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Zhang W, Lee PL, Li J, Komatsu C, Wang Y, Sun H, DeSanto M, Washington K, Gorantla V, Kokai L, Solari MG. Local Delivery of Adipose Stem Cells Promotes Allograft Survival in a Rat Hind-Limb Model of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 153:79e-90e. [PMID: 37014960 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose stem cells (ASCs) are a promising cell-based immunotherapy because of their minimally invasive harvest, high yield, and immunomodulatory capacity. In this study, the authors investigated the effects of local versus systemic ASC delivery on vascularized composite allotransplant survival and alloimmune regulation. METHODS Lewis rats received hind-limb transplants from Brown Norway rats and were administered donor-derived ASCs (passage 3 or 4, 1 × 10 6 cells/rat) locally in the allograft, or contralateral limb, or systemically at postoperative day 1. Recipients were treated intraperitoneally with rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte serum on postoperative days 1 and 4 and daily tacrolimus for 21 days. Limb allografts were monitored for clinical signs of rejection. Donor cell chimerism, immune cell differentiation, and cytokine expression in recipient lymphoid organs were measured by flow cytometric analysis. The immunomodulation function of ASCs was tested by mixed lymphocyte reaction assay and ASC stimulation studies. RESULTS Local-ASC-treated recipients achieved significant prolonged allograft survival (85.7% survived >130 days; n = 6) compared with systemic-ASC and contralateral-ASC groups. Secondary donor skin allografts transplanted to the local-ASC long-term surviving recipients accepted permanently without additional immunosuppression. The increases in donor cell chimerism and regulatory T-cells were evident in blood and draining lymph nodes of the local-ASC group. Moreover, mixed lymphocyte reaction showed that ASCs inhibited donor-specific T-cell proliferation independent of direct ASC-T-cell contact. ASCs up-regulated antiinflammatory molecules in response to cytokine stimulation in vitro. CONCLUSION Local delivery of ASCs promoted long-term survival and modulated alloimmune responses in a full major histocompatibility complex-mismatched vascularized composite allotransplantation model and was more effective than systemic administration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT ASCs are a readily available and abundant source of therapeutic cells that could decrease the amount of systemic immunosuppression required to maintain limb and face allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Zhang
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
- Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, 59th Medical Wing Office of Science and Technology, Joint Base San Antonio
| | | | - Jingjing Li
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | | | - Yong Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | - Marisa DeSanto
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine
| | - Kia Washington
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Vijay Gorantla
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine
| | - Lauren Kokai
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Mario G Solari
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
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2
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Kawakami R, Sakaguchi S. Regulatory T Cells for Control of Autoimmunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1444:67-82. [PMID: 38467973 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9781-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which specifically express the master transcription factor FoxP3, are indispensable for the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. Their functional or numerical anomalies can be causative of autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases. Recent advances in the research of the cellular and molecular basis of how Treg cells develop, exert suppression, and maintain their function have enabled devising various ways for controlling physiological and pathological immune responses by targeting Treg cells. It is now envisaged that Treg cells as a "living drug" are able to achieve antigen-specific immune suppression of various immune responses and reestablish immunological self-tolerance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Kawakami
- Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Tanaka Y, Yokoyama Y, Kambayashi T. Skin-derived TSLP stimulates skin migratory dendritic cells to promote the expansion of regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350390. [PMID: 37525585 PMCID: PMC10592182 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies that enhance regulatory T (Treg) cell proliferation or suppressive function hold promise for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We previously reported that the topical application of the vitamin D3 analog MC903 systemically expands Treg cells by stimulating the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from the skin. Using mice lacking TSLP receptor expression by dendritic cells (DCs), we hereby show that TSLP receptor signaling in DCs is required for this Treg expansion in vivo. Topical MC903 treatment of ear skin selectively increased the number of migratory DCs in skin-draining lymph nodes (LNs) and upregulated their expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Accordingly, DCs isolated from skin-draining LNs but not mesenteric LNs or spleen of MC903-treated mice showed an enhanced ability to promote Treg proliferation, which was driven by co-stimulatory signals through CD80/CD86 and OX40 ligand. Among the DC subsets in the skin-draining LNs of MC903-treated mice, migratory XCR1- CD11b+ type 2 and XCR1- CD11b- double negative conventional DCs promoted Treg expansion. Together, these data demonstrate that vitamin D3 stimulation of skin induces TSLP expression, which stimulates skin migratory DCs to expand Treg cells. Thus, topical MC903 treatment could represent a convenient strategy to treat inflammatory disorders by engaging this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Tanaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Division of Dento-oral Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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4
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Zhu L, Zhang X, Chen X, Yang D, Nie Y, Pan R, Li L, Wang C, Gui H, Chen S, Jing Q, Wang M, Nie Y. Anti-TNFR2 enhanced the antitumor activity of a new HMGN1/3M-052 stimulated dendritic cell vaccine in a mouse model of colon cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 653:106-114. [PMID: 36868074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the new approach for cancer treatment that can be achieved through several strategies, one of which is dendritic cells (DCs) vaccine therapy. However, traditional DC vaccination lacks accurate targeting, so DC vaccine preparation needs to be optimized. Immunosuppressive CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment can promote tumor immune escape. Therefore, targeting Tregs has become a strategy for tumor immunotherapy. In this study, we found that HMGN1 (N1, a dendritic cell-activating TLR4 agonist) and 3M-052 (a newly synthesized TLR7/8 agonist) synergistically stimulate DCs maturation and increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-12. In a colon cancer mice model, vaccination with N1 and 3M-052 stimulated and tumor antigen-loaded DCs combined with anti-TNFR2 inhibited tumor growth in mice, and the antitumor effect was mainly achieved through stimulation of cytotoxic CD8 T cell activation and depletion of Tregs. Overall, the combinating of DC activation by N1 and 3M-052 with inhibition of Tregs by antagonizing TNFR2 as a therapeutic strategy may represent a more effective strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhu
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
| | - De Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Yujie Nie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China.
| | - Runsang Pan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Linzhao Li
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Chenglv Wang
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Huan Gui
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Shuanghui Chen
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Qianyu Jing
- School of Preclinical Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Yingjie Nie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China; School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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5
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Huang H, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Pradhan RN, Ganguly D, Chandra R, Murimwa G, Wright S, Gu X, Maddipati R, Müller S, Turley SJ, Brekken RA. Mesothelial cell-derived antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts induce expansion of regulatory T cells in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:656-673.e7. [PMID: 35523176 PMCID: PMC9197998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a unique cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) population termed antigen-presenting CAFs (apCAFs), characterized by the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, suggesting a function in regulating tumor immunity. Here, by integrating multiple single-cell RNA-sequencing studies and performing robust lineage-tracing assays, we find that apCAFs are derived from mesothelial cells. During pancreatic cancer progression, mesothelial cells form apCAFs by downregulating mesothelial features and gaining fibroblastic features, a process induced by interleukin-1 and transforming growth factor β. apCAFs directly ligate and induce naive CD4+ T cells into regulatory T cells (Tregs) in an antigen-specific manner. Moreover, treatment with an antibody targeting the mesothelial cell marker mesothelin can effectively inhibit mesothelial cell to apCAF transition and Treg formation induced by apCAFs. Taken together, our study elucidates how mesothelial cells may contribute to immune evasion in pancreatic cancer and provides insight on strategies to enhance cancer immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huocong Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Zhaoning Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Debolina Ganguly
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Raghav Chandra
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gilbert Murimwa
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Steven Wright
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaowu Gu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ravikanth Maddipati
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | - Rolf A Brekken
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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6
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John P, Pulanco MC, Galbo PM, Wei Y, Ohaegbulam KC, Zheng D, Zang X. The immune checkpoint B7x expands tumor-infiltrating Tregs and promotes resistance to anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2506. [PMID: 35523809 PMCID: PMC9076640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules play critical roles in regulating the anti-tumor immune response, and tumor cells often exploit these pathways to inhibit and evade the immune system. The B7-family immune checkpoint B7x is widely expressed in a broad variety of cancer types, and is generally associated with advanced disease progression and poorer clinical outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that transduction and stable expression of B7x in multiple syngeneic tumor models leads to the expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). Mechanistically, B7x does not cause increased proliferation of Tregs in tumors, but instead promotes the conversion of conventional CD4+ T cells into Tregs. Further, we find that B7x induces global transcriptomic changes in Tregs, driving these cells to adopt an activated and suppressive phenotype. B7x increases the expression of the Treg-specific transcription factor Foxp3 in CD4+ T cells by modulating the Akt/Foxo pathway. B7x-mediated regulation of Tregs reduces the efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 treatment, a therapeutic that partially relies on Treg-depletion. However, combination treatment of anti-B7x and anti-CTLA-4 leads to synergistic therapeutic efficacy and overcomes the B7x-mediated resistance to anti-CTLA-4. Altogether, B7x mediates an immunosuppressive Treg-promoting pathway within tumors and is a promising candidate for combination immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter John
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Marc C Pulanco
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Phillip M Galbo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yao Wei
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Kim C Ohaegbulam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Xingxing Zang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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7
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Dwyer GK, Mathews LR, Villegas JA, Lucas A, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Blazar BR, Girard JP, Poholek AC, Luther SA, Shlomchik W, Turnquist HR. IL-33 acts as a costimulatory signal to generate alloreactive Th1 cells in graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:150927. [PMID: 35503257 PMCID: PMC9197517 DOI: 10.1172/jci150927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) integrate signals emanating from local pathology and program appropriate T cell responses. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHCT), recipient conditioning releases damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that generate proinflammatory APCs that secrete IL-12, which is a driver of donor Th1 responses, causing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Nevertheless, other mechanisms exist to initiate alloreactive T cell responses, as recipients with disrupted DAMP signaling or lacking IL-12 develop GVHD. We established that tissue damage signals are perceived directly by donor CD4+ T cells and promoted T cell expansion and differentiation. Specifically, the fibroblastic reticular cell–derived DAMP IL-33 is increased by recipient conditioning and is critical for the initial activation, proliferation, and differentiation of alloreactive Th1 cells. IL-33 stimulation of CD4+ T cells was not required for lymphopenia-induced expansion, however. IL-33 promoted IL-12–independent expression of Tbet and generation of Th1 cells that infiltrated GVHD target tissues. Mechanistically, IL-33 augmented CD4+ T cell TCR-associated signaling pathways in response to alloantigen. This enhanced T cell expansion and Th1 polarization, but inhibited the expression of regulatory molecules such as IL-10 and Foxp3. These data establish an unappreciated role for IL-33 as a costimulatory signal for donor Th1 generation after alloHCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen K Dwyer
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Lisa R Mathews
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Jose A Villegas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lucas
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Warren Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
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8
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Choi HJ, Tang CHA, Tian L, Wu Y, Sofi MH, Ticer T, Schutt SD, Hu CCA, Yu XZ. XBP-1s Promotes B Cell Pathogenicity in Chronic GVHD by Restraining the Activity of Regulated IRE-1α-Dependent Decay. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705484. [PMID: 34659198 PMCID: PMC8517405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is an effective therapeutic procedure to treat hematological malignancies. However, the benefit of allo-HCT is limited by a major complication, chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Since transmembrane and secretory proteins are generated and modified in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the ER stress response is of great importance to secretory cells including B cells. By using conditional knock-out (KO) of XBP-1, IRE-1α or both specifically on B cells, we demonstrated that the IRE-1α/XBP-1 pathway, one of the major ER stress response mediators, plays a critical role in B cell pathogenicity on the induction of cGVHD in murine models of allo-HCT. Endoribonuclease activity of IRE-1α activates XBP-1 signaling by converting unspliced XBP-1 (XBP-1u) mRNA into spliced XBP-1 (XBP-1s) mRNA but also cleaves other ER-associated mRNAs through regulated IRE-1α-dependent decay (RIDD). Further, ablation of XBP-1s production leads to unleashed activation of RIDD. Therefore, we hypothesized that RIDD plays an important role in B cells during cGVHD development. In this study, we found that the reduced pathogenicity of XBP-1 deficient B cells in cGVHD was reversed by RIDD restriction in IRE-1α kinase domain KO mice. Restraining RIDD activity per se in B cells resulted in an increased severity of cGVHD. Besides, inhibition of RIDD activity compromised B cell differentiation and led to dysregulated expression of MHC II and costimulatory molecules such as CD86, CD40, and ICOSL in B cells. Furthermore, restraining the RIDD activity without affecting XBP-1 splicing increased B cell ability to induce cGVHD after allo-HCT. These results suggest that RIDD is an important mediator for reducing cGVHD pathogenesis through targeting XBP-1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Choi
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Chih-Hang Anthony Tang
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Linlu Tian
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Yongxia Wu
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - M Hanief Sofi
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Taylor Ticer
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Steven D Schutt
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Chih-Chi Andrew Hu
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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9
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are efficient antigen-presenting cells that serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems. These cells are broadly involved in cellular and humoral immune responses by presenting antigens to initiate T cell reactions, cytokine and chemokine secretion, T cell differentiation and expansion, B cell activation and regulation, and the mediation of immune tolerance. The functions of DCs depend on their activation status, which is defined by the stages of maturation, phenotype differentiation, and migration ability, among other factors. IL-6 is a soluble mediator mainly produced by a variety of immune cells, including DCs, that exerts pleiotropic effects on immune and inflammatory responses through interaction with specific receptors expressed on the surface of target cells. Here, we review the role of IL-6, when generated in an inflammatory context or as derived from DCs, in modulating the biologic function and activation status of DCs and emphasize the importance of searching for novel strategies to target the IL-6/IL-6 signaling pathway as a means to diminish the inflammatory activity of DCs in immune response or to prime the immunogenic activity of DCs in immunosuppressive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Xu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Cheng
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan-Pan Shang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Qing Yang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Béziat V, Rapaport F, Hu J, Titeux M, Bonnet des Claustres M, Bourgey M, Griffin H, Bandet É, Ma CS, Sherkat R, Rokni-Zadeh H, Louis DM, Changi-Ashtiani M, Delmonte OM, Fukushima T, Habib T, Guennoun A, Khan T, Bender N, Rahman M, About F, Yang R, Rao G, Rouzaud C, Li J, Shearer D, Balogh K, Al Ali F, Ata M, Dabiri S, Momenilandi M, Nammour J, Alyanakian MA, Leruez-Ville M, Guenat D, Materna M, Marcot L, Vladikine N, Soret C, Vahidnezhad H, Youssefian L, Saeidian AH, Uitto J, Catherinot É, Navabi SS, Zarhrate M, Woodley DT, Jeljeli M, Abraham T, Belkaya S, Lorenzo L, Rosain J, Bayat M, Lanternier F, Lortholary O, Zakavi F, Gros P, Orth G, Abel L, Prétet JL, Fraitag S, Jouanguy E, Davis MM, Tangye SG, Notarangelo LD, Marr N, Waterboer T, Langlais D, Doorbar J, Hovnanian A, Christensen N, Bossuyt X, Shahrooei M, Casanova JL. Humans with inherited T cell CD28 deficiency are susceptible to skin papillomaviruses but are otherwise healthy. Cell 2021; 184:3812-3828.e30. [PMID: 34214472 PMCID: PMC8329841 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We study a patient with the human papilloma virus (HPV)-2-driven "tree-man" phenotype and two relatives with unusually severe HPV4-driven warts. The giant horns form an HPV-2-driven multifocal benign epithelial tumor overexpressing viral oncogenes in the epidermis basal layer. The patients are unexpectedly homozygous for a private CD28 variant. They have no detectable CD28 on their T cells, with the exception of a small contingent of revertant memory CD4+ T cells. T cell development is barely affected, and T cells respond to CD3 and CD2, but not CD28, costimulation. Although the patients do not display HPV-2- and HPV-4-reactive CD4+ T cells in vitro, they make antibodies specific for both viruses in vivo. CD28-deficient mice are susceptible to cutaneous infections with the mouse papillomavirus MmuPV1. The control of HPV-2 and HPV-4 in keratinocytes is dependent on the T cell CD28 co-activation pathway. Surprisingly, human CD28-dependent T cell responses are largely redundant for protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Béziat
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | | | - Jiafen Hu
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Matthias Titeux
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Élise Bandet
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Roya Sherkat
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, AIRC, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | | | - David M Louis
- Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Ottavia M Delmonte
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toshiaki Fukushima
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Noemi Bender
- German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Frédégonde About
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rui Yang
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Geetha Rao
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Claire Rouzaud
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jingwei Li
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Debra Shearer
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Karla Balogh
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | - Soroosh Dabiri
- Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, 054 Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Justine Nammour
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | - David Guenat
- Papillomavirus National Reference Center, Besançon Hospital, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Marie Materna
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Léa Marcot
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Natasha Vladikine
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christine Soret
- Papillomavirus National Reference Center, Besançon Hospital, 25030 Besançon, France
| | | | | | | | - Jouni Uitto
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | | | - Mohammed Zarhrate
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David T Woodley
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | - Thomas Abraham
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mousa Bayat
- Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, 054 Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fanny Lanternier
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Faramarz Zakavi
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, 061 Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Philippe Gros
- McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | | | - Laurent Abel
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Prétet
- Papillomavirus National Reference Center, Besançon Hospital, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Sylvie Fraitag
- Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- HHMI, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Tim Waterboer
- German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Langlais
- McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | | | - Alain Hovnanian
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Neil Christensen
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Dr. Shahrooei Lab, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; HHMI, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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11
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Kim J, Hope CM, Perkins GB, Stead SO, Scaffidi JC, Kette FD, Carroll RP, Barry SC, Coates PT. Rapamycin and abundant TCR stimulation are required for the generation of stable human induced regulatory T cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1223. [PMID: 33425354 PMCID: PMC7780108 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a vital sub-population of CD4+ T cells with major roles in immune tolerance and homeostasis. Given such properties, the use of regulatory T cells for immunotherapies has been extensively investigated, with a focus on adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded natural Tregs (nTregs). For immunotherapies, induced Tregs (iTregs), generated in vitro from naïve CD4+ T cells, provide an attractive alternative, given the ease of generating cell numbers required for clinical dosage. While the combination of TGF-β, ATRA and rapamycin has been shown to generate highly suppressive iTregs, the challenge for therapeutic iTreg generation has been their instability. Here, we investigate the impact of rapamycin concentrations and α-CD3/CD28 bead ratios on human iTreg stability. METHODS We assess iTregs generated with various concentrations of rapamycin and differing ratios of α-CD3/CD28 beads for their differentiation, stability, expression of Treg signature molecules and T helper effector cytokines, and Treg-specific demethylation region (TSDR) status. RESULTS iTregs generated in the presence of TGF-β, ATRA, rapamycin and a higher ratio of α-CD3/CD28 beads were highly suppressive and stable upon in vitro re-stimulation. These iTregs exhibited a similar expression profile of Treg signature molecules and T helper effector cytokines to nTregs, in the absence of TSDR demethylation. CONCLUSION This work establishes a method to generate human iTregs which maintain stable phenotype and function upon in vitro re-stimulation. Further validation in pre-clinical models will be needed to ensure its suitability for applications in adoptive transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juewan Kim
- The Department of Molecular & Biomedical ScienceThe School of Biological SciencesThe Faculty of SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Christopher M Hope
- Department of GastroenterologyWomen’s and Children’s HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
- Molecular Immunology GroupRobinson Research InstituteSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Griffith B Perkins
- The Department of Molecular & Biomedical ScienceThe School of Biological SciencesThe Faculty of SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Sebastian O Stead
- Discipline of MedicineSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
- College of Medicine and Public HealthDiscipline of MedicineFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSAAustralia
| | - Jacqueline C Scaffidi
- Discipline of MedicineSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Francis D Kette
- Discipline of MedicineSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
- College of Medicine and Public HealthDiscipline of MedicineFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSAAustralia
| | - Robert P Carroll
- Discipline of MedicineSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS)The Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Simon C Barry
- Department of GastroenterologyWomen’s and Children’s HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
- Molecular Immunology GroupRobinson Research InstituteSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Patrick Toby Coates
- Discipline of MedicineSchool of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS)The Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
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12
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Marshall PL, Nagy N, Kaber G, Barlow GL, Ramesh A, Xie BJ, Linde MH, Haddock NL, Lester CA, Tran QL, de Vries CR, Hargil A, Malkovskiy AV, Gurevich I, Martinez HA, Kuipers HF, Yadava K, Zhang X, Evanko SP, Gebe JA, Wang X, Vernon RB, de la Motte C, Wight TN, Engleman EG, Krams SM, Meyer EH, Bollyky PL. Hyaluronan synthesis inhibition impairs antigen presentation and delays transplantation rejection. Matrix Biol 2020; 96:69-86. [PMID: 33290836 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A coat of pericellular hyaluronan surrounds mature dendritic cells (DC) and contributes to cell-cell interactions. We asked whether 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU), an oral inhibitor of HA synthesis, could inhibit antigen presentation. We find that 4MU treatment reduces pericellular hyaluronan, destabilizes interactions between DC and T-cells, and prevents T-cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. These effects were observed only when 4MU was added prior to initial antigen presentation but not later, consistent with 4MU-mediated inhibition of de novo antigenic responses. Building on these findings, we find that 4MU delays rejection of allogeneic pancreatic islet transplant and allogeneic cardiac transplants in mice and suppresses allogeneic T-cell activation in human mixed lymphocyte reactions. We conclude that 4MU, an approved drug, may have benefit as an adjunctive agent to delay transplantation rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton L Marshall
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Graham L Barlow
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Amrit Ramesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Bryan J Xie
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Miles H Linde
- Division of Hematology, Dept. of Medicine, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, SIM1, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Naomi L Haddock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Colin A Lester
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Quynh-Lam Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Christiaan R de Vries
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Andrey V Malkovskiy
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery (BioADD) Laboratory Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, United States
| | - Irina Gurevich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Hunter A Martinez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Koshika Yadava
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Xiangyue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, 3373 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto CA 94304, United States
| | - Stephen P Evanko
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - John A Gebe
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - Xi Wang
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, MSLS P313, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Robert B Vernon
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - Carol de la Motte
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 4419, United States
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Division of Hematology, Dept. of Medicine, Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, SIM1, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Sheri M Krams
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, MSLS P313, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Everett H Meyer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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13
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Park HW, Park SH, Jo HJ, Kim TG, Lee JH, Kang SG, Jang YS, Kim PH. Lactoferrin Induces Tolerogenic Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e38. [PMID: 33163246 PMCID: PMC7609161 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that initiate both T-cell responses and tolerance. Tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) are regulatory DCs that suppress immune responses through the induction of T-cell anergy and Tregs. Because lactoferrin (LF) was demonstrated to induce functional Tregs and has a protective effect against inflammatory bowel disease, we explored the tolerogenic effects of LF on mouse bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs). The expression of CD80/86 and MHC class II was diminished in LF-treated BMDCs (LF-BMDCs). LF facilitated BMDCs to suppress proliferation and elevate Foxp3+ induced Treg (iTreg) differentiation in ovalbumin-specific CD4+ T-cell culture. Foxp3 expression was further increased by blockade of the B7 molecule using CTLA4-Ig but was diminished by additional CD28 stimulation using anti-CD28 Ab. On the other hand, the levels of arginase-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (known as key T-cell suppressive molecules) were increased in LF-BMDCs. Consistently, the suppressive activity of LF-BMDCs was partially restored by inhibitors of these molecules. Collectively, these results suggest that LF effectively causes DCs to be tolerogenic by both the suppression of T-cell proliferation and enhancement of iTreg differentiation. This tolerogenic effect of LF is due to the reduction of costimulatory molecules and enhancement of suppressive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Won Park
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Park
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ju Jo
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Systems Immunology, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seung-Goo Kang
- Department of Systems Immunology, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Young-Saeng Jang
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.,Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Pyeung-Hyeun Kim
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.,Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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14
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Pinheiro DF, Szenes-Nagy AB, Maurano MM, Lietzenmayer M, Klicznik MM, Holly R, Kirchmeier D, Kitzmueller S, Achatz-Straussberger G, Rosenblum MD, Thalhamer J, Abbas AK, Gratz IK. Cutting Edge: Tissue Antigen Expression Levels Fine-Tune T Cell Differentiation Decisions In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2577-2582. [PMID: 33037141 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune homeostasis in peripheral tissues is, to a large degree, maintained by the differentiation and action of regulatory T cells (Treg) specific for tissue Ags. Using a novel mouse model, we have studied the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Foxp3+ Treg in response to a cutaneous Ag (OVA). We found that expression of OVA resulted in fatal autoimmunity and in prevention of peripheral Treg generation. Inhibiting mTOR activity with rapamycin rescued the generation of Foxp3+ T cells. When we varied the level of Ag expression to modulate TCR signaling, we found that low Ag concentrations promoted the generation of Foxp3+ T cells, whereas high levels expanded effector T cells and caused severe autoimmunity. Our findings indicate that the expression level of tissue Ag is a key determinant of the balance between tissue-reactive effector and peripheral Foxp3+ T cells, which determines the choice between tolerance and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Pinheiro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Megan M Maurano
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Maria M Klicznik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raimund Holly
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Kirchmeier
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sophie Kitzmueller
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Josef Thalhamer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Abul K Abbas
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Iris K Gratz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; .,EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
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15
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Giannis D, Moris D, Cendales LC. Costimulation Blockade in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:544186. [PMID: 33042138 PMCID: PMC7527523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.544186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular composite allotransplantation (VCA) is a field under research and has emerged as an alternative option for the repair of severe disfiguring defects that result from infections or traumatic amputation in a selected group of patients. VCA is performed in centers with appropriate expertise, experience and adequate resources to effectively manage the complexity and complications of this treatment. Lifelong immunosuppressive therapy, immunosuppression associated complications, and the effects of the host immune response in the graft are major concerns in VCA. VCA is considered a quality of life transplant and the risk-benefit ratio is dissimilar to life saving transplants. Belatacept seems a promising drug that prolongs patient and graft survival in kidney transplantation and it could also be an alternative approach to VCA immunosuppression. In this review, we are summarizing current literature about the role of costimulation blockade, with a focus on belatacept in VCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Giannis
- Institute of Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Dimitrios Moris
- Duke Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Linda C. Cendales
- Duke Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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16
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Ahmed A, Vyakarnam A. Emerging patterns of regulatory T cell function in tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:273-287. [PMID: 32639588 PMCID: PMC7670141 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide from a single infectious agent and has significant implications for global health. A major hurdle in the development of effective TB vaccines and therapies is the absence of defined immune‐correlates of protection. In this context, the role of regulatory T cells (Treg), which are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis, is even less understood. This review aims to address this knowledge gap by providing an overview of the emerging patterns of Treg function in TB. Increasing evidence from studies, both in animal models of infection and TB patients, points to the fact the role of Tregs in TB is dependent on disease stage. While Tregs might expand and delay the appearance of protective responses in the early stages of infection, their role in the chronic phase perhaps is to counter‐regulate excessive inflammation. New data highlight that this important homeostatic role of Tregs in the chronic phase of TB may be compromised by the expansion of activated human leucocyte antigen D‐related (HLA‐DR)+CD4+ suppression‐resistant effector T cells. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the key features of Treg cells in TB; highlights the importance of a balanced immune response as being important in TB and discusses the importance of probing not just Treg frequency but also qualitative aspects of Treg function as part of a comprehensive search for novel TB treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahmed
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - A Vyakarnam
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London (KCL), London, UK
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17
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Epigenetic conversion of conventional T cells into regulatory T cells by CD28 signal deprivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12258-12268. [PMID: 32414925 PMCID: PMC7275710 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922600117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing the Treg-specific transcription factor Foxp3 are indispensable for suppressing hazardous immune responses such as autoimmune disease and allergy. Their stable function requires DNA hypomethylation at specific regions of Treg function-associated genes such as Foxp3. This report shows that, in the course of in vitro Treg generation from conventional T cells by antigenic stimulation in the presence of TGF-β and IL-2, deprivation of CD28 costimulatory signal can induce Treg-specific DNA hypomethylation in developing Tregs. Additional in vitro culture with IL-2 alone further stabilizes their Treg-type hypomethylation status, enabling their in vivo transfer to effectively suppress immune responses. These findings would help in producing functionally stable Tregs from disease-mediating T cells for treatment of various immunological diseases. Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) can be generated in vitro by antigenic stimulation of conventional T cells (Tconvs) in the presence of TGF-β and IL-2. However, unlike Foxp3+ naturally occurring Tregs, such in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs) are functionally unstable mainly because of incomplete Treg-type epigenetic changes at Treg signature genes such as Foxp3. Here we show that deprivation of CD28 costimulatory signal at an early stage of iTreg generation is able to establish Treg-specific DNA hypomethylation at Treg signature genes. It was achieved, for example, by TCR/TGF-β/IL-2 stimulation of CD28-deficient Tconvs or CD28-intact Tconvs without anti-CD28 agonistic mAb or with CD80/CD86-blocked or -deficient antigen-presenting cells. The signal abrogation could induce Treg-type hypomethylation in memory/effector as well as naive Tconvs, while hindering Tconv differentiation into effector T cells. Among various cytokines and signal activators/inhibitors, TNF-α and PKC agonists inhibited the hypomethylation. Furthermore, CD28 signal deprivation significantly reduced c-Rel expression in iTregs; and the specific genomic perturbation of a NF-κB binding motif at the Foxp3 CNS2 locus enhanced the locus-specific DNA hypomethylation even in CD28 signaling-intact iTregs. In addition, in vitro maintenance of such epigenome-installed iTregs with IL-2 alone, without additional TGF-β or antigenic stimulation, enabled their expansion and stabilization of Treg-specific DNA hypomethylation. These iTregs indeed stably expressed Foxp3 after in vivo transfer and effectively suppressed antigen-specific immune responses. Taken together, inhibition of the CD28-PKC-NF-κB signaling pathway in iTreg generation enables de novo acquisition of Treg-specific DNA hypomethylation at Treg signature genes and abundant production of functionally stable antigen-specific iTregs for therapeutic purposes.
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18
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Fucikova J, Palova-Jelinkova L, Bartunkova J, Spisek R. Induction of Tolerance and Immunity by Dendritic Cells: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2393. [PMID: 31736936 PMCID: PMC6830192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of immune responses that operate at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, and defects in DC functions contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders. For instance, cancer evolves in the context of limited DC activity, and some autoimmune diseases are initiated by DC-dependent antigen presentation. Thus, correcting aberrant DC functions stands out as a promising therapeutic paradigm for a variety of diseases, as demonstrated by an abundant preclinical and clinical literature accumulating over the past two decades. However, the therapeutic potential of DC-targeting approaches remains to be fully exploited in the clinic. Here, we discuss the unique features of DCs that underlie the high therapeutic potential of DC-targeting strategies and critically analyze the obstacles that have prevented the full realization of this promising paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Palova-Jelinkova
- Sotio, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jirina Bartunkova
- Sotio, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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19
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Horwitz DA, Fahmy TM, Piccirillo CA, La Cava A. Rebalancing Immune Homeostasis to Treat Autoimmune Diseases. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:888-908. [PMID: 31601519 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During homeostasis, interactions between tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), self-reactive T cells, and T regulatory cells (Tregs) contribute to maintaining mammalian immune tolerance. In response to infection, immunogenic DCs promote the generation of proinflammatory effector T cell subsets. When complex homeostatic mechanisms maintaining the balance between regulatory and effector functions become impaired, autoimmune diseases can develop. We discuss some of the newest advances on the mechanisms of physiopathologic homeostasis that can be employed to develop strategies to restore a dysregulated immune equilibrium. Some of these designs are based on selectively activating regulators of immunity and inflammation instead of broadly suppressing these processes. Promising approaches include the use of nanoparticles (NPs) to restore Treg control over self-reactive cells, aiming to achieve long-term disease remission, and potentially to prevent autoimmunity in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Horwitz
- General Nanotherapeutics, LLC, Santa Monica, CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Program in Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Antonio La Cava
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Wakamatsu E, Omori H, Tabata Y, Akieda Y, Watanabe S, Ogawa S, Abe R. CD28 co-stimulation is dispensable for the steady state homeostasis of intestinal regulatory T cells. Int Immunol 2019; 30:171-180. [PMID: 29425339 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that CD28 co-stimulation is required for the development and the proliferation of thymus-derived regulatory T cells (tTregs). Meanwhile, the role of CD28 co-stimulation in the homeostasis of peripherally derived Tregs (pTregs) remains unclear. To clarify this issue, we analyzed Tregs in small and large intestines (SI and LI), the principle sites of pTreg development. Interestingly, and different from in the thymus, Tregs were abundant in the intestines of CD28-/- mice, and most of them were phenotypically pTregs. We showed that CD28-/- naive T cells differentiated into pTregs in the LI after oral exposure to antigens and that CD28-/- pTregs in the LI had the same highly proliferative activity as CD28+/- cells. CD28-/- pTregs acquired these Treg-specific features at transcriptional and epigenetics levels. On the other hand, some immune suppressive molecules were down-regulated in CD28-/- pTregs. Correspondingly, the suppressive activity of CD28-/- pTregs was weaker than CD28+/+ cells. These results indicate that the homeostasis of pTregs in the intestines is maintained even in the absence of CD28, whereas CD28 is required for the maximal suppressive activity of intestinal pTregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Wakamatsu
- Division of Immunobiology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda City, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Omori
- Division of Immunobiology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Tabata
- Division of Immunobiology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Akieda
- Division of Immunobiology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiho Watanabe
- Division of Immunobiology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ogawa
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Division of Immunobiology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda City, Chiba, Japan
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21
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Chapman NM, Shrestha S, Chi H. Metabolism in Immune Cell Differentiation and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1011:1-85. [PMID: 28875486 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1170-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a central determinant of organismal health. Functional immune responses require quiescent immune cells to rapidly grow, proliferate, and acquire effector functions when they sense infectious agents or other insults. Specialized metabolic programs are critical regulators of immune responses, and alterations in immune metabolism can cause immunological disorders. There has thus been growing interest in understanding how metabolic processes control immune cell functions under normal and pathophysiological conditions. In this chapter, we summarize how metabolic programs are tuned and what the physiological consequences of metabolic reprogramming are as they relate to immune cell homeostasis, differentiation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sharad Shrestha
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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22
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Attias M, Al-Aubodah T, Piccirillo CA. Mechanisms of human FoxP3 + T reg cell development and function in health and disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 197:36-51. [PMID: 30864147 PMCID: PMC6591147 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent an essential component of peripheral tolerance. Given their potently immunosuppressive functions that is orchestrated by the lineage‐defining transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3), clinical modulation of these cells in autoimmunity and cancer is a promising therapeutic target. However, recent evidence in mice and humans indicates that Treg cells represent a phenotypically and functionally heterogeneic population. Indeed, both suppressive and non‐suppressive Treg cells exist in human blood that are otherwise indistinguishable from one another using classical Treg cell markers such as CD25 and FoxP3. Moreover, murine Treg cells display a degree of plasticity through which they acquire the trafficking pathways needed to home to tissues containing target effector T (Teff) cells. However, this plasticity can also result in Treg cell lineage instability and acquisition of proinflammatory Teff cell functions. Consequently, these dysfunctional CD4+FoxP3+ T cells in human and mouse may fail to maintain peripheral tolerance and instead support immunopathology. The mechanisms driving human Treg cell dysfunction are largely undefined, and obscured by the scarcity of reliable immunophenotypical markers and the disregard paid to Treg cell antigen‐specificity in functional assays. Here, we review the mechanisms controlling the stability of the FoxP3+ Treg cell lineage phenotype. Particular attention will be paid to the developmental and functional heterogeneity of human Treg cells, and how abrogating these mechanisms can lead to lineage instability and Treg cell dysfunction in diseases like immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X‐linked (IPEX) syndrome, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Attias
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - T Al-Aubodah
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - C A Piccirillo
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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23
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Signal Transduction Via Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:85-133. [PMID: 31758532 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated antigen-specific stimulation is essential for initiating T-cell activation. However, signaling through the TCR alone is not sufficient for inducing an effective response. In addition to TCR-mediated signaling, signaling through antigen-independent co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory receptors is critically important not only for the full activation and functional differentiation of T cells but also for the termination and suppression of T-cell responses. Many studies have investigated the signaling pathways underlying the function of each molecular component. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have no kinase activity, but their cytoplasmic region contains unique functional motifs and potential phosphorylation sites. Engagement of co-stimulatory receptors leads to recruitment of specific binding partners, such as adaptor molecules, kinases, and phosphatases, via recognition of a specific motif. Consequently, each co-stimulatory receptor transduces a unique pattern of signaling pathways. This review focuses on our current understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways provided by co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, including B7:CD28 family members, immunoglobulin, and members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.
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24
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Unregulated antigen-presenting cell activation by T cells breaks self tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:1007-1016. [PMID: 30598454 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818624116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells proliferate vigorously following acute depletion of CD4+ Foxp3+ T regulatory cells [natural Tregs (nTregs)] and also when naive T cells are transferred to syngeneic, nTreg-deficient Rag1 -/- hosts. Here, using mice raised in an antigen-free (AF) environment, we show that proliferation in these two situations is directed to self ligands rather than food or commensal antigens. In both situations, the absence of nTregs elevates B7 expression on host dendritic cells (DCs) and enables a small subset of naive CD4 T cells with high self affinity to respond overtly to host DCs: bidirectional T/DC interaction ensues, leading to progressive DC activation and reciprocal strong proliferation of T cells accompanied by peripheral Treg (pTreg) formation. Likewise, high-affinity CD4 T cells proliferate vigorously and form pTregs when cultured with autologous DCs in vitro in the absence of nTregs: this anti-self response is MHCII/peptide dependent and elicited by the raised level of B7 on cultured DCs. The data support a model in which self tolerance is imposed via modulation of CD28 signaling and explains the pathological effects of superagonistic CD28 antibodies.
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25
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Watkins BK, Tkachev V, Furlan SN, Hunt DJ, Betz K, Yu A, Brown M, Poirier N, Zheng HB, Taraseviciute A, Colonna L, Mary C, Blancho G, Soulillou JP, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Sharma P, Garcia A, Strobert E, Hamby K, Garrett A, Deane T, Blazar BR, Vanhove B, Kean LS. CD28 blockade controls T cell activation to prevent graft-versus-host disease in primates. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3991-4007. [PMID: 30102255 DOI: 10.1172/jci98793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major unmet need in stem cell transplantation, and new, targeted therapies are being actively developed. CD28-CD80/86 costimulation blockade represents a promising strategy, but targeting CD80/CD86 with CTLA4-Ig may be associated with undesired blockade of coinhibitory pathways. In contrast, targeted blockade of CD28 exclusively inhibits T cell costimulation and may more potently prevent GVHD. Here, we investigated FR104, an antagonistic CD28-specific pegylated-Fab', in the nonhuman primate (NHP) GVHD model and completed a multiparameter interrogation comparing it with CTLA4-Ig, with and without sirolimus, including clinical, histopathologic, flow cytometric, and transcriptomic analyses. We document that FR104 monoprophylaxis and combined prophylaxis with FR104/sirolimus led to enhanced control of effector T cell proliferation and activation compared with the use of CTLA4-Ig or CTLA4-Ig/sirolimus. Importantly, FR104/sirolimus did not lead to a beneficial impact on Treg reconstitution or homeostasis, consistent with control of conventional T cell activation and IL-2 production needed to support Tregs. While FR104/sirolimus had a salutary effect on GVHD-free survival, overall survival was not improved, due to death in the absence of GVHD in several FR104/sirolimus recipients in the setting of sepsis and a paralyzed INF-γ response. These results therefore suggest that effectively deploying CD28 in the clinic will require close scrutiny of both the benefits and risks of extensively abrogating conventional T cell activation after transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Watkins
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Victor Tkachev
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute; The University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Scott N Furlan
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute; The University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel J Hunt
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute; The University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kayla Betz
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute; The University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alison Yu
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute; The University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melanie Brown
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute; The University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicolas Poirier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France.,OSE Immunotherapeutics, Nantes, France
| | - Hengqi Betty Zheng
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute; The University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Agne Taraseviciute
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute; The University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lucrezia Colonna
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute; The University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caroline Mary
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France.,OSE Immunotherapeutics, Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Blancho
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Prachi Sharma
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Kelly Hamby
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aneesah Garrett
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taylor Deane
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bernard Vanhove
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France.,OSE Immunotherapeutics, Nantes, France
| | - Leslie S Kean
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute; The University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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26
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Lee GR. The Balance of Th17 versus Treg Cells in Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E730. [PMID: 29510522 PMCID: PMC5877591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and pTreg cells, which share a common precursor cell (the naïve CD4 T cell), require a common tumor growth factor (TGF)-β signal for initial differentiation. However, terminally differentiated cells fulfill opposite functions: Th17 cells cause autoimmunity and inflammation, whereas Treg cells inhibit these phenomena and maintain immune homeostasis. Thus, unraveling the mechanisms that affect the Th17/Treg cell balance is critical if we are to better understand autoimmunity and tolerance. Recent studies have identified many factors that influence this balance; these factors range from signaling pathways triggered by T cell receptors, costimulatory receptors, and cytokines, to various metabolic pathways and the intestinal microbiota. This review article summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the Th17/Treg balance and its implications with respect to autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gap Ryol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea.
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27
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Aragoneses-Fenoll L, Ojeda G, Montes-Casado M, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Dianzani U, Portolés P, Rojo JM. T-Cell-Specific Loss of the PI-3-Kinase p110α Catalytic Subunit Results in Enhanced Cytokine Production and Antitumor Response. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535720 PMCID: PMC5835342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunits p110α and p110δ are targets in cancer therapy expressed at high levels in T lymphocytes. The role of p110δ PI3K in normal or pathological immune responses is well established, yet the importance of p110α subunits in T cell-dependent immune responses is not clear. To address this problem, mice with p110α conditionally deleted in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes (p110α-/-ΔT) were used. p110α-/-ΔT mice show normal development of T cell subsets, but slightly reduced numbers of CD4+ T cells in the spleen. "In vitro," TCR/CD3 plus CD28 activation of naive CD4+ and CD8+ p110α-/-ΔT T cells showed enhanced effector function, particularly IFN-γ secretion, T-bet induction, and Akt, Erk, or P38 activation. Tfh derived from p110α-/-ΔT cells also have enhanced responses when compared to normal mice, and IL-2 expanded p110α-/-ΔT CD8+ T cells had enhanced levels of LAMP-1 and Granzyme B. By contrast, the expansion of p110α-/-ΔT iTreg cells was diminished. Also, p110α-/-ΔT mice had enhanced anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) IFN-γ, or IL-4 responses and IgG1 and IgG2b anti-KLH antibodies, using CFA or Alum as adjuvant, respectively. When compared to WT mice, p110α-/-ΔT mice inoculated with B16.F10 melanoma showed delayed tumor progression. The percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes was higher and the percentage of Treg cells lower in the spleen of tumor-bearing p110α-/-ΔT mice. Also, IFN-γ production in tumor antigen-activated spleen cells was enhanced. Thus, PI3K p110α plays a significant role in antigen activation and differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes modulating antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aragoneses-Fenoll
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Ojeda
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Montes-Casado
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Pilar Portolés
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Rojo
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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28
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SRC1 promotes Th17 differentiation by overriding Foxp3 suppression to stimulate RORγt activity in a PKC-θ-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E458-E467. [PMID: 29282318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717789115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells are major players in multiple autoimmune diseases and are developmentally contingent on reciprocal functionality between the transcription factor Retineic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma (RORγt) and Forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3). Here we deciphered a previously unappreciated role of Steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC1) in defining the lineage decision for the development of Th17 versus induced T-regulatory (iTreg) cells. We demonstrate that SRC1 functions as a critical coactivator for RORγt in vivo to promote the functional dominance of RORγt over Foxp3 and thus establishing an unopposed Th17 differentiation program. In the absence of SRC1, T cell polarization resulted in decreased IL-17+ and increased Foxp3+ cells during both in vitro differentiation and in vivo development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mechanistically, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling molecule protein kinase C theta (PKC-θ)-mediated phosphorylation of SRC1 is important for inducing enhanced RORγt-SRC1 interaction, stable DNA binding, and resultant IL-17A transcription. Furthermore, phospho-SRC1-mediated recruitment of CARM1 induced prominent asymmetric dimethylation of H3R17 while preventing repressive H3K9 trimethylation and hence further modifying the IL-17 locus for optimal transcription. Moreover, binding of phospho-SRC1 to RORγt displaced bound Foxp3, leading to prompt degradation of the dissociated Foxp3 via a ubiquitin-proteosomal pathway and hence reversing the inhibitory action of Foxp3 on RORγt activity. Thus, SRC1 acts as a crucial molecular mediator to integrate positive PKC-θ-dependent TCR signals to induce peak RORγt activity and establish phenotypic dominance of Th17 over the iTreg pathway.
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29
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Self-Transducible Bimodal PDX1-FOXP3 Protein Lifts Insulin Secretion and Curbs Autoimmunity, Boosting Tregs in Type 1 Diabetic Mice. Mol Ther 2017; 26:184-198. [PMID: 28988715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by massive destruction of insulin-producing β cells by autoreactive T lymphocytes, arising via defective immune tolerance. Therefore, effective anti-T1D therapeutics should combine autoimmunity-preventing and insulin production-restoring properties. We constructed a cell-permeable PDX1-FOXP3-TAT fusion protein (FP) composed of two transcription factors: forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), the master regulator of differentiation and functioning of self-tolerance-promoting Tregs, and pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX1), the crucial factor supporting β cell development and maintenance. The FP was tested in vitro and in a non-obese diabetic mouse T1D model. In vitro, FP converted naive CD4+ T cells into a functional "Treg-like" subset, which suppressed cytokine secretion, downregulated antigen-specific responses, and curbed viability of diabetogenic effector cells. In hepatic stem-like cells, FP potentiated endocrine transdifferentiation, inducing expression of Insulin2 and other β lineage-specific genes. In vivo, FP administration to chronically diabetic mice triggered (1) a significant elevation of insulin and C-peptide levels, (2) the formation of insulin-containing cell clusters in livers, and (3) a systemic anti-inflammatory shift (higher Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cell frequencies, elevated rates of IL-10-producing cells, and reduced rates of IFN-γ-secreting cells). Overall, in accordance with its design, PDX1-FOXP3-TAT FP delivered both Treg-stabilizing anti-autoimmune and de novo insulin-producing effects, proving its anti-T1D therapeutic potential.
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30
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TGF-beta/atRA-induced Tregs express a selected set of microRNAs involved in the repression of transcripts related to Th17 differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3627. [PMID: 28620241 PMCID: PMC5472579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential regulators of immune tolerance. atRA and TGF-β can inhibit the polarization of naïve T cells into inflammatory Th17 cells, favoring the generation of stable iTregs, however the regulatory mechanisms involved are not fully understood. In this context, the roles of individual microRNAs in Tregs are largely unexplored. Naïve T cells were immunomagnetically isolated from umbilical cord blood and activated with anti-human CD2/CD3/CD28 beads in the presence of IL-2 alone (CD4Med) or with the addition of TGF-β and atRA (CD4TGF/atRA). As compared to CD4Med, the CD4TGF/atRA condition allowed the generation of highly suppressive CD4+CD25hiCD127−FOXP3hi iTregs. Microarray profiling allowed the identification of a set of microRNAs that are exclusively expressed upon TGF-β/atRA treatment and that are predicted to target a set of transcripts concordantly downregulated. This set of predicted targets were enriched for central components of IL-6/JAK/STAT and AKT-mTOR signaling, whose inhibition is known to play important roles in the generation and function of regulatory lymphocytes. Finally, we show that mimics of exclusively expressed miRs (namely miR-1299 and miR-30a-5p) can reduce the levels of its target transcripts, IL6R and IL6ST (GP130), and increase the percentage of FoxP3+ cells among CD4+CD25+/hi cells.
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31
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Brophy ML, Dong Y, Wu H, Rahman HNA, Song K, Chen H. Eating the Dead to Keep Atherosclerosis at Bay. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:2. [PMID: 28194400 PMCID: PMC5277199 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Despite effective lipid-lowering therapies and prevention programs, atherosclerosis is still the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Moreover, the prevalence of CHD in developing countries worldwide is rapidly increasing at a rate expected to overtake those of cancer and diabetes. Prominent risk factors include the hardening of arteries and high levels of cholesterol, which lead to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. However, cell death and efferocytosis are critical components of both atherosclerotic plaque progression and regression, yet, few currently available therapies focus on these processes. Thus, understanding the causes of cell death within the atherosclerotic plaque, the consequences of cell death, and the mechanisms of apoptotic cell clearance may enable the development of new therapies to treat cardiovascular disease. Here, we review how endoplasmic reticulum stress and cholesterol metabolism lead to cell death and inflammation, how dying cells affect plaque progression, and how autophagy and the clearance of dead cells ameliorates the inflammatory environment of the plaque. In addition, we review current research aimed at alleviating these processes and specifically targeting therapeutics to the site of the plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Brophy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Karp Family Research Laboratories, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunzhou Dong
- Karp Family Research Laboratories, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Karp Family Research Laboratories, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - H N Ashiqur Rahman
- Karp Family Research Laboratories, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Kai Song
- Karp Family Research Laboratories, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Karp Family Research Laboratories, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
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32
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Yang M, Zhang F, Qin K, Wu M, Li H, Zhu H, Ning Q, Lei P, Shen G. Glucose-Regulated Protein 78-Induced Myeloid Antigen-Presenting Cells Maintained Tolerogenic Signature upon LPS Stimulation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:552. [PMID: 27990144 PMCID: PMC5131008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (Grp78) is stress-inducible chaperone that mostly reside in the endoplasmic reticulum. Grp78 has been described to be released at times of cellular stress and as having extracellular properties that are anti-inflammatory or favor the resolution of inflammation. As antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a critical role in both the priming of adaptive immune responses and the induction of self-tolerance, herein, we investigated the effect of Grp78 on the maturation of murine myeloid APCs (CD11c+ cells). Results showed that CD11c+ cells could be bound by AF488-labeled Grp78 and that Grp78 treatment induced a tolerogenic phenotype comparable to immature cells. Furthermore, when exposed to lipopolysaccharide, Grp78-treated CD11c+ cells (DCGrp78) did not adopt a mature dendritic cell phenotype. DCGrp78-primed T cells exhibited reduced proliferation along with a concomitant expansion of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells in pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes and induction of T cell apoptosis in vitro and ex vivo. The above work suggests that Grp78 is an immunomodulatory molecule that could aid resolution of inflammation. It may thus contribute to induce durable tolerance to be of potential therapeutic benefit in transplanted allogeneic grafts and autoimmune diseases such as type I diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyang Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Infectious Disease, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Kai Qin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Heli Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Huifen Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Guanxin Shen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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33
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Oh J, Shin JS. Molecular mechanism and cellular function of MHCII ubiquitination. Immunol Rev 2016; 266:134-44. [PMID: 26085212 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) is ubiquitinated via the evolutionarily conserved lysine in the cytoplasmic tail of the β chain in dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells. The ubiquitination is mediated by the membrane-associated RING-CH1 (MARCH1) ubiquitin ligase although it can be also mediated by the homologous ligase MARCH8 in model cell lines. The ubiquitination promotes MHCII endocytosis and lysosomal sorting that results in a reduction in the level of MHCII at cell surface. Functionally, MHCII ubiquitination serves as a means by which DCs suppress MHCII expression and reduce antigen presentation in response to the immune regulatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) and regulatory T cells. Recently, additional roles of MHCII ubiquitination have emerged. MHCII ubiquitination promoted DC production of inflammatory cytokines in response to the Toll-like receptor ligands. It also potentiated DC ability to activate antigen-specific naive CD4(+) T cells while limiting the amount of antigens presented at cell surface. Similarly, MHCII ubiquitination promoted DC activation of CD4(+) thymocytes supporting regulatory T-cell development independent of its effect of limiting antigen presentation. Thus, ubiquitination appears to confer MHCII a function independent of presenting antigens by a mechanism yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehak Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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34
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Esensten JH, Helou YA, Chopra G, Weiss A, Bluestone JA. CD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy. Immunity 2016; 44:973-88. [PMID: 27192564 PMCID: PMC4932896 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure, and biochemistry of CD28 and its ligands. CD28 signals play a key role in many T cell processes, including cytoskeletal remodeling, production of cytokines, survival, and differentiation. CD28 ligation leads to unique epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational changes in T cells that cannot be recapitulated by TCR ligation alone. We discuss the function of CD28 and its ligands in both effector and regulatory T cells. CD28 is critical for regulatory T cell survival and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. We outline the roles that CD28 and its family members play in human disease and we review the clinical efficacy of drugs that block CD28 ligands. Despite the centrality of CD28 and its family members and ligands to immune function, many aspects of CD28 biology remain unclear. Translation of a basic understanding of CD28 function into immunomodulatory therapeutics has been uneven, with both successes and failures. Such real-world results might stem from multiple factors, including complex receptor-ligand interactions among CD28 family members, differences between the mouse and human CD28 families, and cell-type specific roles of CD28 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Esensten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Ynes A Helou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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35
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Ville S, Poirier N, Branchereau J, Charpy V, Pengam S, Nerriere-Daguin V, Le Bas-Bernardet S, Coulon F, Mary C, Chenouard A, Hervouet J, Minault D, Nedellec S, Renaudin K, Vanhove B, Blancho G. Anti-CD28 Antibody and Belatacept Exert Differential Effects on Mechanisms of Renal Allograft Rejection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3577-3588. [PMID: 27160407 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015070774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Belatacept is a biologic that targets CD80/86 and prevents its interaction with CD28 and its alternative ligand, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Clinical experience in kidney transplantation has revealed a high incidence of rejection with belatacept, especially with intensive regimens, suggesting that blocking CTLA-4 is deleterious. We performed a head to head assessment of FR104 (n=5), a selective pegylated Fab' antibody fragment antagonist of CD28 that does not block the CTLA-4 pathway, and belatacept (n=5) in kidney allotransplantation in baboons. The biologics were supplemented with an initial 1-month treatment with low-dose tacrolimus. In cases of acute rejection, animals also received steroids. In the belatacept group, four of five recipients developed severe, steroid-resistant acute cellular rejection, whereas FR104-treated animals did not. Assessment of regulatory T cell-specific demethylated region methylation status in 1-month biopsy samples revealed a nonsignificant trend for higher regulatory T cell frequencies in FR104-treated animals. Transcriptional analysis did not reveal significant differences in Th17 cytokines but did reveal higher levels of IL-21, the main cytokine secreted by CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, in belatacept-treated animals. In vitro, FR104 controlled the proliferative response of human preexisting Tfh cells more efficiently than belatacept. In mice, selective CD28 blockade also controlled Tfh memory cell responses to KLH stimulation more efficiently than CD80/86 blockade. Our data reveal that selective CD28 blockade and belatacept exert different effects on mechanisms of renal allograft rejection, particularly at the level of Tfh cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ville
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Poirier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Effimune, Nantes, France; and
| | - Julien Branchereau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sabrina Pengam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Effimune, Nantes, France; and
| | - Véronique Nerriere-Daguin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphanie Le Bas-Bernardet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Flora Coulon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Mary
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Effimune, Nantes, France; and
| | - Alexis Chenouard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Jeremy Hervouet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - David Minault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Steven Nedellec
- MicroPiCell Facility, Structure Fédérative de Recherche (SFR) Bonamy, Structure Fedérative de recherche (FED) 4203, Unité Mixte de Service (UMS) 016, Nantes, France
| | - Karine Renaudin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Vanhove
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Effimune, Nantes, France; and
| | - Gilles Blancho
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1064, Nantes, France; .,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
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36
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Schmidt A, Eriksson M, Shang MM, Weyd H, Tegnér J. Comparative Analysis of Protocols to Induce Human CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells by Combinations of IL-2, TGF-beta, Retinoic Acid, Rapamycin and Butyrate. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148474. [PMID: 26886923 PMCID: PMC4757416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress other immune cells and are critical mediators of peripheral tolerance. Therapeutic manipulation of Tregs is subject to numerous clinical investigations including trials for adoptive Treg transfer. Since the number of naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) is minute, it is highly desirable to develop a complementary approach of inducing Tregs (iTregs) from naïve T cells. Mouse studies exemplify the importance of peripherally induced Tregs as well as the applicability of iTreg transfer in different disease models. Yet, procedures to generate iTregs are currently controversial, particularly for human cells. Here we therefore comprehensively compare different established and define novel protocols of human iTreg generation using TGF-β in combination with other compounds. We found that human iTregs expressed several Treg signature molecules, such as Foxp3, CTLA-4 and EOS, while exhibiting low expression of the cytokines Interferon-γ, IL-10 and IL-17. Importantly, we identified a novel combination of TGF-β, retinoic acid and rapamycin as a robust protocol to induce human iTregs with superior suppressive activity in vitro compared to currently established induction protocols. However, iTregs generated by these protocols did not stably retain Foxp3 expression and did not suppress in vivo in a humanized graft-versus-host-disease mouse model, highlighting the need for further research to attain stable, suppressive iTregs. These results advance our understanding of the conditions enabling human iTreg generation and may have important implications for the development of adoptive transfer strategies targeting autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Schmidt
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Matilda Eriksson
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming-Mei Shang
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heiko Weyd
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jesper Tegnér
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Yousefi M, Movassaghpour AA, Shamsasenjan K, Ghalamfarsa G, Sadreddini S, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Hojjat-Farsangi M. The skewed balance between Tregs and Th17 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Future Oncol 2016; 11:1567-82. [PMID: 25963433 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While Tregs maintain self-tolerance and inhibit antitumor responses, T helper (Th)17 cells may enhance inflammatory and antitumor responses. The balance between these two important T-cell subsets has been skewed in many immunopathologic conditions such as autoimmune and cancer diseases. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of leukemia in the western world and is characterized with monoclonal expansion of B lymphocytes. There is evidence which implies that the progression of CLL is associated with expansion of Treg and downregulation of Th17 cells. In this review, we will discuss about immunobiology of Treg and Th17 cells and their role in immunopathogenesis of CLL as well as their reciprocal changes during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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38
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van Nieuwenhuijze A, Liston A. The Molecular Control of Regulatory T Cell Induction. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:69-97. [PMID: 26615093 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are characterized by the expression of the master transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). Although Foxp3 expression is widely used as a marker of the Treg lineage, recent data show that the Treg fate is determined by a multifactorial signaling pathway, involving cytokines, nuclear factors, and epigenetic modifications. Foxp3 expression and the Treg phenotype can be acquired by T cells in the periphery, illustrating that the Treg fate is not necessarily conferred during thymic development. The two main Treg populations in vivo, thymic Tregs and peripheral Tregs, differ in the pathways followed for their maturation. This chapter discusses the molecular control of Treg induction, in the thymus as well as the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie van Nieuwenhuijze
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Liston
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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39
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Pfisterer K, Lipnik KM, Hofer E, Elbe-Bürger A. CD90 + Human Dermal Stromal Cells Are Potent Inducers of FoxP3 + Regulatory T Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:130-141. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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40
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Fousteri G, Jofra T, Debernardis I, Stanford SM, Laurenzi A, Bottini N, Battaglia M. The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 controls forkhead box protein 3 T regulatory cell induction but is dispensable for T helper type 1 cell polarization. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178:178-89. [PMID: 24905474 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) regulate T cell receptor (TCR) signalling and thus have a role in T cell differentiation. Here we tested whether the autoimmune predisposing gene PTPN22 encoding for a PTP that inhibits TCR signalling affects the generation of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) T regulatory (Treg ) cells and T helper type 1 (Th1) cells. Murine CD4(+) T cells isolated from Ptpn22 knock-out (Ptpn22(KO) ) mice cultured in Treg cell polarizing conditions showed increased sensitivity to TCR activation compared to wild-type (WT) cells, and subsequently reduced FoxP3 expression at optimal-to-high levels of activation. However, at lower levels of TCR activation, Ptpn22(KO) CD4(+) T cells showed enhanced expression of FoxP3. Similar experiments in humans revealed that at optimal levels of TCR activation PTPN22 knock-down by specific oligonucleotides compromises the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into Treg cells. Notably, in vivo Treg cell conversion experiments in mice showed delayed kinetic but overall increased frequency and number of Treg cells in the absence of Ptpn22. In contrast, the in vitro and in vivo generation of Th1 cells was comparable between WT and Ptpn22(KO) mice, thus suggesting PTPN22 as a FoxP3-specific regulating factor. Together, these results propose PTPN22 as a key factor in setting the proper threshold for FoxP3(+) Treg cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fousteri
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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41
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Ellestad KK, Thangavelu G, Ewen CL, Boon L, Anderson CC. PD-1 is not required for natural or peripherally induced regulatory T cells: Severe autoimmunity despite normal production of regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3560-72. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristofor K. Ellestad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Alberta Diabetes and Transplant Institutes; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Govindarajan Thangavelu
- Alberta Diabetes and Transplant Institutes; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Surgery; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Catherine L. Ewen
- Alberta Diabetes and Transplant Institutes; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | | | - Colin C. Anderson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Alberta Diabetes and Transplant Institutes; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Surgery; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
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42
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Gardner D, Jeffery LE, Sansom DM. Understanding the CD28/CTLA-4 (CD152) pathway and its implications for costimulatory blockade. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:1985-91. [PMID: 25098238 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation is a key event in the adaptive immune system and vital in the generation of protective cellular and humoral immunity. Activation is required to generate CD4 effector T cell responses and provide help for B cell and cytotoxic T cell responses. While defective T responses to foreign antigen result in infectious pathology, over-reactive T cell responses against self-antigens result in autoimmunity and, in a transplantation setting, tissue rejection. Understanding how T cell activation is normally regulated is critical to therapeutic intervention and the CD28/CTLA-4 (CD152) pathway represents the initial activation checkpoint in molecular terms. In particular, while the CTLA-4 pathway is well established as an essential regulator of self-reactivity, its mechanism of action is still uncertain. Such mechanistic issues are important given its central position in T cell activation and the increasing number of therapeutic modalities aimed at manipulating the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway. Here, we provide an updated view of CTLA-4 biology, reviewing the established features of the system and highlighting its interplay with CD28. We then discuss how recent progress in our understanding of this pathway affects our interpretations following intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gardner
- University of Birmingham, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Birmingham, UK
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Ruckwardt TJ, Malloy AMW, Morabito KM, Graham BS. Quantitative and qualitative deficits in neonatal lung-migratory dendritic cells impact the generation of the CD8+ T cell response. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003934. [PMID: 24550729 PMCID: PMC3923758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD103+ and CD11b+ populations of CD11c+MHCIIhi murine dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to carry antigens from the lung through the afferent lymphatics to mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN). We compared the responses of these two DC populations in neonatal and adult mice following intranasal infection with respiratory syncytial virus. The response in neonates was dominated by functionally-limited CD103+ DCs, while CD11b+ DCs were diminished in both number and function compared to adults. Infecting mice at intervals through the first three weeks of life revealed an evolution in DC phenotype and function during early life. Using TCR transgenic T cells with two different specificities to measure the ability of CD103+ DC to induce epitope-specific CD8+ T cell responses, we found that neonatal CD103+ DCs stimulate proliferation in a pattern distinct from adult CD103+ DCs. Blocking CD28-mediated costimulatory signals during adult infection demonstrated that signals from this costimulatory pathway influence the hierarchy of the CD8+ T cell response to RSV, suggesting that limited costimulation provided by neonatal CD103+ DCs is one mechanism whereby neonates generate a distinct CD8+ T cell response from that of adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J. Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allison M. W. Malloy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn M. Morabito
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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El-Charabaty E, Geara AS, Ting C, El-Sayegh S, Azzi J. Belatacept: a new era of immunosuppression? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 8:527-36. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abdoli R, Najafian N. T Helper Cells Fate Mapping by Co-stimulatory Molecules and its Functions in Allograft Rejection and Tolerance. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2014; 5:97-110. [PMID: 25184030 PMCID: PMC4149737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell differentiation is dictated by a combination of T cell receptor (TCR) interaction with an antigen-bound major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and co-stimulatory molecules signal. The co-stimulatory signal can be positive or negative, and amplifying or diminishing the initial signal. However, the secondary co-stimulatory signal is not obligatory and its necessity is dictated, in part, by the stage of T cell development. In the field of transplantation, directing the T cell differentiation process can lead to therapeutic possibilities that promote allograft tolerance, and hinder unfavorable alloimmune responses. Therefore, understanding the details of T cell differentiation process, including the influence of co-stimulatory signals, is of paramount importance. It is important to note there is functional overlap between co-stimulatory molecules. It has been observed that some co-stimulatory signals have different effects on different T cell subsets. Hence, blockade of a co-stimulatory signal pathway, as part of a therapeutic regimen in transplantation, may have far reaching effects beyond the initial therapeutic intent and inhibit co-stimulatory signals necessary for desirable regulatory responses. In this review, co-stimulatory molecules involved in the differentiation of naïve T cells into T helper 1 (Th1), T helper 2 (Th2), T helper 17 (Th17), inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs), and T helper 9 (Th9) cells and their overlap are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Abdoli
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02445, USA
| | - N. Najafian
- Cleveland Clinic Florida, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd. Weston, FL 33331, USA
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Abstract
T cell activation is a key event in the adaptive immune response and vital to the generation of both cellular and humoral immunity. Activation is required not only for effective CD4 T cell responses but also to provide help for B cells and the generation of cytotoxic T cell responses. Unsurprisingly, impaired T cell activation results in infectious pathology, whereas dysregulated activation can result in autoimmunity. The decision to activate is therefore tightly regulated and the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway represents this apical decision point at the molecular level. In particular, CTLA-4 (CD152) is an essential checkpoint control for autoimmunity; however, the molecular mechanism(s) by which CTLA-4 achieves its regulatory function are not well understood, especially how it functionally intersects with the CD28 pathway. In this chapter, we review the established molecular and cellular concepts relating to CD28 and CTLA-4 biology, and attempt to integrate these by discussing the transendocytosis of ligands as a new model of CTLA-4 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blagoje Soskic
- School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiezheng Hou
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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Rojo JM, Ojeda G, Acosta YY, Montes-Casado M, Criado G, Portolés P. Characteristics of TCR/CD3 complex CD3{varepsilon} chains of regulatory CD4+ T (Treg) lymphocytes: role in Treg differentiation in vitro and impact on Treg in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:441-50. [PMID: 24212096 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs are anergic CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes exerting active suppression to control immune and autoimmune responses. However, the factors in TCR recognition underlying Treg differentiation are unclear. Based on our previous data, we hypothesized that Treg TCR/CD3 antigen receptor complexes might differ from those of CD4(+)CD25(-) Tconv. Expression levels of TCR/CD3, CD3ε,ζ chains, or other molecules involved in antigen signaling and the characteristics of CD3ε chains were analyzed in thymus or spleen Treg cells from normal mice. Tregs had quantitative and qualitatively distinct TCR/CD3 complexes and CD3ε chains. They expressed significantly lower levels of the TCR/CD3 antigen receptor, CD3ε chains, TCR-ζ chain, or the CD4 coreceptor than Tconv. Levels of kinases, adaptor molecules involved in TCR signaling, and early downstream activation pathways were also lower in Tregs than in Tconv. Furthermore, TCR/CD3 complexes in Tregs were enriched in CD3ε chains conserving their N-terminal, negatively charged amino acid residues; this trait is linked to a higher activation threshold. Transfection of mutant CD3ε chains lacking these residues inhibited the differentiation of mature CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T lymphocytes into CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs, and differences in CD3ε chain recognition by antibodies could be used to enrich for Tregs in vivo. Our results show quantitative and qualitative differences in the TCR/CD3 complex, supporting the hyporesponsive phenotype of Tregs concerning TCR/CD3 signals. These differences might reconcile avidity and flexible threshold models of Treg differentiation and be used to implement therapeutic approaches involving Treg manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Rojo
- 2.Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Sutavani RV, Bradley RG, Ramage JM, Jackson AM, Durrant LG, Spendlove I. CD55 Costimulation Induces Differentiation of a Discrete T Regulatory Type 1 Cell Population with a Stable Phenotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5895-903. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Riella LV, Sayegh MH. T-cell co-stimulatory blockade in transplantation: two steps forward one step back! Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:1557-68. [PMID: 24083381 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.845661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The concern about nephrotoxicity with calcineurin inhibitors led to the search of novel agents for immunosuppression. Based on the requirement of T-cell co-stimulatory signals to fully activated naïve T cells, it became clear that blocking these pathways could be an appealing therapeutic target. However, some unexpected findings were noticed in the recent clinical trials of belatacept, including a higher rate of rejection, which warranted further investigation with some interesting concepts emerging from the bench. AREAS COVERED This article aims to review the literature of the B7:CD28 co-stimulatory blockade in transplantation, including the basic immunology behind its development, clinical application and potential limitations. EXPERT OPINION Targeting co-stimulatory pathways were found to be much more complex than initially anticipated due to the interplay between not only various co-stimulatory pathways but also various co-inhibitory ones. In addition, co-stimulatory signals have different roles in diverse immune cell types. Therefore, targeting CD28 ligands with cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4)-Ig may have some deleterious effects, including the inhibition of regulatory T cells, blockade of co-inhibitory signals (CTLA4) and promotion of Th17 cells. Co-stimulatory independence of memory T cells was another unforeseen limitation. Learning how to better integrate co-stimulatory targeting with other immunosuppressive agents will be critical for the improvement of long-term graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo V Riella
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division , 221 Longwood Ave, Boston MA 02115 , USA +1 617 732 5259 ; +1 617 732 5254 ;
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