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Gholamzad A, Khakpour N, Gholamzad M, Roudaki Sarvandani MR, Khosroshahi EM, Asadi S, Rashidi M, Hashemi M. Stem cell therapy for HTLV-1 induced adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL): A comprehensive review. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155172. [PMID: 38340584 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. The emerging field of stem cell therapies for ATLL is discussed, highlighting the potential of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and genetically modified stem cells. HSCT aims to eradicate malignant T-cells and restore a functional immune system through the infusion of healthy donor stem cells. Genetically modified stem cells show promise in enhancing their ability to target and eliminate ATLL cells. The article presents insights from preclinical studies and limited clinical trials, emphasizing the need for further research to establish the safety, efficacy, and long-term outcomes of stem cell therapies for ATLL and challenges associated with these innovative approaches are also explored. Overall, stem cell therapies hold significant potential in revolutionizing ATLL treatment, and ongoing clinical trials aim to determine their benefits in larger patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Gholamzad
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khakpour
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Gholamzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Elaheh Mohandesi Khosroshahi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Asadi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Li S, Si H, Song X, Lei C, He X, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Song JG, Peng L, Tang X, Chan S, Ren X, Tu Z, Li Z, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Ding K. Discovery of Hexahydrofuro[3,2- b]furans as New Kinase-Selective and Orally Bioavailable JAK3 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Leukemia Harboring a JAK3 Activating Mutant. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10674-10690. [PMID: 35860875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) is a potential target for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Herein, we report the discovery of a series of new orally bioavailable irreversible JAK3 kinase inhibitors. The representative compound 12n potently inhibited JAK3 kinase activity with an IC50 value of 1.2 nM and was more than 900-fold selective over JAK1, JAK2, and Tyk2. Cell-based assays revealed that 12n significantly suppressed phosphorylation of JAK3 and the downstream effectors STAT3/5 and also robustly restrained proliferation of BaF3 cells transfected with JAK3M511I activating mutation and human leukemia U937 cells harboring JAK3M511I with IC50 values of 22.9 and 20.2 nM, respectively. More importantly, 12n showed reasonable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and oral administration of 12n at a dose of 50 mg/kg twice daily led to tumor regression in a U937 cell inoculated xenograft mouse model. Thus, 12n represents a promising lead compound for further optimization to discover new therapeutic agents for hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongfei Si
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojuan Song
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Natural Products, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoqiang He
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yiling Liu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Guo Song
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijie Peng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xia Tang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shingpan Chan
- Guangzhou Lixin Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaomei Ren
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhengchao Tu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Natural Products, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ke Ding
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Natural Products, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital (Huaqiao Hospital), Jinan University, #601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
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Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway was discovered more than a quarter-century ago. As a fulcrum of many vital cellular processes, the JAK/STAT pathway constitutes a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module and induces the expression of various critical mediators of cancer and inflammation. Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway is associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the composition, activation, and regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Moreover, we highlight the role of the JAK/STAT pathway and its inhibitors in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Maorong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
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Hu X, Li J, Fu M, Zhao X, Wang W. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway: from bench to clinic. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:402. [PMID: 34824210 PMCID: PMC8617206 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 238.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway was discovered more than a quarter-century ago. As a fulcrum of many vital cellular processes, the JAK/STAT pathway constitutes a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module and induces the expression of various critical mediators of cancer and inflammation. Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway is associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the composition, activation, and regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Moreover, we highlight the role of the JAK/STAT pathway and its inhibitors in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Maorong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
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Untwining Anti-Tumor and Immunosuppressive Effects of JAK Inhibitors-A Strategy for Hematological Malignancies? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112611. [PMID: 34073410 PMCID: PMC8197909 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is aberrantly activated in many malignancies. Inhibition of this pathway via JAK inhibitors (JAKinibs) is therefore an attractive therapeutic strategy underlined by Ruxolitinib (JAK1/2 inhibitor) being approved for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms. As a consequence of the crucial role of the JAK-STAT pathway in the regulation of immune responses, inhibition of JAKs suppresses the immune system. This review article provides a thorough overview of the current knowledge on JAKinibs’ effects on immune cells in the context of hematological malignancies. We also discuss the potential use of JAKinibs for the treatment of diseases in which lymphocytes are the source of the malignancy. Abstract The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway propagates signals from a variety of cytokines, contributing to cellular responses in health and disease. Gain of function mutations in JAKs or STATs are associated with malignancies, with JAK2V617F being the main driver mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Therefore, inhibition of this pathway is an attractive therapeutic strategy for different types of cancer. Numerous JAK inhibitors (JAKinibs) have entered clinical trials, including the JAK1/2 inhibitor Ruxolitinib approved for the treatment of MPN. Importantly, loss of function mutations in JAK-STAT members are a cause of immune suppression or deficiencies. MPN patients undergoing Ruxolitinib treatment are more susceptible to infections and secondary malignancies. This highlights the suppressive effects of JAKinibs on immune responses, which renders them successful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases but potentially detrimental for cancer patients. Here, we review the current knowledge on the effects of JAKinibs on immune cells in the context of hematological malignancies. Furthermore, we discuss the potential use of JAKinibs for the treatment of diseases in which lymphocytes are the source of malignancies. In summary, this review underlines the necessity of a robust immune profiling to provide the best benefit for JAKinib-treated patients.
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Deregulation of the Interleukin-7 Signaling Pathway in Lymphoid Malignancies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050443. [PMID: 34066732 PMCID: PMC8151260 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) and its receptor are critical for lymphoid cell development. The loss of IL-7 signaling causes severe combined immunodeficiency, whereas gain-of-function alterations in the pathway contribute to malignant transformation of lymphocytes. Binding of IL-7 to the IL-7 receptor results in the activation of the JAK-STAT, PI3K-AKT and Ras-MAPK pathways, each contributing to survival, cell cycle progression, proliferation and differentiation. Here, we discuss the role of deregulated IL-7 signaling in lymphoid malignancies of B- and T-cell origin. Especially in T-cell leukemia, more specifically in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, a high frequency of mutations in components of the IL-7 signaling pathway are found, including alterations in IL7R, IL2RG, JAK1, JAK3, STAT5B, PTPN2, PTPRC and DNM2 genes.
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Janus Kinases in Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040800. [PMID: 33672930 PMCID: PMC7918039 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) transduce signals from dozens of extracellular cytokines and function as critical regulators of cell growth, differentiation, gene expression, and immune responses. Deregulation of JAK/STAT signaling is a central component in several human diseases including various types of leukemia and other malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Different types of leukemia harbor genomic aberrations in all four JAKs (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2), most of which are activating somatic mutations and less frequently translocations resulting in constitutively active JAK fusion proteins. JAKs have become important therapeutic targets and currently, six JAK inhibitors have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of both autoimmune diseases and hematological malignancies. However, the efficacy of the current drugs is not optimal and the full potential of JAK modulators in leukemia is yet to be harnessed. This review discusses the deregulation of JAK-STAT signaling that underlie the pathogenesis of leukemia, i.e., mutations and other mechanisms causing hyperactive cytokine signaling, as well as JAK inhibitors used in clinic and under clinical development.
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Favoino E, Prete M, Catacchio G, Ruscitti P, Navarini L, Giacomelli R, Perosa F. Working and safety profiles of JAK/STAT signaling inhibitors. Are these small molecules also smart? Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102750. [PMID: 33482338 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway is an important intracellular route through which many different extracellular soluble molecules, by reaching membrane receptors, can signal the nucleus. The spectrum of soluble molecules that use the JAK/STAT pathway through their corresponding receptors is quite large (almost 50 different molecules), and includes some cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of many immune-mediated diseases. Such diseases, when left untreated, present an evident hyperactivation of JAK/STAT signaling. Therefore, given the pathogenetic role of JAK/STAT, drugs known as JAK inhibitors (JAKi), that target one or more JAKs, have been developed to counteract JAK/STAT signal hyperactivation. As some hematological malignancies present an intrinsic JAK/STAT hyperactivation due to a JAK mutation, some JAKi have also been successfully used in this context. Regulatory agencies for drug administration in different countries have already approved a few JAKi in the setting of either immune-mediated diseases or hematological malignancies. Aim of this review is to describe the physiology of intracellular JAK/STAT pathway signaling and the pathological conditions associated to its dysregulation. Then, the rationale for targeting JAK in rheumatic autoimmune diseases is discussed, along with clinical data from registration studies showing the efficacy of these drugs. Finally, the excellent safety profile of JAKi is discussed in the context of the apparent poor specificity of JAK/STAT pathway signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Favoino
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Italy
| | - Marcella Prete
- Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Italy
| | - Giacomo Catacchio
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Italy
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Luca Navarini
- Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome 'Campus Biomedico', Italy
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome 'Campus Biomedico', Italy
| | - Federico Perosa
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Italy.
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Tsai YC, Tsai TF. Oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and immunosuppressants with antiviral potential, including SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2020; 12:1759720X20947296. [PMID: 32952617 PMCID: PMC7476354 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x20947296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been several episodes of viral infection evolving into epidemics in recent decades, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the latest example. Its high infectivity and moderate mortality have resulted in an urgent need to find an effective treatment modality. Although the category of immunosuppressive drugs usually poses a risk of infection due to interference of the immune system, some of them have been found to exert antiviral properties and are already used in daily practice. Recently, hydroxychloroquine and baricitinib have been proposed as potential drugs for SARS-CoV-2. In fact, there are other immunosuppressants known with antiviral activities, including cyclosporine A, hydroxyurea, minocycline, mycophenolic acid, mycophenolate mofetil, leflunomide, tofacitinib, and thalidomide. The inherent antiviral activity could be a treatment choice for patients with coexisting rheumatological disorders and infections. Clinical evidence, their possible mode of actions and spectrum of antiviral activities are included in this review article. LAY SUMMARY Immunosuppressants often raise the concern of infection risks, especially for patients with underlying immune disorders. However, some disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) with inherent antiviral activity would be a reasonable choice in the situation of concomitant viral infections and flare up of autoimmune diseases. This review covers DMARDs of treatment potential for SARS-CoV-2 in part I, and antiviral mechanisms plus trial evidence for viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 in part II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. C. Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - T. F. Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Zhongshan S. Rd, Zhongzheng District, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
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Janus Kinase Mutations in Mice Lacking PU.1 and Spi-B Drive B Cell Leukemia through Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced DNA Damage. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00189-20. [PMID: 32631903 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00189-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is caused by genetic lesions in developing B cells that function as drivers for the accumulation of additional mutations in an evolutionary selection process. We investigated secondary drivers of leukemogenesis in a mouse model of B-ALL driven by PU.1/Spi-B deletion (Mb1-CreΔPB). Whole-exome-sequencing analysis revealed recurrent mutations in Jak3 (encoding Janus kinase 3), Jak1, and Ikzf3 (encoding Aiolos). Mutations with a high variant-allele frequency (VAF) were dominated by C→T transition mutations that were compatible with activation-induced cytidine deaminase, whereas the majority of mutations, with a low VAF, were dominated by C→A transversions associated with 8-oxoguanine DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor ruxolitinib delayed leukemia onset, reduced ROS and ROS-induced gene expression signatures, and altered ROS-induced mutational signatures. These results reveal that JAK mutations can alter the course of leukemia clonal evolution through ROS-induced DNA damage.
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Garrido-Trigo A, Salas A. Molecular Structure and Function of Janus Kinases: Implications for the Development of Inhibitors. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:S713-S724. [PMID: 32083640 PMCID: PMC7395311 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines can trigger multiple signalling pathways, including Janus tyrosine kinases [JAK] and signal transducers and activators of transcription [STATS] pathways. JAKs are cytoplasmic proteins that, following the binding of cytokines to their receptors, transduce the signal by phosphorylating STAT proteins which enter the nuclei and rapidly target gene promoters to regulate gene transcription. Due to the critical involvement of JAK proteins in mediating innate and adaptive immune responses, these family of kinases have become desirable pharmacological targets in inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In this review we provide an overview of the main cytokines that signal through the JAK/STAT pathway and the available in vivo evidence on mutant or deleted JAK proteins, and discuss the implications of pharmacologically targeting this kinase family in the context of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Garrido-Trigo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer [IDIBAPS] – CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Salas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer [IDIBAPS] – CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Corresponding author: Azucena Salas, PhD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer [IDIBAPS] – CIBEREHD, Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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Johansson P, Klein-Hitpass L, Budeus B, Kuhn M, Lauber C, Seifert M, Roeder I, Pförtner R, Stuschke M, Dührsen U, Eckstein A, Dürig J, Küppers R. Identifying Genetic Lesions in Ocular Adnexal Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphomas of the MALT Subtype by Whole Genome, Whole Exome and Targeted Sequencing. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040986. [PMID: 32316399 PMCID: PMC7225979 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of ocular adnexal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue-type (OAML) is not fully understood. We performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) and/or whole exome sequencing (WES) for 13 cases of OAML and sequenced 38 genes selected from this analysis in a large cohort of 82 OAML. Besides confirmation of frequent mutations in the genes transducin beta like 1 X-linked receptor 1 (TBL1XR1) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREBBP), we newly identifed JAK3 as a frequently mutated gene in OAML (11% of cases). In our retrospective cohort, JAK3 mutant cases had a shorter progression-free survival compared with unmutated cases. Other newly identified genes recurrently mutated in 5-10% of cases included members of the collagen family (collagen type XII alpha 1/2 (COL12A1, COL1A2)) and DOCK8. Evaluation of the WGS data of six OAML did not reveal translocations or a current infection of the lymphoma cells by viruses. Evaluation of the WGS data for copy number aberrations confirmed frequent loss of TNFAIP3, and revealed recurrent gains of the NOTCH target HES4, and of members of the CEBP transcription factor family. Overall, we identified several novel genes recurrently affected by point mutations or copy number alterations, but our study also indicated that the landscape of frequently (>10% of cases) mutated protein-coding genes in OAML is now largely known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Johansson
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (U.D.); (J.D.)
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.K.-H.); (B.B.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-201-723-85845
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.K.-H.); (B.B.); (R.K.)
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.K.-H.); (B.B.); (R.K.)
| | - Matthias Kuhn
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.K.); (C.L.); (M.S.); (I.R.)
| | - Chris Lauber
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.K.); (C.L.); (M.S.); (I.R.)
| | - Michael Seifert
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.K.); (C.L.); (M.S.); (I.R.)
| | - Ingo Roeder
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.K.); (C.L.); (M.S.); (I.R.)
| | - Roman Pförtner
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Evang. Huyssens-Stiftung/Knappschaft GmbH, University Hospital of Essen, 45136 Essen, Germany;
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Dührsen
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (U.D.); (J.D.)
| | - Anja Eckstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Molecular Ophthalmology Group, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Jan Dürig
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (U.D.); (J.D.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.K.-H.); (B.B.); (R.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 45147 Essen, Germany
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Deng H, Xu X, Hu L, Li J, Zhou D, Liu S, Luo P, He J, Weng S. A janus kinase from Scylla paramamosain activates JAK/STAT signaling pathway to restrain mud crab reovirus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:275-287. [PMID: 30936049 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
JAK/STAT signaling pathways are associated with the innate immune system and play important roles in mediating immune responses to virus infection. In this study, a Janus kinase gene from Scylla paramamosain (SpJAK) was cloned and characterized. The full length of SpJAK mRNA contains a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 304 bp, an open reading frame of 3300 bp and a 3' UTR of 302 bp. The SpJAK protein contains seven characteristic JAK homology domains (JH1 to JH7) and showed 60% identity (78% similarity), 20% identity (35% similarity), and 21% identity (37% similarity) to the Litopenaeus vannamei JAK (LvJAK) protein, the Drosophila melanogaster hopscotch protein, and the Homo sapiens JAK2 protein, respectively. The mRNA of SpJAK showed high expression in the brain and nerve but low expression in the hemocyte and muscle. Moreover, the expression of SpJAK was significantly upregulated by stimulation with mud crab reovirus (MCRV), poly(I:C), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. SpJAK significantly activated the STAT of S. paramamosain (SpSTAT) to translocate to the nucleus of Drosophila Schneider 2 cells. SpJAK significantly enhanced the activity of the promoter of the WSSV wsv069 gene that was activated significantly by SpSTAT by acting on the STAT-binding DNA motif. These results suggest that SpJAK activates the JAK/STAT pathway. Furthermore, silencing SpJAK in vivo resulted in the high mortality rate of MCRV-infected mud crabs and increased the viral load in tissues. Hence, SpJAK could play an important role in defense against MCRV in mud crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Lei Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Panpan Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China.
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China.
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Hammarén HM, Virtanen AT, Raivola J, Silvennoinen O. The regulation of JAKs in cytokine signaling and its breakdown in disease. Cytokine 2019; 118:48-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Are peptides a solution for the treatment of hyperactivated JAK3 pathways? Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:433-452. [PMID: 30929155 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
While the inactivation mutations that eliminate JAK3 function lead to the immunological disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency, activation mutations, causing constitutive JAK3 signaling, are known to trigger various types of cancer or are responsible for autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, or inflammatory bowel diseases. Treatment of hyperactivated JAK3 is still an obstacle, due to different sensibility of mutation types to conventional drugs and unwanted side effects, because these drugs are not absolutely specific for JAK3, thus inhibiting other members of the JAK family, too. Lack of information, in which way sole inhibition of JAK3 is necessary for elimination of the disease, calls for the development of isoform-specific JAK3 inhibitors. Beside this strategy, up to date peptides are a rising alternative as chemo- or immunotherapeutics, but still sparsely represented in drug development and clinical trials. Beyond a possible direct inhibition function, crossing the cancer cell membrane and interfering in disease-causing pathways or triggering apoptosis, peptides could be used in future as adjunct remedies to potentialize traditional therapy and preserve non-affected cells. To discuss such feasible topics, this review deals with the knowledge about the structure-function of JAK3 and the actual state-of-the-art of isoform-specific inhibitor development, as well as the function of currently approved drugs or those currently being tested in clinical trials. Furthermore, several strategies for the application of peptide-based drugs for cancer therapy and the physicochemical and structural relations to peptide efficacy are discussed, and an overview of peptide sequences, which were qualified for clinical trials, is given.
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Gadina M, Le MT, Schwartz DM, Silvennoinen O, Nakayamada S, Yamaoka K, O’Shea JJ. Janus kinases to jakinibs: from basic insights to clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019; 58:i4-i16. [PMID: 30806710 PMCID: PMC6657570 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are critical mediators of diverse immune and inflammatory diseases. Targeting cytokines and cytokine receptors with biologics has revolutionized the treatment of many of these diseases, but targeting intracellular signalling with Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (jakinibs) now represents a major new therapeutic advance. We are still in the first decade since these drugs were approved and there is still much to be learned about the mechanisms of action of these drugs and the practical use of these agents. Herein we will review cytokines that do, and just as importantly, do not signal by JAKs, as well as explain how this relates to both efficacy and side effects in various diseases. We will review new, next-generation selective jakinibs, as well as the prospects and challenges ahead in targeting JAKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mimi T Le
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Fimlab Laboratories University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yamaoka
- Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - John J O’Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Gadina M, Johnson C, Schwartz D, Bonelli M, Hasni S, Kanno Y, Changelian P, Laurence A, O'Shea JJ. Translational and clinical advances in JAK-STAT biology: The present and future of jakinibs. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:499-514. [PMID: 29999544 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ri0218-084r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this era, it is axiomatic that cytokines have critical roles in cellular development and differentiation, immune homeostasis, and host defense. Equally, dysregulation of cytokines is known to contribute to diverse inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders. In fact, the past 20 years have witnessed the rapid translation of basic discoveries in cytokine biology to multiple successful biological agents (mAbs and recombinant fusion proteins) that target cytokines. These targeted therapies have not only fundamentally changed the face of multiple immune-mediated diseases but have also unequivocally established the role of specific cytokines in human disease; cytokine biologists have many times over provided remarkable basic advances with direct clinical benefit. Numerous cytokines rely on the JAK-STAT pathway for signaling, and new, safe, and effective small molecule inhibitors have been developed for a range of disorders. In this review, we will briefly summarize basic discoveries in cytokine signaling and briefly comment on some major unresolved issues. We will review clinical data pertaining to the first generation of JAK inhibitors and their clinical indications, discuss additional opportunities for targeting this pathway, and lay out some of the challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Gadina
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catrina Johnson
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniella Schwartz
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Bonelli
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Hasni
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuka Kanno
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Changelian
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John J O'Shea
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Sun RF, Yu QQ, Young KH. Critically dysregulated signaling pathways and clinical utility of the pathway biomarkers in lymphoid malignancies. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2018; 4:29-44. [PMID: 29756121 PMCID: PMC5938286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence confirmed that many dysregulated signaling pathways and aberrant genetic alterations contribute to the oncogenesis and heterogeneity of lymphoid malignancies. Therapeutically targeting dysregulating signaling pathways and their hidden oncogenic biomarkers are becoming available, but did not show desired therapeutic effect in current clinical practice. It is meaningful to further understand the underlying mechanisms of the dysregulated signaling pathways and to address the potential utility of pathway-related biomarkers. To precisely identify the dysregulation of signaling pathways and the “driver” oncogenic biomarkers, as well as to develop reliable and reproducible risk-stratification based on biomarkers will be challenging. Nevertheless, pathway-based targeted therapy will raise the hope to improve the outcomes of the patients with lymphoid malignancies, especially with aggressive types, and the efficient utility of pathway-related biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of lymphoid malignancies may also be able to power precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Sun
- Tumor Biobank, Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013, China
| | - Qian-Qian Yu
- Tumor Biobank, Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013, China
| | - Ken H Young
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77025, USA
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Greenplate A, Wang K, Tripathi RM, Palma N, Ali SM, Stephens PJ, Miller VA, Shyr Y, Guo Y, Reddy NM, Kozhaya L, Unutmaz D, Chen X, Irish JM, Davé UP. Genomic Profiling of T-Cell Neoplasms Reveals Frequent JAK1 and JAK3 Mutations With Clonal Evasion From Targeted Therapies. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2018. [PMID: 30079384 PMCID: PMC6072266 DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The promise of precision oncology is that identification of genomic alterations will direct the rational use of molecularly targeted therapy. This approach is particularly applicable to neoplasms that are resistant to standard cytotoxic chemotherapy, like T-cell leukemias and lymphomas. In this study, we tested the feasibility of targeted next-generation sequencing in profiles of diverse T-cell neoplasms and focused on the therapeutic utility of targeting activated JAK1 and JAK3 in an index case. Patients and Methods Using Foundation One and Foundation One Heme assays, we performed genomic profiling on 91 consecutive T-cell neoplasms for alterations in 405 genes. The samples were sequenced to high uniform coverage with an Illumina HiSeq and averaged a coverage depth of greater than 500× for DNA and more than 8M total pairs for RNA. An index case of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), which was analyzed by targeted next-generation sequencing, is presented. T-PLL cells were analyzed by RNA-seq, in vitro drug testing, mass cytometry, and phospho-flow. Results One third of the samples had genomic aberrations in the JAK-STAT pathway, most often composed of JAK1 and JAK3 gain-of-function mutations. We present an index case of a patient with T-PLL with a clonal JAK1 V658F mutation that responded to ruxolitinib therapy. After relapse developed, an expanded clone that harbored mutant JAK3 M511I and downregulation of the phosphatase, CD45, was identified. We demonstrate that the JAK missense mutations were activating, caused pathway hyperactivation, and conferred cytokine hypersensitivity. Conclusion These results underscore the utility of profiling occurrences of resistance to standard regimens and support JAK enzymes as rational therapeutic targets for T-cell leukemias and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Wang
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA. Origimed, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Shyr
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yan Guo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | | | - Xueyan Chen
- University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Utpal P Davé
- R.L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Laribi K, Lemaire P, Sandrini J, Baugier de Materre A. Advances in the understanding and management of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104664-104686. [PMID: 29262669 PMCID: PMC5732835 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare T-cell neoplasm with an aggressive clinical course. Leukemic T-cells exhibit a post-thymic T-cell phenotype (Tdt-, CD1a-, CD5+, CD2+ and CD7+) and are generally CD4+/CD8-, but CD4+/CD8+ or CD8+/CD4- T-PLL have also been reported. The hallmark of T-PLL is the rearrangement of chromosome 14 involving genes for the subunits of the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex, leading to overexpression of the proto-oncogene TCL1. In addition, molecular analysis shows that T-PLL exhibits substantial mutational activation of the IL2RG-JAK1-JAK3-, STAT5B axis. T-PLL patients have a poor prognosis, due to a poor response to conventional chemotherapy. Monoclonal antibody therapy with antiCD52-alemtuzumab has considerably improved outcomes, but the responses to treatment are transient; hence, patients who achieve a response to therapy are considered for stem cell transplantation (SCT). This combined approach has extended the median survival to four years or more. Nevertheless, new approaches using well-tolerated therapies that target growth and survival signals are needed for most patients unable to receive intensive chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Laribi
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France
| | - Pierre Lemaire
- Laboratory of Biology and Hematology, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France
| | - Jeremy Sandrini
- Laboratory of Anatomopathology, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France
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Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ, Lim MS. New Insights into Lymphoma Pathogenesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 13:193-217. [PMID: 29140757 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lymphomas represent clonal proliferations of lymphocytes that are broadly classified based upon their maturity (peripheral or mature versus precursor) and lineage (B cell, T cell, and natural killer cell). Insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in lymphoma impact the classification of lymphoma and have significant implications for the diagnosis and clinical management of patients. Serial scientific and technologic advances over the last 30 years in immunology, cytogenetics, molecular biology, gene expression profiling, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, and, more recently, next-generation sequencing have contributed to greatly enhance our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms in lymphoma. Novel and emerging concepts that challenge our previously accepted paradigms about lymphoma biology and how these impact diagnosis, molecular testing, disease monitoring, drug development, and personalized and precision medicine for lymphoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojo S J Elenitoba-Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , .,Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Megan S Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , .,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells can generate tumors from only a small number of cells, whereas differentiated cancer cells cannot. The prominent feature of cancer stem cells is its ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple types of cancer cells. Cancer stem cells have several distinct tumorigenic abilities, including stem cell signal transduction, tumorigenicity, metastasis, and resistance to anticancer drugs, which are regulated by genetic or epigenetic changes. Like normal adult stem cells involved in various developmental processes and tissue homeostasis, cancer stem cells maintain their self-renewal capacity by activating multiple stem cell signaling pathways and inhibiting differentiation signaling pathways during cancer initiation and progression. Recently, many studies have focused on targeting cancer stem cells to eradicate malignancies by regulating stem cell signaling pathways, and products of some of these strategies are in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we describe the crucial features of cancer stem cells related to tumor relapse and drug resistance, as well as the new therapeutic strategy to target cancer stem cells named "differentiation therapy."
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Jin
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- 2 Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xun Jin
- 3 Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- 4 Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- 5 Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- 2 Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is central to signaling by receptors of diverse cytokines, growth factors, and other related molecules. Many of these receptors transmit anti-apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation signals that are critical for normal hematopoiesis and immune response. However, the JAK/STAT signaling pathway is deregulated in many hematologic malignancies, and as such is co-opted by malignant cells to promote their survival and proliferation. It has recently come to light that an alternative mechanism, wherein nuclear JAKs epigenetically modify the chromatin to increase gene expression independent of STATs, also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many hematologic malignancies. In this review, we will focus on common genetic alterations of the JAK family members in leukemia and lymphoma, and provide examples in which JAKs regulate gene expression by targeting the cancer epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Drennan
- a Department of Medicine and Carbone Cancer Center , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Lixin Rui
- a Department of Medicine and Carbone Cancer Center , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison , WI , USA
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24
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The effect of the JAK2 inhibitor TG101209 against T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is mediated by inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling and activation of the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106753-106763. [PMID: 29290986 PMCID: PMC5739771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that active JAK2 contributes to T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) development and that JAK inhibitors may be a potential treatment for T-ALL. In the current study, the JAK2 inhibitor TG101209 was used to treat T-ALL cell lines and primary T-ALL cells. The effects of TG101209 on T-ALL cells were determined, and the signaling proteins related to cell growth, apoptosis and autophagy were analysed. The results indicated that TG101209 significantly inhibited T-ALL cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanisms involved the suppression of the JAK2-STAT signaling pathway and activation of apoptosis or autophagy. Additionally, a JAK2 gene copy gain (FISH) and up-regulated JAK2, LC3 and Beclin1 expression (western blotting) were observed in T-ALL samples compared with healthy controls, which implied that JAK2 is a target for T-ALL treatment. TG101209 initiated apoptosis and autophagy in T-ALL cells; therefore, this JAK2 inhibitor may be a potential drug or alternative therapy for T-ALL.
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Waldmann TA. JAK/STAT pathway directed therapy of T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: Inspired by functional and structural genomics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 451:66-70. [PMID: 28214593 PMCID: PMC5469693 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the γc cytokine JAK/STAT signaling pathway assessed by STAT3 or STAT5b phosphorylation was present in a proportion of many T-cell malignancies. Activating mutations of STAT3/STAT5b and JAK1/3 were present in some but not in all cases with constitutive signaling pathway activation. Using shRNA analysis pSTAT malignant T-cell lines were addicted to JAKs/STATs whether they were mutated or not. Activating JAK/STAT mutations were not sufficient to support leukemic cell proliferation but only augmented upstream pathway signals. Functional cytokine receptors were required for pSTAT expression. Combining a JAK1/2 inhibitor with a Bcl-xL inhibitor navitoclax provided additive/synergistic activity with IL-2 dependent ATLL cell lines and in a mouse model of human IL-2 dependent ATLL. The insight that disorders of the γc/JAK/STAT system are pervasive suggests approaches including those that target gamma cytokines, their receptors or that use JAK kinase inhibitors may be of value in multicomponent therapy for T-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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26
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Li Q, Li B, Hu L, Ning H, Jiang M, Wang D, Liu T, Zhang B, Chen H. Identification of a novel functional JAK1 S646P mutation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:34687-34697. [PMID: 28410228 PMCID: PMC5471003 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival rate of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is approaching 90%, while the prognosis of adults remains poor due to the limited therapeutic approaches. In order to identify new targets for ALL, we performed whole-exome sequencing on four adults with B-ALL and discovered a somatic JAK1 S646P mutation. Sanger sequencing of JAK1 was conducted on 53 ALL patients, and two cases exhibited A639G and P960S mutations separately. Functional studies demonstrated that only JAK1 S646P mutation could activate multiple signaling pathways, drive cytokine-independent cell growth, and promote proliferation of malignant cells in nude mice. Moreover, a high sensitivity to the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib was observed in S646P mutant model. Exploration in a total of 209 ALL cases showed that JAK1 mutations occur at a frequency of 10.5% in T-ALL (2/19) and 1.6% in B-ALL (3/190). Collectively, our results suggested that JAK1 S646P is an activating mutation in vitro and in vivo. JAK-STAT pathway might represent a promising therapeutic target for ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Cell and Gene Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Botao Li
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Cell and Gene Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangding Hu
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Ning
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danhong Wang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Cell and Gene Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Cell and Gene Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Cell and Gene Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Eder-Azanza L, Hurtado C, Navarro-Herrera D, Aranaz P, Novo FJ, Vizmanos JL. p.Y317H is a new JAK2 gain-of-function mutation affecting the FERM domain in a myelofibrosis patient with CALR mutation. Haematologica 2017; 102:e328-e331. [PMID: 28473624 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.166439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Eder-Azanza
- University of Navarra, School of Sciences. Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, Pamplona.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hurtado
- University of Navarra, School of Sciences. Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, Pamplona.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Navarro-Herrera
- University of Navarra, School of Sciences. Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, Pamplona
| | - Paula Aranaz
- University of Navarra, School of Sciences. Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, Pamplona
| | - Francisco J Novo
- University of Navarra, School of Sciences. Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, Pamplona.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - José L Vizmanos
- University of Navarra, School of Sciences. Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, Pamplona .,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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28
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Banerjee S, Biehl A, Gadina M, Hasni S, Schwartz DM. JAK-STAT Signaling as a Target for Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases: Current and Future Prospects. Drugs 2017; 77:521-546. [PMID: 28255960 PMCID: PMC7102286 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 669] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transduction and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Many cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases use JAKs and STATs to transduce intracellular signals. Mutations in JAK and STAT genes cause a number of immunodeficiency syndromes, and polymorphisms in these genes are associated with autoimmune diseases. The success of small-molecule JAK inhibitors (Jakinibs) in the treatment of rheumatologic disease demonstrates that intracellular signaling pathways can be targeted therapeutically to treat autoimmunity. Tofacitinib, the first rheumatologic Jakinib, is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for rheumatoid arthritis and is currently under investigation for other autoimmune diseases. Many other Jakinibs are in preclinical development or in various phases of clinical trials. This review describes the JAK-STAT pathway, outlines its role in autoimmunity, and explains the rationale/pre-clinical evidence for targeting JAK-STAT signaling. The safety and clinical efficacy of the Jakinibs are reviewed, starting with the FDA-approved Jakinib tofacitinib, and continuing on to next-generation Jakinibs. Recent and ongoing studies are emphasized, with a focus on emerging indications for JAK inhibition and novel mechanisms of JAK-STAT signaling blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhasree Banerjee
- Rheumatology Fellowship and Training Branch, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Ann Biehl
- Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Hasni
- Lupus Clinical Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Waldmann TA, Chen J. Disorders of the JAK/STAT Pathway in T Cell Lymphoma Pathogenesis: Implications for Immunotherapy. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:533-550. [PMID: 28182501 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-110416-120628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Common gamma receptor-dependent cytokines and their JAK/STAT pathways play pivotal roles in T cell immunity. Abnormal activation of this system was pervasive in diverse T cell malignancies assessed by pSTAT3/pSTAT5 phosphorylation. Activating mutations were described in some but not all cases. JAK1 and STAT3 were required for proliferation and survival of these T cell lines whether or not JAKs or STATs were mutated. Activating JAK and STAT mutations were not sufficient to initiate leukemic cell proliferation but rather only augmented signals from upstream in the cytokine pathway. Activation required the full pathway, including cytokine receptors acting as scaffolds and docking sites for required downstream JAK/STAT proteins. JAK kinase inhibitors have depressed leukemic T cell line proliferation. The insight that JAK/STAT system activation is pervasive in T cell malignancies suggests novel therapeutic approaches that include antibodies to common gamma cytokines, inhibitors of cytokine-receptor interactions, and JAK kinase inhibitors that may revolutionize therapy for T cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
| | - Jing Chen
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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30
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Sun R, Wang J, Young KH. Oncogenic Signaling Pathways and Pathway-Based Therapeutic Biomarkers in Lymphoid Malignancies. Crit Rev Oncog 2017; 22:527-557. [PMID: 29604930 PMCID: PMC5961736 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2017020816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoma is characterized by heterogeneous biology, pathologic features, and clinical outcome. This has been proven by accumulating pathologic and molecular evidence attributed to underlying aberrant alterations at genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, protein, microenvironmental levels, and dysregulated oncogenic signaling pathways. In the era of precision medicine, targeting oncogenic pathways to design drugs and to optimize treatment regimens for the lymphoma patients is feasible and clinically significant. As such, further understanding of the biology and the mechanisms behind lymphoma development and identification of oncogenic pathway activation and pathway-based biomarkers to better design precise therapies are challenging but hopeful. Furthermore, pathway-based targeted therapies in combination with traditional chemotherapy, single specific targeted antibody therapy, and immunotherapy might raise the hope for the patients with lymphoma, especially for relapsed and refractory lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Tumor Biobank, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinfen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ken H. Young
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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31
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López C, Bergmann AK, Paul U, Murga Penas EM, Nagel I, Betts MJ, Johansson P, Ritgen M, Baumann T, Aymerich M, Jayne S, Russell RB, Campo E, Dyer MJS, Dürig J, Siebert R. Genes encoding members of the JAK-STAT pathway or epigenetic regulators are recurrently mutated in T-cell prolymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:265-73. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina López
- Institute for Human Genetics; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig Holstein; Kiel Germany
| | - Anke K. Bergmann
- Institute for Human Genetics; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig Holstein; Kiel Germany
- Department of Paediatrics; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig Holstein; Kiel Germany
| | - Ulrike Paul
- Institute for Human Genetics; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig Holstein; Kiel Germany
| | - Eva M. Murga Penas
- Institute for Human Genetics; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig Holstein; Kiel Germany
| | - Inga Nagel
- Institute for Human Genetics; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig Holstein; Kiel Germany
| | - Matthew J. Betts
- Cell Networks; Bioquant; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Patricia Johansson
- Department of Haematology; University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research); University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Matthias Ritgen
- Second Department of Medicine; University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein; Kiel Germany
| | - Tycho Baumann
- Department of Haematology; Hospital Clínic; Institut d′Investigaciones Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Barcelona Spain
| | - Marta Aymerich
- Haematopathology Unit; Hospital Clínic; Institut d′Investigaciones Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS); University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Sandrine Jayne
- Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Robert B. Russell
- Cell Networks; Bioquant; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Elias Campo
- Haematopathology Unit; Hospital Clínic; Institut d′Investigaciones Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS); University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Martin JS Dyer
- Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Jan Dürig
- Department of Haematology; University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute for Human Genetics; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig Holstein; Kiel Germany
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32
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Wilcox RA. A three-signal model of T-cell lymphoma pathogenesis. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:113-22. [PMID: 26408334 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T-cell lymphoma pathogenesis and classification have, until recently, remained enigmatic. Recently performed whole-exome sequencing and gene-expression profiling studies have significant implications for their classification and treatment. Recurrent genetic modifications in antigen ("signal 1"), costimulatory ("signal 2"), or cytokine receptors ("signal 3"), and the tyrosine kinases and other signaling proteins they activate, have emerged as important therapeutic targets in these lymphomas. Many of these genetic modifications do not function in a cell-autonomous manner, but require the provision of ligand(s) by constituents of the tumor microenvironment, further supporting the long-appreciated view that these lymphomas are dependent upon and driven by their microenvironment. Therefore, the seemingly disparate fields of genomics and immunology are converging. A unifying "3 signal model" for T-cell lymphoma pathogenesis that integrates these findings will be presented, and its therapeutic implications briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Wilcox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan
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Abstract
Mature T-cell leukemias are a group of uncommon lymphoid neoplasms. These disorders have widely variable clinical features, ranging from indolent, slowly progressive processes to diseases with rapidly progressive courses, leading to death. Cytogenetic aberrations have long been identified in some of these diseases, and recent studies have found recurrent genetic mutations that contribute to their pathogenesis. Conventional multiagent chemotherapy lacks significant efficacy in this group of diseases and therapies vary from immunosuppression to treatment with monoclonal antibodies, antiviral agents, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The recent expansion of knowledge regarding the underlying genetic basis of these disorders raises hope that new, more targeted therapeutic approaches will be available to patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael G Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, M5242 Medical Science 1 1301 Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Kojo S J Elenitoba-Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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34
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Springuel L, Renauld JC, Knoops L. JAK kinase targeting in hematologic malignancies: a sinuous pathway from identification of genetic alterations towards clinical indications. Haematologica 2015; 100:1240-53. [PMID: 26432382 PMCID: PMC4591756 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.132142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive JAK-STAT pathway activation occurs in most myeloproliferative neoplasms as well as in a significant proportion of other hematologic malignancies, and is frequently a marker of poor prognosis. The underlying molecular alterations are heterogeneous as they include activating mutations in distinct components (cytokine receptor, JAK, STAT), overexpression (cytokine receptor, JAK) or rare JAK2 fusion proteins. In some cases, concomitant loss of negative regulators contributes to pathogenesis by further boosting the activation of the cascade. Exploiting the signaling bottleneck provided by the limited number of JAK kinases is an attractive therapeutic strategy for hematologic neoplasms driven by constitutive JAK-STAT pathway activation. However, given the conserved nature of the kinase domain among family members and the interrelated roles of JAK kinases in many physiological processes, including hematopoiesis and immunity, broad usage of JAK inhibitors in hematology is challenged by their narrow therapeutic window. Novel therapies are, therefore, needed. The development of more selective inhibitors is a questionable strategy as such inhibitors might abrogate the beneficial contribution of alleviating the cancer-related pro-inflammatory microenvironment and raise selective pressure to a threshold that allows the emergence of malignant subclones harboring drug-resistant mutations. In contrast, synergistic combinations of JAK inhibitors with drugs targeting cascades that work in concert with JAK-STAT pathway appear to be promising therapeutic alternatives to JAK inhibitors as monotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Springuel
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Knoops
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium Hematology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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35
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Pilati C, Zucman-Rossi J. Mutations leading to constitutive active gp130/JAK1/STAT3 pathway. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:499-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nicot C. HTLV-I Tax-Mediated Inactivation of Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Repair Pathways Contribute to Cellular Transformation: "A Random Mutagenesis Model". ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 26835512 DOI: 10.13188/2377-9292.1000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To achieve cellular transformation, most oncogenic retroviruses use transduction by proto-oncogene capture or insertional mutagenesis, whereby provirus integration disrupts expression of tumor suppressors or proto-oncogenes. In contrast, the Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I) has been classified in a separate class referred to as "transactivating retroviruses". Current views suggest that the viral encoded Tax protein transactivates expression of cellular genes leading to deregulated growth and transformation. However, if Tax-mediated transactivation was indeed sufficient for cellular transformation, a fairly high frequency of infected cells would eventually become transformed. In contrast, the frequency of transformation by HTLV-I is very low, likely less than 5%. This review will discuss the current understanding and recent discoveries highlighting critical functions of Tax in cellular transformation. HTLV-I Tax carries out essential functions in order to override cell cycle checkpoints and deregulate cellular division. In addition, Tax expression is associated with increased DNA damage and genome instability. Since Tax can inhibit multiple DNA repair pathways and stimulate unfaithful DNA repair or bypass checkpoints, these processes allow accumulation of genetic mutations in the host genome. Given this, a "Random Mutagenesis" transformation model seems more suitable to characterize the oncogenic activities of HTLV-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, USA
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37
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Damlaj M, Sulai NH, Oliveira JL, Ketterling RP, Hashmi S, Witzig T, Nowakowski G, Call TG, Shanafelt TD, Ding W, Hogan WJ, Litzow MR, Patnaik MM. Impact of Alemtuzumab Therapy and Route of Administration in T-Prolymphocytic Leukemia: A Single-Center Experience. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 15:699-704. [PMID: 26422251 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2015.07.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis to determine the impact of the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab including route of administration compared to non-alemtuzumab-containing regimens in T-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was a retrospective analysis of a consecutive cohort of adult patients diagnosed with T-PLL at Mayo Clinic Rochester from January 1, 1997, through September 30, 2014. RESULTS A total of 41 patients were diagnosed with T-PLL per the World Health Organization 2008 classification. The median age was 66 years, and 23 (56%) were male. After a median follow-up of 18 months (range, 0.4-66.1 months), 32 patients (78%) had died, with a median overall survival of 16.9 months. Approximately half the cohort was treated with alemtuzumab, almost exclusively after 2004. Median survival for patients receiving intravenous alemtuzumab-based therapy was 40.5 versus 10.3 months for all other therapies (P = .0004). A significant survival difference between intravenous versus subcutaneous alemtuzumab administration of 40.5 versus 13.7 months was noted (P = .0014). Only 4 (14%) of 28 patients aged < 70 years underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with a median survival after transplantation of 4 months. CONCLUSION In this large series of T-PLL patients treated at a single tertiary-care center, we confirmed the prior observation of the superiority of intravenous alemtuzumab over other therapies. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was feasible in a minority of potentially eligible patients. Early transplant referral should be considered for all eligible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussab Damlaj
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Nanna H Sulai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jennifer L Oliveira
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Rhett P Ketterling
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Shahrukh Hashmi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Thomas Witzig
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Timothy G Call
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Tait D Shanafelt
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - William J Hogan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mark R Litzow
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mrinal M Patnaik
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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38
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Lu J, Yin J, Dong R, Yang T, Yuan L, Zang L, Xu C, Peng B, Zhao J, Du X. Targeted sequencing of cancer-associated genes in hepatocellular carcinoma using next generation sequencing. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4678-4682. [PMID: 26096009 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-associated mortality. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major histological subtype among types of primary liver cancer. China is an area of high incidence of HCC, and >50% of the cases of HCC worldwide are in China. At present, the mechanism underlying the development of HCC remains to be fully elucidated, and previous studies have predominantly focused on HCC in southern and eastern China, with molecular data of the HCC cases in Western China remains limited. In the present study, a panel of 372 cancer‑associated genes were screened using a next generation sequencing platform, which included a total of 12 cases from western China. The results confirmed mutations in previously identified HCC drivers, including p53 and Kras. Additionally, mutations in several cancer genes, which had not been previously associated with HCC, were identified, including RUNX1 and JAK3. The present study provided a mutation spectrum of HCC tissue in cases from western China, assisting in the investigation of the mechanism of liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Jikai Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Li Zang
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Zhangjiang Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Zhangjiang Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jiangman Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Zhangjiang Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xilin Du
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
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39
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Whole-genome sequencing reveals oncogenic mutations in mycosis fungoides. Blood 2015; 126:508-19. [PMID: 26082451 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-611194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), is unknown. Although genetic alterations have been identified, none are considered consistently causative in MF. To identify potential drivers of MF, we performed whole-genome sequencing of MF tumors and matched normal skin. Targeted ultra-deep sequencing of MF samples and exome sequencing of CTCL cell lines were also performed. Multiple mutations were identified that affected the same pathways, including epigenetic, cell-fate regulation, and cytokine signaling, in MF tumors and CTCL cell lines. Specifically, interleukin-2 signaling pathway mutations, including activating Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) mutations, were detected. Treatment with a JAK3 inhibitor significantly reduced CTCL cell survival. Additionally, the mutation data identified 2 other potential contributing factors to MF, ultraviolet light, and a polymorphism in the tumor suppressor p53 (TP53). Therefore, genetic alterations in specific pathways in MF were identified that may be viable, effective new targets for treatment.
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Scott LM, Gandhi MK. Deregulated JAK/STAT signalling in lymphomagenesis, and its implications for the development of new targeted therapies. Blood Rev 2015; 29:405-15. [PMID: 26123794 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling has implicated several intracellular signalling cascades, including the JAK/STAT pathway, in the pathogenesis of particular subtypes of lymphoma. In marked contrast to the situation in patients with either acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or a myeloproliferative neoplasm, JAK2 coding sequence mutations are rare in lymphoma patients with an activated JAK/STAT "signature". This is instead the consequence of mutational events that result in the increased expression of non-mutated JAK2; positively or negatively affect the activity of other components of the JAK/STAT pathway; or establish an autocrine signalling loop that drives JAK-mediated cytokine-independent proliferation. Here, we detail these genetic lesions, their functional consequences, and impact on patient outcome. In light of the approval of a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor for the treatment of myelofibrosis, and preliminary studies evaluating the efficacy of other JAK inhibitors, the therapeutic potential of compounds that target JAK/STAT signalling in the treatment of patients with lymphoma is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Scott
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Maher K Gandhi
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Guo Y, Arakawa F, Miyoshi H, Niino D, Kawano R, Ohshima K. Activated janus kinase 3 expression not by activating mutations identified in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. Pathol Int 2015; 64:263-6. [PMID: 24965108 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells, that plays an essential role in hematopoiesis during T cell development. JAK3 somatic-activating mutations were identified in extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphomas (ENKTL) in recent cases in Singapore. We hypothesized these mutations might play an important role in the pathogenesis of T and NK cell neoplasms in other areas of the world. We performed JAK3 exon13 sequencing for different types of T and NK cell neoplasms including ENKTL (59 cases total). We identified four mutations in three (5.0%) cases. All of the mutations were from ENKTL cases (15.8%). Among the four newly found mutations, three are silent mutations and one introduces a stop codon, which was not an activating mutation as in the cases in Singapore. We detected four (30.8%) cases positive for phosphorylated JAK3 expression among 13 NKTCL cases when we performed JAK3 (phospho Y785) immunostaining on sections of ENKTL samples. It seems that phosphorylated JAK3 expression does not necessarily harbor exon 13 mutations. The mechanism responsible for activating expression of the gene will be a topic for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Nakagawa M, Schmitz R, Xiao W, Goldman CK, Xu W, Yang Y, Yu X, Waldmann TA, Staudt LM. Gain-of-function CCR4 mutations in adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2497-505. [PMID: 25488980 PMCID: PMC4267233 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive malignancy without a cure. Louis Staudt and colleagues identified gain-of-function mutations in the chemokine receptor CCR4 in ATLL patient samples. The mutations increased cell migration and conferred a growth advantage in ATLL cells. The findings implicate CCR4 mutations in the pathogenesis of ATLL and suggest that inhibition of CCR4 signaling may provide therapeutic potential. Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive malignancy caused by human T cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) without curative treatment at present. To illuminate the pathogenesis of ATLL we performed whole transcriptome sequencing of purified ATLL patient samples and discovered recurrent somatic mutations in CCR4, encoding CC chemokine receptor 4. CCR4 mutations were detected in 14/53 ATLL samples (26%) and consisted exclusively of nonsense or frameshift mutations that truncated the coding region at C329, Q330, or Y331 in the carboxy terminus. Functionally, the CCR4-Q330 nonsense isoform was gain-of-function because it increased cell migration toward the CCR4 ligands CCL17 and CCL22, in part by impairing receptor internalization. This mutant enhanced PI(3) kinase/AKT activation after receptor engagement by CCL22 in ATLL cells and conferred a growth advantage in long-term in vitro cultures. These findings implicate somatic gain-of-function CCR4 mutations in the pathogenesis of ATLL and suggest that inhibition of CCR4 signaling might have therapeutic potential in this refractory malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nakagawa
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Roland Schmitz
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wenming Xiao
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Carolyn K Goldman
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Weihong Xu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yandan Yang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xin Yu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Abstract
The acquisition of growth signal self-sufficiency is 1 of the hallmarks of cancer. We previously reported that the murine interleukin-9-dependent TS1 cell line gives rise to growth factor-independent clones with constitutive activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. Here, we show that this transforming event results from activating mutations either in JAK1, JAK3, or in both kinases. Transient and stable expression of JAK1 and/or JAK3 mutants showed that each mutant induces STAT activation and that their coexpression further increases this activation. The proliferation of growth factor-independent TS1 clones can be efficiently blocked by JAK inhibitors such as ruxolitinib or CMP6 in short-term assays. However, resistant clones occur upon long-term culture in the presence of inhibitors. Surprisingly, resistance to CMP6 was not caused by the acquisition of secondary mutations in the adenosine triphosphate-binding pocket of the JAK mutant. Indeed, cells that originally showed a JAK1-activating mutation became resistant to inhibitors by acquiring another activating mutation in JAK3, whereas cells that originally showed a JAK3-activating mutation became resistant to inhibitors by acquiring another activating mutation in JAK1. These observations underline the cooperation between JAK1 and JAK3 mutants in T-cell transformation and represent a new mechanism of acquisition of resistance against JAK inhibitors.
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JAK3 mutants transform hematopoietic cells through JAK1 activation, causing T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a mouse model. Blood 2014; 124:3092-100. [PMID: 25193870 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-566687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
JAK3 is a tyrosine kinase that associates with the common γ chain of cytokine receptors and is recurrently mutated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). We tested the transforming properties of JAK3 pseudokinase and kinase domain mutants using in vitro and in vivo assays. Most, but not all, JAK3 mutants transformed cytokine-dependent Ba/F3 or MOHITO cell lines to cytokine-independent proliferation. JAK3 pseudokinase mutants were dependent on Jak1 kinase activity for cellular transformation, whereas the JAK3 kinase domain mutant could transform cells in a Jak1 kinase-independent manner. Reconstitution of the IL7 receptor signaling complex in 293T cells showed that JAK3 mutants required receptor binding to mediate downstream STAT5 phosphorylation. Mice transplanted with bone marrow progenitor cells expressing JAK3 mutants developed a long-latency transplantable T-ALL-like disease, characterized by an accumulation of immature CD8(+) T cells. In vivo treatment of leukemic mice with the JAK3 selective inhibitor tofacitinib reduced the white blood cell count and caused leukemic cell apoptosis. Our data show that JAK3 mutations are drivers of T-ALL and require the cytokine receptor complex for transformation. These results warrant further investigation of JAK1/JAK3 inhibitors for the treatment of T-ALL.
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Hatzimichael E, Tsolas E, Briasoulis E. Profile of pacritinib and its potential in the treatment of hematologic disorders. J Blood Med 2014; 5:143-52. [PMID: 25170285 PMCID: PMC4145824 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s51253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pacritinib (previously known as SB-1518) is an innovative selective inhibitor of Janus kinase 2 and FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 providing potential in the treatment of hematological malignancies such as myeloproliferative neoplasias, acute myeloid leukemia, and various lymphomas. Pacritinib has potent antiproliferative activity in Janus kinase 2 and/or FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 activity-dependent cell lines and an ability to promote apoptosis and inhibit the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway. Pharmacokinetic studies have indicated a good per os bioavailability and favorable kinetic parameters. To date, promising results have been produced in five completed early-phase clinical trials in which pacritinib has been studied. Pacritinib displayed interesting activity and an acceptable safety profile, with mild to moderate gastrointestinal disorders being its most common adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evangelos Tsolas
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Hanna DMT, Fellowes A, Vedururu R, Mechinaud F, Hansford JR. A unique case of refractory primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma with JAK3 mutation and the role for targeted therapy. Haematologica 2014; 99:e156-8. [PMID: 24837469 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.108142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diane M T Hanna
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Fellowes
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ravikiran Vedururu
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jordan R Hansford
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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Sakata-Yanagimoto M, Enami T, Yokoyama Y, Chiba S. Disease-specific mutations in mature lymphoid neoplasms: recent advances. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:623-9. [PMID: 24689848 PMCID: PMC4317900 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature lymphoid neoplasms (MLN) are clinically and pathologically more complex than precursor lymphoid neoplasms. Until recently, molecular characterization of MLN was mainly based on cytogenetics/fluorescence in situ hybridization, allele copy number, and mRNA expression, approaches that yielded scanty gene mutation information. Use of massive parallel sequencing technologies has changed this outcome, and now many gene mutations have been discovered. Some of these are considerably frequent in, and substantially specific to, distinct MLN subtypes, and occur at single or several hotspots. They include the V600E BRAF mutation in hairy cell leukemia, the L265P MYD88 mutation in Waldenström macroglobulinemia, the G17V RHOA mutation in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, and the Y640F//D661Y/V/H/I//N647I STAT3 mutations in T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Detecting these mutations is highly valuable in diagnosing MLN subtypes. Defining these mutations also sheds light on the molecular pathogenesis of MLN, furthering development of molecular targeting therapies. In this review, we focus on the disease-specific gene mutations in MLN discovered by recent massive sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Sakata-Yanagimoto
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Hematology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
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Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is an active mediator of cytokine signaling in the pathogenesis of solid and hematologic malignancies. The seven-member STAT family is composed of latent cytoplasmic transcription factors that are activated by phosphorylation intertwined in a network with activation that ultimately leads to cell proliferation. An activated kinase enzyme phosphorylates one STAT factor or more, which shuttle to the nucleus to regulate gene expression, promoting cell survival. Somatic STAT3 mutations have been recently reported in large granular lymphocytic leukemia, aplastic anemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Furthermore, the relationship between BCL6 and STAT3 in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, particularly on the activated B-cell subtype, needs to be further explored. The search for therapeutic STAT3 inhibitors that abrogate the JAK/STAT pathway is currently under way. Targeting the STAT pathway, which seems to be critical in tumorigenesis, is promising for multiple malignancies including lymphoma and leukemia. In this paper, we review mechanisms of action, failures, and successes of STAT3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Munoz
- Hematology-Oncology, Banner, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA; Hematology-Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Departments of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program) and Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Mughal TI, Girnius S, Rosen ST, Kumar S, Wiestner A, Abdel-Wahab O, Kiladjian JJ, Wilson WH, Van Etten RA. Emerging therapeutic paradigms to target the dysregulated Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway in hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:1968-79. [PMID: 24206094 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.863307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been increasing biochemical evidence that the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is aberrantly activated in malignant cells from patients with a wide spectrum of cancers of the blood and immune systems. The emerging availability of small molecule inhibitors of JAK and other signaling molecules in the JAK/STAT pathway has allowed preclinical studies validating an important role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of many hematologic malignancies, and provided motivation for new strategies for treatment of these diseases. Here, a round-table panel of experts review the current preclinical and clinical landscape of the JAK/STAT pathway in acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemias, lymphomas and myeloma, and chronic myeloid neoplasms.
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Clark JD, Flanagan ME, Telliez JB. Discovery and development of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors for inflammatory diseases. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5023-38. [PMID: 24417533 DOI: 10.1021/jm401490p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that play an essential role in the signaling of numerous cytokines that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. As a consequence, the JAKs have received significant attention in recent years from the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries as therapeutic targets. Here, we provide a review of the JAK pathways, the structure, function, and activation of the JAK enzymes followed by a detailed look at the JAK inhibitors currently in the clinic or approved for these indications. Finally, a perspective is provided on what the past decade of research with JAK inhibitors for inflammatory indications has taught along with thoughts on what the future may hold in terms of addressing the opportunities and challenges that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Clark
- Pfizer Immunosciences , 200 CambridgePark, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
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