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Bissa M, Galli V, Schifanella L, Vaccari M, Rahman MA, Gorini G, Binello N, Sarkis S, Gutowska A, Silva de Castro I, Doster MN, Moles R, Ferrari G, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, N’guessan KF, Paquin-Proulx D, Kozlowski PA, Venzon DJ, Choo-Wosoba H, Breed MW, Kramer J, Franchini G. In Vivo Treatment with Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Reduces CCR5 Expression on Vaccine-Induced Activated CD4 + T-Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1662. [PMID: 38005994 PMCID: PMC10675829 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
At the heart of the DNA/ALVAC/gp120/alum vaccine's efficacy in the absence of neutralizing antibodies is a delicate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses that effectively decreases the risk of SIVmac251 acquisition in macaques. Vaccine efficacy is linked to antibodies recognizing the V2 helical conformation, DC-10 tolerogenic dendritic cells eliciting the clearance of apoptotic cells via efferocytosis, and CCR5 downregulation on vaccine-induced gut homing CD4+ cells. RAS activation is also linked to vaccine efficacy, which prompted the testing of IGF-1, a potent inducer of RAS activation with vaccination. We found that IGF-1 changed the hierarchy of V1/V2 epitope recognition and decreased both ADCC specific for helical V2 and efferocytosis. Remarkably, IGF-1 also reduced the expression of CCR5 on vaccine-induced CD4+ gut-homing T-cells, compensating for its negative effect on ADCC and efferocytosis and resulting in equivalent vaccine efficacy (71% with IGF-1 and 69% without).
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Veronica Galli
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Tulane National Primate Center & School of Medicine, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70118, USA
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giacomo Gorini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicolò Binello
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Gutowska
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Isabela Silva de Castro
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melvin N. Doster
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kombo F. N’guessan
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David J. Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hyoyoung Choo-Wosoba
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew W. Breed
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Joshua Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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2
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Srivastava A, Nair A, Pandey SP, Kluck GEG, Mesquita I, Ghosh T, Bose A, Baral R, Silvestre R, Bodhale N, Saha B. Toll-like receptor 2 selectively modulates Ras isoforms expression in Leishmania major infection. Cytokine 2023; 169:156301. [PMID: 37515982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infection of macrophages results in altered Ras isoforms expression and Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) expression and functions. Therefore, we examined whether TLR2 would selectively alter Ras isoforms' expression in macrophages. We observed that TLR2 ligands- Pam3CSK4, peptidoglycan (PGN), and FSL- selectively modulated the expression of Ras isoforms in BALB/c-derived elicited macrophages. Lentivirally-expressed TLR1-shRNA significantly reversed this Ras isoforms expression profile. TLR2-deficient L. major-infected macrophages and the lymph node cells from the L. major-infected mice showed similarly reversed Ras isoforms expression. Transfection of the macrophages with the siRNAs for the adaptors- Myeloid Differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll-Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP)- or Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases (IRAKs)- IRAK1 and IRAK4- significantly inhibited the L. major-induced down-regulation of K-Ras, and up-regulation of N-Ras and H-Ras, expression. The TLR1/TLR2-ligand Pam3CSK4 increased IL-10 and TGF-β expression in macrophages. Pam3CSK4 upregulated N-Ras and H-Ras, but down-regulated K-Ras, expression in C57BL/6 wild-type, but not in IL-10-deficient, macrophages. IL-10 or TGF-β signaling inhibition selectively regulated Ras isoforms expression. These observations indicate the specificity of the TLR2 regulation of Ras isoforms and their selective modulation by MyD88, TIRAP, and IRAKs, but not IL-10 or TGF-β, signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Surya P Pandey
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - George Eduardo Gabriel Kluck
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Inês Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tithi Ghosh
- Chittaranjan National Cancer Research Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Anamika Bose
- Chittaranjan National Cancer Research Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Neelam Bodhale
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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3
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Zheng K, Hao F, Medrano-Garcia S, Chen C, Guo F, Morán-Blanco L, Rodríguez-Perales S, Torres-Ruiz R, Peligros MI, Vaquero J, Bañares R, Gómez Del Moral M, Regueiro JR, Martínez-Naves E, Mohamed MR, Gallego-Durán R, Maya D, Ampuero J, Romero-Gómez M, Gilbert-Ramos A, Guixé-Muntet S, Fernández-Iglesias A, Gracia-Sancho J, Coll M, Graupera I, Ginès P, Ciudin A, Rivera-Esteban J, Pericàs JM, Frutos MD, Ramos Molina B, Herranz JM, Ávila MA, Nevzorova YA, Fernández-Malavé E, Cubero FJ. Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (N-RAS) deficiency aggravates liver injury and fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:514. [PMID: 37563155 PMCID: PMC10415403 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Progressive hepatic damage and fibrosis are major features of chronic liver diseases of different etiology, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully defined. N-RAS, a member of the RAS family of small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins also encompassing the highly homologous H-RAS and K-RAS isoforms, was previously reported to modulate cell death and renal fibrosis; however, its role in liver damage and fibrogenesis remains unknown. Here, we approached this question by using N-RAS deficient (N-RAS-/-) mice and two experimental models of liver injury and fibrosis, namely carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxication and bile duct ligation (BDL). In wild-type (N-RAS+/+) mice both hepatotoxic procedures augmented N-RAS expression in the liver. Compared to N-RAS+/+ counterparts, N-RAS-/- mice subjected to either CCl4 or BDL showed exacerbated liver injury and fibrosis, which was associated with enhanced hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and leukocyte infiltration in the damaged liver. At the molecular level, after CCl4 or BDL, N-RAS-/- livers exhibited augmented expression of necroptotic death markers along with JNK1/2 hyperactivation. In line with this, N-RAS ablation in a human hepatocytic cell line resulted in enhanced activation of JNK and necroptosis mediators in response to cell death stimuli. Of note, loss of hepatic N-RAS expression was characteristic of chronic liver disease patients with fibrosis. Collectively, our study unveils a novel role for N-RAS as a negative controller of the progression of liver injury and fibrogenesis, by critically downregulating signaling pathways leading to hepatocyte necroptosis. Furthermore, it suggests that N-RAS may be of potential clinical value as prognostic biomarker of progressive fibrotic liver damage, or as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Pukou District Hospital of Chinese Medicine Central Laboratory affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengjie Hao
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sandra Medrano-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Chaobo Chen
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Laura Morán-Blanco
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Perales
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Editing Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Torres-Ruiz
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Editing Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Peligros
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vaquero
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Bañares
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez Del Moral
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - José R Regueiro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Naves
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Gallego-Durán
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Douglas Maya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Ampuero
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Albert Gilbert-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Liver Vascular Biology, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Guixé-Muntet
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Liver Vascular Biology, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel Fernández-Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Liver Vascular Biology, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Liver Vascular Biology, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mar Coll
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad de Células Hepáticas y Reparación de Tejidos, Institut d´Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Graupera
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad de Células Hepáticas y Reparación de Tejidos, Institut d´Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Ginès
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreea Ciudin
- Endocrinology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute for Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Rivera-Esteban
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute for Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Pericàs
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute for Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Dolores Frutos
- Department of General and Digestive System Surgery, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ramos Molina
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Obesidad y Metabolismo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - José María Herranz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Hepatology Programme, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matías A Ávila
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Hepatology Programme, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Edgar Fernández-Malavé
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Bodhale N, Nair A, Saha B. Isoform-specific functions of Ras in T-cell development and differentiation. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350430. [PMID: 37173132 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ras GTPases, well characterized for their role in oncogenesis, are the cells' molecular switches that signal to maintain immune homeostasis through cellular development, proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. In the immune system, T cells are the central players that cause autoimmunity if dysregulated. Antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation activates Ras-isoforms, which exhibit isoform-specific activator and effector requirements, functional specificities, and a selective role in T-cell development and differentiation. Recent studies show the role of Ras in T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases; however, there is a scarcity of knowledge about the role of Ras in T-cell development and differentiation. To date, limited studies have demonstrated Ras activation in response to positive and negative selection signals and Ras isoform-specific signaling, including subcellular signaling, in immune cells. The knowledge of isoform-specific functions of Ras in T cells is essential, but still inadequate to develop the T-cell-targeted Ras isoform-specific treatment strategies for the diseases caused by altered Ras-isoform expression and activation in T cells. In this review, we discuss the role of Ras in T-cell development and differentiation, critically analyzing the isoform-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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5
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Ceramide synthase 6 impacts T-cell allogeneic response and graft-versus-host disease through regulating N-RAS/ERK pathway. Leukemia 2022; 36:1907-1915. [PMID: 35513703 PMCID: PMC9256768 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is an effective immunotherapy for various hematologic malignances, predominantly through potent graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. However, the mortality after allo-HCT is because of relapse of primary malignancy and followed by graft-vs-host-disease (GVHD) as a major cause of transplant-related mortality. Hence, strategies to limit GVHD while preserving the GVL effect are highly desirable. Ceramide, which serves a central role in sphingolipid metabolism, is generated by ceramide synthases (CerS1–6). In this study, we found that genetic or pharmacologic targeting of CerS6 prevented and reversed chronic GVHD (cGVHD). Furthermore, specific inhibition of CerS6 with ST1072 significantly ameliorated acute GVHD (aGVHD) while preserving the GVL effect, which differed from FTY720 that attenuated aGVHD but impaired GVL activity. At the cellular level, blockade of CerS6 restrained donor T cells from migrating into GVHD target organs and preferentially reduced activation of donor CD4 T cells. At the molecular level, CerS6 was required for optimal TCR signaling, CD3/PKCθ co-localization, and subsequent N-RAS activation and ERK signaling, especially on CD4+ T cells. The current study provides rationale and means for targeting CerS6 to control GVHD and leukemia relapse, which would enhance the efficacy of allo-HCT as an immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies in the clinic.
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6
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Qu X, Li X, Li Z, Liao M, Dai M. Chicken Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Response to Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J Infection Assessed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:800618. [PMID: 35359721 PMCID: PMC8964181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.800618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exhibit wide-ranging cell types, but current understanding of their subclasses, immune cell classification, and function is limited and incomplete. Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of PBMCs in Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) infected and control chickens at 21 days post infection (DPI) to determine chicken PBMCs subsets and their specific molecular and cellular characteristics. Eight cell populations and their potential marker genes were identified in PBMCs. T cell populations had the strongest response to (ALV-J) infection, based on the detection of the largest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and could be further grouped into four subsets: activated CD4+ T cells, Th1-like cells, Th2-like cells, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, pseudotime analysis results suggested that chicken CD4+ T cells could potentially differentiate into Th1-like and Th2-like cells. Moreover, ALV-J infection activated CD4+ T cell was probably inclined to differentiate into Th1-like cells. Compared to the control PBMCs, ALV-J infection also had an obvious impact on PBMCs composition. B cells showed inconspicuous response and their numbers decreased in PBMCs from ALV-J infected chicken. Proportions of cytotoxic Th1-like cells and CD8+ T cells increased in the T cell population of PBMCs from ALV-J infected chicken, which were potentially key mitigating effectors against ALV-J infection. More importantly, our results provide a rich resource of gene expression profiles of chicken PBMCs subsets for a systems-level understanding of their function in homeostatic condition as well as in response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Qu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Core Facilities for Medical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manman Dai
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Saadatmand F, Gurdziel K, Jackson L, Kwabi-Addo B, Ruden DM. DNA methylation and exposure to violence among African American young adult males. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 14:100247. [PMID: 34589758 PMCID: PMC8474503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to violence (ETV) has been linked to epigenomics mechanisms such as DNA methylation (DNAm). We used epigenetic profiling of blood collected from 32 African American young adult males who lived in Washington DC to determine if changes in DNAm at CpG sites affiliated with nervous and immune system were associated with exposure to violence. Pathway analysis of differentially methylated regions comparing high and low ETV groups revealed an enrichment of gene sets annotated to nervous system and immune ontologies. Many of these genes are known to interact with each other which suggests DNAm alters gene function in the nervous and immune system in response to ETV. Using data from a unique age group, young African American adult males, we provide evidence that lifetime ETV could impact DNA methylation in genes impacted at Central Nervous System and Immune Function sites. METHOD Methylation analysis was performed on DNA collected from the blood of participants classified with either high or low lifetime ETV. Illumina®MethylationEPIC Beadchips (~850k CpG sites) were processed on the iScan System to examine whole-genome methylation differences. Differentially methylated CpG-sites between high (n = 19) and low (n = 13) groups were identified using linear regression with violence and substance abuse as model covariates. Gene ontology analysis was used to identify enrichment categories from probes annotated to the nearest gene. RESULTS A total of 595 probes (279 hypermethylated; 316 hypomethylated) annotated to 383 genes were considered differentially methylated in association with ETV. Males with high ETV showed elevated methylation in several signaling pathways but were most impacted at Central Nervous System and Immune Function affiliated sites. Eight candidate genes were identified that play important biological roles in stress response to violence with HDAC4 (10%), NR4A3 (11%), NR4A2 (12%), DSCAML1(12%), and ELAVL3 (13%) exhibiting higher levels in the low ETV group and DLGAP1 (10%), SHANK2 (10%), and NRG1(11%) having increased methylation in the high ETV group. These findings suggest that individuals subjected to high ETV may be at risk for poor health outcomes that have not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Saadatmand
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katherine Gurdziel
- Office of the Vice President of Research, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Latifa Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
- W. Montague Cobb Research Laboratory, College of Arts and Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bernard Kwabi-Addo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Douglas M. Ruden
- Department of Ob/Gyn, CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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8
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Llavero F, Arrazola Sastre A, Luque Montoro M, Martín MA, Arenas J, Lucia A, Zugaza JL. Small GTPases of the Ras superfamily and glycogen phosphorylase regulation in T cells. Small GTPases 2021; 12:106-113. [PMID: 31512989 PMCID: PMC7849735 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1665968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases, together with their regulatory and effector molecules, are key intermediaries in the complex signalling pathways that control almost all cellular processes, working as molecular switches to transduce extracellular cues into cellular responses that drive vital functions, such as intracellular transport, biomolecule synthesis, gene activation and cell survival. How all of these networks are linked to metabolic pathways is a subject of intensive study. Because any response to cellular action requires some form of energy input, elucidating how cells coordinate the signals that lead to a tangible response involving metabolism is central to understand cellular activities. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of the crosstalk between small GTPases of the Ras superfamily, specifically Rac1 and Ras/Rap1, and glycogen phosphorylase in T lymphocytes. Abbreviations: ADCY: adenylyl cyclase; ADCY6: adenylyl cyclase 6; BCR: B cell receptor; cAMP: 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CRIB: Cdc42/Rac binding domain; DLPFC: dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; Epac2: exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; GDP: guanodine-5'-diphosphate; GPCRs: G protein-coupled receptors; GTP: guanodin-5'-triphosphate; IL2: interleukin 2; IL2-R: interleukin 2 receptor; JAK: janus kinases; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; O-GlcNAc: O-glycosylation; PAK1: p21 activated kinase 1; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PK: phosphorylase kinase; PKA: cAMP-dependent protein kinase A; PKCθ: protein kinase Cθ; PLCγ: phospholipase Cγ; Src: proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase c; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Llavero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alazne Arrazola Sastre
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Miriam Luque Montoro
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martín
- Enfermedades Raras, Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares., Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arenas
- Enfermedades Raras, Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares., Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Enfermedades Raras, Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares., Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBER FES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Zugaza
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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9
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Luo L, Chen Y, Chen X, Zheng Y, Zhou V, Yu M, Burns R, Zhu W, Fu G, Felix JC, Hartley C, Damnernsawad A, Zhang J, Wen R, Drobyski WR, Gao C, Wang D. Kras-Deficient T Cells Attenuate Graft-versus-Host Disease but Retain Graft-versus-Leukemia Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3480-3490. [PMID: 33158956 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is one major serious complication that is induced by alloreactive donor T cells recognizing host Ags and limits the success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In the current studies, we identified a critical role of Kras in regulating alloreactive T cell function during aGVHD. Kras deletion in donor T cells dramatically reduced aGVHD mortality and severity in an MHC-mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation mouse model but largely maintained the antitumor capacity. Kras-deficient CD4 and CD8 T cells exhibited impaired TCR-induced activation of the ERK pathway. Kras deficiency altered TCR-induced gene expression profiles, including the reduced expression of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Moreover, Kras deficiency inhibited IL-6-mediated Th17 cell differentiation and impaired IL-6-induced ERK activation and gene expression in CD4 T cells. These findings support Kras as a novel and effective therapeutic target for aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Luo
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226.,Department of Hematology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Yongwei Zheng
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Vivian Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Mei Yu
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Wen Zhu
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Guoping Fu
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Juan C Felix
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; and
| | - Christopher Hartley
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; and
| | - Alisa Damnernsawad
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jing Zhang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Renren Wen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | | | - Chunji Gao
- Department of Hematology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Demin Wang
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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10
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Ras2, the TC21/R-Ras2 Drosophila homologue, contributes to insulin signalling but is not required for organism viability. Dev Biol 2020; 461:172-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Li W, Ma N, Yuwen T, Yu B, Zhou Y, Yao Y, Li Q, Chen X, Wan J, Zhang Y, Zhang W. Comprehensive analysis of circRNA expression profiles and circRNA-associated competing endogenous RNA networks in the development of mouse thymus. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6340-6349. [PMID: 32307889 PMCID: PMC7294154 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus plays an irreplaceable role as a primary lymphoid organ. However, the complicate processes of its development and involution are incompletely understood. Accumulating evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs play key roles in the regulation of biological development. At present, the studies of the circRNA profiles and of circRNA-associated competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in the thymus are still scarce. Here, deep-RNA sequencing was used to study the biological mechanisms underlying the development process (from 2-week-old to 6-week-old) and the recession process (from 6-week-old to 3-month-old) of the mouse thymus. It was found that 196 circRNAs, 233 miRNAs and 3807 mRNAs were significantly dysregulated. The circRNA-associated ceRNA networks were constructed in the mouse thymus, which were mainly involved in early embryonic development and the proliferation and division of T cells. Taken together, these results elucidated the regulatory roles of ceRNAs in the development and involution processes of the mouse thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nana Ma
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Yuwen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for human reproductive medicine and Genetic Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Yufei Yao
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for human reproductive medicine and Genetic Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Qi Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for human reproductive medicine and Genetic Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaofan Chen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for human reproductive medicine and Genetic Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China.,Hainan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Thalassemia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China.,Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Jha MK, Sarode AY, Saha B. Ras isoforms selectively regulate antigen-specific immune response. Cytokine 2019; 126:154914. [PMID: 31707328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
H-/K-Ras and N-Ras isoforms were proposed to lack functional specificities due to similarity in 1-165 amino acids. As recent studies implied Ras isoform-specific developmental effects, we examined their functional specificity using Leishmania major infection, anti-hapten antibody response and carrier-specific T cell response. While N-Ras overexpression increased L. major infection in resistant C57BL/6 mice, H-Ras or K-Ras overexpression reduced the infection in susceptible BALB/c mice. These Ras isoforms differentially regulated anti-TNP antibody response in TNP-Ova-primed, but not in TNP-Ficoll- or TNP-LPS-primed, BALB/c mice. Ras isoform-specific silencing selectively modulated Ova-specific T cell response. The data indicate Ras isoform-specific regulation of antigen-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Jha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Aditya Y Sarode
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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13
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Fuentes-Mateos R, Jimeno D, Gómez C, Calzada N, Fernández-Medarde A, Santos E. Concomitant deletion of HRAS and NRAS leads to pulmonary immaturity, respiratory failure and neonatal death in mice. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:838. [PMID: 31685810 PMCID: PMC6828777 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that adult (HRAS-/-; NRAS-/-) double knockout (DKO) mice showed no obvious external phenotype although lower-than-expected numbers of weaned DKO animals were consistently tallied after crossing NRAS-KO and HRAS-KO mice kept on mixed genetic backgrounds. Using mouse strains kept on pure C57Bl/6 background, here we performed an extensive analysis of the offspring from crosses between HRAS-KO and NRAS-KO mice and uncovered the occurrence of very high rates of perinatal mortality of the resulting DKO littermates due to respiratory failure during the first postnatal 24-48 h. The lungs of newborn DKO mice showed normal organ structure and branching but displayed marked defects of maturation including much-reduced alveolar space with thick separating septa and significant alterations of differentiation of alveolar (AT1, AT2 pneumocytes) and bronchiolar (ciliated, Clara cells) cell lineages. We also observed the retention of significantly increased numbers of undifferentiated progenitor precursor cells in distal lung epithelia and the presence of substantial accumulations of periodic acid-Schiff-positive (PAS+) material and ceramide in the lung airways of newborn DKO mice. Interestingly, antenatal dexamethasone treatment partially mitigated the defective lung maturation phenotypes and extended the lifespan of the DKO animals up to 6 days, but was not sufficient to abrogate lethality in these mice. RNA microarray hybridization analyses of the lungs of dexamethasone-treated and untreated mice uncovered transcriptional changes pointing to functional and metabolic alterations that may be mechanistically relevant for the defective lung phenotypes observed in DKO mice. Our data suggest that delayed alveolar differentiation, altered sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide accumulation are primary contributors to the respiratory stress and neonatal lethality shown by DKO mice and uncover specific, critical roles of HRAS and NRAS for correct lung differentiation that are essential for neonatal survival and cannot be substituted by the remaining KRAS function in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Fuentes-Mateos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC- Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Jimeno
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC- Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmela Gómez
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC- Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nuria Calzada
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC- Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC- Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC- Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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14
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Martínez-Riaño A, Bovolenta ER, Boccasavia VL, Ponomarenko J, Abia D, Oeste CL, Fresno M, van Santen HM, Alarcon B. RRAS2 shapes the TCR repertoire by setting the threshold for negative selection. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2427-2447. [PMID: 31324740 PMCID: PMC6781009 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RRAS2 is involved in setting the threshold for negative selection of T cells in the thymus. In its absence, most autoreactive T cells are eliminated, and, consequently, mice become resistant to development of autoimmune diseases in experimental models. Signal strength controls the outcome of αβ T cell selection in the thymus, resulting in death if the affinity of the rearranged TCR is below the threshold for positive selection, or if the affinity of the TCR is above the threshold for negative selection. Here we show that deletion of the GTPase RRAS2 results in exacerbated negative selection and above-normal expression of positive selection markers. Furthermore, Rras2−/− mice are resistant to autoimmunity both in a model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and in a model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)–induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show that MOG-specific T cells in Rras2−/− mice have reduced affinity for MOG/I-Ab tetramers, suggesting that enhanced negative selection leads to selection of TCRs with lower affinity for the self-MOG peptide. An analysis of the TCR repertoire shows alterations that mostly affect the TCRα variable (TRAV) locus with specific VJ combinations and CDR3α sequences that are absent in Rras2−/− mice, suggesting their involvement in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Riaño
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena R Bovolenta
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Viola L Boccasavia
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Ponomarenko
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Abia
- Servicio de Bioinformática, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara L Oeste
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hisse M van Santen
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Nakagawa R, Muroyama R, Saeki C, Oikawa T, Kaise Y, Koike K, Arai J, Nakano M, Matsubara Y, Takano K, Hirata Y, Saruta M, Zeniya M, Kato N. CD4 + T cells from patients with primary biliary cholangitis show T cell activation and differentially expressed T-cell receptor repertoires. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:653-662. [PMID: 30690835 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease with unknown pathogenesis. In PBC, activation of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling is associated with inflammatory cytokine production through N-Ras upregulation. Although the CD4+ T cell TCR repertoire could be associated with PBC pathogenesis, it has not been evaluated. Thus, we analyzed the PBC-CD4+ T cell TCR repertoire using next generation sequencing (NGS). METHODS Four PBC patients (one treatment-naïve and three receiving ursodeoxycholic acid) and three healthy individuals were enrolled. NRAS expression in CD4+ T cells was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). N-Ras dynamics in CD4+ T cells were assessed by qRT-PCR and GTP-N-Ras activation assay. The TCR α- (TRA) and β-chain (TRB) repertoires on CD4+ T cells were analyzed by NGS and profiled using hierarchical analysis. Motif analysis was undertaken to elucidate the structure of PBC-specific TCRs. RESULTS NRAS was upregulated in PBC relative to control CD4+ T cells (P < 0.05), and N-Ras enhanced T cell activation in CD4+ T cells. Among 2668 TRAs and 841 TRBs, 20 and 11, respectively, were differentially expressed in PBC compared to that in controls (P < 0.05, fold-change >2). Among them, TRAV29/J22, TRBV6-5/J2-6, and TRBV10-1/J2-1 were expressed in PBC but the expression was negligible in the controls, with more mature and longer forms observed in PBC-CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS N-Ras was upregulated in PBC-CD4+ T cells, and it enhanced TCR activation, indicating that PBC-CD4+ T cells were activated by N-Ras upregulation with differentially expressed TCR repertoires on their surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakagawa
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Muroyama
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Saeki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Oikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kaise
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Arai
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Matsubara
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Takano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hirata
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saruta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Zeniya
- Sanno Medical Center, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Small GTPase RAS in multiple sclerosis - exploring the role of RAS GTPase in the etiology of multiple sclerosis. Small GTPases 2018; 11:312-319. [PMID: 30043672 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1502591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS signaling is involved in the development of autoimmunity in general. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. It is widely recognized that a reduction of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells is an immunological hallmark of MS, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In experimental autoimmune models, N-Ras and K-Ras inhibition triggers an anti-inflammatory effect up-regulating, via foxp3 elevation, the numbers and the functional suppressive properties of Tregs. Similarly, an increase in natural Tregs number during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in R-RAS -/- mice results in attenuated disease. In humans, only KRAS GTPase isoform is involved in mechanism causing tolerance defects in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). T cells from these patients have increased transcription of KRAS (but not NRAS). RAS genes are major drivers in human cancers. Consequently, there has been considerable interest in developing anti-RAS inhibitors for cancer treatment. Despite efforts, no anti-RAS therapy has succeeded in the clinic. The major strategy that has so far reached the clinic aimed to inhibit activated Ras indirectly through blocking its post-translational modification and inducing its mis-localization. The disappointing clinical outcome of Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors (FTIs) in cancers has decreased interest in these drugs. However, FTIs suppress EAE by downregulation of myelin-reactive activated T-lymphocytes and statins are currently studied in clinical trials for MS. However, no pharmacologic approaches to targeting Ras proteins directly have yet succeeded. The therapeutic strategy to recover immune function through the restoration of impaired Tregs function with the mounting evidences regarding KRAS in autoimmune mediated disorder (MS, SLE, RA, T1D) suggest as working hypothesis the direct targeting KRAS activation using cancer-derived small molecules may be clinically relevant. ABBREVIATIONS FTIs: Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors; MS: Multiple Sclerosis; RRMS: Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis; PPMS: Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis; Tregs: regulatory T-cells; Foxp3: Forkhead box P3; EAE: Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis; T1D: Type 1 Diabete; SLE: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis; CNS: Central Nervous System; TMEV: Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus; FTS: farnesyl thiosalicylic acid; TCR: T-Cell Receptor; AIA: Adjuvant-induced Arthritis; EAN: experimental autoimmune neuritis; HVR: hypervariable region; HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase; PBMC: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.
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Husein A, Jamal A, Ahmed MZ, Arish M, Ali R, Tabrez S, Rasool F, Rub A. Leishmania donovani infection differentially regulates small G-proteins. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7844-7854. [PMID: 29943842 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that resides and replicates in macrophages and causes leishmaniasis. The parasite alters the signaling cascade in host macrophages and evades the host machinery. Small G-proteins are GTPases, grouped in 5 different families that play a crucial role in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis, intracellular trafficking, and transport. In particular, the Ras family of small G-proteins has been identified to play a significant role in the cellular functions mentioned before. Here, we studied the differential expression of the most important small G-proteins during Leishmania infection. We found major changes in the expression of different isoforms of Ras, mainly in N-Ras. We observed that Leishmania donovani infection led to enhanced N-Ras expression, whereas it inhibited K-Ras and H-Ras expression. Furthermore, an active N-Ras pull-down assay showed enhanced N-Ras activity. L donovani infection also increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and simultaneously decreased p38 phosphorylation. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of Ras led to reduction in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 in Leishmania-infected cells, which could lead to increased interleukin-12 expression and decreased interleukin-10 expression. Indeed, farnesylthiosalicyclic acid (a Ras inhibitor), when used at the effective level in L donovani-infected macrophages, reduced amastigotes in the host macrophages. Thus, upregulated N-Ras expression during L donovani infection could be a novel immune evasion strategy of Leishmania and would be a potential target for antileishmanial immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atahar Husein
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Zulfazal Ahmed
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Arish
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahat Ali
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Shams Tabrez
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Fayyaz Rasool
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab (Lab No. 414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Lamin A/C augments Th1 differentiation and response against vaccinia virus and Leishmania major. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 29311549 PMCID: PMC5849043 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of naive CD4+ T-cells into functionally distinct T helper (Th) subsets is critical to immunity against pathogen infection. Little is known about the role of signals emanating from the nuclear envelope for T-cell differentiation. The nuclear envelope protein lamin A/C is induced in naive CD4+ T-cells upon antigen recognition and acts as a link between the nucleus and the plasma membrane during T-cell activation. Here we demonstrate that the absence of lamin A/C in naive T-cell reduces Th1 differentiation without affecting Th2 differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, Rag1−/− mice reconstituted with Lmna−/−CD4+CD25− T-cells and infected with vaccinia virus show weaker Th1 responses and viral removal than mice reconstituted with wild-type T-cells. Th1 responses and pathogen clearance upon Leishmania major infection were similarly diminished in mice lacking lamin A/C in the complete immune system or selectively in T-cells. Lamin A/C mediates Th1 polarization by a mechanism involving T-bet and IFNγ production. Our results reveal a novel role for lamin A/C as key regulator of Th1 differentiation in response to viral and intracellular parasite infections.
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Huang W, Solouki S, Koylass N, Zheng SG, August A. ITK signalling via the Ras/IRF4 pathway regulates the development and function of Tr1 cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15871. [PMID: 28635957 PMCID: PMC5482062 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells differentiate in response to signals engaging the T cell receptor (TCR), express high levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, but not Foxp3, and can suppress inflammation and promote immune tolerance. Here we show that ITK, an important modulator of TCR signalling, is required for the TCR-induced development of Tr1 cells in various organs, and in the mucosal system during parasitic and viral infections. ITK kinase activity is required for mouse and human Tr1 cell differentiation. Tr1 cell development and suppressive function of Itk deficient cells can be restored by the expression of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). Downstream of ITK, Ras activity is responsible for Tr1 cell induction, as expression of constitutively active HRas rescues IRF4 expression and Tr1 cell differentiation in Itk-/- cells. We conclude that TCR/ITK signalling through the Ras/IRF4 pathway is required for functional development of Tr1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Center for Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Sabrina Solouki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Nicholas Koylass
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Song-Guo Zheng
- Center for Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- Department of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Nakagawa R, Muroyama R, Saeki C, Goto K, Kaise Y, Koike K, Nakano M, Matsubara Y, Takano K, Ito S, Saruta M, Kato N, Zeniya M. miR-425 regulates inflammatory cytokine production in CD4 + T cells via N-Ras upregulation in primary biliary cholangitis. J Hepatol 2017; 66:1223-1230. [PMID: 28192189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease of unknown pathogenesis. Consequently, therapeutic targets for PBC have yet to be identified. CD4+ T cells play a pivotal role in immunological dysfunction observed in PBC, and therefore, microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression were analysed in CD4+ T cells, to investigate PBC pathogenesis and identify novel therapeutic targets. METHODS Integral miRNA and mRNA analysis of 14 PBC patients and ten healthy controls was carried out using microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), with gene set enrichment analysis. The functional analyses of miRNA were then assessed using reporter and miRNA-overexpression assays. RESULTS The integral analysis of miRNA and mRNA identified four significantly downregulated miRNAs (miR-181a, -181b, -374b, and -425) related to the T cell receptor (TCR) signalling pathway in CD4+ T cells of PBC. N-Ras, a regulator of the TCR signalling pathway, was found to be targeted by all four identified miRNAs. In addition, in vitro assays confirmed that decreased miR-425 strongly induced inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2 and interferon [IFN]-γ) via N-Ras upregulation in the TCR signalling pathway. CONCLUSION The decreased expression of four miRNAs that dysregulate TCR signalling in PBC CD4+ T cells was identified. miR-425 was demonstrated as an inflammatory regulator of PBC via N-Ras upregulation. Therefore, the restoration of decreased miR-425 or the suppression of N-Ras may be a promising immunotherapeutic strategy against PBC. LAY SUMMARY Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease, but the causes are unknown. MicroRNAs are molecules known to regulate biological signals. In this study, four microRNAs were identified as being decreased in PBC patients, leading to activation of T cell receptor signalling pathways, involved in inflammation. One particular target, N-Ras, could be an attractive and novel immunotherapeutic option for PBC. TRANSCRIPT PROFILING Microarray data are deposited in GEO (GEO accession: GSE93172).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakagawa
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Muroyama
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Saeki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaku Goto
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kaise
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Matsubara
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Takano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ito
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saruta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mikio Zeniya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sanno Medical Center, Sanno Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
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Weyandt JD, Carney JM, Pavlisko EN, Xu M, Counter CM. Isoform-Specific Effects of Wild-Type Ras Genes on Carcinogen-Induced Lung Tumorigenesis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167205. [PMID: 27911940 PMCID: PMC5135096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene KRAS is commonly mutated in lung cancer to encode a constitutively active and oncogenic protein that is well established to initiate and maintain lung tumorigenesis. However, the remaining wild-type KRAS protein, or the other family members HRAS and NRAS, can still be activated in the presence of oncogenic KRAS. Moreover, loss of any one of these three genes has been shown to increase the sensitivity of mice to the carcinogen urethane, which induces Kras mutation-positive early lung lesions. To determine the contribution of progressively disrupting Hras and Nras genes on urethane lung tumorigenesis, mice with different combinations of wild-type and null alleles of Hras and Nras were exposed with urethane and tumor burden was assessed. As previously reported, loss of one allele of Hras increased the sensitivity of mice to this carcinogen, and this effect was further exacerbated by the loss of the second Hras allele. However, loss of one or both alleles of Nras failed to alter tumor burden, either in the absence or presence of Hras, after exposure to urethane. Additionally, no obvious difference between lung lesions in mice with wild-type versus null alleles was detected, suggesting that wild-type Ras proteins may exert a tumor suppressive effects at the time of initiation, although other interpretations are certainly possible. In summary, these data suggest that in some genetic backgrounds inactivation of different wild-type Ras genes can have different effects on urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D. Weyandt
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John M. Carney
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth N. Pavlisko
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - MengMeng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Counter
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Vaccari M, Gordon SN, Fourati S, Schifanella L, Liyanage NPM, Cameron M, Keele BF, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Billings E, Rao M, Chung AW, Dowell KG, Bailey-Kellogg C, Brown EP, Ackerman ME, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Whitney S, Doster MN, Binello N, Pegu P, Montefiori DC, Foulds K, Quinn DS, Donaldson M, Liang F, Loré K, Roederer M, Koup RA, McDermott A, Ma ZM, Miller CJ, Phan TB, Forthal DN, Blackburn M, Caccuri F, Bissa M, Ferrari G, Kalyanaraman V, Ferrari MG, Thompson D, Robert-Guroff M, Ratto-Kim S, Kim JH, Michael NL, Phogat S, Barnett SW, Tartaglia J, Venzon D, Stablein DM, Alter G, Sekaly RP, Franchini G. Adjuvant-dependent innate and adaptive immune signatures of risk of SIVmac251 acquisition. Nat Med 2016; 22:762-70. [PMID: 27239761 PMCID: PMC5916782 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant vaccine containing Aventis Pasteur's canarypox vector (ALVAC)-HIV and gp120 alum decreased the risk of HIV acquisition in the RV144 vaccine trial. The substitution of alum with the more immunogenic MF59 adjuvant is under consideration for the next efficacy human trial. We found here that an ALVAC-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and gp120 alum (ALVAC-SIV + gp120) equivalent vaccine, but not an ALVAC-SIV + gp120 MF59 vaccine, was efficacious in delaying the onset of SIVmac251 in rhesus macaques, despite the higher immunogenicity of the latter adjuvant. Vaccine efficacy was associated with alum-induced, but not with MF59-induced, envelope (Env)-dependent mucosal innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that produce interleukin (IL)-17, as well as with mucosal IgG to the gp120 variable region 2 (V2) and the expression of 12 genes, ten of which are part of the RAS pathway. The association between RAS activation and vaccine efficacy was also observed in an independent efficacious SIV-vaccine approach. Whether RAS activation, mucosal ILCs and antibodies to V2 are also important hallmarks of HIV-vaccine efficacy in humans will require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shari N Gordon
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 'L. Sacco' Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Namal P M Liyanage
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Erik Billings
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy W Chung
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen G Dowell
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Eric P Brown
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | | | - Melvin N Doster
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicolo Binello
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Poonam Pegu
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kathryn Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David S Quinn
- Vaccine Research Center, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mitzi Donaldson
- Vaccine Research Center, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhong-Min Ma
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tran B Phan
- University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Matthew Blackburn
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Francesca Caccuri
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - DeVon Thompson
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Silvia Ratto-Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Chen Y, Zheng Y, You X, Yu M, Fu G, Su X, Zhou F, Zhu W, Wu Z, Zhang J, Wen R, Wang D. Kras Is Critical for B Cell Lymphopoiesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1678-85. [PMID: 26773157 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The three major Ras members, Kras, Hras, and Nras, are highly homologous and individual Ras genes can have distinct biological functions. Embryonic lethality of Kras-deficient mice precludes study of the biological functions of this Ras family member. In this study, we generated and examined mice with hematopoietic-specific deletion of Kras and bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice with B cell-specific targeted deletion of Kras. Hematopoietic-specific deletion of Kras impaired early B cell development at the pre-B cell stage and late B cell maturation, resulting in the reduction of BM pre-, immature, and mature B cells and peripheral follicular, marginal zone, and B1 mature B cells. In contrast, Kras deficiency did not affect T cell development. Studies of BM chimeric mice with B cell-specific deletion of Kras demonstrated that Kras deficiency intrinsically impaired B cell development. Kras deficiency reduced BCR-induced B cell proliferation and survival. Furthermore, Kras deficiency specifically impaired pre-BCR- and BCR-induced activation of the Raf-1/MEK/ERK pathway in pre-B and mature B cells, respectively. Thus, Kras is the unique Ras family member that plays a critical role in early B cell development and late B cell maturation through controlling the Raf-1/MEK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Chen
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Yongwei Zheng
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Xiaona You
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Mei Yu
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Guoping Fu
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Xinlin Su
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Zhou
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Wen Zhu
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Renren Wen
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Demin Wang
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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24
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Yan X, Yan M, Guo Y, Singh G, Chen Y, Yu M, Wang D, Hillery CA, Chan AM. R-Ras Regulates Murine T Cell Migration and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Binding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145218. [PMID: 26710069 PMCID: PMC4692399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The trafficking of T-lymphocytes to peripheral draining lymph nodes is crucial for mounting an adaptive immune response. The role of chemokines in the activation of integrins via Ras-related small GTPases has been well established. R-Ras is a member of the Ras-subfamily of small guanosine-5’-triphosphate-binding proteins and its role in T cell trafficking has been investigated in R-Ras null mice (Rras−/−). An examination of the lymphoid organs of Rras−/− mice revealed a 40% reduction in the cellularity of the peripheral lymph nodes. Morphologically, the high endothelial venules of Rras−/− mice were more disorganized and less mature than those of wild-type mice. Furthermore, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from Rras−/− mice had approximately 42% lower surface expression of L-selectin/CD62L. These aberrant peripheral lymph node phenotypes were associated with proliferative and trafficking defects in Rras−/− T cells. Furthermore, R-Ras could be activated by the chemokine, CCL21. Indeed, Rras−/− T cells had approximately 14.5% attenuation in binding to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 upon CCL21 stimulation. Finally, in a graft-versus host disease model, recipient mice that were transfused with Rras−/− T cells showed a significant reduction in disease severity when compared with mice transplanted with wild-type T cells. These findings implicate a role for R-Ras in T cell trafficking in the high endothelial venules during an effective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocai Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mingfei Yan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yihe Guo
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gobind Singh
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mei Yu
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Demin Wang
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A Hillery
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America.,Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew M Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
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25
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Abstract
T cell memory plays a critical role in our protection against pathogens and tumors. The antigen and its interaction with the T cell receptor (TCR) is one of the initiating elements that shape T cell memory together with inflammation and costimulation. Over the last decade, several transcription factors and signaling pathways that support memory programing have been identified. However, how TCR signals regulate them is still poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that the biochemical rules that govern T cell memory, strikingly, change depending on the TCR signal strength. Furthermore, TCR signal strength regulates the input of cytokine signaling, including pro-inflammatory cytokines. These highlight how tailoring antigenic signals can improve immune therapeutics. In this review, we focus on how TCR signaling regulates T cell memory and how the quantity and quality of TCR–peptide–MHC interactions impact the multiple fates a T cell can adopt in the memory pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Daniels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO , USA
| | - Emma Teixeiro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO , USA
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26
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Chakraborty S, Srivastava A, Jha MK, Nair A, Pandey SP, Srivastava N, Kumari S, Singh S, Krishnasastry MV, Saha B. Inhibition of CD40-induced N-Ras activation reduces leishmania major infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3852-60. [PMID: 25786685 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania major is a parasite that resides and replicates in macrophages. We previously showed that the parasite enhanced CD40-induced Raf-MEK-ERK signaling but inhibited PI3K-MKK-p38MAPK signaling to proleishmanial effects. As Raf and PI3K have a Ras-binding domain but exert opposite effects on Leishmania infection, we examined whether Ras isoforms had differential roles in Leishmania infection. We observed that L. major enhanced N-Ras and H-Ras expression but inhibited K-Ras expression in macrophages. L. major infection enhanced N-Ras activity but inhibited H-Ras and K-Ras activity. TLR2 short hairpin RNA or anti-TLR2 or anti-lipophosphoglycan Abs reversed the L. major-altered N-Ras and K-Ras expressions. Pam3CSK4, a TLR2 ligand, enhanced N-Ras expression but reduced K-Ras expression, indicating TLR2-regulated Ras expression in L. major infection. Whereas N-Ras silencing reduced L. major infection, K-Ras and H-Ras silencing enhanced the infection both in macrophages in vitro and in C57BL/6 mice. BALB/c-derived macrophages transduced with lentivirally expressed N-Ras short hairpin RNA and pulsed with L. major-expressed MAPK10 enhanced MAPK10-specific Th1-type response. CD40-deficient mice primed with these macrophages had reduced L. major infection, accompanied by higher IFN-γ but less IL-4 production. As N-Ras is activated by Sos, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, we modeled the N-Ras-Sos interaction and designed two peptides from their interface. Both the cell-permeable peptides reduced L. major infection in BALB/c mice but not in CD40-deficient mice. These data reveal the L. major-enhanced CD40-induced N-Ras activation as a novel immune evasion strategy and the potential for Ras isoform-targeted antileishmanial immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mukesh Kumar Jha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Neetu Srivastava
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
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27
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Martínez-López M, Iborra S, Conde-Garrosa R, Sancho D. Batf3-dependent CD103+ dendritic cells are major producers of IL-12 that drive local Th1 immunity against Leishmania major infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:119-29. [PMID: 25312824 PMCID: PMC4316187 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of different DC subsets in priming and maintenance of immunity against Leishmania major (L. major) infection is debated. The transcription factor basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like 3 (Batf3) is essential for the development of mouse CD103(+) DCs and some functions of CD8α(+) DCs. We found that CD103(+) DCs were significantly reduced in the dermis of Batf3-deficient C57BL/6 mice. Batf3(-/-) mice developed exacerbated and unresolved cutaneous pathology following a low dose of intradermal L. major infection in the ear pinnae. Parasite load was increased 1000-fold locally and expanded systemically. Batf3 deficiency did not affect L. major antigen presentation to T cells, which was directly exerted by CD8α(-) conventional DCs (cDCs) in the skin draining LN. However, CD4(+) T-cell differentiation in the LN and skin was skewed to nonprotective Treg- and Th2-cell subtypes. CD103(+) DCs are major IL-12 producers during L. major infection. Local Th1 immunity was severely hindered, correlating with impaired IL-12 production and reduction in CD103(+) DC numbers. Adoptive transfer of WT but not IL-12p40(-/-) Batf3-dependent DCs significantly improved anti-L. major response in infected Batf3(-/-) mice. Our results suggest that IL-12 production by Batf3-dependent CD103(+) DCs is crucial for maintenance of local Th1 immunity against L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martínez-López
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, CNIC-Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain
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Blinov VM, Krasnov GS, Shargunov AV, Shurdov MA, Zverev VV. Immunosuppressive domains of retroviruses: Cell mechanisms of the effect on the human immune system. Mol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893313050026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Jun JE, Rubio I, Roose JP. Regulation of ras exchange factors and cellular localization of ras activation by lipid messengers in T cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:239. [PMID: 24027568 PMCID: PMC3762125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras-MAPK signaling pathway is highly conserved throughout evolution and is activated downstream of a wide range of receptor stimuli. Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RasGEFs) catalyze GTP loading of Ras and play a pivotal role in regulating receptor-ligand induced Ras activity. In T cells, three families of functionally important RasGEFs are expressed: RasGRF, RasGRP, and Son of Sevenless (SOS)-family GEFs. Early on it was recognized that Ras activation is critical for T cell development and that the RasGEFs play an important role herein. More recent work has revealed that nuances in Ras activation appear to significantly impact T cell development and selection. These nuances include distinct biochemical patterns of analog versus digital Ras activation, differences in cellular localization of Ras activation, and intricate interplays between the RasGEFs during distinct T cell developmental stages as revealed by various new mouse models. In many instances, the exact nature of these nuances in Ras activation or how these may result from fine-tuning of the RasGEFs is not understood. One large group of biomolecules critically involved in the control of RasGEFs functions are lipid second messengers. Multiple, yet distinct lipid products are generated following T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation and bind to different domains in the RasGRP and SOS RasGEFs to facilitate the activation of the membrane-anchored Ras GTPases. In this review we highlight how different lipid-based elements are generated by various enzymes downstream of the TCR and other receptors and how these dynamic and interrelated lipid products may fine-tune Ras activation by RasGEFs in developing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Jun
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
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30
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Marut W, Kavian N, Servettaz A, Hua-Huy T, Nicco C, Chéreau C, Weill B, Dinh-Xuan AT, Batteux F. Amelioration of systemic fibrosis in mice by angiotensin II receptor blockade. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1367-77. [PMID: 23335130 DOI: 10.1002/art.37873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by microvascular damage, fibrosis of skin and visceral organs, and autoimmunity. Previous studies have shown that angiotensin II is involved in the synthesis of type I collagen. We investigated whether the blockade of angiotensin II receptor type I (AT1 ) by irbesartan reduces skin and lung fibrosis in 2 murine models of SSc. METHODS SSc was induced by daily intradermal injection of HOCl into the backs of BALB/c mice (HOCl-induced SSc). Mice were treated daily with irbesartan by oral gavage. RESULTS Irbesartan reduced dermal thickness, collagen concentration, Smad2/3, and α-smooth muscle actin expression, as well as fibroblast proliferation and H-Ras expression in the skin of mice with HOCl-induced SSc. Mice treated with irbesartan also displayed less lung fibrosis, less inflammation, and a lower concentration of collagen in the lungs than untreated mice. Exhaled nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and 3-nitrotyrosine expression in the lungs were decreased following irbesartan treatment. Moreover, irbesartan reduced the number and the proliferation of splenic B and T cells and the serum levels of anti-DNA topoisomerase I autoantibodies. CONCLUSION Irbesartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents fibrosis and inflammation and inhibits nitric oxide production in HOCl-induced models of systemic fibrosis. Our findings extend the indication of an AT1 antagonist to SSc patients with diffuse fibrosis, especially those with lung involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Marut
- Université Paris Descartes, EA 1833, and Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
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31
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Iborra S, Ramos M, Arana DM, Lázaro S, Aguilar F, Santos E, López D, Fernández-Malavé E, Del Val M. N-ras couples antigen receptor signaling to Eomesodermin and to functional CD8+ T cell memory but not to effector differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1463-79. [PMID: 23776078 PMCID: PMC3698526 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-ras−/− CD8+ T cells have an intrinsic defect in Eomes expression resulting in impaired generation of protective memory cells that can be rescued by enforced Eomes expression. Signals from the TCR that specifically contribute to effector versus memory CD8+ T cell differentiation are poorly understood. Using mice and adoptively transferred T lymphocytes lacking the small GTPase N-ras, we found that N-ras–deficient CD8+ T cells differentiate efficiently into antiviral primary effectors but have a severe defect in generating protective memory cells. This defect was rescued, although only partly, by rapamycin-mediated inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in vivo. The memory defect correlated with a marked impairment in vitro and in vivo of the antigen-mediated early induction of T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes), whereas T-bet was unaffected. Besides N-ras, early Eomes induction in vitro required phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)–AKT but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, and it was largely insensitive to rapamycin. Consistent with N-ras coupling Eomes to T cell memory, retrovirally enforced expression of Eomes in N-ras–deficient CD8+ T cells effectively rescued their memory differentiation. Thus, our study identifies a critical role for N-ras as a TCR-proximal regulator of Eomes for early determination of the CD8+ T cell memory fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Iborra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Abstract
Activating mutations and overexpression of classical Ras subfamily members (K-Ras, N-Ras and H-Ras) have been widely investigated as key events in the development of human cancers. The role in cancer of its closest relatives, the Ras-related (RRas) subfamily members, has been less studied despite the fact that one of its members (TC21 or RRas2) is strongly transforming in vitro. Nevertheless, and in spite the paucity of publications, several studies have shown that wild type TC21 is overexpressed in different types of carcinomas and lymphomas. If the study of RRas members in cancer is still in its infancy, their role in physiological functions is even behind. For instance, T and B cell immunologists still use the vague term "Ras activation" without indication of what Ras family molecule is indeed intervening. In this view, we discuss the participation of TC21 in the specific process of T cell antigen receptor internalization from the immunological synapse and acquisition of membrane fragments from the antigen presenting cells by phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbino Alarcón
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Kortum RL, Rouquette-Jazdanian AK, Samelson LE. Ras and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in thymocytes and T cells. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:259-68. [PMID: 23506953 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation is important for both thymocyte development and T cell function. Classically, signal transduction from the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) to ERK is thought to be regulated by signaling from Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), through the small G protein Ras, to the three-tiered Raf-MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)-ERK kinase cascade. Developing and mature T cells express four members of two RasGEF families, RasGRP1, RasGRP4, son of sevenless 1 (Sos1), and Sos2, and several models describing combined signaling from these RasGEFs have been proposed. However, recent studies suggest that existing models need revision to include both distinct and overlapping roles of multiple RasGEFs during thymocyte development and novel, Ras-independent signals to ERK that have been identified in peripheral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Kortum
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Chang CF, D'Souza WN, Ch'en IL, Pages G, Pouyssegur J, Hedrick SM. Polar opposites: Erk direction of CD4 T cell subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:721-31. [PMID: 22675204 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Effective immune responses depend upon appropriate T cell differentiation in accord with the nature of an infectious agent, and the contingency of differentiation depends minimally on TCR, coreceptor, and cytokine signals. In this reverse genetic study, we show that the MAPK Erk2 is not essential for T cell proliferation in the presence of optimum costimulation. Instead, it has opposite effects on T-bet and Gata3 expression and, hence, on Th1 and Th2 differentiation. Alternatively, in the presence of TGF-β, the Erk pathway suppresses a large program of gene expression, effectively limiting the differentiation of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. In the latter case, the mechanisms involved include suppression of Gata3 and Foxp3, induction of Tbx21, phosphorylation of Smad2,3, and possibly suppression of Socs2, a positive inducer of Stat5 signaling. Consequently, loss of Erk2 severely impeded Th1 differentiation while enhancing the development of Foxp3(+)-induced T regulatory cells. Selected profiles of gene expression under multiple conditions of T cell activation illustrate the opposing consequences of Erk pathway signaling.
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