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Dudley JP. APOBECs: Our fickle friends? PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011364. [PMID: 37200235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelin P Dudley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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2
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van Teijlingen NH, Eder J, Sarrami-Forooshani R, Zijlstra-Willems EM, Roovers JPWR, van Leeuwen E, Ribeiro CMS, Geijtenbeek TBH. Immune activation of vaginal human Langerhans cells increases susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3283. [PMID: 36841916 PMCID: PMC9968315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaginal inflammation increases the risk for sexual HIV-1 transmission but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study we assessed the impact of immune activation on HIV-1 susceptibility of primary human vaginal Langerhans cells (LCs). Vaginal LCs isolated from human vaginal tissue expressed a broad range of TLRs and became activated after exposure to both viral and bacterial TLR ligands. HIV-1 replication was restricted in immature vaginal LCs as only low levels of infection could be detected. Notably, activation of immature vaginal LCs by bacterial TLR ligands increased HIV-1 infection, whereas viral TLR ligands were unable to induce HIV-1 replication in vaginal LCs. Furthermore, mature vaginal LCs transmitted HIV-1 to CD4 T cells. This study emphasizes the role for vaginal LCs in protection against mucosal HIV-1 infection, which is abrogated upon activation. Moreover, our data suggest that bacterial STIs can increase the risk of HIV-1 acquisition in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke H. van Teijlingen
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Eder
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ramin Sarrami-Forooshani
- grid.417689.5ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, P.O. BOX, Tehran, 15179/64311 Iran
| | - Esther M. Zijlstra-Willems
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Paul W. R. Roovers
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth van Leeuwen
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla M. S. Ribeiro
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Amsterdam UMC Location Academic Medical Center, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Jewanraj J, Ngcapu S, Liebenberg LJP. Semen: A modulator of female genital tract inflammation and a vector for HIV-1 transmission. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13478. [PMID: 34077596 PMCID: PMC9286343 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to establish productive infection in women, HIV must transverse the vaginal epithelium and gain access to local target cells. Genital inflammation contributes to the availability of HIV susceptible cells at the female genital mucosa and is associated with higher HIV transmission rates in women. Factors that contribute to genital inflammation may subsequently increase the risk of HIV infection in women. Semen is a highly immunomodulatory fluid containing several bioactive molecules with the potential to influence inflammation and immune activation at the female genital tract. In addition to its role as a vector for HIV transmission, semen induces profound mucosal changes to prime the female reproductive tract for conception. Still, most studies of mucosal immunity are conducted in the absence of semen or without considering its immune impact on the female genital tract. This review discusses the various mechanisms by which semen exposure may influence female genital inflammation and highlights the importance of routine screening for semen biomarkers in vaginal specimens to account for its impact on genital inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Jewanraj
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)DurbanSouth Africa
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Sinaye Ngcapu
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)DurbanSouth Africa
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Lenine J. P. Liebenberg
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)DurbanSouth Africa
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
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4
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Maarifi G, Lagisquet J, Hertel Q, Bonaventure B, Chamontin C, Fuchs K, Moncorgé O, Tauziet M, Mombled M, Papin L, Molès JP, Bodet C, Lévèque N, Gross A, Arhel N, Nisole S, Van de Perre P, Goujon C, Blanchet FP. Alarmin S100A9 restricts retroviral infection by limiting reverse transcription in human dendritic cells. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106540. [PMID: 34121210 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) subsets, like Langerhans cells (LC), are immune cells involved in pathogen sensing. They express specific antimicrobial cellular factors that are able to restrict infection and limit further pathogen transmission. Here, we identify the alarmin S100A9 as a novel intracellular antiretroviral factor expressed in human monocyte-derived and skin-derived LC. The intracellular expression of S100A9 is decreased upon LC maturation and inversely correlates with enhanced susceptibility to HIV-1 infection of LC. Furthermore, silencing of S100A9 in primary human LC relieves HIV-1 restriction while ectopic expression of S100A9 in various cell lines promotes intrinsic resistance to both HIV-1 and MLV infection by acting on reverse transcription. Mechanistically, the intracellular expression of S100A9 alters viral capsid uncoating and reverse transcription. S100A9 also shows potent inhibitory effect against HIV-1 and MMLV reverse transcriptase (RTase) activity in vitro in a divalent cation-dependent manner. Our findings uncover an unexpected intracellular function of the human alarmin S100A9 in regulating antiretroviral immunity in Langerhans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizlane Maarifi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Justine Lagisquet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Quentin Hertel
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Boris Bonaventure
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Célia Chamontin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Kyra Fuchs
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Moncorgé
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Tauziet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Margaux Mombled
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Papin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Molès
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Lévèque
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Antoine Gross
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Arhel
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Goujon
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien P Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
The innate immune system is comprised of both cellular and humoral players that recognise and eradicate invading pathogens. Therefore, the interplay between retroviruses and innate immunity has emerged as an important component of viral pathogenesis. HIV-1 infection in humans that results in hematologic abnormalities and immune suppression is well represented by changes in the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and consequent cell death causing CD4 lymphopenia. The innate immune responses by mucosal barriers such as complement, DCs, macrophages, and NK cells as well as cytokine/chemokine profiles attain great importance in acute HIV-1 infection, and thus, prevent mucosal capture and transmission of HIV-1. Conversely, HIV-1 has evolved to overcome innate immune responses through RNA-mediated rapid mutations, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) modification, down-regulation of NK cell activity and complement receptors, resulting in increased secretion of inflammatory factors. Consequently, epithelial tissues lining up female reproductive tract express innate immune sensors including anti-microbial peptides responsible for forming primary barriers and have displayed an effective potent anti-HIV activity during phase I/II clinical trials.
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Onywera H, Williamson AL, Cozzuto L, Bonnin S, Mbulawa ZZA, Coetzee D, Ponomarenko J, Meiring TL. The penile microbiota of Black South African men: relationship with human papillomavirus and HIV infection. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:78. [PMID: 32252632 PMCID: PMC7137192 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, the microbiota of the human penis has been studied mostly in connection with circumcision, HIV risk and female partner bacterial vaginosis (BV). These studies have shown that male circumcision reduces penile anaerobic bacteria, that greater abundance of penile anaerobic bacteria is correlated with increased cytokine levels and greater risk of HIV infection, and that the penile microbiota is an important harbour for BV-associated bacteria. While circumcision has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of acquiring human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the relationship of the penile microbiota with HPV is still unknown. In this study, we examined the penile microbiota of HPV-infected men as well as the impact of HIV status. RESULTS The penile skin microbiota of 238 men from Cape Town (South Africa) were profiled using Illumina sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Corynebacterium and Prevotella were found to be the most abundant genera. Six distinct community state types (CSTs) were identified. CST-1, dominated by Corynebacterium, corresponded to less infections with high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) relative to CSTs 2-6. Men in CST-5 had greater relative abundances of Prevotella, Clostridiales, and Porphyromonas and a lower relative abundance of Corynebacterium. Moreover, they were significantly more likely to have HPV or HR-HPV infections than men in CST-1. Using a machine learning approach, we identified greater relative abundances of the anaerobic BV-associated bacteria (Prevotella, Peptinophilus, and Dialister) and lower relative abundance of Corynebacterium in HR-HPV-infected men compared to HR-HPV-uninfected men. No association was observed between HIV and CST, although the penile microbiota of HIV-infected men had greater relative abundances of Staphylococcus compared to HIV-uninfected men. CONCLUSIONS We found significant differences in the penile microbiota composition of men with and without HPV and HIV infections. HIV and HR-HPV infections were strongly associated with greater relative abundances of Staphylococcus and BV-associated bacterial taxa (notably Prevotella, Peptinophilus and Dialister), respectively. It is possible that these taxa could increase susceptibility to HIV and HR-HPV acquisition, in addition to creating conditions in which infections persist. Further longitudinal studies are required to establish causal relationships and to determine the extent of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Onywera
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Bonnin
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zizipho Z A Mbulawa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service and Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital, Fort Gale, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - David Coetzee
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julia Ponomarenko
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tracy L Meiring
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Manda EC, Chirove F. Modelling coupled within host and population dynamics of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] HIV infection. J Math Biol 2017; 76:1123-1158. [PMID: 28762130 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-017-1170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Most existing models have considered the immunological processes occurring within the host and the epidemiological processes occurring at population level as decoupled systems. We present a new model using continuous systems of non linear ordinary differential equations by directly linking the within host dynamics capturing the interactions between Langerhans cells, CD4[Formula: see text] T-cells, R5 HIV and X4 HIV and the without host dynamics of a basic compartmental HIV/AIDS model. The model captures the biological theories of the cells that take part in HIV transmission. The study incorporates in its analysis the differences in time scales of the fast within host dynamics and the slow without host dynamics. In the mathematical analysis, important thresholds, the reproduction numbers, were computed which are useful in predicting the progression of the infection both within the host and without the host. The study results showed that the model exhibits four within host equilibrium points inclusive of three endemic equilibria whose effects translate into different scenarios at the population level. All the endemic equilibria were shown to be globally stable using Lyapunov functions and this is an important result in linking the within host dynamics to the population dynamics, because the disease free equilibrium point ceases to exist. The effects of linking were observed on the endemic equilibrium points of both the within host and population dynamics. Linking the two dynamics was shown to increase in the viral load within the host and increase in the epidemic levels in the population dynamics.
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Cardinaud S, Urrutia A, Rouers A, Coulon PG, Kervevan J, Richetta C, Bet A, Maze EA, Larsen M, Iglesias MC, Appay V, Graff-Dubois S, Moris A. Triggering of TLR-3, -4, NOD2, and DC-SIGN reduces viral replication and increases T-cell activation capacity of HIV-infected human dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:818-829. [PMID: 28266028 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A variety of signals influence the capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) to mount potent antiviral cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses. In particular, innate immune sensing by pathogen recognition receptors, such as TLR and C-type lectines, influences DC biology and affects their susceptibility to HIV infection. Yet, whether the combined effects of PPRs triggering and HIV infection influence HIV-specific (HS) CTL responses remain enigmatic. Here, we dissect the impact of innate immune sensing by pathogen recognition receptors on DC maturation, HIV infection, and on the quality of HS CTL activation. Remarkably, ligand-driven triggering of TLR-3, -4, NOD2, and DC-SIGN, despite reducing viral replication, markedly increased the capacity of infected DCs to stimulate HS CTLs. This was exemplified by the diversity and the quantity of cytokines produced by HS CTLs primed by these DCs. Infecting DCs with viruses harboring members of the APOBEC family of antiviral factors enhanced the antigen-presenting skills of infected DCs. Our results highlight the tight interplay between innate and adaptive immunity and may help develop innovative immunotherapies against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Cardinaud
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, U955, IMRB Equipe-16, Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Creteil, France
| | - Alejandra Urrutia
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Angeline Rouers
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Grégoire Coulon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Kervevan
- INSERM, U955, IMRB Equipe-16, Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Creteil, France
| | - Clémence Richetta
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Bet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel A Maze
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Martin Larsen
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Candela Iglesias
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Victor Appay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Graff-Dubois
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
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Matsuzawa T, Ogawa Y, Moriishi K, Shimada S, Kawamura T. Immunological function of Langerhans cells in HIV infection. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 87:159-167. [PMID: 28433429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Langerhans cells (LCs) are one of the initial target cells for HIV following sexual exposure and they are productively infected by HIV. HIV-infected LCs migrate to the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and transmit the virus to CD4+ T cells, leading to the dissemination of HIV. In contrast with the role of LCs in initial HIV acquisition, little is known about the modulation of immune responses by HIV-infected LCs. OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate the induction of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), both of which play important roles in regulating the progression of HIV infection. METHODS We examined the inducibility of HLA-A*0201 restricted HIV-specific CD8+ T cells and Tregs by HIV-primed LCs or HIV-primed dendritic cells (DCs) as a control. RESULTS The number of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells induced by HIV-primed monocyte-derived LCs (mLCs) was significantly higher than that by HIV-primed monocyte-derived DCs (mDCs). Additionally, HIV-specific CD8+ T cells induced by HIV-primed mLCs produced more IFN-γ than HIV-nonspecific CD8+ T cells. HIV-primed human epidermal LCs also induced IFN-γ-producing HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. As for the induction of Tregs, HIV-primed mLCs and human epidermal LCs significantly impaired the induction of FoxP3hiCD45RA- effector Tregs than HIV-unprimed mLCs and human epidermal LCs. CONCLUSIONS HIV-primed LCs trigger beneficial immune responses against HIV infection through the increased induction of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells and the decreased induction of effector Tregs in the initial phase of HIV infection, thereby contributing to the prolonged onset of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Matsuzawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Kohji Moriishi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimada
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligation Enhances HIV-1 Replication in Activated CCR6+ CD4+ T Cells by Increasing Virus Entry and Establishing a More Permissive Environment to Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01402-16. [PMID: 27928019 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01402-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligation on the permissiveness of activated CD4+ T cells to HIV-1 infection by focusing our experiments on the relative susceptibility of cell subsets based on their expression of CCR6. Purified primary human CD4+ T cells were first subjected to a CD3/CD28 costimulation before treatment with the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4. Finally, cells were inoculated with R5-tropic HIV-1 particles that permit us to study the effect of TLR2 triggering on virus production at both population and single-cell levels. We report here that HIV-1 replication is augmented in CD3/CD28-costimulated CCR6+ CD4+ T cells upon engagement of the cell surface TLR2. Additional studies indicate that a higher virus entry and polymerization of the cortical actin are seen in this cell subset following TLR2 stimulation. A TLR2-mediated increase in the level of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 subunit was also detected in CD3/CD28-costimulated CCR6+ CD4+ T cells. We propose that, upon antigenic presentation, an engagement of TLR2 acts specifically on CCR6+ CD4+ T cells by promoting virus entry in an intracellular milieu more favorable for productive HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE Following primary infection, HIV-1 induces an immunological and structural disruption of the gut mucosa, leading to bacterial translocation and release of microbial components in the bloodstream. These pathogen-derived constituents include several agonists of Toll-like receptors that may affect gut-homing CD4+ T cells, such as those expressing the chemokine receptor CCR6, which are highly permissive to HIV-1 infection. We demonstrate that TLR2 ligation in CD3/CD28-costimulated CCR6+ CD4+ T cells leads to enhanced virus production. Our results highlight the potential impact of bacterial translocation on the overall permissiveness of CCR6+ CD4+ T cells to productive HIV-1 infection.
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11
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Botting RA, Rana H, Bertram KM, Rhodes JW, Baharlou H, Nasr N, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. Langerhans cells and sexual transmission of HIV and HSV. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27. [PMID: 28044388 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) situated in stratified squamous epithelium of the skin and mucosal tissue are amongst the first cells that sexually transmitted pathogens encounter during transmission. They are potent antigen presenting cells and play a key role in the host mounting an appropriate immune response. As such, viruses have evolved complex strategies to manipulate these cells to facilitate successful transmission. One of best studied examples is HIV, which manipulates the natural function of these cells to interact with CD4 T cells, which are the main target cell for HIV in which rapid replication occurs. However, there is controversy in the literature as to the role that LCs play in this process. Langerhans cells also play a key role in the way the body mounts an immune response to HSV, and there is also a complex interplay between the transmission of HSV and HIV that involves LCs. In this article, we review both past and present literatures with a particular focus on a few very recent studies that shed new light on the role that LCs play in the transmission and immune response to these 2 pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Botting
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hafsa Rana
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirstie M Bertram
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jake W Rhodes
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heeva Baharlou
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N Harman
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Czubala MA, Finsterbusch K, Ivory MO, Mitchell JP, Ahmed Z, Shimauchi T, Karoo ROS, Coulman SA, Gateley C, Birchall JC, Blanchet FP, Piguet V. TGFβ Induces a SAMHD1-Independent Post-Entry Restriction to HIV-1 Infection of Human Epithelial Langerhans Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1981-1989. [PMID: 27375111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif (SAM) and histidine-aspartic (HD) domains protein 1 (SAMHD1) was previously identified as a critical post-entry restriction factor to HIV-1 infection in myeloid dendritic cells. Here we show that SAMHD1 is also expressed in epidermis-isolated Langerhans cells (LC), but degradation of SAMHD1 does not rescue HIV-1 or vesicular stomatitis virus G-pseudotyped lentivectors infection in LC. Strikingly, using Langerhans cells model systems (mutz-3-derived LC, monocyte-derived LC [MDLC], and freshly isolated epidermal LC), we characterize previously unreported post-entry restriction activity to HIV-1 in these cells, which acts at HIV-1 reverse transcription, but remains independent of restriction factors SAMHD1 and myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2). We demonstrate that transforming growth factor-β signaling confers this potent HIV-1 restriction in MDLC during their differentiation and blocking of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2) signaling in MDLC restores cells' infectivity. Interestingly, maturation of MDLC with a toll-like receptor 2 agonist or transforming growth factor-α significantly increases cells' susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, which may explain why HIV-1 acquisition is increased during coinfection with sexually transmitted infections. In conclusion, we report a SAMHD1-independent post-entry restriction in MDLC and LC isolated from epidermis, which inhibits HIV-1 replication. A better understanding of HIV-1 restriction and propagation from LC to CD4(+) T cells may help in the development of new microbicides or vaccines to curb HIV-1 infection at its earliest stages during mucosal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Czubala
- Department of Dermatology and Academic Wound Healing, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Katja Finsterbusch
- Department of Dermatology and Academic Wound Healing, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Matthew O Ivory
- Department of Dermatology and Academic Wound Healing, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Cardiff University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - J Paul Mitchell
- Department of Dermatology and Academic Wound Healing, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Zahra Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology and Academic Wound Healing, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Takatoshi Shimauchi
- Department of Dermatology and Academic Wound Healing, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Sion A Coulman
- Cardiff University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Christopher Gateley
- Aneurin Bevan University Health Board Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB, UK
| | - James C Birchall
- Cardiff University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Fabien P Blanchet
- Department of Dermatology and Academic Wound Healing, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Department of Dermatology and Academic Wound Healing, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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13
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Esra RT, Olivier AJ, Passmore JAS, Jaspan HB, Harryparsad R, Gray CM. Does HIV Exploit the Inflammatory Milieu of the Male Genital Tract for Successful Infection? Front Immunol 2016; 7:245. [PMID: 27446076 PMCID: PMC4919362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In many parts of the World, medical male circumcision (MMC) is used as standard prevention of care against HIV infection. This is based on seminal reports made over 10 years ago that removal of the foreskin provides up to 60% protection against HIV infection in males and seems currently the best antiretroviral-free prevention strategy yet against the global epidemic. We explore the potential mechanisms by which MMC protects against HIV-1 acquisition and that one of the oldest, albeit re-invented, rituals of removing a foreskin underscores the exploitative nature of HIV on the anatomy and tissue of the uncircumcised penis. Furthermore, foreskin removal also reveals how males acquire HIV, and in reality, the underlying mechanisms of MMC are not known. We argue that the normal sequelae of inflammation in the male genital tract (MGT) for protection from sexually transmitted infections (STI)-induced pathology represents a perfect immune and microbial ecosystem for HIV acquisition. The accumulation of HIV-1 target cells in foreskin tissue and within the urethra in response to STIs, both during and after resolution of infection, suggests that acquisition of HIV-1, through sexual contact, makes use of the natural immune milieu of the MGT. Understanding immunity in the MGT, the movement of HIV-1 target cells to the urethra and foreskin tissue upon encounter with microbial signals would provide more insight into viral acquisition and lay the foundation for further prevention strategies in males that would be critical to curb the epidemic in all sexual partners at risk of infection. The global female-centric focus of HIV-1 transmission and acquisition research has tended to leave gaps in our knowledge of what determines HIV-1 acquisition in men and such understanding would provide a more balanced and complete view of viral acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel T. Esra
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abraham J. Olivier
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jo-Ann S. Passmore
- Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather B. Jaspan
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rushil Harryparsad
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clive M. Gray
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Ribeiro CMS, Sarrami-Forooshani R, Geijtenbeek TBH. HIV-1 border patrols: Langerhans cells control antiviral responses and viral transmission. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) reside in the mucosal epithelia and are refractory to HIV-1 infection; HIV-1 capture by C-type lectin receptor langerin and subsequent targeting to Birbeck granules prevents infection. Furthermore, LCs restrict transmission of CXCR4-using HIV-1 variants, which underscores the role of immature LCs as gatekeepers in the selection of HIV-1 variants. Interaction of langerin on LCs with hyaluronic acid on dendritic cells facilitates cross-presentation of HIV-1 to CD8+ T cells. Activation of LCs upon inflammation bypasses the langerin-dependent barrier, which favors cross-presentation and increases susceptibility of LCs to HIV-1 infection. These recent developments not only highlight the plasticity of LCs but also define an important role for LC-dendritic cell crosstalk at the periphery in directing adaptive immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla MS Ribeiro
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ramin Sarrami-Forooshani
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis BH Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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van den Berg LM, Cardinaud S, van der Aar AMG, Sprokholt JK, de Jong MAWP, Zijlstra-Willems EM, Moris A, Geijtenbeek TBH. Langerhans Cell-Dendritic Cell Cross-Talk via Langerin and Hyaluronic Acid Mediates Antigen Transfer and Cross-Presentation of HIV-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1763-73. [PMID: 26170391 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal and mucosal Langerhans cells (LCs) express the C-type lectin receptor langerin that functions as a pattern recognition receptor. LCs are among the first immune cells to interact with HIV-1 during sexual transmission. In this study, we demonstrate that langerin not only functions as a pattern recognition receptor but also as an adhesion receptor mediating clustering between LCs and dendritic cells (DCs). Langerin recognized hyaluronic acid on DCs and removal of these carbohydrate structures partially abrogated LC-DC clustering. Because LCs did not cross-present HIV-1-derived Ags to CD8(+) T cells in a cross-presentation model, we investigated whether LCs were able to transfer Ags to DCs. LC-DC clustering led to maturation of DCs and facilitated Ag transfer of HIV-1 to DCs, which subsequently induced activation of CD8(+) cells. The rapid transfer of Ags to DCs, in contrast to productive infection of LCs, suggests that this might be an important mechanism for induction of anti-HIV-1 CD8(+) T cells. Induction of the enzyme hyaluronidase-2 by DC maturation allowed degradation of hyaluronic acid and abrogated LC-DC interactions. Thus, we have identified an important function of langerin in mediating LC-DC clustering, which allows Ag transfer to induce CTL responses to HIV-1. Furthermore, we showed this interaction is mediated by hyaluronidase-2 upregulation after DC maturation. These data underscore the importance of LCs and DCs in orchestrating adaptive immunity to HIV-1. Novel strategies might be developed to harness this mechanism for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M van den Berg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Cardinaud
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris 06, University Sorbonne, F-75013 Paris, France; Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, INSERM, U1135, F-75013 Paris, France; Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, French National Centre for Scientific Research, ERL 8255, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Angelic M G van der Aar
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris K Sprokholt
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marein A W P de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Arnaud Moris
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris 06, University Sorbonne, F-75013 Paris, France; Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, INSERM, U1135, F-75013 Paris, France; Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, French National Centre for Scientific Research, ERL 8255, F-75013 Paris, France; Department of Immunology, AP-HP University Medical Center Paris Area, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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16
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The role of human dendritic cells in HIV-1 infection. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:1225-1233. [PMID: 25407434 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and their subsets have multifaceted roles in the early stages of HIV-1 transmission and infection. DC studies have led to remarkable discoveries, including identification of restriction factors, cellular structures promoting viral transmission including the infectious synapse or the interplay of the C-type lectins, Langerin on Langerhans cells (LCs), and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin on other DC subsets, limiting or facilitating HIV transmission to CD4(+) T cells, respectively. LCs/DCs are also exposed to encountering HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections (herpes simplex virus-2, bacteria, fungi), which reprogram HIV-1 interaction with these cells. This review will summarize advances in the role of DCs during HIV-1 infection and discuss their potential involvement in the development of preventive strategies against HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections.
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17
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The HIV-1 envelope transmembrane domain binds TLR2 through a distinct dimerization motif and inhibits TLR2-mediated responses. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004248. [PMID: 25121610 PMCID: PMC4133399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 uses a number of means to manipulate the immune system, to avoid recognition and to highjack signaling pathways. HIV-1 infected cells show limited Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) responsiveness via as yet unknown mechanisms. Using biochemical and biophysical approaches, we demonstrate that the trans-membrane domain (TMD) of the HIV-1 envelope (ENV) directly interacts with TLR2 TMD within the membrane milieu. This interaction attenuates TNFα, IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion in macrophages, induced by natural ligands of TLR2 both in in vitro and in vivo models. This was associated with decreased levels of ERK phosphorylation. Furthermore, mutagenesis demonstrated the importance of a conserved GxxxG motif in driving this interaction within the membrane milieu. The administration of the ENV TMD in vivo to lipotechoic acid (LTA)/Galactosamine-mediated septic mice resulted in a significant decrease in mortality and in tissue damage, due to the weakening of systemic macrophage activation. Our findings suggest that the TMD of ENV is involved in modulation of the innate immune response during HIV infection. Furthermore, due to the high functional homology of viral ENV proteins this function may be a general character of viral-induced immune modulation. To understand viral pathology and the tools needed to eliminate infection, it is important to understand how viral immune evasion occurs. One such mode of inhibition is the decreased responsiveness of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). To date, the exact mechanism inducing this inhibition is not clear. In this study, we utilized a multidisciplinary approach and report on direct modulation of TLR2 activity by the envelope trans-membrane protein of HIV-1 through trans-membrane domain interactions. This interaction resulted in a decreased response in vitro of TLR2 to its natural ligand LTA. Through mutagenesis analysis we show that the GxxxG motif is the driving force of this interaction. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect was also highly effective in protecting mice from lethal effects in a sepsis-like model. Our findings implicate that ENV participates in innate immune impairment, which may occur during viral entry and at latent stages. Furthermore, due to the high functional homology between viral ENV proteins, this function may exhibit a general character of viral-induced immune modulation.
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18
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Swaminathan G, Pascual D, Rival G, Perales-Linares R, Martin-Garcia J, Navas-Martin S. Hepatitis C virus core protein enhances HIV-1 replication in human macrophages through TLR2, JNK, and MEK1/2-dependent upregulation of TNF-α and IL-6. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3501-10. [PMID: 25131930 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite their differential cell tropisms, HIV-1 and HCV dramatically influence disease progression in coinfected patients. Macrophages are important target cells of HIV-1. We hypothesized that secreted HCV core protein might modulate HIV-1 replication. We demonstrate that HCV core significantly enhances HIV-1 replication in human macrophages by upregulating TNF-α and IL-6 via TLR2-, JNK-, and MEK1/2-dependent pathways. Furthermore, we show that TNF-α and IL-6 secreted from HCV core-treated macrophages reactivates monocytic U1 cells latently infected with HIV-1. Our studies reveal a previously unrecognized role of HCV core by enhancing HIV-1 infection in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Swaminathan
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Daniel Pascual
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; Master of Science in Forensic Science Program, Professional Studies in the Health Sciences, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Germaine Rival
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; Master of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Program, Professional Studies in the Health Sciences, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Renzo Perales-Linares
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Julio Martin-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Sonia Navas-Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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19
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Sarrami-Forooshani R, Mesman AW, van Teijlingen NH, Sprokholt JK, van der Vlist M, Ribeiro CMS, Geijtenbeek TBH. Human immature Langerhans cells restrict CXCR4-using HIV-1 transmission. Retrovirology 2014; 11:52. [PMID: 24990163 PMCID: PMC4227116 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual transmission is the main route of HIV-1 infection and the CCR5-using (R5) HIV-1 is predominantly transmitted, even though CXCR4-using (X4) HIV-1 is often abundant in chronic HIV-1 patients. The mechanisms underlying this tropism selection are unclear. Mucosal Langerhans cells (LCs) are the first immune cells to encounter HIV-1 and here we investigated the role of LCs in selection of R5 HIV-1 using an ex vivo epidermal and vaginal transmission models. Results Immature LCs were productively infected by X4 as well as R5 HIV-1. However, only R5 but not X4 viruses were selectively transmitted by immature LCs to T cells. Transmission of HIV-1 was depended on de novo production of HIV-1 in LCs, since it could be inhibited by CCR5 fusion inhibitors as well as reverse transcription inhibitors. Notably, the activation state of LCs affected the restriction in X4 HIV-1 transmission; immune activation by TNF facilitated transmission of X4 as well as R5 HIV-1. Conclusions These data suggest that LCs play a crucial role in R5 selection and that immature LCs effectively restrict X4 at the level of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Kawamura T, Ogawa Y, Aoki R, Shimada S. Innate and intrinsic antiviral immunity in skin. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 75:159-66. [PMID: 24928148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As the body's most exposed interface with the environment, the skin is constantly challenged by potentially pathogenic microbes, including viruses. To sense the invading viruses, various types of cells resident in the skin express many different pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) such as C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and cytosolic DNA sensors, that can detect the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of the viruses. The detection of viral PAMPs initiates two major innate immune signaling cascades: the first involves the activation of the downstream transcription factors, such as interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1), which cooperate to induce the transcription of type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The second signaling pathway involves the caspase-1-mediated processing of IL-1β and IL-18 through the formation of an inflammasome complex. Cutaneous innate immunity including the production of the innate cytokines constitutes the first line of host defence that limits the virus dissemination from the skin, and also plays an important role in the activation of adaptive immune response, which represents the second line of defence. More recently, the third immunity "intrinsic immunity" has emerged, that provides an immediate and direct antiviral defense mediated by host intrinsic restriction factors. This review focuses on the recent advances regarding the antiviral immune systems, highlighting the innate and intrinsic immunity against the viral infections in the skin, and describes how viral components are recognized by cutaneous immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Rui Aoki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Shinji Shimada
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
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21
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Desimmie BA, Delviks-Frankenberrry KA, Burdick RC, Qi D, Izumi T, Pathak VK. Multiple APOBEC3 restriction factors for HIV-1 and one Vif to rule them all. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:1220-45. [PMID: 24189052 PMCID: PMC3943811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several members of the APOBEC3 family of cellular restriction factors provide intrinsic immunity to the host against viral infection. Specifically, APOBEC3DE, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H haplotypes II, V, and VII provide protection against HIV-1Δvif through hypermutation of the viral genome, inhibition of reverse transcription, and inhibition of viral DNA integration into the host genome. HIV-1 counteracts APOBEC3 proteins by encoding the viral protein Vif, which contains distinct domains that specifically interact with these APOBEC3 proteins to ensure their proteasomal degradation, allowing virus replication to proceed. Here, we review our current understanding of APOBEC3 structure, editing and non-editing mechanisms of APOBEC3-mediated restriction, Vif-APOBEC3 interactions that trigger APOBEC3 degradation, and the contribution of APOBEC3 proteins to restriction and control of HIV-1 replication in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belete A Desimmie
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Ryan C Burdick
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - DongFei Qi
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Vinay K Pathak
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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22
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Oral CCR5 inhibitors to prevent HIV transmission: the new "morning-before pill"? J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2662-2663. [PMID: 24216782 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study by Matsuzawa and colleagues, Maraviroc, a CCR5 inhibitor, was used as pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV-1 infection. The authors used an ex vivo model of HIV transmission to study the distribution and effectiveness of this HIV inhibitor in healthy volunteers. Strikingly, 3 days or more of oral administration of Maraviroc to healthy volunteers conferred protection against HIV infection to skin-derived Langerhans cells in the ex vivo system, suggesting Maraviroc as a useful candidate for pre-exposure prophylaxis in clinical trials.
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23
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EFdA, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, potently blocks HIV-1 ex vivo infection of Langerhans cells within epithelium. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1158-1161. [PMID: 24384694 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Rinaldo CR. HIV-1 Trans Infection of CD4(+) T Cells by Professional Antigen Presenting Cells. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:164203. [PMID: 24278768 PMCID: PMC3820354 DOI: 10.1155/2013/164203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s we have known of the fascinating ability of a complex set of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs; dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and B lymphocytes) to mediate HIV-1 trans infection of CD4(+) T cells. This results in a burst of virus replication in the T cells that is much greater than that resulting from direct, cis infection of either APC or T cells, or trans infection between T cells. Such APC-to-T cell trans infection first involves a complex set of virus subtype, attachment, entry, and replication patterns that have many similarities among APC, as well as distinct differences related to virus receptors, intracellular trafficking, and productive and nonproductive replication pathways. The end result is that HIV-1 can sequester within the APC for several days and be transmitted via membrane extensions intracellularly and extracellularly to T cells across the virologic synapse. Virus replication requires activated T cells that can develop concurrently with the events of virus transmission. Further research is essential to fill the many gaps in our understanding of these trans infection processes and their role in natural HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Abstract
Male circumcision reduces female-to-male HIV transmission. Hypothesized mechanisms for this protective effect include decreased HIV target cell recruitment and activation due to changes in the penis microbiome. We compared the coronal sulcus microbiota of men from a group of uncircumcised controls (n = 77) and from a circumcised intervention group (n = 79) at enrollment and year 1 follow-up in a randomized circumcision trial in Rakai, Uganda. We characterized microbiota using16S rRNA gene-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) and pyrosequencing, log response ratio (LRR), Bayesian classification, nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PerMANOVA). At baseline, men in both study arms had comparable coronal sulcus microbiota; however, by year 1, circumcision decreased the total bacterial load and reduced microbiota biodiversity. Specifically, the prevalence and absolute abundance of 12 anaerobic bacterial taxa decreased significantly in the circumcised men. While aerobic bacterial taxa also increased postcircumcision, these gains were minor. The reduction in anaerobes may partly account for the effects of circumcision on reduced HIV acquisition. The bacterial changes identified in this study may play an important role in the HIV risk reduction conferred by male circumcision. Decreasing the load of specific anaerobes could reduce HIV target cell recruitment to the foreskin. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the benefits of male circumcision could help to identify new intervention strategies for decreasing HIV transmission, applicable to populations with high HIV prevalence where male circumcision is culturally less acceptable.
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Ogawa Y, Kawamura T, Matsuzawa T, Aoki R, Gee P, Yamashita A, Moriishi K, Yamasaki K, Koyanagi Y, Blauvelt A, Shimada S. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 produced by HSV-2-infected keratinocytes enhances HIV infection of Langerhans cells. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:77-86. [PMID: 23332157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 shedding is associated with increased risk for sexually acquiring HIV. Because Langerhans cells (LCs), the mucosal epithelium resident dendritic cells, are suspected to be one of the initial target cell types infected by HIV following sexual exposure, we examined whether and how HSV-2 affects HIV infection of LCs. Although relatively few HSV-2/HIV-coinfected LCs were detected, HSV-2 dramatically enhanced the HIV susceptibility of LCs within skin explants. HSV-2 stimulated epithelial cell production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including human β defensins and LL-37. LL-37 strongly upregulated the expression of HIV receptors in monocyte-derived LCs (mLCs), thereby enhancing their HIV susceptibility. Culture supernatants of epithelial cells infected with HSV-2 enhanced HIV susceptibility in mLCs, and this effect was abrogated by blocking LL-37 production. These data suggest that HSV-2 enhances sexual transmission of HIV by increasing HIV susceptibility of LCs via epithelial cell production of LL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Cunningham AL, Harman A, Kim M, Nasr N, Lai J. Immunobiology of dendritic cells and the influence of HIV infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 762:1-44. [PMID: 22975870 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in phenotyping of human dendritic cells (DCs) has allowed a closer alignment of the classification and functions of murine and human dendritic cell subsets. Marked differences in the functions of these human DC subsets and their response to HIV infection have become apparent, relevant to HIV pathogenesis and vaccine and microbicide development. Systems biology approaches to studying HIV uptake and infection of dendritic cells has revealed how markedly HIV subverts their functions, especially in relation to the trafficking pathways and viral transfer to T cells. Furthermore the interactions between DCs and other innate immune cells, NK cells, NKT cells and gamma delta T cells are now known to influence DC and T cell function and are also disturbed by HIV infection in vitro and in vivo. Such cellular interactions are potential targets for vaccine adjuvants and immunotherapy.
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Blanchet FP, Stalder R, Czubala M, Lehmann M, Rio L, Mangeat B, Piguet V. TLR-4 engagement of dendritic cells confers a BST-2/tetherin-mediated restriction of HIV-1 infection to CD4+ T cells across the virological synapse. Retrovirology 2013; 10:6. [PMID: 23311681 PMCID: PMC3561259 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells and their subsets, located at mucosal surfaces, are among the first immune cells to encounter disseminating pathogens. The cellular restriction factor BST-2/tetherin (also known as CD317 or HM1.24) potently restricts HIV-1 release by retaining viral particles at the cell surface in many cell types, including primary cells such as macrophages. However, BST-2/tetherin does not efficiently restrict HIV-1 infection in immature dendritic cells. Results We now report that BST-2/tetherin expression in myeloid (myDC) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) can be significantly up-regulated by IFN-α treatment and TLR-4 engagement with LPS. In contrast to HeLa or 293T cells, infectious HIV-1 release in immature DC and IFN-α–matured DC was only modestly affected in the absence of Vpu compared to wild-type viruses. Strikingly, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that BST-2/tetherin was excluded from HIV containing tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs) in both immature DC and IFN-α–matured DC. In contrast, in LPS-mediated mature DC, BST-2/tetherin exerted a significant restriction in transfer of HIV-1 infection to CD4+ T cells. Additionally, LPS, but not IFN-α stimulation of immature DC, leads to a dramatic redistribution of cellular restriction factors to the TEM as well as at the virological synapse between DC and CD4+ T cells. Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrate that TLR-4 engagement in immature DC significantly up-regulates the intrinsic antiviral activity of BST-2/tetherin, during cis-infection of CD4+ T cells across the DC/T cell virological synapse. Manipulating the function and potency of cellular restriction factors such as BST-2/tetherin to HIV-1 infection, has implications in the design of antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien P Blanchet
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, 3rd Floor, Glamorgan house, Heath Park, Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Ghosh M, Shen Z, Fahey JV, Crist SG, Patel M, Smith JM, Wira CR. Pathogen recognition in the human female reproductive tract: expression of intracellular cytosolic sensors NOD1, NOD2, RIG-1, and MDA5 and response to HIV-1 and Neisseria gonorrhea. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 69:41-51. [PMID: 22984986 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Expression patterns and regulation of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRR) NOD-1, NOD-2, RIG-1, and MDA5 have not been elucidated in the human female reproductive tract (FRT). METHOD OF STUDY Primary epithelial cells (EC) isolated from Fallopian tube (FT), endometrium (EM), cervix (Cx), and ectocervix (Ecx) were treated with estradiol, poly(I:C), Neisseria gonorrhea (GC), and HIV-1. PRR mRNA expressions were analyzed by Real-time RT-PCR. Conditioned media were analyzed for IL-8 by ELISA. RESULTS EC from all FRT compartments constitutively expressed NOD1, NOD2, RIG-1, and MDA5 with highest levels expressed by FT. Stimulation with poly(I:C) resulted in upregulation of NOD2, RIG-1, and MDA5 in all FRT compartments and correlated with increased secretion of IL-8, whereas estradiol treatment had no effects. Exposure to GC and HIV-1 IIIB but not BaL resulted in selective upregulation of NOD2 and MDA5. CONCLUSION PRR are expressed throughout the FRT and differentially regulated by poly(I:C), GC and HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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30
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Thayil SM, Ho YC, Bollinger RC, Blankson JN, Siliciano RF, Karakousis PC, Page KR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex enhances susceptibility of CD4 T cells to HIV through a TLR2-mediated pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41093. [PMID: 22844428 PMCID: PMC3402510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Among HIV-infected individuals, co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with faster progression to AIDS. We investigated the hypothesis that M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis (Mtb complex) could enhance susceptibility of CD4+ cells to HIV infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from healthy donors were stimulated with M. bovis BCG, M. tuberculosis CDC1551 and M. smegmatis MC2155, and stimulated CD4+ cells were infected with R5-and X4-tropic single replication-competent pseudovirus. CD4+ cells stimulated with Mtb complex showed enhanced infection with R5- and X4-tropic HIV, compared to unstimulated cells or cells stimulated with M. smegmatis (p<0.01). Treatment with TLR2 siRNA reversed the increased susceptibility of CD4+ cells with R5- and X4-tropic virus induced by Mtb complex. These findings suggest that TB infection and/or BCG vaccination may be a risk factor for HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema M. Thayil
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Bollinger
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Petros C. Karakousis
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathleen R. Page
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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31
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Nguyen DT, Ludlow M, van Amerongen G, de Vries RD, Yüksel S, Verburgh RJ, Osterhaus ADME, Duprex WP, de Swart RL. Evaluation of synthetic infection-enhancing lipopeptides as adjuvants for a live-attenuated canine distemper virus vaccine administered intra-nasally to ferrets. Vaccine 2012; 30:5073-80. [PMID: 22705079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inactivated paramyxovirus vaccines have been associated with hypersensitivity responses upon challenge infection. For measles and canine distemper virus (CDV) safe and effective live-attenuated virus vaccines are available, but for human respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus development of such vaccines has proven difficult. We recently identified three synthetic bacterial lipopeptides that enhance paramyxovirus infections in vitro, and hypothesized these could be used as adjuvants to promote immune responses induced by live-attenuated paramyxovirus vaccines. METHODS Here, we tested this hypothesis using a CDV vaccination and challenge model in ferrets. Three groups of six animals were intra-nasally vaccinated with recombinant (r) CDV(5804P)L(CCEGFPC) in the presence or absence of the infection-enhancing lipopeptides Pam3CSK4 or PHCSK4. The recombinant CDV vaccine virus had previously been described to be over-attenuated in ferrets. A group of six animals was mock-vaccinated as control. Six weeks after vaccination all animals were challenged with a lethal dose of rCDV strain Snyder-Hill expressing the red fluorescent protein dTomato. RESULTS Unexpectedly, intra-nasal vaccination of ferrets with rCDV(5804P)L(CCEGFPC) in the absence of lipopeptides resulted in good immune responses and protection against lethal challenge infection. However, in animals vaccinated with lipopeptide-adjuvanted virus significantly higher vaccine virus loads were detected in nasopharyngeal lavages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, these animals developed significantly higher CDV neutralizing antibody titers compared to animals vaccinated with non-adjuvanted vaccine. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the synthetic cationic lipopeptides Pam3CSK4 and PHCSK4 not only enhance paramyxovirus infection in vitro, but also in vivo. Given the observed enhancement of immunogenicity their potential as adjuvants for other live-attenuated paramyxovirus vaccines should be considered.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Distemper/immunology
- Distemper/prevention & control
- Distemper Virus, Canine/immunology
- Distemper Virus, Canine/pathogenicity
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Female
- Ferrets/immunology
- Ferrets/virology
- Lipopeptides/administration & dosage
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/virology
- Neutralization Tests/methods
- Transfection
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Load
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tien Nguyen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Mesman AW, Geijtenbeek TB. Pattern Recognition Receptors in HIV Transmission. Front Immunol 2012; 3:59. [PMID: 22566940 PMCID: PMC3341947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), Langerhans cells (LCs), and macrophages are innate immune cells that reside in genital and intestinal mucosal tissues susceptible to HIV-1 infection. These innate cells play distinct roles in initiation of HIV-1 infection and induction of anti-viral immunity. DCs are potent migratory cells that capture HIV-1 and transfer virus to CD4+ T cells in the lymph nodes, whereas LCs have a protective anti-viral function, and macrophages function as viral reservoirs since they produce viruses over prolonged times. These differences are due to the different immune functions of these cells partly dependent on the expression of specific pattern recognition receptors. Expression of Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and cell-specific machinery for antigen uptake and processing strongly influence the outcome of virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies W Mesman
- Department for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Kawamura T, Ogawa Y, Nakamura Y, Nakamizo S, Ohta Y, Nakano H, Kabashima K, Katayama I, Koizumi S, Kodama T, Nakao A, Shimada S. Severe dermatitis with loss of epidermal Langerhans cells in human and mouse zinc deficiency. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:722-32. [PMID: 22214844 DOI: 10.1172/jci58618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc deficiency can be an inherited disorder, in which case it is known as acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE), or an acquired disorder caused by low dietary intake of zinc. Even though zinc deficiency diminishes cellular and humoral immunity, patients develop immunostimulating skin inflammation. Here, we have demonstrated that despite diminished allergic contact dermatitis in mice fed a zinc-deficient (ZD) diet, irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in these mice was more severe and prolonged than that in controls. Further, histological examination of ICD lesions in ZD mice revealed subcorneal vacuolization and epidermal pallor, histological features of AE. Consistent with the fact that ATP release from chemically injured keratinocytes serves as a causative mediator of ICD, we found that the severe ICD response in ZD mice was attenuated by local injection of soluble nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase. In addition, skin tissue from ZD mice with ICD showed increased levels of ATP, as did cultured wild-type keratinocytes treated with chemical irritants and the zinc-chelating reagent TPEN. Interestingly, numbers of epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), which play a protective role against ATP-mediated inflammatory signals, were decreased in ZD mice as well as samples from ZD patients. These findings suggest that upon exposure to irritants, aberrant ATP release from keratinocytes and impaired LC-dependent hydrolysis of nucleotides may be important in the pathogenesis of AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Ahmed Z, Czubala M, Blanchet F, Piguet V. HIV impairment of immune responses in dendritic cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 762:201-38. [PMID: 22975877 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells and their subsets are diverse populations of immune cells in the skin and mucous membranes that possess the ability to sense the presence of microbes and orchestrate an efficient and adapted immune response. Dendritic cells (DC) have the unique ability to act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune responses. These cells are composed of a number of subsets behaving with preferential and specific features depending on their location and surrounding environment. Langerhans cells (LC) or dermal DC (dDC) are readily present in mucosal areas. Other DC subsets such as plasmacytoid DC (pDC), myeloid DC (myDC), or monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) are thought to be recruited or differentiated in sites of pathogenic challenge. Upon HIV infection, DC and their subsets are likely among the very first immune cells to encounter incoming pathogens and initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. However, as evidenced during HIV infection, some pathogens have evolved subtle strategies to hijack key cellular machineries essential to generate efficient antiviral responses and subvert immune responses for spread and survival.In this chapter, we review recent research aimed at investigating the involvement of DC subtypes in HIV transmission at mucosal sites, concentrating on HIV impact on cellular signalling and trafficking pathways in DC leading to DC-mediated immune response alterations and viral immune evasion. We also address some aspects of DC functions during the chronic immune pathogenesis and conclude with an overview of the current and novel therapeutic and prophylactic strategies aimed at improving DC-mediated immune responses, thus to potentially tackle the early events of mucosal HIV infection and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Berencsi G, Takács M. Barriers of the Human Organism and Their Achilles’ Heels. MATERNAL FETAL TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN VIRUSES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON TUMORIGENESIS 2012. [PMCID: PMC7121758 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4216-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The human body is covered by barriers separating it from the external and internal surroundings. The “milieu enterieur” has to be stabilised in spite of the variable external and internal conditions of toxic, osmotic, microbial and climatic environmental circumstances. This first line of barriers is composed of skin and mucous membranes of complicated structures. A second line of barrier system is present in our organisms. Certain organs have to be separated from the immune system and other parts of the body because of evolutionary reasons (eye-bulb and testicles) because of unique proteins “unknown” for the acquired immune system. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is providing enhanced safety circumstances for the central nervous system. The second line of barriers is represented by the special properties of the capillary endothelial system. The maternal-fetal barrier is the most complex. At the maternal fetal interface two individuals of two different haplotypes has to be live 9 months separated by a very complicated dynamic barrier. The placenta is the organ, which is separating the maternal and fetal tissues. Similar to others the bidirectional transport of gasses, metabolites, cells, proteins, regulatory substances, are transported by active or passive transcellular and intercellular mechanisms. The fetal immune system develops immunotolerance to all maternal cells and antigens transferred transplacentally. The problem is to mitigate the maternal immune system to tolerate the paternal haplotype of the fetus. In the case of normal pregnancy a complex series of physiological modifications can solve the problem without harmful consequences to the mother and fetus. The outermost contact cells of trophoblasts express instead of HLA-class Ia and class II antigens non-variable HLA-C, HLA-E, HLA-F and HLA-G antigens. The first consequence of this is reduction of the activity of maternal natural killer cells and maternal dendritic cells; Progesteron, micro-RNA and mediators influence the development of T effector-cells. The production of soluble HLA-G(5 and 6) and IL-10 supports the differentiation of Th-2 CD4+ helper cells, reducing the ability of maternal cells to kill fetal cells. Series of receptors and costimulators are expressed by the different lines of semi-allogenic trophoblast cells to bind HLA-G and mitigate maternal immune response; The maternal immunotolerance is further facilitated by the activation of CD4+CD25brightFoxp3+ regulatory T (TREG) cells. Infections have to be prevented during pregnancy. The cells of placenta express 10 Toll-like receptors a group of pattern recognition receptors responsible for innate immunity. The interferon level is also higher in the placental tissues than in the somatic fetal or maternal cells. The complement system is also adapted to the requirements of the pregnancy and fetal damage is inhibited by the production of “assymmetric IgG antibodies” under hormonal and placental-regulation. These modifications prevent the activation of complement, cytotoxic activity, opsonising ability, antigen clearance and precipitating activity of the molecules. The Achilles’ heels of the different barriers are regularly found by virus infections. Lamina cribrosa of the blood-brain barrier, optical nerve of the eyes, etc. the risk factors of the maternal-fetal barrier has been summarised in Table 1.1.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The early stage of HIV-1 infection is when the virus is most vulnerable, and should therefore offer the best opportunity for therapeutic interventions. This review addresses the recent progress in the understanding of innate immune responses against HIV-1 with focus on the potential targets for prevention of viral acquisition, replication and dissemination. RECENT FINDINGS Research indicates that the host-derived factor trappin-2/elafin is protective against HIV, whereas semen-derived enhancer of viral infection and defensins 5 and 6 enhance viral transmission. Further, studies suggest that stimulation of TLR4 and inhibition of TLR7-9 pathways may be HIV suppressive. The regulation and function of viral restriction factors tetherin and APOBEC3G have been investigated and a molecule mimicking the premature uncoating achieved by TRIM5α, PF74, has been identified. Chloroquine has been shown to inhibit plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation and suppress negative modulators of T-cell responses. Blockade of HMBG1 has been found to restore natural-killer-cell-mediated killing of infected dendritic cells, normally suppressed by HIV-1. Interestingly, when used as adjuvants, EAT-2 and heat shock protein gp96 reportedly enhance innate immune responses. SUMMARY Several targets for innate immunity-mediated therapeutics have been identified. Nonetheless, more research is required to unveil their underlying mechanisms and interactions before testing these molecules in clinical trials.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the current knowledge of innate signaling events that are involved in HIV-1 infection. We here focus on dendritic cells, which are among the first cells that encounter HIV-1 after exposure. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-1 triggers multiple pattern recognition receptors on dendritic cells that facilitate infection and transmission to T cells. Triggering of the C-type lectin DC-SIGN induces signals that promote HIV-1 replication in dendritic cells and transmission to T cells. Similarly, dendritic cell immunoreceptor has been shown to bind HIV-1 and facilitate transmission to T cells. The cytosolic sensors TRIM5 and cyclophilin A recognize capsid proteins and activate antiviral responses to prevent HIV-1 infection. Moreover, activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by HIV downregulates autophagy preventing adaptive immune responses. SUMMARY Dendritic cells express an array of pattern recognition receptors that are involved in HIV-1 infection. However, HIV-1 dampens signaling by these receptors leading to suppressed responses or takes advantage of their signaling for its own benefit.
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[Mechanism for HIV invasion via skin or mucosa]. Uirusu 2011; 61:59-65. [PMID: 21972556 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.61.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sexual transmission of HIV is the most common mode of infection in the global HIV epidemic. In the absence of an effective vaccine, there is an urgent need for additional strategies to prevent new HIV infections. An emerging body of evidence now indicates that Langerhans cells (LC) are initial cellular targets in the sexual transmission of HIV, and CD4- and CCR5-mediated infection of LC plays a crucial role in virus dissemination. I focus on the recent advances regarding the cellular events that may occur during heterosexual transmission of HIV.
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Barat C, Pepin J, Tremblay MJ. HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived dendritic cells is stimulated by melarsoprol, one of the main drugs against human African trypanosomiasis. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:1052-64. [PMID: 21763506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness that is still endemic in well defined regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Co-infections with this human pathogen and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are not uncommon, but their potential interaction has been little studied. The organo-arsenical drug melarsoprol has been widely used for the treatment of late stage trypanosomiasis since the early 1950s and is still widely used despite very serious adverse effects. Because arsenic trioxide, another trivalent arsenical structurally related to melarsoprol, has been shown to markedly increase HIV replication in dendritic cells (DCs), we tested the effect of melarsoprol on virus replication in various primary human immune cell types, including DCs. We show here that this medicinal drug stimulates the replication of several strains of HIV-1, specifically in monocyte-derived DCs, and also renders such cells susceptible to HIV-2 infection. The drug acts mainly through an increase in the efficacy of the reverse transcription process, and this effect is mediated, at least partly, by an inhibition of expression of the cellular restriction factor APOBEC3G. These observations raise concerns about the harmful effect that melarsoprol might exert on the natural history of HIV in co-infected patients and on virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Barat
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-CHUL, and Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada
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Herzberg MC, Vacharaksa A, Gebhard KH, Giacaman RA, Ross KF. Plausibility of HIV-1 Infection of Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells. Adv Dent Res 2011; 23:38-44. [PMID: 21441479 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511399283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The AIDS pandemic continues. Little is understood about how HIV gains access to permissive cells across mucosal surfaces, yet such knowledge is crucial to the development of successful topical anti-HIV-1 agents and mucosal vaccines. HIV-1 rapidly internalizes and integrates into the mucosal keratinocyte genome, and integrated copies of HIV-1 persist upon cell passage. The virus does not appear to replicate, and the infection may become latent. Interactions between HIV-1 and oral keratinocytes have been modeled in the context of key environmental factors, including putative copathogens and saliva. In keratinocytes, HIV-1 internalizes within minutes; in saliva, an infectious fraction escapes inactivation and is harbored and transferable to permissive target cells for up to 48 hours. When incubated with the common oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, CCR5- oral keratinocytes signal through protease-activated receptors and Toll-like receptors to induce expression of CCR5, which increases selective uptake of infectious R5-tropic HIV-1 into oral keratinocytes and transfer to permissive cells. Hence, oral keratinocytes-like squamous keratinocytes of other tissues-may be targets for low-level HIV-1 internalization and subsequent dissemination by transfer to permissive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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41
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Kawamura T. [Langerhans cell and HIV]. NIHON RINSHO MEN'EKI GAKKAI KAISHI = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 34:70-5. [PMID: 21628848 DOI: 10.2177/jsci.34.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterosexual transmission of HIV is the most common mode of infection in the global HIV epidemic. In the absence of an effective vaccine, there is an urgent need for additional strategies to prevent new HIV infections. Evidence from a variety of investigations, including epidemiologic studies on sexual transmission, in vivo studies in rhesus monkey, and ex vivo studies using human explant models, indicate that CD4/CCR5-mediated de novo infection of Langerhans cells (LCs) is a major pathway involved in sexual transmission of HIV (LCs primary gate keeper model). However, it has been recently revealed that Langerin (a C-type lectin receptor) expressed on LC inactivate HIV. Thus, there may be multiple ways by which HIV interacts with LCs in the genital mucosa. In light of the current HIV infection rates in heterosexuals and the absence of a prophylactic vaccine, prevention strategies, such as topical microbicides that block sexual transmission of HIV, are urgently needed. This review focuses on the recent advances regarding the role of LCs in heterosexual transmission of HIV, and the relationship between the LCs primary gate keeper model and current prevention strategies worldwide.
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42
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Firoz Mian M, Ashkar AA. Induction of innate immune responses in the female genital tract: friend or foe of HIV-1 infection? Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:344-51. [PMID: 21223417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 and HSV-2 across the genital tract epithelial tissue is one of the primary routes for dissemination of these viral infections. Mucosal innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. A vast majority of mucosal HIV-1 exposures do not result in productive infections which may indicate that the innate mucosal immune system is highly protective. It has been shown that Toll-like receptors (TLR)-induced innate antiviral immunity in the genital mucosa lead to induction of type I and III interferon and prevention of HSV-2 infection. The innate antiviral function of type I and III interferons and other innate factors at genital mucosa against HIV-1 is not well defined. In this review, we summarize our current understanding and advances of the innate mucosal response to genital viral infections, including HIV-1 and HSV-2, focusing on those factors that may prevent or accelerate initial infection. Understanding how each of these components contributes to mucosal innate antiviral immunity may lead to the development of novel and effective strategies to use microbicides or antiviral agents to control HIV-1 acquisition and/or transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Firoz Mian
- Centre for Gene Therapeutics, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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43
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de Jong MAWP, Geijtenbeek TBH. Langerhans cells in innate defense against pathogens. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:452-9. [PMID: 21030306 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are at the frontline in defense against mucosal infections because they line the mucosal tissues and are ideally situated to intercept pathogens. Recent data suggest that LCs have an innate anti-HIV-1 function. LCs express the LC-specific C-type lectin Langerin that efficiently captures HIV-1, which prevents HIV-1 transmission. However, immune activation of LCs changes these protective cells into HIV-1-transmitting cells, which indicates that the antiviral function of LCs depends on several factors including co-infections. In this review, we discuss the dual role of LCs in innate defense against pathogens, with a focus on HIV-1 dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marein A W P de Jong
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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44
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Stalder R, Blanchet F, Mangeat B, Piguet V. Arsenic modulates APOBEC3G-mediated restriction to HIV-1 infection in myeloid dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1251-8. [PMID: 20807705 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0310176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DC are major targets of HIV-1 during the early events of infection. Yet, HIV-1 infects these cells only inefficiently in vitro as compared with CD4+T lymphocytes. Accordingly, we have previously identified a strong post-entry block to HIV-1 replication in MDDC as a result of the cellular restriction factor A3G. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that As₂O₃, a drug used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia, can fully eliminate the potent post-entry restriction of HIV-1 infection in MDDC and in blood-derived MyDC by mechanisms that were unclear. We are now exploring the interplay between As₂O₃ and A3G-mediated restriction in primary DC subsets. Here, we report that As₂O₃ counteracts A3G-mediated restriction in MyDC but not in MDDC. RNAi of A3G in MyDC indicated that the As₂O₃-mediated increase of HIV-1 infection was largely dependent on the presence of the cellular restriction factor. This study reveals an unexpected interplay between As₂O₃ and A3G-mediated restriction to HIV-1 infection in primary human MyDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaine Stalder
- Departments of Dermatology and Venereology and Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, Switzerland
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45
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Cunningham AL, Abendroth A, Jones C, Nasr N, Turville S. Viruses and Langerhans cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:416-23. [PMID: 20445632 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are the resident dendritic cells (DCs) of epidermis in human mucosal stratified squamous epithelium and the skin. A phenotypically similar DC has recently been discovered as a minor population in the murine dermis. In epidermis, LCs function as sentinel antigen-presenting cells that can capture invading viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This interaction between LCs and viruses results in highly variable responses, depending on the virus as discussed in this review. For example, HSV induces apoptosis in LCs but HIV does not. LCs seem to be the first in a complex chain of antigen presentation to T cells in lymph nodes for HSV and possibly VZV, or they transport virus to T cells, as described for HIV and maybe VZV. Together with epidermal keratinocytes they may also have a role in the initial innate immune response at the site of infection in the epidermis, although this is not fully known. The full spectrum of biological responses of LCs even to these viruses has yet to be understood and will require complementary studies in human LCs in vitro and in murine models in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia.
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Nguyen DT, de Witte L, Ludlow M, Yüksel S, Wiesmüller KH, Geijtenbeek TBH, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL. The synthetic bacterial lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 modulates respiratory syncytial virus infection independent of TLR activation. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001049. [PMID: 20808895 PMCID: PMC2924323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of acute respiratory disease in infants, immunocompromised subjects and the elderly. However, it is unclear why most primary RSV infections are associated with relatively mild symptoms, whereas some result in severe lower respiratory tract infections and bronchiolitis. Since RSV hospitalization has been associated with respiratory bacterial co-infections, we have tested if bacterial Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists influence RSV-A2-GFP infection in human primary cells or cell lines. The synthetic bacterial lipopeptide Pam3-Cys-Ser-Lys4 (Pam3CSK4), the prototype ligand for the heterodimeric TLR1/TLR2 complex, enhanced RSV infection in primary epithelial, myeloid and lymphoid cells. Surprisingly, enhancement was optimal when lipopeptides and virus were added simultaneously, whereas addition of Pam3CSK4 immediately after infection had no effect. We have identified two structurally related lipopeptides without TLR-signaling capacity that also modulate RSV infection, whereas Pam3CSK4-reminiscent TLR1/2 agonists did not, and conclude that modulation of infection is independent of TLR activation. A similar TLR-independent enhancement of infection could also be demonstrated for wild-type RSV strains, and for HIV-1, measles virus and human metapneumovirus. We show that the effect of Pam3CSK4 is primarily mediated by enhanced binding of RSV to its target cells. The N-palmitoylated cysteine and the cationic lysines were identified as pivotal for enhanced virus binding. Surprisingly, we observed inhibition of RSV infection in immortalized epithelial cell lines, which was shown to be related to interactions between Pam3CSK4 and negatively charged glycosaminoglycans on these cells, which are known targets for binding of laboratory-adapted but not wild-type RSV. These data suggest a potential role for bacterial lipopeptides in enhanced binding of RSV and other viruses to their target cells, thus affecting viral entry or spread independent of TLR signaling. Moreover, our results also suggest a potential application for these synthetic lipopeptides as adjuvants for live-attenuated viral vaccines. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are an important cause of hospitalization of infants during the winter season. However, RSV is often not the only detectable pathogen, but co-infections with respiratory bacteria are common. It has been hypothesized that this results from epithelial damage caused by the virus, facilitating colonization by pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, an inverse order of events is not impossible: bacterial infections may activate respiratory epithelial cells through TLR signaling, resulting in increased susceptibility to virus infections. We tested this hypothesis by screening bacterial TLR agonists for their capacity to modulate RSV infection in different cell types, and identified the lipopeptide and prototype TLR1/2 agonist Pam3CSK4 as an enhancer of RSV infections. However, to our surprise this proved independent of TLR activation, but was mediated by enhancement of binding between virus and target cell. Two structurally related lipopeptides unable to stimulate TLR responses were identified that enhanced infections with RSV, but also with other enveloped viruses including HIV-1, human metapneumovirus, and measles virus. We speculate that bacterial infections may influence the pathogenesis of virus infections by facilitating binding to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Tien Nguyen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lot de Witte
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ludlow
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Selma Yüksel
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Ahmed N, Hayashi T, Hasegawa A, Furukawa H, Okamura N, Chida T, Masuda T, Kannagi M. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in macrophages by commensal bacteria preferentially stimulating Toll-like receptor 4. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2804-13. [PMID: 20719993 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.022442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection from primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has not yet been accomplished by vaccines inducing HIV-1-specific acquired immunity. Nevertheless, it has been reported that a small subgroup of women remain resistant to HIV-1 infection under natural conditions. If similar conditions can be induced in uninfected individuals, it will contribute the first line of protection against HIV-1 infection, and also improve the effects of anti-HIV-1 vaccines. We reasoned that innate immunity may be involved in the resistance to HIV-1 infection, and investigated the effects of various Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and commensal bacteria on HIV-1 replication in macrophages, one of the initial targets of HIV-1 infection and also the main mediators of innate immunity. We established the HIV-1 reporter monocytic cell line, THP-1/NL4-3luc, which could be differentiated into macrophage-like cells in vitro. In these cells, stimulation of TLR3 and TLR4 by their ligands suppressed HIV-1 expression partly through type I interferon (IFN). Among the commensal bacteria tested, Escherichia coli, Veillonella parvula and Neisseria mucosa suppressed HIV-1 expression, whereas Lactobacillus acidophilus, Prevotella melaninogenica, P. bivia and Mycobacterium smegmatis enhanced it. The bacteria with suppressive effects preferentially stimulated TLR4, whereas the ones with enhancing effects stimulated TLR2. Neutralizing antibodies against TLR4 and IFN-α/β receptor abrogated bacterially mediated HIV-1 suppression. Suppressive effects of E. coli, V. parvula and N. mucosa on HIV-1 replication were reproducible in primary monocyte-derived macrophages following acute HIV-1 infection. These findings suggest that certain commensal bacteria preferentially stimulating TLR4 potentially produce local environments resistant to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursarat Ahmed
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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de Jong MAWP, de Witte L, Taylor ME, Geijtenbeek TBH. Herpes simplex virus type 2 enhances HIV-1 susceptibility by affecting Langerhans cell function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1633-41. [PMID: 20592277 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes is the most prevalent viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide and is mainly caused by HSV type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-2 infection enhances HIV-1 susceptibility, even in the absence of clinical symptoms. In this study, we investigated the effect of HSV-2 on HIV-1 transmission by mucosal Langerhans cells (LCs). LCs are important in heterosexual transmission because they form a barrier against HIV-1 infection; LCs efficiently capture and degrade HIV-1 through the C-type lectin langerin, thereby preventing HIV-1 transmission. Notably, our data showed that HSV-2 enhanced HIV-1 infection of LCs and subsequent HIV-1 transmission to T cells. HSV-2 interfered with HIV-1 capture by langerin, which allowed efficient HIV-1 infection of LCs. HSV-2 inhibited the antiviral function of langerin at two levels; HSV-2 decreased langerin expression and competed with HIV-1 for langerin binding. HSV-2 replication was not required, because both UV-inactivated HSV-2 and TLR-3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid similarly increased HIV-1 transmission by LCs. Therefore, we identified a mechanism by which HSV-2 enhances HIV-1 susceptibility, even in the absence of clinical symptoms. Our data demonstrated that viral coinfections, such as HSV-2, breach the protective function of LCs by abrogating langerin function, which increases HIV-1 susceptibility. These data reinforce the importance of preventing sexually transmitted infections, such as HSV-2, to reduce the transmission of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marein A W P de Jong
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Vlist M, Geijtenbeek TBH. Langerin functions as an antiviral receptor on Langerhans cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:410-5. [PMID: 20309013 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Vlist
- Center for infection and Immunity Amsterdam and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Center for infection and Immunity Amsterdam and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
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50
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Ding J, Rapista A, Teleshova N, Mosoyan G, Jarvis GA, Klotman ME, Chang TL. Neisseria gonorrhoeae enhances HIV-1 infection of primary resting CD4+ T cells through TLR2 activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2814-24. [PMID: 20147631 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections increase the likelihood of HIV-1 transmission. We investigated the effect of Neisseria gonorrheae (gonococcus [GC]) exposure on HIV replication in primary resting CD4(+) T cells, a major HIV target cell during the early stage of sexual transmission of HIV. GC and TLR2 agonists, such as peptidylglycan (PGN), Pam(3)CSK(4), and Pam(3)C-Lip, a GC-derived synthetic lipopeptide, but not TLR4 agonists including LPS or GC lipooligosaccharide enhanced HIV-1 infection of primary resting CD4(+) T cells after viral entry. Pretreatment of CD4(+) cells with PGN also promoted HIV infection. Anti-TLR2 Abs abolished the HIV enhancing effect of GC and Pam(3)C-Lip, indicating that GC-mediated enhancement of HIV infection of resting CD4(+) T cells was through TLR2. IL-2 was required for TLR2-mediated HIV enhancement. PGN and GC induced cell surface expression of T cell activation markers and HIV coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4. The maximal postentry HIV enhancing effect was achieved when PGN was added immediately after viral exposure. Kinetic studies and analysis of HIV DNA products indicated that GC exposure and TLR2 activation enhanced HIV infection at the step of nuclear import. We conclude that GC enhanced HIV infection of primary resting CD4(+) T cells through TLR2 activation, which both increased the susceptibility of primary CD4(+) T cells to HIV infection as well as enhanced HIV-infected CD4(+) T cells at the early stage of HIV life cycle after entry. This study provides a molecular mechanism by which nonulcerative sexually transmitted infections mediate enhancement of HIV infection and has implication for HIV prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ding
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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