF, Muller WA. Targeted Recycling of the Lateral Border Recycling Compartment Precedes Adherens Junction Dissociation during Transendothelial Migration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1387-402. [PMID: 26968345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) requires two major events: local dissociation of adherens junctions manifested as gaps in vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin staining at the site of TEM and targeted trafficking of the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC) to the site of TEM. However, the association between LBRC recycling and VE-cadherin gaps remains unknown. We found that when targeting of the LBRC is selectively inhibited using established methods, such as a function blocking anti-platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 antibody, depolymerizing microtubules, or microinjection of an antibody that inhibits kinesin, VE-cadherin gaps do not form around the blocked leukocyte. This is the first time that the LBRC has been implicated in this process. We obtained similar results for neutrophils and monocytes and in studies using live cell imaging microscopy conducted under fluid shear conditions. Depolymerizing microtubules did not affect the ability of leukocytes to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin. A VE-cadherin double mutant (Y658F, Y731F) expressed in endothelial cells acted as a dominant negative and inhibited VE-cadherin gap formation and TEM, yet targeting of the LBRC still occurred. These data suggest that targeting of the LBRC to the site of TEM precedes VE-cadherin clearance. Recruitment of the LBRC may play a role in clearing VE-cadherin from the site of TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bita F Cyrus
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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34
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Platelet-mediated adhesion facilitates leukocyte sequestration in hypoxia-reoxygenated microvessels. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:299-311. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Timmerman I, Daniel AE, Kroon J, van Buul JD. Leukocytes Crossing the Endothelium: A Matter of Communication. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 322:281-329. [PMID: 26940521 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes cross the endothelial vessel wall in a process called transendothelial migration (TEM). The purpose of leukocyte TEM is to clear the causing agents of inflammation in underlying tissues, for example, bacteria and viruses. During TEM, endothelial cells initiate signals that attract and guide leukocytes to sites of tissue damage. Leukocytes react by attaching to these sites and signal their readiness to move back to endothelial cells. Endothelial cells in turn respond by facilitating the passage of leukocytes while retaining overall integrity. In this review, we present recent findings in the field and we have endeavored to synthesize a coherent picture of the intricate interplay between endothelial cells and leukocytes during TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Timmerman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna E Daniel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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36
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Muller WA. Localized signals that regulate transendothelial migration. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 38:24-9. [PMID: 26584476 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transendothelial migration (TEM) of leukocytes is the step in leukocyte emigration in which the leukocyte actually leaves the blood vessel to carry out its role in the inflammatory response. It is therefore, arguably the most critical step in emigration. This review focuses on two of the many aspects of this process that have seen important recent developments. The adhesion molecules, PECAM (CD31) and CD99 that regulate two major steps in TEM, do so by regulating specific signals. PECAM initiates the signaling pathway responsible for the calcium flux that is required for TEM. Calcium enters through the cation channel TRPC6 and recruits the first wave of trafficking of membrane from the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC). CD99 signals through soluble adenylate cyclase to activate protein kinase A to recruit a second wave of LBRC trafficking. Another process that is critical for TEM is transient removal of VE-cadherin from the site of TEM. However, the local signaling pathways that are responsible for this appear to be different from those that open the junctions to increase vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60201, USA.
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37
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Regulation of Endothelial Adherens Junctions by Tyrosine Phosphorylation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:272858. [PMID: 26556953 PMCID: PMC4628659 DOI: 10.1155/2015/272858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells form a semipermeable, regulated barrier that limits the passage of fluid, small molecules, and leukocytes between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues. The adherens junction, a major mechanism of intercellular adhesion, is comprised of transmembrane cadherins forming homotypic interactions between adjacent cells and associated cytoplasmic catenins linking the cadherins to the cytoskeleton. Inflammatory conditions promote the disassembly of the adherens junction and a loss of intercellular adhesion, creating openings or gaps in the endothelium through which small molecules diffuse and leukocytes transmigrate. Tyrosine kinase signaling has emerged as a central regulator of the inflammatory response, partly through direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the adherens junction components. This review discusses the findings that support and those that argue against a direct effect of cadherin and catenin phosphorylation in the disassembly of the adherens junction. Recent findings indicate a complex interaction between kinases, phosphatases, and the adherens junction components that allow a fine regulation of the endothelial permeability to small molecules, leukocyte migration, and barrier resealing.
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38
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Alvarez JI, Kébir H, Cheslow L, Charabati M, Chabarati M, Larochelle C, Prat A. JAML mediates monocyte and CD8 T cell migration across the brain endothelium. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:1032-7. [PMID: 26734656 PMCID: PMC4693623 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte transmigration into the central nervous system promotes multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, yet ambiguity remains regarding the mechanisms controlling the migration of distinct immune cell subsets. Using in vitro, ex vivo and postmortem human materials, we identified a significant upregulation of junctional adhesion molecule‐like expression at the blood–brain barrier, monocytes, and CD8 T cells of multiple sclerosis patients. We also detected junctional adhesion molecule‐like+ trans‐migratory cups when monocytes/CD8 T cells adhered to the blood–brain barrier, however, their migratory capacity was significantly compromised when junctional adhesion molecule‐like was blocked. These findings highlight a novel role for junctional adhesion molecule‐like in leukocyte transmigration and its potential as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Iván Alvarez
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréa lQuébec Canada; Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Hania Kébir
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Lara Cheslow
- Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | | | - Marc Chabarati
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréal Québec Canada
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39
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Bou Ghanem EN, Clark S, Roggensack SE, McIver SR, Alcaide P, Haydon PG, Leong JM. Extracellular Adenosine Protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae Lung Infection by Regulating Pulmonary Neutrophil Recruitment. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005126. [PMID: 26313746 PMCID: PMC4552087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An important determinant of disease following Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) lung infection is pulmonary inflammation mediated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). We found that upon intratracheal challenge of mice, recruitment of PMNs into the lungs within the first 3 hours coincided with decreased pulmonary pneumococci, whereas large numbers of pulmonary PMNs beyond 12 hours correlated with a greater bacterial burden. Indeed, mice that survived infection largely resolved inflammation by 72 hours, and PMN depletion at peak infiltration, i.e. 18 hours post-infection, lowered bacterial numbers and enhanced survival. We investigated host signaling pathways that influence both pneumococcus clearance and pulmonary inflammation. Pharmacologic inhibition and/or genetic ablation of enzymes that generate extracellular adenosine (EAD) (e.g. the ectoenzyme CD73) or degrade EAD (e.g. adenosine deaminase) revealed that EAD dramatically increases murine resistance to S. pneumoniae lung infection. Moreover, adenosine diminished PMN movement across endothelial monolayers in vitro, and although inhibition or deficiency of CD73 had no discernible impact on PMN recruitment within the first 6 hours after intratracheal inoculation of mice, these measures enhanced PMN numbers in the pulmonary interstitium after 18 hours of infection, culminating in dramatically elevated numbers of pulmonary PMNs at three days post-infection. When assessed at this time point, CD73-/- mice displayed increased levels of cellular factors that promote leukocyte migration, such as CXCL2 chemokine in the murine lung, as well as CXCR2 and β-2 integrin on the surface of pulmonary PMNs. The enhanced pneumococcal susceptibility of CD73-/- mice was significantly reversed by PMN depletion following infection, suggesting that EAD-mediated resistance is largely mediated by its effects on PMNs. Finally, CD73-inhibition diminished the ability of PMNs to kill pneumococci in vitro, suggesting that EAD alters both the recruitment and bacteriocidal function of PMNs. The EAD-pathway may provide a therapeutic target for regulating potentially harmful inflammatory host responses during Gram-positive bacterial pneumonia. Despite the presence of vaccines and antibiotic therapies, invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) infections, such as pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis, remain a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Understanding the host factors that influence the outcome of S. pneumoniae infection will allow us to design better therapies. Here, we elucidate the role of rapidly responding innate immune cells termed neutrophils, or PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes), whose role in S. pneumoniae infection has long been controversial. We found that PMNs are initially required for controlling bacterial numbers, but their extended presence in the lungs leads to significant damage and poor control of infection. The signals that control the movement of PMNs into the infected lungs are not well understood. Here, we identified extracellular adenosine (EAD), a molecule produced by the host in response to cellular damage, as important in limiting PMN movement into the lungs upon pneumococcal challenge. Importantly, EAD-mediated control of PMNs was crucial for fighting lung infection by S. pneumoniae. This study may lead to the potential use of clinically available adenosine-based therapies to combat pneumococcal pneumonia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa N. Bou Ghanem
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stacie Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sara E. Roggensack
- Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sally R. McIver
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pilar Alcaide
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip G. Haydon
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Muller WA. The regulation of transendothelial migration: new knowledge and new questions. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:310-20. [PMID: 25987544 PMCID: PMC4592322 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) involves a co-operative series of interactions between surface molecules on the leucocyte and cognate counter-ligands on the endothelial cell. These interactions set up a cascade of signalling events inside the endothelial cell that both allow for the junctions to loosen and for membrane to be recruited from the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC). The LBRC is thought to provide an increased surface area and unligated receptors to the leucocyte to continue the process. The relative importance of the individual adhesion/signalling molecules that promote transmigration may vary depending on the type of leucocyte, the vascular bed, the inflammatory stimulus, and the stage of the inflammatory response. However, the molecular interactions between leucocyte and endothelial cell activate signalling pathways that disengage the adherens and tight junctions and recruit the LBRC to the site of transmigration. With the exception of disengaging the junctions, similar molecules and mechanisms promote transcellular migration as paracellular migration of leucocytes. This review will discuss the molecular interactions and signalling pathways that regulate transmigration, and the common themes that emerge from studying TEM of different leucocyte subsets under different inflammatory conditions. We will also raise some unanswered questions in need of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ward Building 3-140, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Mooren OL, Kim J, Li J, Cooper JA. Role of N-WASP in Endothelial Monolayer Formation and Integrity. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18796-805. [PMID: 26070569 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form a monolayer that serves as a barrier between the blood and the underlying tissue. ECs tightly regulate their cell-cell junctions, controlling the passage of soluble materials and immune cells across the monolayer barrier. We studied the role of N-WASP, a key regulator of Arp2/3 complex and actin assembly, in EC monolayers. We report that N-WASP regulates endothelial monolayer integrity by affecting the organization of cell junctions. Depletion of N-WASP resulted in an increase in transendothelial electrical resistance, a measure of monolayer integrity. N-WASP depletion increased the width of cell-cell junctions and altered the organization of F-actin and VE-cadherin at junctions. N-WASP was not present at cell-cell junctions in monolayers under resting conditions, but it was recruited following treatment with sphingosine-1-phosphate. Taken together, our results reveal a novel role for N-WASP in remodeling EC junctions, which is critical for monolayer integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L Mooren
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Joanna Kim
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jinmei Li
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - John A Cooper
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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Abu Taha A, Schnittler HJ. Dynamics between actin and the VE-cadherin/catenin complex: novel aspects of the ARP2/3 complex in regulation of endothelial junctions. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:125-35. [PMID: 24621569 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial adherens junctions are critical for physiological and pathological processes such as differentiation, maintenance of entire monolayer integrity, and the remodeling. The endothelial-specific VE-cadherin/catenin complex provides the backbone of adherens junctions and acts in close interaction with actin filaments and actin/myosin-mediated contractility to fulfill the junction demands. The functional connection between the cadherin/catenin complex and actin filaments might be either directly through ?-catenins, or indirectly e.g., via linker proteins such as vinculin, p120ctn, ?-actinin, or EPLIN. However, both junction integrity and dynamic remodeling have to be contemporarily coordinated. The actin-related protein complex ARP2/3 and its activating molecules, such as N-WASP and WAVE, have been shown to regulate the lammellipodia-mediated formation of cell junctions in both epithelium and endothelium. Recent reports now demonstrate a novel aspect of the ARP2/3 complex and the nucleating-promoting factors in the maintenance of endothelial barrier function and junction remodeling of established endothelial cell junctions. Those mechanisms open novel possibilities; not only in fulfilling physiological demands but obtained information may be of critical importance in pathologies such as wound healing, angiogenesis, inflammation, and cell diapedesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Abu Taha
- Institute of Anatomy & Vascular Biology; WWU-Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4; Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-J Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy & Vascular Biology; WWU-Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4; Münster, Germany
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Zhang P, Feng S, Bai H, Zeng P, Chen F, Wu C, Peng Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Ye Q, Xue Q, Xu X, Song E, Song Y. Polychlorinated biphenyl quinone induces endothelial barrier dysregulation by setting the cross talk between VE-cadherin, focal adhesion, and MAPK signaling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1205-14. [PMID: 25770237 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00005.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental hazardous material polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction, which may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer metastasis. Our previous studies illustrated the cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and genotoxic effects of a synthetic, quinone-type, highly reactive metabolite of PCB, 2,3,5-trichloro-6-phenyl-[1,4]benzoquinone (PCB29-pQ). Here, we used it as the model compound to investigate its effects on vascular endothelial integrity and permeability. We demonstrated that noncytotoxic doses of PCB29-pQ induced vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin junction disassembly by increasing the phosphorylation of VE-cadherin at Y658. We also found that focal adhesion assembly was required for PCB29-pQ-induced junction breakdown. Focal adhesion site-associated actin stress fibers may serve as holding points for cytoskeletal tension to regulate the cellular contractility. PCB29-pQ exposure promoted the association of actin stress fibers with paxillin-containing focal adhesion sites and enlarged the size/number of focal adhesions. In addition, PCB29-pQ treatment induced phosphorylation of paxillin at Y118. By using pharmacological inhibition, we further demonstrated that p38 activation was necessary for paxillin phosphorylation, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1/2 activation regulated VE-cadherin phosphorylation. In conclusion, these results indicated that PCB29-pQ stimulates endothelial hyperpermeability by mediating VE-cadherin disassembly, junction breakdown, and focal adhesion formation. Intervention strategies targeting focal adhesion and MAPK signaling could be used as therapeutic approaches for preventing adverse cardiovascular health effects induced by environmental toxicants such as PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Shan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Huiyuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Panying Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Chengxiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Yi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Qiuyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Qichao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Qiang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and
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Caldwell BJ, Lucas C, Kee AJ, Gaus K, Gunning PW, Hardeman EC, Yap AS, Gomez GA. Tropomyosin isoforms support actomyosin biogenesis to generate contractile tension at the epithelial zonula adherens. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 71:663-76. [PMID: 25545457 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells generate contractile forces at their cell-cell contacts. These are concentrated at the specialized apical junction of the zonula adherens (ZA), where a ring of stabilized E-cadherin lies adjacent to prominent actomyosin bundles. Coupling of adhesion and actomyosin contractility yields tension in the junction. The biogenesis of junctional contractility requires actin assembly at the ZA as well as the recruitment of nonmuscle myosin II, but the molecular regulators of these processes are not yet fully understood. We now report a role for tropomyosins 5NM1 (Tm5NM1) and 5NM2 (Tm5NM2) in their generation. Both these tropomyosin isoforms were found at the ZA and their depletion by RNAi or pharmacological inhibition reduced both F-actin and myosin II content at the junction. Photoactivation analysis revealed that the loss of F-actin was attributable to a decrease in filament stability. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in E-cadherin content at junctions. Ultimately, both long-term depletion of Tm5NM1/2 and acute inhibition with drugs caused junctional tension to be reduced. Thus these tropomyosin isoforms are novel contributors to junctional contractility and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Caldwell
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Baumüller S, Lehnen H, Schmitz J, Fimmers R, Müller AM. The impact of insulin treatment on the expression of vascular endothelial cadherin and Beta-catenin in human fetoplacental vessels. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2015; 18:17-23. [PMID: 25361430 DOI: 10.2350/13-11-1400-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cadherin and β-catenin play a key role in establishment and maintenance of the endothelial monolayer integrity, regulation of vascular barrier function, and initiation of angiogenesis. The cadherin-catenin complex has been shown to be reduced in type 1 diabetic placenta, but the exact relationship between histopathologic findings and clinical data is not known. Immunohistochemistry of placental tissue from type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes showed that diabetes per se might be compatible with normal levels of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and β-catenin in fetoplacental vessels as long as the patient has not been treated with insulin. Immunoreactivity of VE-cadherin did correlate poorly with maternal glycemic control, as was investigated in this study, by birth weight, body mass index, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). There was no correlation found between the immunoreactivity of β-catenin and birth weight, body mass index, or HbA1c. However our data did show a strong correlation between immunoreactivity and whether or not the patient had been treated with insulin. Patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes who had not been treated with insulin had similar levels of VE-cadherin and β-catenin to the control group, thus indicating that diabetes per se must not necessarily lead to a reduction. Our study suggests that therapeutic intervention using insulin in pregnancies complicated by diabetes might have potentially harmful effects on placental morphology. Future studies should further investigate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Baumüller
- 1 Department of Pediatric Pathology, University-Clinic of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
There is no "response" in either the innate or adaptive immune response unless leukocytes cross blood vessels. They do this through the process of diapedesis, in which the leukocyte moves in ameboid fashion through tightly apposed endothelial borders (paracellular transmigration) and in some cases through the endothelial cell itself (transcellular migration). This review summarizes the steps leading up to diapedesis, then focuses on the molecules and mechanisms responsible for transendothelial migration. Surprisingly, many of the same molecules and mechanisms that regulate paracellular migration also control transcellular migration, including a major role for membrane from the recently described lateral border recycling compartment. A hypothesis that integrates the various known mechanisms of transmigration is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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48
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Zhang P, Fu C, Bai H, Song E, Dong C, Song Y. CD44 variant, but not standard CD44 isoforms, mediate disassembly of endothelial VE-cadherin junction on metastatic melanoma cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4573-82. [PMID: 25447529 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Loss of endothelial adherens junctions is involved in tumor metastasis. Here, we demonstrate that, in the metastatic Lu1205 melanoma cells, expression of the CD44 variant CD44v8-v10 induced junction disassembly and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin phosphorylation at Y658 and Y731. Short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated CD44 knockdown or sialic acid cleavage reversed these effects. Moreover, microspheres coated with recombinant CD44v8-v10 promoted endothelial junction disruption. Overexpression of CD44v8-v10 but not of standard CD44 (CD44s) promoted gap formation in the non-metastatic WM35 melanoma cells, whereas CD44 knockdown or neuraminidase treatment dramatically diminished melanoma transendothelial migration. Endothelial cells transfected with the phosphomimetic VE-cadherin mutant Y658E supported transmigration of CD44-silenced Lu1205 cells. Our findings imply that CD44 variant isoform (CD44v) but not CD44s regulates endothelial junction loss, promoting melanoma extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Changliang Fu
- Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Huiyuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | | | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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49
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Sumagin R, Sarelius IH. Emerging understanding of roles for arterioles in inflammation. Microcirculation 2014; 20:679-92. [PMID: 23701383 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Arterioles, capillaries, and venules all actively change their cellular functions and phenotypes during inflammation in ways that are essential for maintenance of homeostasis and self-defense, and are also associated with many inflammatory disorders. ECs, together with pericytes and ECM proteins, can regulate blood flow, the coagulation cascade, fluid and solute exchange, and leukocyte trafficking. While capillary and venular functions in inflammation are well characterized, the arteriolar contribution to inflammation has only recently come into focus. Arterioles differ from venules in structure, EC morphology, shear environment, expression, and distribution of surface ligands; hence, regulation and function of arteriolar wall cells during inflammation may also be distinct from venules. Recent work indicates that in response to proinflammatory stimuli, arterioles alter barrier function, and support leukocyte and platelet interactions through upregulation of adhesion molecules. This suggests that in addition to their role in blood flow regulation, arterioles may also participate in inflammatory responses. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms that characterize arteriolar responses to proinflammatory stimuli. We will detail how distinct arteriolar features contribute to regulation of barrier function and leukocyte-EC interactions in inflammation, and further highlight the potential priming effects of arteriolar responses on venular function and progression of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Sumagin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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50
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Kim I, Lee H, Han SK, Kim S. Linear motif-mediated interactions have contributed to the evolution of modularity in complex protein interaction networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003881. [PMID: 25299147 PMCID: PMC4191887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The modular architecture of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks is evident in diverse species with a wide range of complexity. However, the molecular components that lead to the evolution of modularity in PPI networks have not been clearly identified. Here, we show that weak domain-linear motif interactions (DLIs) are more likely to connect different biological modules than strong domain-domain interactions (DDIs). This molecular division of labor is essential for the evolution of modularity in the complex PPI networks of diverse eukaryotic species. In particular, DLIs may compensate for the reduction in module boundaries that originate from increased connections between different modules in complex PPI networks. In addition, we show that the identification of biological modules can be greatly improved by including molecular characteristics of protein interactions. Our findings suggest that transient interactions have played a unique role in shaping the architecture and modularity of biological networks over the course of evolution. Modular architecture is important for the evolution of cellular systems. Modular rearrangements facilitate functional innovations and modular insulations provide robustness to perturbations. However, molecular-level understanding of the mechanisms underlying modular network evolution is currently not well understood. Here we show that strong domain-domain interactions (DDIs) and weak domain-linear motif interactions (DLIs) made different contributions to the evolution of the modular architecture of PPI networks. Especially, DLIs mediate between-module interactions, and that their relative abundance has dramatically increased in metazoan species. Linear motifs have been identified as evolutionary interaction switches since subtle amino acid changes can cause the short sequences in linear motifs to appear and disappear. Our results suggest that subtle changes in linear motifs have contributed to the rewiring of functional modules and, consequently, to functional innovations in metazoan species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhae Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Heetak Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Sanguk Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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