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Wood S, Branch J, Vasquez P, DeGuzman MM, Brown A, Sagcal-Gironella AC, Singla S, Ramirez A, Vogel TP. Th17/1 and ex-Th17 cells are detected in patients with polyarticular juvenile arthritis and increase following treatment. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2024; 22:32. [PMID: 38431635 PMCID: PMC10908086 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-024-00965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of the pathogenesis of polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (polyJIA) is needed to aide in the development of data-driven approaches to guide selection between therapeutic options. One inflammatory pathway of interest is JAK-STAT signaling. STAT3 is a transcription factor critical to the differentiation of inflammatory T helper 17 cells (Th17s). Previous studies have demonstrated increased STAT3 activation in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but less is known about STAT3 activation in polyJIA. We hypothesized that Th17 cells and STAT3 activation would be increased in treatment-naïve polyJIA patients compared to pediatric controls. METHODS Blood from 17 patients with polyJIA was collected at initial diagnosis and again if remission was achieved (post-treatment). Pediatric healthy controls were also collected. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and CD4 + T cell subsets and STAT activation (phosphorylation) were evaluated using flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests. RESULTS Treatment-naïve polyJIA patients had increased Th17 cells (CD3 + CD4 + interleukin(IL)-17 +) compared to controls (0.15% v 0.44%, p < 0.05), but Tregs (CD3 + CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 +) from patients did not differ from controls. Changes in STAT3 phosphorylation in CD4 + T cells following ex vivo stimulation were not significantly different in patients compared to controls. We identified dual IL-17 + and interferon (IFN)γ + expressing CD4 + T cells in patients, but not controls. Further, both Th17/1 s (CCR6 + CD161 + IFNγ + IL-17 +) and ex-Th17s (CCR6 + CD161 + IFNγ + IL-17neg) were increased in patients' post-treatment (Th17/1: 0.3% v 0.07%, p < 0.05 and ex-Th17s: 2.3% v 1.4%, p < 0.05). The patients with the highest IL-17 expressing cells post-treatment remained therapy-bound. CONCLUSIONS Patients with polyJIA have increased baseline Th17 cells, potentially reflecting higher tonic STAT3 activation in vivo. These quantifiable immune markers may identify patients that would benefit upfront from pathway-focused biologic therapies. Our data also suggest that inflammatory CD4 + T cell subsets not detected in controls but increased in post-treatment samples should be further evaluated as a tool to stratify patients in remission on medication. Future work will explore these proposed diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wood
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street Suite 330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street Suite 330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Justin Branch
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street Suite 330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street Suite 330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Priscilla Vasquez
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street Suite 330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marietta M DeGuzman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street Suite 330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amanda Brown
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street Suite 330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anna Carmela Sagcal-Gironella
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street Suite 330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Saimun Singla
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street Suite 330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andrea Ramirez
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street Suite 330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tiphanie P Vogel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street Suite 330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street Suite 330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Luo X, Tang X. Single-cell RNA sequencing in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Genes Dis 2024; 11:633-644. [PMID: 37692495 PMCID: PMC10491939 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases in children, with onset before age 16 and lasting for more than 6 weeks. JIA is a highly heterogeneous condition with various consequences for health and quality of life. For some JIA patients, early detection and intervention remain challenging. As a result, further investigation of the complex and unknown mechanisms underlying JIA is required. Advances in technology now allow us to describe the biological heterogeneity and function of individual cell populations in JIA. Through this review, we hope to provide novel ideas and potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of JIA by summarizing the current findings of single-cell RNA sequencing studies and understanding how the major cell subsets drive JIA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xuemei Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
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Nijhuis L, Swart JF, Prakken BJ, van Loosdregt J, Vastert SJ. The clinical and experimental treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:276-287. [PMID: 37074076 PMCID: PMC10571000 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children and comprises of multiple subtypes. The most relevant disease subtypes, grouped upon current insight in disease mechanisms, are nonsystemic (oligo- and polyarticular) JIA and systemic JIA (sJIA). In this review, we summarize some of the main proposed mechanisms of disease in both nonsystemic and sJIA and discuss how current therapeutic modalities target some of the pathogenic immune pathways. Chronic inflammation in nonsystemic JIA is the result of a complex interplay between effector and regulatory immune cell subsets, with adaptive immune cells, specifically T-cell subsets and antigen-presenting cells, in a central role. There is, however, also innate immune cell contribution. SJIA is nowadays recognized as an acquired chronic inflammatory disorder with striking autoinflammatory features in the first phase of the disease. Some sJIA patients develop a refractory disease course, with indications for involvement of adaptive immune pathways as well. Currently, therapeutic strategies are directed at suppressing effector mechanisms in both non-systemic and sJIA. These strategies are often not yet optimally tuned nor timed to the known active mechanisms of disease in individual patients in both non-systemic and sJIA. We discuss current treatment strategies in JIA, specifically the 'Step-up' and 'Treat to Target approach' and explore how increased insight into the biology of disease may translate into future more targeted strategies for this chronic inflammatory disease at relevant time points: preclinical disease, active disease, and clinically inactive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nijhuis
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of pediatric rheumatology & immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J F Swart
- Department of pediatric rheumatology & immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B J Prakken
- Department of pediatric rheumatology & immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J van Loosdregt
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S J Vastert
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of pediatric rheumatology & immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Heckert SL, Hissink-Muller PCE, van den Berg JM, Schonenberg-Meinema D, van Suijlekom-Smit LWA, van Rossum MAJ, Koopman Y, Ten Cate R, Brinkman DMC, Huizinga TWJ, Allaart CF, Bergstra SA. Patterns of clinical joint inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. RMD Open 2023; 9:rmdopen-2022-002941. [PMID: 36927851 PMCID: PMC10030666 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We studied patterns of joint inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) to assess whether joint activity recurs locally in the same joints. METHODS Joints of 91 patients of the BeSt for Kids study, a treat-to-target trial for children with recent-onset oligoarticular, rheumatoid factor-negative polyarticular and psoriatic JIA, were clinically assessed during 2 years (10 study visits). The association between joint inflammation at baseline and later inflammation in the same joint was assessed using a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model at joint level. With a Poisson model, the association between baseline joint inflammation and the number of study visits at which the same joint was recurrently inflamed was tested. RESULTS Of the 6097 joints studied, 15% (897) was clinically inflamed at baseline. In 42% (377/897) of those joints, inflammation recurred during follow-up. Joint inflammation at baseline was statistically significantly associated with joint inflammation during follow-up in the same joint (OR 3.9, 95% CI 3.5 to 4.4) and specifically with the number of episodes of recurrent joint inflammation (IRR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.1). CONCLUSION In JIA, joint inflammation has the tendency to recur multiple times in joints that are clinically inflamed at disease onset. This indicates that local factors might play a role in the processes contributing to the occurrence of JIA flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha L Heckert
- Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Petra C E Hissink-Muller
- Paediatrics/Pediatric Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center Willem Alexander Childrens Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Merlijn van den Berg
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Childrens' Hospital UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dieneke Schonenberg-Meinema
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Childrens' Hospital UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marion A J van Rossum
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Childrens' Hospital UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, location Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Koopman
- Pediatrics, Haga Hospital Juliana Children's Hospital, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Ten Cate
- Paediatrics/Pediatric Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center Willem Alexander Childrens Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle M C Brinkman
- Paediatrics/Pediatric Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center Willem Alexander Childrens Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mijnheer G, Servaas NH, Leong JY, Boltjes A, Spierings E, Chen P, Lai L, Petrelli A, Vastert S, de Boer RJ, Albani S, Pandit A, van Wijk F. Compartmentalization and persistence of dominant (regulatory) T cell clones indicates antigen skewing in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. eLife 2023; 12:79016. [PMID: 36688525 PMCID: PMC9995115 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune inflammation is characterized by tissue infiltration and expansion of antigen-specific T cells. Although this inflammation is often limited to specific target tissues, it remains yet to be explored whether distinct affected sites are infiltrated with the same, persistent T cell clones. Here, we performed CyTOF analysis and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing to study immune cell composition and (hyper-)expansion of circulating and joint-derived Tregs and non-Tregs in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). We studied different joints affected at the same time, as well as over the course of relapsing-remitting disease. We found that the composition and functional characteristics of immune infiltrates are strikingly similar between joints within one patient, and observed a strong overlap between dominant T cell clones, especially Treg, of which some could also be detected in circulation and persisted over the course of relapsing-remitting disease. Moreover, these T cell clones were characterized by a high degree of sequence similarity, indicating the presence of TCR clusters responding to the same antigens. These data suggest that in localized autoimmune disease, there is autoantigen-driven expansion of both Teffector and Treg clones that are highly persistent and are (re)circulating. These dominant clones might represent interesting therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerdien Mijnheer
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Nila Hendrika Servaas
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jing Yao Leong
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the AcademiaSingaporeSingapore
| | - Arjan Boltjes
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Eric Spierings
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Phyllis Chen
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the AcademiaSingaporeSingapore
| | - Liyun Lai
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the AcademiaSingaporeSingapore
| | - Alessandra Petrelli
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Vastert
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Rob J de Boer
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Salvatore Albani
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the AcademiaSingaporeSingapore
| | - Aridaman Pandit
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
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Boltjes A, Samat AAK, Plantinga M, Mokry M, Castelijns B, Swart JF, Vastert SJ, Creyghton M, Nierkens S, van Loosdregt J, van Wijk F. Conventional dendritic cells type 1 are strongly enriched, quiescent and relatively tolerogenic in local inflammatory arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1101999. [PMID: 36685500 PMCID: PMC9846246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dendritic cells (DC) are crucial for initiating and shaping immune responses. So far, little is known about the functional specialization of human DC subsets in (local) inflammatory conditions. We profiled conventional (c)DC1, cDC2 and monocytes based on phenotype, transcriptome and function from a local inflammatory site, namely synovial fluid (SF) from patients suffering from a chronic inflammatory condition, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) as well as patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Paired PB and SF samples from 32 JIA and 4 RA patients were collected for mononuclear cell isolation. Flow cytometry was done for definition of antigen presenting cell (APC) subsets. Cell sorting was done on the FACSAria II or III. RNA sequencing was done on SF APC subsets. Proliferation assays were done on co-cultures after CD3 magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). APC Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation was done using Pam3CSK4, Poly(I:C), LPS, CpG-A and R848. Cytokine production was measured by Luminex. Results cDC1, a relatively small DC subset in blood, are strongly enriched in SF, and showed a quiescent immune signature without a clear inflammatory profile, low expression of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), chemokine and cytokine receptors, and poor induction of T cell proliferation and cytokine production, but selective production of IFNλ upon polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid exposure. In stark contrast, cDC2 and monocytes from the same environment, showed a pro-inflammatory transcriptional profile, high levels of (spontaneous) pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and strong induction of T cell proliferation and cytokine production, including IL-17. Although the cDC2 and monocytes showed an overlapping transcriptional core profile, there were clear differences in the transcriptional landscape and functional features, indicating that these cell types retain their lineage identity in chronic inflammatory conditions. Discussion Our findings suggest that at the site of inflammation, there is specific functional programming of human DCs, especially cDC2. In contrast, the enriched cDC1 remain relatively quiescent and seemingly unchanged under inflammatory conditions, pointing to a potentially more regulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Boltjes
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anoushka Ashok Kumar Samat
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maud Plantinga
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michal Mokry
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Joost F. Swart
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan J. Vastert
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands,Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Menno Creyghton
- Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands,Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands,Princess Ma´ xima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jorg van Loosdregt
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands,Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands,Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Femke van Wijk,
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Povoleri GAM, Fleskens V, Taams LS. Isolation and Functional Characterization of Regulatory CD4+ T Cells from the Inflamed Joints of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2559:189-203. [PMID: 36180634 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2647-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis and in preventing and controlling unwanted immune activation. These cells are often studied in the context of human peripheral blood, but can also be isolated from other biofluids. Here we describe methods for the isolation and functional characterization of human CD4+ CD25hi CD127low regulatory T cells from the synovial fluid of patients with inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A M Povoleri
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Veerle Fleskens
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Leonie S Taams
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Schlöder J, Shahneh F, Schneider FJ, Wieschendorf B. Boosting regulatory T cell function for the treatment of autoimmune diseases – That’s only half the battle! Front Immunol 2022; 13:973813. [PMID: 36032121 PMCID: PMC9400058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.973813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) represent a subset of specialized T cells that are essential for the regulation of immune responses and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Once activated, Treg exert powerful immunosuppressive properties, for example by inhibiting T cell-mediated immune responses against self-antigens, thereby protecting our body from autoimmunity. Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, exhibit an immunological imbalance mainly characterized by a reduced frequency and impaired function of Treg. In addition, there has been increasing evidence that – besides Treg dysfunction – immunoregulatory mechanisms fail to control autoreactive T cells due to a reduced responsiveness of T effector cells (Teff) for the suppressive properties of Treg, a process termed Treg resistance. In order to efficiently treat autoimmune diseases and thus fully induce immunological tolerance, a combined therapy aimed at both enhancing Treg function and restoring Teff responsiveness could most likely be beneficial. This review provides an overview of immunomodulating drugs that are currently used to treat various autoimmune diseases in the clinic and have been shown to increase Treg frequency as well as Teff sensitivity to Treg-mediated suppression. Furthermore, we discuss strategies on how to boost Treg activity and function, and their potential use in the treatment of autoimmunity. Finally, we present a humanized mouse model for the preclinical testing of Treg-activating substances in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Schlöder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- ActiTrexx GmbH, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Janine Schlöder,
| | - Fatemeh Shahneh
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz-Joseph Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- ActiTrexx GmbH, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn Wieschendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- ActiTrexx GmbH, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Holzer MT, Almanzar G, Woidich R, Hügle B, Haas JP, Prelog M. Mitigated suppressive function of regulatory T cells (Treg) upon Th17-inducing cytokines in oligo- and polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) patients. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2022; 20:26. [PMID: 35410224 PMCID: PMC8996624 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-022-00680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plasticity of T helper-17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells may be a clue to pathogenesis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). It is still unclear, whether targeted suppression of Interleukin (IL)-17 is able to influence regulatory function of Treg to control pro-inflammatory effectors in JIA. This study aimed to assess the effect of a Th17-stimulating cytokine environment and of IL-17A-inhibition on phenotype plasticity and suppressive function of Treg derived from JIA patients. METHODS Th17 and Treg characteristics of CD4+ helper T cells were investigated in blood samples of JIA patients with oligo- and polyarticular pattern and healthy controls (HC). Isolated CD4+CD25+CD127- cells defined as Treg were cultivated with Th17-inducing cytokine environment as well as with IL-17A-inhibitors and analyzed for plasticity of phenotype by flow cytometry. Furthermore, inhibitory function of Treg on autologous effectors after cultivation with these stimuli was determined by suppression assays. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated significantly elevated proportions of Th17 and Th17-like Treg in JIA compared to HC. After incubation with Th17-inducing stimuli, increased FoxP3 expression in separated Treg in JIA and an impaired suppressive capacity in JIA and HC were found. Blockade of IL-17A resulted in adjustment of FoxP3-expression in JIA to proportions found in controls and in regular suppressive function. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate an induction of FoxP3 expressing Treg by Th17-inducing cytokines with concomitant mitigated suppressive function. In contrast, specific IL-17A blockade maintains suppressive Treg function and adjusted FoxP3-expression in JIA to levels found in controls. These findings may help to provide experimental evidence for the successful clinical use of IL-17A inhibition in JIA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Holzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine III. (Nephrology and Rheumatology With Section Endocrinology), University Hospital Hamburg- Eppendorf, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Giovanni Almanzar
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Woidich
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Boris Hügle
- German Centre of Pediatric Rheumatology, Gehfeldstraße 24, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Johannes-Peter Haas
- German Centre of Pediatric Rheumatology, Gehfeldstraße 24, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Martina Prelog
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Rajendeeran A, Tenbrock K. Regulatory T cell function in autoimmune disease. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 4:100130. [PMID: 35005594 PMCID: PMC8716637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by a failure of tolerance to own body components resulting in tissue damage. Regulatory T cells are gatekeepers of tolerance. This review focusses on the function and pathophysiology of regulatory T cells in the context of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid and juvenile idiopathic arthritis as well as systemic lupus erythematosus with an overview over current and future therapeutic options to boost Treg function. Regulatory T cells are critical mediators of immune tolerance and critically depend on external IL-2. Tregs are expanded during inflammation, where the local milieu enhances resistance to suppression in T effector cells. Human Tregs are characterized by different markers, which hampers the comparability of studies in patients with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandi Rajendeeran
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology, Pauwelsstr 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Tenbrock
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology, Pauwelsstr 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Rajendiran A, Klemm P, Schippers A, Scheufen A, Schwarz T, Peitz J, Brandenburg LO, Wagner N, Consolaro A, Raggi F, Bosco MC, Luedde T, Foell D, Denecke B, Horneff G, Ohl K, Tenbrock K. miR-23a contributes to T cellular redox metabolism in juvenile idiopathic oligoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:2694-2703. [PMID: 34559194 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin. The regulation of inflammatory processes involves multiple cellular steps including mRNA transcription and translation. Different miRNAs tightly control these processes. We aimed to determine the roles of specific miRNAs within JIA pathogenesis. METHODS We performed a global miRNA expression analysis in parallel in cells from the arthritic joint and peripheral blood of oligoarticular JIA patients and healthy controls. QRT-PCR analysis was used to verify expression of miRNA in T cells. Ex vivo experiments and flow cytometric analyses were used to analyze proliferation and redox metabolism. RESULTS Global miRNA expression analysis demonstrated a different composition of miRNA expression at the site of inflammation compared with peripheral blood. Bioinformatic analysis of predicted miRNA target genes suggest a huge overrepresentation of genes involved in metabolic and oxidative stress pathways in the inflamed joint. Despite enhanced ROS levels within the local inflammatory milieu, JIA T cells are hyperproliferative and reveal an overexpression of miR-23a, which is an inhibitor of PPIF, the regulator of mitochondrial ROS escape. Mitochondrial ROS escape is diminished in JIA T cells resulting in their prolonged survival. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that miRNA dependent mitochondrial ROS shuttling might be a mechanism that contributes to T cell regulation in JIA at the site of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandhi Rajendiran
- Dept of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Klemm
- Dept of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Anastasia Schippers
- Dept of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Scheufen
- Dept of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- Dept of Pediatric Rheumatology St. Josef-Stift Sendenhorst, Sendenhorst, Germany
| | - Joachim Peitz
- Asklepios Children's Hospital Sankt Augustin, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center Rostock, Germany
| | - Norbert Wagner
- Dept of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Federica Raggi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCSS, Instituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Bosco
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCSS, Instituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Tom Luedde
- Dept of Medicine III, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Dirk Foell
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary center for clinical research Aachen, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerd Horneff
- Asklepios Children's Hospital Sankt Augustin, Sankt Augustin, Germany.,Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germant
| | - Kim Ohl
- Dept of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Tenbrock
- Dept of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Germany
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12
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Julé AM, Hoyt KJ, Wei K, Gutierrez-Arcelus M, Taylor ML, Ng J, Lederer JA, Case SM, Chang MH, Cohen EM, Dedeoglu F, Hazen MM, Hausmann JS, Halyabar O, Janssen E, Lo J, Lo MS, Meidan E, Roberts JE, Son MBF, Sundel RP, Lee PY, Chatila T, Nigrovic PA, Henderson LA. Th1 polarization defines the synovial fluid T cell compartment in oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149185. [PMID: 34403374 PMCID: PMC8492302 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (oligo JIA) is the most common form of chronic inflammatory arthritis in children, yet the cause of this disease remains unknown. To understand immune responses in oligo JIA, we immunophenotyped synovial fluid T cells with flow cytometry, bulk RNA-Seq, single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq), DNA methylation studies, and Treg suppression assays. In synovial fluid, CD4+, CD8+, and γδ T cells expressed Th1-related markers, whereas Th17 cells were not enriched. Th1 skewing was prominent in CD4+ T cells, including Tregs, and was associated with severe disease. Transcriptomic studies confirmed a Th1 signature in CD4+ T cells from synovial fluid. The regulatory gene expression signature was preserved in Tregs, even those exhibiting Th1 polarization. These Th1-like Tregs maintained Treg-specific methylation patterns and suppressive function, supporting the stability of this Treg population in the joint. Although synovial fluid CD4+ T cells displayed an overall Th1 phenotype, scRNA-Seq uncovered heterogeneous effector and regulatory subpopulations, including IFN-induced Tregs, peripheral helper T cells, and cytotoxic CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, oligo JIA is characterized by Th1 polarization that encompasses Tregs but does not compromise their regulatory identity. Targeting Th1-driven inflammation and augmenting Treg function may represent important therapeutic approaches in oligo JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie M. Julé
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kacie J. Hoyt
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Gutierrez-Arcelus
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria L. Taylor
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Ng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - James A. Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Siobhan M. Case
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret H. Chang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ezra M. Cohen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fatma Dedeoglu
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa M. Hazen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Hausmann
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olha Halyabar
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin Janssen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mindy S. Lo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Esra Meidan
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jordan E. Roberts
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Beth F. Son
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert P. Sundel
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pui Y. Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Talal Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter A. Nigrovic
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren A. Henderson
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Leijten EF, van Kempen TS, Olde Nordkamp MA, Pouw JN, Kleinrensink NJ, Vincken NL, Mertens J, Balak DMW, Verhagen FH, Hartgring SA, Lubberts E, Tekstra J, Pandit A, Radstake TR, Boes M. Tissue-Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells From Skin Differentiate Psoriatic Arthritis From Psoriasis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:1220-1232. [PMID: 33452865 PMCID: PMC8362143 DOI: 10.1002/art.41652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare immune cell phenotype and function in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) versus psoriasis in order to better understand the pathogenesis of PsA. METHODS In-depth immunophenotyping of different T cell and dendritic cell subsets was performed in patients with PsA, psoriasis, or axial spondyloarthritis and healthy controls. Subsequently, we analyzed cells from peripheral blood, synovial fluid (SF), and skin biopsy specimens using flow cytometry, along with high-throughput transcriptome analyses and functional assays on the specific cell populations that appeared to differentiate PsA from psoriasis. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, the peripheral blood of patients with PsA was characterized by an increase in regulatory CD4+ T cells and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-22 coproducing CD8+ T cells. One population specifically differentiated PsA from psoriasis: i.e., CD8+CCR10+ T cells were enriched in PsA. CD8+CCR10+ T cells expressed high levels of DNAX accessory molecule 1 and were effector memory cells that coexpressed skin-homing receptors CCR4 and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. CD8+CCR10+ T cells were detected under inflammatory and homeostatic conditions in skin, but were not enriched in SF. Gene profiling further revealed that CD8+CCR10+ T cells expressed GATA3, FOXP3, and core transcriptional signature of tissue-resident memory T cells, including CD103. Specific genes, including RORC, IFNAR1, and ERAP1, were up-regulated in PsA compared to psoriasis. CD8+CCR10+ T cells were endowed with a Tc2/22-like cytokine profile, lacked cytotoxic potential, and displayed overall regulatory function. CONCLUSION Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells derived from the skin are enhanced in the circulation of patients with PsA compared to patients with psoriasis alone. This may indicate that aberrances in cutaneous tissue homeostasis contribute to arthritis development.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aminopeptidases/genetics
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/genetics
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/immunology
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Integrin alpha Chains/genetics
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukins/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Oligosaccharides/metabolism
- Psoriasis/genetics
- Psoriasis/immunology
- Psoriasis/pathology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, CCR10/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR4/metabolism
- Sialyl Lewis X Antigen/analogs & derivatives
- Sialyl Lewis X Antigen/metabolism
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Spondylarthropathies/genetics
- Spondylarthropathies/immunology
- Spondylarthropathies/pathology
- Synovial Fluid/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorre Mertens
- University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Erik Lubberts
- Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Marianne Boes
- University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
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14
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Mijnheer G, Lutter L, Mokry M, van der Wal M, Scholman R, Fleskens V, Pandit A, Tao W, Wekking M, Vervoort S, Roberts C, Petrelli A, Peeters JGC, Knijff M, de Roock S, Vastert S, Taams LS, van Loosdregt J, van Wijk F. Conserved human effector Treg cell transcriptomic and epigenetic signature in arthritic joint inflammation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2710. [PMID: 33976194 PMCID: PMC8113485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treg cells are critical regulators of immune homeostasis, and environment-driven Treg cell differentiation into effector (e)Treg cells is crucial for optimal functioning. However, human Treg cell programming in inflammation is unclear. Here, we combine transcriptional and epigenetic profiling to identify a human eTreg cell signature. Inflammation-derived functional Treg cells have a transcriptional profile characterized by upregulation of both a core Treg cell (FOXP3, CTLA4, TIGIT) and effector program (GITR, BLIMP-1, BATF). We identify a specific human eTreg cell signature that includes the vitamin D receptor (VDR) as a predicted regulator in eTreg cell differentiation. H3K27ac/H3K4me1 occupancy indicates an altered (super-)enhancer landscape, including enrichment of the VDR and BATF binding motifs. The Treg cell profile has striking overlap with tumor-infiltrating Treg cells. Our data demonstrate that human inflammation-derived Treg cells acquire a conserved and specific eTreg cell profile guided by epigenetic changes, and fine-tuned by environment-specific adaptations.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Arthritis, Juvenile/genetics
- Arthritis, Juvenile/immunology
- Arthritis, Juvenile/pathology
- Base Sequence
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Differentiation
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein/genetics
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein/immunology
- Histones/genetics
- Histones/immunology
- Humans
- Joints/immunology
- Joints/pathology
- Male
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways/immunology
- Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1/genetics
- Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Transcriptome
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerdien Mijnheer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Lutter
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Mokry
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Epigenomics facility, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlot van der Wal
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Scholman
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Fleskens
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aridaman Pandit
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Weiyang Tao
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Wekking
- Epigenomics facility, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephin Vervoort
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ceri Roberts
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Petrelli
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke G C Peeters
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marthe Knijff
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sytze de Roock
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Vastert
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie S Taams
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jorg van Loosdregt
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Center for Translational Immunology, Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Regulatory T Cells Fail to Suppress Fast Homeostatic Proliferation In Vitro. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030245. [PMID: 33809452 PMCID: PMC8002103 DOI: 10.3390/life11030245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic proliferation (HP) is a physiological process that reconstitutes the T cell pool after lymphopenia involving Interleukin-7 and 15 (IL-7 and IL-15), which are the key cytokines regulating the process. However, there is no evidence that these cytokines influence the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Since lymphopenia often accompanies autoimmune diseases, we decided to study the functional activity of Tregs stimulated by HP cytokines from patients with rheumatoid arthritis as compared with that of those from healthy donors. Since T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength determines the intensity of HP, we imitated slow HP using IL-7 or IL-15 and fast HP using a combination of IL-7 or IL-15 with anti-CD3 antibodies, cultivating Treg cells with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at a 1:1 ratio. We used peripheral blood from 14 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 18 healthy volunteers. We also used anti-CD3 and anti-CD3 + IL-2 stimulation as controls. The suppressive activity of Treg cells was evaluated in each case by the inhibition of the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. The phenotype and proliferation of purified CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127lo cells were assessed by flow cytometry. The suppressive activity of the total pool of Tregs did not differ between the rheumatoid arthritis and healthy donors; however, it significantly decreased in conditions close to fast HP when the influence of HP cytokines was accompanied by anti-CD3 stimulation. The Treg proliferation caused by HP cytokines was lower in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients than in the healthy individuals. The revealed decrease in Treg suppressive activity could impact the TCR landscape during lymphopenia and lead to the proliferation of potentially self-reactive T cell clones that are able to receive relatively strong TCR signals. This may be another explanation as to why lymphopenia is associated with the development of autoimmune diseases. The revealed decrease in Treg proliferation under IL-7 and IL-15 exposure can lead to a delay in Treg pool reconstitution in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the case of lymphopenia.
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16
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Shevyrev D, Tereshchenko V, Kozlov V, Sizikov A, Chumasova O, Koksharova V. T-regulatory cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis retain suppressor functions in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:209. [PMID: 33500700 PMCID: PMC7818555 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease of connective tissue caused by intolerance to self-antigens. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key players in maintaining autotolerance through a variety of suppressor mechanisms. RA is generally believed to develop due to disorders in Tregs; however, there is no consensus on this issue. Thus, the present study focused on phenotypical analysis of Treg cells and their ability to suppress CD4+ and CD8+ cell proliferation. The present study used peripheral blood samples from 21 patients with RA and 22 healthy donors. The CD25+FoxP3+ subpopulation of Tregs was analyzed using flow cytometry to evaluate the expression of CTLA-4, PD-L1, HLA-DR, CCR4, CD86 and RORyt. Tregs suppressor activity was calculated in terms of suppression of the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in vitro. Suppressor activity of the total Treg population did not differ between patients with RA and healthy donors. However, the patients had elevated CD25loFoxP3+ levels and lower CD25hiFoxP3+ levels; in addition, they had more activated Tregs expressing PD-L1, HLA-DR, CCR4 and CD86. The surface expression of CTLA-4 was below the reference level. The patients also had transitional FoxP3+RORyt+ cells and elevated CD4+RORyt+ levels, which were highly correlated with disease activity. These results show that in RA, Treg cells are activated and have an immunosuppressive activity. However, it is the transitional FoxP3+RORyt+ cells and increased CD4+RORyt+ percentages in peripheral blood that appear to be associated with the pathological conversion of some Treg cells into Th-17. This process appears to be key in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Shevyrev
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunopathology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
| | - Valeriy Tereshchenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kozlov
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunopathology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
| | - Alexey Sizikov
- Rheumatology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
| | - Oksana Chumasova
- Rheumatology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
| | - Veroniсa Koksharova
- Rheumatology Department, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
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17
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Kanjana K, Chevaisrakul P, Matangkasombut P, Paisooksantivatana K, Lumjiaktase P. Inhibitory activity of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells reveals high specificity for displaying immune tolerance in remission state rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19789. [PMID: 33188235 PMCID: PMC7666192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation status may indicate immunological remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the Regulatory T cell (Treg) properties, together with 14 plasma cytokines levels between active RA and clinical remission patients. Peripheral blood (PB) Foxp3+ Treg was collected from RA patients for determination of Treg inhibitory activity using a co-culture system. Other PB T cell types and plasma cytokines were determined by flow-cytometry. The Treg results were analyzed according to the disease activity score-28 (DAS28). Then sensitivity and specificity were calculated for the indication of the remission status. The number and inhibitory activity of Treg are higher in the clinical remission as compared to the active RA (p value < 0.0001). Also, Treg: CD4+CD25+CD127+ cell ratio demonstrates the similar result (p value < 0.05). Treg inhibitory activity is inversely correlated with the DAS28. Specificity and positive likelihood ratio of inhibitory activity for indicating remission status are 92.31% (95% CI 63.97-99.81) and 11.14 (95% CI 1.67-74.14), respectively. Treg inhibitory activity is a promising prognostic marker and probably represents the immunological remission status in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korawit Kanjana
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, 270 Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Parawee Chevaisrakul
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ponpan Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Karan Paisooksantivatana
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, 270 Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Putthapoom Lumjiaktase
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, 270 Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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18
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The advances of methotrexate resistance in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1183-1193. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Hudson QJ, Ashjaei K, Perricos A, Kuessel L, Husslein H, Wenzl R, Yotova I. Endometriosis Patients Show an Increased M2 Response in the Peritoneal CD14 +low/CD68 +low Macrophage Subpopulation Coupled with an Increase in the T-helper 2 and T-regulatory Cells. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:1920-1931. [PMID: 32572831 PMCID: PMC7452931 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with an impaired immune response at the site of lesion implantation. The ability of macrophages to respond to changes in their environment is critical for an effective immune response. However, the existing knowledge of the peritoneal immune cell populations, their activation state and contribution to the immunological changes that occur in endometriosis are still controversial and inconclusive. In this study, we have examined the relative abundance of peritoneal macrophage subtypes, in women with (n = 21) versus without (n = 18) endometriosis and disease-associated changes in the adaptive T cell response. Using flow cytometry, we showed that peritoneal fluid monocyte/macrophages are composed of two populations of cells that exhibit major differences in the levels of the CD14 and CD68 markers, which we classified as the CD14+low/CD68+low and CD14+high/CD68+high subpopulations. Moreover, endometriosis-associated changes in the macrophage subtypes occurred only in the CD14+low/CD68+low subpopulation. In this subpopulation, we found an increased macrophage type 2 response that was coupled with an increase in peritoneal T-helper 2 and T-regulatory cell populations in women with endometriosis, compared with controls. In summary, this study resolves conflicting data in the literature regarding changes in the peritoneal immune cell population in endometriosis and identifies CD14+low/CD68+low macrophages as the subpopulation that changes in response to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanah J. Hudson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kazem Ashjaei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Perricos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Kuessel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Husslein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Wenzl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iveta Yotova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Slauenwhite D, McAlpine SM, Hanly JG, Malik A, Haidl ID, Marshall JS, Issekutz TB. Association of a Type 2-Polarized T Cell Phenotype With Methotrexate Nonresponse in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1091-1102. [PMID: 32039570 DOI: 10.1002/art.41223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease mediated through complex immunologic pathways. Among RA patients receiving low-dose methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy, approximately one-half exhibit a meaningful clinical response within the first 6 months of starting treatment. Whether baseline immune phenotypes differ between subsequent MTX responders and nonresponders is unknown. This study utilized comprehensive T cell immunophenotyping to identify specific immunologic pathways associated with MTX-nonresponsive joint inflammation in patients with RA. METHODS In total, 32 patients with recent-onset RA were treated with MTX therapy. After 6 months, 15 patients were categorized as responders and 17 as nonresponders. Comprehensive blood T cell immunophenotyping, using multiparameter immunofluorescence flow cytometry analyses, was performed at baseline and following 6 months of treatment. RESULTS Baseline measures of disease activity (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints [DAS28], C-reactive protein level, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) did not differ between MTX responders and nonresponders following MTX treatment. Frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were skewed to favor higher CD4:CD8 T cell ratios in MTX responders compared to nonresponders (P < 0.05). The proportion of inducible costimulator-expressing Treg cells was significantly greater among MTX nonresponders. Interleukin-13 (IL-13)-producing, but not interferon-γ- or IL-17-producing, CD4+ effector memory T (Tem) cells were significantly more frequent in MTX nonresponders (P < 0.05). The ratio of IL-13+:IL-17+ Tem cells among CD4+ Tem cells was 1.9-fold higher in MTX nonresponders compared to responders (P < 0.05). Both the CD4:CD8 T cell ratio and the frequency of IL-13+CD4+ Tem cells correlated with changes in the DAS28 score following MTX treatment, whereas T cell expression of immune checkpoint inhibitor markers (CTLA-4, programmed death 1, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3) did not differ between MTX responders and nonresponders. CONCLUSION We observed a bias toward type 2-polarized T cell inflammatory responses in the peripheral blood of MTX-nonresponsive RA patients. Targeting the IL-13+CD4+ T cell pathway could be a new therapeutic strategy in RA patients whose disease remains resistant to MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Slauenwhite
- IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sarah M McAlpine
- IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John G Hanly
- QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anikó Malik
- IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian D Haidl
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Thomas B Issekutz
- IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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21
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Liu Y, Jarjour W, Olsen N, Zheng SG. Traitor or warrior-Treg cells sneaking into the lesions of psoriatic arthritis. Clin Immunol 2020; 215:108425. [PMID: 32305454 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells have been recognized to maintain immune tolerance, which contributes to prevention of autoimmune diseases. However, recent evidence has demonstrated different characteristics of these cells between those that are in circulation compared to those in various local tissues. In addition, the ability of Treg cells to have plasticity in certain disease settings and in inflammatory lesions has been increasingly recognized. Herein we summarize updated knowledge of Treg biology and discuss the current understanding of tissue-resident Treg cells in psoriatic arthritis (PsA), attempting to provide new insights into precise role of Treg cells in the immune response and as a possible therapeutic intervention in patients with PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Wael Jarjour
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus 43210, USA
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Department of Medicine, The Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey 17031, USA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus 43210, USA.
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22
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Henderson LA, Hoyt KJ, Lee PY, Rao DA, Jonsson AH, Nguyen JP, Rutherford K, Julé AM, Charbonnier LM, Case S, Chang MH, Cohen EM, Dedeoglu F, Fuhlbrigge RC, Halyabar O, Hazen MM, Janssen E, Kim S, Lo J, Lo MS, Meidan E, Son MBF, Sundel RP, Stoll ML, Nusbaum C, Lederer JA, Chatila TA, Nigrovic PA. Th17 reprogramming of T cells in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:132508. [PMID: 32213704 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) begins with fever, rash, and high-grade systemic inflammation but commonly progresses to a persistent afebrile arthritis. The basis for this transition is unknown. To evaluate a role for lymphocyte polarization, we characterized T cells from patients with acute and chronic sJIA using flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and RNA sequencing. Acute and chronic sJIA each featured an expanded population of activated Tregs uncommon in healthy controls or in children with nonsystemic JIA. In acute sJIA, Tregs expressed IL-17A and a gene expression signature reflecting Th17 polarization. In chronic sJIA, the Th17 transcriptional signature was identified in T effector cells (Teffs), although expression of IL-17A at the protein level remained rare. Th17 polarization was abrogated in patients responding to IL-1 blockade. These findings identify evolving Th17 polarization in sJIA that begins in Tregs and progresses to Teffs, likely reflecting the impact of the cytokine milieu and consistent with a biphasic model of disease pathogenesis. The results support T cells as a potential treatment target in sJIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Henderson
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kacie J Hoyt
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pui Y Lee
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, and
| | - A Helena Jonsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jennifer P Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kayleigh Rutherford
- Harvard Bioinformatics Core, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amélie M Julé
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Charbonnier
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Siobhan Case
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret H Chang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Ezra M Cohen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fatma Dedeoglu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert C Fuhlbrigge
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Olha Halyabar
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa M Hazen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin Janssen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Kim
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lo
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mindy S Lo
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Esra Meidan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Beth F Son
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert P Sundel
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew L Stoll
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chad Nusbaum
- Broad Technology Labs, Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James A Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, and
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23
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Massalska M, Radzikowska A, Kuca-Warnawin E, Plebanczyk M, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Skalska U, Kurowska W, Maldyk P, Kontny E, Gober HJ, Maslinski W. CD4 +FOXP3 + T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis Bone Marrow Are Partially Impaired. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030549. [PMID: 32111105 PMCID: PMC7140449 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evolving evidence that dysregulation of immune homeostasis in the bone marrow (BM) adjacent to the inflamed joints is involved in the pathogenesis of. In this study, we are addressing the phenotype and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) residing in the BM of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). BM and peripheral blood samples were obtained from RA and OA patients undergoing hip replacement surgery. The number and phenotype of Tregs were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The function of Tregs was investigated ex vivo, addressing their suppressive activity on effector T cells. [3H]-Thymidine incorporation assay and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used for quantification of cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory (TNF, IFN-γ) cytokine release, respectively. Significantly lower numbers of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells were found in the BM of patients with RA compared to control patients with OA. High expression of CD127 (IL-7α receptor) and relatively low expression of CXCR4 (receptor for stromal cell-derived factor CXCL12) are characteristics of the CD4+FOXP3+ cells residing in the BM of RA patients. The BM-resident Tregs of RA patients demonstrated a limited suppressive activity on the investigated immune response. Our results indicate that the reduced number and impaired functional properties of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells present in the BM of RA patients may favor the inflammatory process, which is observed in RA BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Massalska
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology, and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.K.-W.); (M.P.); (U.S.); (W.K.); (E.K.); (W.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-670-92-60
| | - Anna Radzikowska
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology, and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.K.-W.); (M.P.); (U.S.); (W.K.); (E.K.); (W.M.)
| | - Ewa Kuca-Warnawin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology, and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.K.-W.); (M.P.); (U.S.); (W.K.); (E.K.); (W.M.)
| | - Magdalena Plebanczyk
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology, and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.K.-W.); (M.P.); (U.S.); (W.K.); (E.K.); (W.M.)
| | - Monika Prochorec-Sobieszek
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology, and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Skalska
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology, and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.K.-W.); (M.P.); (U.S.); (W.K.); (E.K.); (W.M.)
| | - Weronika Kurowska
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology, and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.K.-W.); (M.P.); (U.S.); (W.K.); (E.K.); (W.M.)
| | - Pawel Maldyk
- Department of Rheumoorthopaedic Surgery, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology, and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland;
- Clinical Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology of Locomotor System, Enfant-Jesus Clinical Hospital, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kontny
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology, and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.K.-W.); (M.P.); (U.S.); (W.K.); (E.K.); (W.M.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Gober
- Department of Pharmacy, Kepler University Hospital, 4020 Linz, Austria;
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Programme, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Wlodzimierz Maslinski
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology, and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.K.-W.); (M.P.); (U.S.); (W.K.); (E.K.); (W.M.)
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24
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Mexhitaj I, Nyirenda MH, Li R, O'Mahony J, Rezk A, Rozenberg A, Moore CS, Johnson T, Sadovnick D, Collins DL, Arnold DL, Gran B, Yeh EA, Marrie RA, Banwell B, Bar-Or A. Abnormal effector and regulatory T cell subsets in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Brain 2020; 142:617-632. [PMID: 30759186 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of distinct T-cell subsets involved in multiple sclerosis immune-pathophysiology continues to be of considerable interest since an ultimate goal is to more selectively target the aberrant immune response operating in individual patients. While abnormalities of both effector (Teff) and regulatory (Treg) T cells have been reported in patients with multiple sclerosis, prior studies have mostly assessed average abnormalities in either limb of the immune response, rather than both at the same time, which limits the ability to evaluate the balance between effectors and regulators operating in the same patient. Assessing both phenotypic and functional responses of Teffs and Tregs has also proven important. In studies of adults with multiple sclerosis, in whom biological disease onset likely started many years prior to the immune assessments, an added challenge for any reported abnormality is whether the abnormality indeed contributes to the disease (and hence of interest to target therapeutically) or merely develops consequent to inflammatory injury (in which case efforts to develop targeted therapies are unlikely to be beneficial). Paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis, though rare, offers a unique window into early disease mechanisms. Here, we carried out a comprehensive integrated study, simultaneously assessing phenotype and functional responses of both effector and regulatory T cells in the same children with multiple sclerosis, monophasic inflammatory CNS disorders, and healthy controls, recruited as part of the multicentre prospective Canadian Pediatric Demyelinating Disease Study (CPDDS). Stringent standard operating procedures were developed and uniformly applied to procure, process and subsequently analyse peripheral blood cells using rigorously applied multi-parametric flow cytometry panels and miniaturized functional assays validated for use with cryopreserved cells. We found abnormally increased frequencies and exaggerated pro-inflammatory responses of CD8+CD161highTCR-Vα7.2+ MAIT T cells and CD4+CCR2+CCR5+ Teffs in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis, compared to both control groups. CD4+CD25hiCD127lowFOXP3+ Tregs of children with multiple sclerosis exhibited deficient suppressive capacity, including diminished capacity to suppress disease-implicated Teffs. In turn, the implicated Teffs of multiple sclerosis patients were relatively resistant to suppression by normal Tregs. An abnormal Teff/Treg ratio at the individual child level best distinguished multiple sclerosis children from controls. We implicate abnormalities in both frequencies and functional responses of distinct pro-inflammatory CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets, as well as Treg function, in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis, and suggest that mechanisms contributing to early multiple sclerosis development differ across individuals, reflecting an excess abnormality in either Teff or Treg limbs of the T cell response, or a combination of lesser abnormalities in both limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Mexhitaj
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mukanthu H Nyirenda
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rui Li
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia O'Mahony
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Research Institute, Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayman Rezk
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ayal Rozenberg
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig S Moore
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Trina Johnson
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dessa Sadovnick
- Department of Medical Genetics and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Douglas L Arnold
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruno Gran
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - E Ann Yeh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Research Institute, Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Research Institute, Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Autophagy Is a Tolerance-Avoidance Mechanism that Modulates TCR-Mediated Signaling and Cell Metabolism to Prevent Induction of T Cell Anergy. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1136-1150. [PMID: 30067971 PMCID: PMC6109966 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mocholi et al. show that, following T cell activation, activation of
autophagy constitutes a tolerance-avoidance mechanism that, through modulation
of cell metabolism and specific signaling pathways, allows T cells to engage in
effector responses and avoid anergy. In vivo inhibition of autophagy in T cells
induces tolerance and prevents autoimmunity. In response to activation, CD4+ T cells upregulate autophagy.
However, the functional consequences of that upregulation have not been fully
elucidated. In this study, we identify autophagy as a tolerance-avoidance
mechanism. Our data show that inhibition of autophagy during CD4+ T
cell activation induces a long-lasting state of hypo-responsiveness that is
accompanied by the expression of an anergic gene signature. Cells unable to
induce autophagy after T cell receptor (TCR) engagement show inefficient
mitochondrial respiration and decreased turnover of the protein tyrosine
phosphatase PTPN1, which translates into defective TCR-mediated signaling.
In vivo, inhibition of autophagy during antigen priming
induces T cell anergy and decreases the severity of disease in an experimental
autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model. Interestingly, CD4+ T cells
isolated from the synovial fluid of juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients,
while resistant to suboptimal stimulation-induced anergy, can be tolerized with
autophagy inhibitors. We propose that autophagy constitutes a
tolerance-avoidance mechanism, which determines CD4+ T cell fate.
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Trisomy 21 dysregulates T cell lineages toward an autoimmunity-prone state associated with interferon hyperactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24231-24241. [PMID: 31699819 PMCID: PMC6883781 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908129116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Triplication of human chromosome 21, or trisomy 21 (T21), causes the condition known as Down syndrome (DS). People with DS show a markedly different disease spectrum relative to typical people, being highly predisposed to conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, while being protected from other conditions, such as most solid malignancies. Interestingly, people with DS are affected by high rates of autoimmune disorders, whereby the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues. This manuscript reports an exhaustive characterization of the T cells of people with DS, demonstrating many alterations in this key immune cell type that could explain their high risk of autoimmunity. These results reveal opportunities for therapeutic intervention to modulate T cell function and improve health outcomes in DS. Trisomy 21 (T21) causes Down syndrome (DS), a condition characterized by high prevalence of autoimmune disorders. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving this phenotype remain unclear. Building upon our previous finding that T cells from people with DS show increased expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes, we have completed a comprehensive characterization of the peripheral T cell compartment in adults with DS with and without autoimmune conditions. CD8+ T cells from adults with DS are depleted of naïve subsets and enriched for differentiated subsets, express higher levels of markers of activation and senescence (e.g., IFN-γ, Granzyme B, PD-1, KLRG1), and overproduce cytokines tied to autoimmunity (e.g., TNF-α). Conventional CD4+ T cells display increased differentiation, polarization toward the Th1 and Th1/17 states, and overproduction of the autoimmunity-related cytokines IL-17A and IL-22. Plasma cytokine analysis confirms elevation of multiple autoimmunity-related cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL17A–D, IL-22) in people with DS, independent of diagnosis of autoimmunity. Although Tregs are more abundant in DS, functional assays show that CD8+ and CD4+ effector T cells with T21 are resistant to Treg-mediated suppression, regardless of Treg karyotype. Transcriptome analysis of white blood cells and T cells reveals strong signatures of T cell differentiation and activation that correlate positively with IFN hyperactivity. Finally, mass cytometry analysis of 8 IFN-inducible phosphoepitopes demonstrates that T cell subsets with T21 show elevated levels of basal IFN signaling and hypersensitivity to IFN-α stimulation. Therefore, these results point to T cell dysregulation associated with IFN hyperactivity as a contributor to autoimmunity in DS.
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27
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Forkhead box transcription factors as context-dependent regulators of lymphocyte homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 18:703-715. [PMID: 30177790 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes have evolved to react rapidly and robustly to changes in their local environment by using transient adaptations and by regulating their terminal differentiation programmes. Forkhead box transcription factors (FTFs) can direct leukocyte-specific responses, and their functional diversification promotes a high degree of context-dependent specification. Many, often antagonistic, FTFs have overlapping expression patterns and can thereby compete for binding to the same chromosomal target sequences. Multiple molecular mechanisms also connect extracellular signals to the expression and functionality of specific FTFs and, in this way, fine-tune their activity. Through these diverse mechanisms, FTFs can function as context-dependent rheostats responding to diverse environmental stimuli. Focusing on the various mechanisms by which their functional activity is modulated, as well as on their mechanisms of action, we discuss how specific FTFs control lymphocyte function, allowing for the establishment and maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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28
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Kegler A, Koristka S, Bergmann R, Berndt N, Arndt C, Feldmann A, Hoffmann A, Bornhäuser M, Schmitz M, Bachmann MP. T cells engrafted with a UniCAR 28/z outperform UniCAR BB/z-transduced T cells in the face of regulatory T cell-mediated immunosuppression. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1621676. [PMID: 31428518 PMCID: PMC6685520 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1621676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-equipped T cells have demonstrated astonishing clinical efficacy in hematological malignancies recently culminating in the approval of two CAR T cell products. Despite this tremendous success, CAR T cell approaches have still achieved only moderate efficacy against solid tumors. As a major obstacle, engineered conventional T cells (Tconvs) face an anti-inflammatory, hostile tumor microenvironment often infiltrated by highly suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). Thus, potent CAR T cell treatment of solid tumors requires efficient activation of Tconvs via their engrafted CAR to overcome Treg-mediated immunosuppression. In that regard, selecting an optimal intracellular signaling domain might represent a crucial step to achieve best clinical efficiency. To shed light on this issue and to investigate responsiveness to Treg inhibition, we engrafted Tconvs with switchable universal CARs (UniCARs) harboring intracellularly the CD3ζ domain alone or in combination with costimulatory CD28 or 4-1BB. Our studies reveal that UniCAR ζ-, and UniCAR BB/ζ-engineered Tconvs are strongly impaired by activated Tregs, whereas UniCARs providing CD28 costimulation overcome Treg-mediated suppression both in vitro and in vivo. Compared to UniCAR ζ- and UniCAR BB/ζ-modified cells, UniCAR 28/ζ-armed Tconvs secrete significantly higher amounts of Th1-related cytokines and, furthermore, levels of these cytokines are elevated even upon exposure to Tregs. Thus, in contrast to 4-1BB costimulation, CD28 signaling in UniCAR-transduced Tconvs seems to foster a pro-inflammatory milieu, which contributes to enhanced resistance to Treg suppression. Overall, our results may have significant implications for CAR T cell-based immunotherapies of solid tumors strongly invaded by Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kegler
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Koristka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Berndt
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hoffmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic I, University Hospital `Carl Gustav Carus’ Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), partner site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner site Dresden (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), partner site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner site Dresden (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty `Carl Gustav Carus’ Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael P. Bachmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), partner site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner site Dresden (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Tumor Immunology, UniversityCancerCenter (UCC) `Carl Gustav Carus’ Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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29
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Habib T, Long SA, Samuels PL, Brahmandam A, Tatum M, Funk A, Hocking AM, Cerosaletti K, Mason MT, Whalen E, Rawlings DJ, Greenbaum C, Buckner JH. Dynamic Immune Phenotypes of B and T Helper Cells Mark Distinct Stages of T1D Progression. Diabetes 2019; 68:1240-1250. [PMID: 30894366 PMCID: PMC6610015 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies of B- and T-cell compartments and their response to stimuli demonstrate alterations in established type 1 diabetes (T1D). Yet it is not known whether these alterations reflect immune mechanisms that initiate islet autoimmunity, promote disease progression, or are secondary to disease. To address these questions, we used samples from the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention study to investigate T-cell responses to interleukin (IL)-2 and regulatory T cell-mediated suppression, the composition of the B-cell compartment, and B-cell responses to B-cell receptor and IL-21 receptor engagement. These studies revealed stage-dependent T- and B-cell functional and immune phenotypes; namely, early features that differentiate autoantibody-positive at-risk first-degree relatives (FDRs) from autoantibody-negative FDRs and persisted through clinical diagnosis; late features that arose at or near T1D diagnosis; and dynamic features that were enhanced early and blunted at later disease stages, indicating evolving responses along the continuum of T1D. We further explored how these specific phenotypes are influenced by therapeutic interventions. Our integrated studies provide unique insights into stable and dynamic stage-specific immune states and define novel immune phenotypes of potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Habib
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - S Alice Long
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Peter L Samuels
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Archana Brahmandam
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Megan Tatum
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew Funk
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Anne M Hocking
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Karen Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael T Mason
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Elizabeth Whalen
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Carla Greenbaum
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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30
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Mijnheer G, van Wijk F. T-Cell Compartmentalization and Functional Adaptation in Autoimmune Inflammation: Lessons From Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:940. [PMID: 31143175 PMCID: PMC6520654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are characterized by a disturbed immune balance leading to recurring episodes of inflammation in specific target tissues, such as the joints in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The tissue becomes infiltrated by multiple types of immune cell, including high numbers of CD4 and CD8 T-cells, which are mostly effector memory cells. Locally, these T-cells display an environment-adapted phenotype, induced by inflammation- and tissue-specific instructions. Some of the infiltrated T-cells may become tissue resident and play a role in relapses of inflammation. Adaptation to the environment may lead to functional (re)programming of cells and altered cellular interactions and responses. For example, specifically at the site of inflammation both CD4 and CD8 T-cells can become resistant to regulatory T-cell-mediated regulation. In addition, CD8 and CD4 T-cells show a unique profile with pro- and anti-inflammatory features coexisting in the same compartment. Also regulatory T-cells are neither homogeneous nor static in nature and show features of functional differentiation, and plasticity in inflammatory environments. Here we will discuss the recent insights in T-cell functional specialization, regulation, and clonal expansion in local (tissue) inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerdien Mijnheer
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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31
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Schreiber M, Weigelt M, Karasinsky A, Anastassiadis K, Schallenberg S, Petzold C, Bonifacio E, Kretschmer K, Hommel A. Inducible IL-7 Hyperexpression Influences Lymphocyte Homeostasis and Function and Increases Allograft Rejection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:742. [PMID: 31024566 PMCID: PMC6467976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-7/IL-7R pathway is essential for lymphocyte development and disturbances in the pathway can lead to immune deficiency or T cell mediated destruction. Here, the effect of transient hyperexpression of IL-7 was investigated on immune regulation and allograft rejection under immunosuppression. An experimental in vivo immunosuppressive mouse model of IL-7 hyperexpression was developed using transgenic mice (C57BL/6 background) carrying a tetracycline inducible IL-7 expression cassette, which allowed the temporally controlled induction of IL-7 hyperexpression by Dexamethasone and Doxycycline treatment. Upon induction of IL-7, the B220+ c-kit+ Pro/Pre-B I compartment in the bone marrow increased as compared to control mice in a serum IL-7 concentration-correlated manner. IL-7 hyperexpression also preferentially increased the population size of memory CD8+ T cells in secondary lymphoid organs, and reduced the proportion of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. Of relevance to disease, conventional CD4+ T cells from an IL-7-rich milieu escaped T regulatory cell-mediated suppression in vitro and in a model of autoimmune diabetes in vivo. These findings were validated using an IL-7/anti-IL7 complex treatment mouse model to create an IL-7 rich environment. To study the effect of IL-7 on islet graft survival in a mismatched allograft model, BALB/c mice were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin und transplanted with IL-7-inducible or control islets from C57BL/6 mice. As expected, Dexamethasone and Doxycycline treatment prolonged graft median survival as compared to the untreated control group in this transplantation mouse model. However, upon induction of local IL-7 hyperexpression in the transplanted islets, graft survival time was decreased and this was accompanied by an increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration in the islets. Altogether, the findings show that transient elevations of IL-7 can impair immune regulation and lead to graft loss also under immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schreiber
- Preclinical Approaches to Stem Cell Therapy/Diabetes, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Weigelt
- Preclinical Approaches to Stem Cell Therapy/Diabetes, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Karasinsky
- Preclinical Approaches to Stem Cell Therapy/Diabetes, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sonja Schallenberg
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cathleen Petzold
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- Preclinical Approaches to Stem Cell Therapy/Diabetes, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Dresden, Germany
| | - Angela Hommel
- Preclinical Approaches to Stem Cell Therapy/Diabetes, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Dresden, Germany
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32
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Wehr P, Purvis H, Law S, Thomas R. Dendritic cells, T cells and their interaction in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:12-27. [PMID: 30589082 PMCID: PMC6422662 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key professional antigen-presenting cells which bridge innate and adaptive immune responses, inducing the priming and differentiation of naive to effector CD4+ T cells, the cross-priming of CD8+ T cells and the promotion of B cell antibody responses. DCs also play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance. DC-T cell interactions underpin the generation of an autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we describe the function of DCs and review evidence for DC and T cell involvement in RA pathogenesis, in particular through the presentation of self-peptide by DCs that triggers differentiation and activation of autoreactive T cells. Finally, we discuss the emerging field of targeting the DC-T cell interaction for antigen-specific immunotherapy of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Wehr
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
| | - H. Purvis
- King's College London, Academic Department of Rheumatology, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineLondonUK
| | - S.‐C. Law
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
| | - R. Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
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33
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Attias M, Al-Aubodah T, Piccirillo CA. Mechanisms of human FoxP3 + T reg cell development and function in health and disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 197:36-51. [PMID: 30864147 PMCID: PMC6591147 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent an essential component of peripheral tolerance. Given their potently immunosuppressive functions that is orchestrated by the lineage‐defining transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3), clinical modulation of these cells in autoimmunity and cancer is a promising therapeutic target. However, recent evidence in mice and humans indicates that Treg cells represent a phenotypically and functionally heterogeneic population. Indeed, both suppressive and non‐suppressive Treg cells exist in human blood that are otherwise indistinguishable from one another using classical Treg cell markers such as CD25 and FoxP3. Moreover, murine Treg cells display a degree of plasticity through which they acquire the trafficking pathways needed to home to tissues containing target effector T (Teff) cells. However, this plasticity can also result in Treg cell lineage instability and acquisition of proinflammatory Teff cell functions. Consequently, these dysfunctional CD4+FoxP3+ T cells in human and mouse may fail to maintain peripheral tolerance and instead support immunopathology. The mechanisms driving human Treg cell dysfunction are largely undefined, and obscured by the scarcity of reliable immunophenotypical markers and the disregard paid to Treg cell antigen‐specificity in functional assays. Here, we review the mechanisms controlling the stability of the FoxP3+ Treg cell lineage phenotype. Particular attention will be paid to the developmental and functional heterogeneity of human Treg cells, and how abrogating these mechanisms can lead to lineage instability and Treg cell dysfunction in diseases like immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X‐linked (IPEX) syndrome, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Attias
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - T Al-Aubodah
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - C A Piccirillo
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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34
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Van Nieuwenhove E, Lagou V, Van Eyck L, Dooley J, Bodenhofer U, Roca C, Vandebergh M, Goris A, Humblet-Baron S, Wouters C, Liston A. Machine learning identifies an immunological pattern associated with multiple juvenile idiopathic arthritis subtypes. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:617-628. [PMID: 30862608 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common class of childhood rheumatic diseases, with distinct disease subsets that may have diverging pathophysiological origins. Both adaptive and innate immune processes have been proposed as primary drivers, which may account for the observed clinical heterogeneity, but few high-depth studies have been performed. METHODS Here we profiled the adaptive immune system of 85 patients with JIA and 43 age-matched controls with indepth flow cytometry and machine learning approaches. RESULTS Immune profiling identified immunological changes in patients with JIA. This immune signature was shared across a broad spectrum of childhood inflammatory diseases. The immune signature was identified in clinically distinct subsets of JIA, but was accentuated in patients with systemic JIA and those patients with active disease. Despite the extensive overlap in the immunological spectrum exhibited by healthy children and patients with JIA, machine learning analysis of the data set proved capable of discriminating patients with JIA from healthy controls with ~90% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS These results pave the way for large-scale immune phenotyping longitudinal studies of JIA. The ability to discriminate between patients with JIA and healthy individuals provides proof of principle for the use of machine learning to identify immune signatures that are predictive to treatment response group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Van Nieuwenhove
- UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Van Eyck
- UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James Dooley
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ulrich Bodenhofer
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Linz, Austria.,LIT AI Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.,QUOMATIC.AI, Linz, Austria
| | - Carlos Roca
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijne Vandebergh
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Goris
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Humblet-Baron
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Wouters
- UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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35
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Nijhuis L, Peeters JGC, Vastert SJ, van Loosdregt J. Restoring T Cell Tolerance, Exploring the Potential of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:151. [PMID: 30792714 PMCID: PMC6374297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is characterized by a loss of immune tolerance. Here, the balance between the activity of effector T (Teff) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells is disturbed resulting in chronic inflammation in the joints. Presently, therapeutic strategies are predominantly aimed at suppressing immune activation and pro-inflammatory effector mechanisms, ignoring the opportunity to also promote tolerance by boosting the regulatory side of the immune balance. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) can deacetylate both histone and non-histone proteins and have been demonstrated to modulate epigenetic regulation as well as cellular signaling in various cell types. Importantly, HDACs are potent regulators of both Teff cell and Treg cell function and can thus be regarded as attractive therapeutic targets in chronic inflammatory arthritis. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have proven therapeutic potential in the cancer field, and are presently being explored for their potential in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Specific HDACi have already been demonstrated to reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by Teff cells, and promote Treg numbers and suppressive capacity in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we outline the role of the different classes of HDACs in both Teff cell and Treg cell function. Furthermore, we will review the effect of different HDACi on T cell tolerance and explore their potential as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of oligoarticular and polyarticular JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Nijhuis
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Janneke G C Peeters
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan J Vastert
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jorg van Loosdregt
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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36
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Hoeppli RE, Pesenacker AM. Targeting Tregs in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Juvenile Dermatomyositis-Insights From Other Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:46. [PMID: 30740105 PMCID: PMC6355674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are believed to be dysfunctional in autoimmunity. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) result from a loss of normal immune regulation in specific tissues such as joints or muscle and skin, respectively. Here, we discuss recent findings in regard to Treg biology in oligo-/polyarticular JIA and JDM, as well as what we can learn about Treg-related disease mechanism, treatment and biomarkers in JIA/JDM from studies of other diseases. We explore the potential use of Treg immunoregulatory markers and gene signatures as biomarkers for disease course and/or treatment success. Further, we discuss how Tregs are affected by several treatment strategies already employed in the therapy of JIA and JDM and by alternative immunotherapies such as anti-cytokine or co-receptor targeting. Finally, we review recent successes in using Tregs as a treatment target with low-dose IL-2 or cellular immunotherapy. Thus, this mini review will highlight our current understanding and identify open questions in regard to Treg biology, and how recent findings may advance biomarkers and new therapies for JIA and JDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy E Hoeppli
- Department of Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne M Pesenacker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Sarkar S, Rokad D, Malovic E, Luo J, Harischandra DS, Jin H, Anantharam V, Huang X, Lewis M, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Manganese activates NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and propagates exosomal release of ASC in microglial cells. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/563/eaat9900. [PMID: 30622196 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat9900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic, sustained inflammation underlies many pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. Divalent manganese (Mn2+) exposure can stimulate neurotoxicity by increasing inflammation. In this study, we examined whether Mn2+ activates the multiprotein NLRP3 inflammasome complex to promote neuroinflammation. Exposing activated mouse microglial cells to Mn2+ substantially augmented NLRP3 abundance, caspase-1 cleavage, and maturation of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Exposure of mice to Mn2+ had similar effects in brain microglial cells. Furthermore, Mn2+ impaired mitochondrial ATP generation, basal respiratory rate, and spare capacity in microglial cells. These data suggest that Mn-induced mitochondrial defects drove the inflammasome signal amplification. We found that Mn induced cell-to-cell transfer of the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC in exosomes. Furthermore, primed microglial cells exposed to exosomes from Mn-treated mice released more IL-1β than did cells exposed to exosomes from control-treated animals. We also observed that welders exposed to manganese-containing fumes had plasma exosomes that contained more ASC than did those from a matched control group. Together, these results suggest that the divalent metal manganese acts as a key amplifier of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and exosomal ASC release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Dharmin Rokad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Emir Malovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Dilshan S Harischandra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Mechelle Lewis
- Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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38
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Leong JY, Guan YJ, Albani S, Arkachaisri T. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and their potential clinical implications. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 14:933-944. [PMID: 30269617 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2018.1529757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) comprises systemic and non-systemic forms of chronic childhood arthritis diagnosed prior to age 16. Significant improvement in treatment outcomes has been witnessed since the introduction of biologics. In particular, advances in research in the area of multidimensional interrogation and network analysis have facilitated understanding of the complex cacophony of components orchestrating disease immunopathogenesis. Areas covered: In this review, we will examine the scientific advances that have augmented our understanding of JIA pathogenesis, focusing on the progress made in systemic, poly, and oligo JIA in four major aspects: (a) unraveling the pathogenic mechanisms, (b) disease classification, (c) therapeutic selection, and (d) decision for withdrawal of medications after achieving remission. Expert commentary: Dysregulation of innate immune cell physiology and function in sJIA will be highlighted. MicroRNAs contribute to monocyte/macrophage polarization with resulting consequences on macrophage activation syndrome development. The involvement of neutrophils, a major source of S100A8/9/12, in the active inflammatory phase of sJIA is compelling. In non-sJIA, circulating CD4 subsets in T effector and regulatory compartments possessing a strong synovial T-cell receptor coverage and disease activity correlation, acted as an accessible reservoir of pathogenic cells exploitable for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao Leong
- a Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre , Singapore
| | - Yeo Joo Guan
- a Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre , Singapore.,b Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties , KK Women's and Children's Hospital , Singapore.,c Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Salvatore Albani
- a Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre , Singapore.,b Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties , KK Women's and Children's Hospital , Singapore.,c Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Thaschawee Arkachaisri
- b Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties , KK Women's and Children's Hospital , Singapore.,c Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
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Copland A, Bending D. Foxp3 Molecular Dynamics in Treg in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2273. [PMID: 30333832 PMCID: PMC6175987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of the regulatory T-cell (Treg)-associated transcription factor Foxp3, there have been intensive research efforts to understand its biology and roles in maintaining immune homeostasis. It is well established that thymic selection of a repertoire of self-reactive Foxp3+ T-cells provides an essential mechanism to minimize reactions to self-antigens in the periphery, and thus aid in the prevention of autoimmunity. It is clear from both genetic and immunological analyses of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients that T-cells have a strong role to play in both the initiation and propagation of disease. The current paradigm is to view autoimmunity as a consequence of an imbalance between inflammatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms. This view has led to the assigning of cells and inflammatory mediators to different classes based on their assumed pro- or anti-inflammatory roles. This is typically reported as ratios of effector T-cells to Treg cells. Problematically, many analyses are based on static “snapshots-in-time,” even though both mouse models and human patient studies have highlighted the dynamic nature of Foxp3+ T-cells in vivo, which can exhibit plasticity and time-dependent functional states. In this review, we discuss the role of Foxp3 dynamics in the control of T-cell responses in childhood arthritis, by reviewing evidence in humans and relevant mouse models of inflammatory disease. Whilst the cellular dynamics of Treg have been well evaluated—leading to standard data outputs such as frequency, quantity and quality (often assessed by in vitro suppressive capacity)—we discuss how recent insights into the molecular dynamics of Foxp3 transcription and its post-translational control may open up tantalizing new avenues for immunotherapies to treat autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Copland
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Bending
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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40
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Petrelli A, Mijnheer G, Hoytema van Konijnenburg DP, van der Wal MM, Giovannone B, Mocholi E, Vazirpanah N, Broen JC, Hijnen D, Oldenburg B, Coffer PJ, Vastert SJ, Prakken BJ, Spierings E, Pandit A, Mokry M, van Wijk F. PD-1+CD8+ T cells are clonally expanding effectors in human chronic inflammation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4669-4681. [PMID: 30198907 DOI: 10.1172/jci96107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are characterized by recurrent inflammatory attacks in the tissues mediated by autoreactive T cells. Identity and functional programming of CD8+ T cells at the target site of inflammation still remain elusive. One key question is whether, in these antigen-rich environments, chronic stimulation leads to CD8+ T cell exhaustion comparable to what is observed in infectious disease contexts. In the synovial fluid (SF) of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients, a model of chronic inflammation, an overrepresentation of PD-1+CD8+ T cells was found. Gene expression profiling, gene set enrichment analysis, functional studies, and extracellular flux analysis identified PD-1+CD8+ T cells as metabolically active effectors, with no sign of exhaustion. Furthermore, PD-1+CD8+ T cells were enriched for a tissue-resident memory (Trm) cell transcriptional profile and demonstrated increased clonal expansion compared with the PD-1- counterpart, suggesting antigen-driven expansion of locally adapted cells. Interestingly, this subset was also found increased in target tissues in other human chronic inflammatory diseases. These data indicate that local chronic inflammation drives the induction and expansion of CD8+ T cells endowed with potential detrimental properties. Together, these findings lay the basis for investigation of PD-1-expressing CD8+ T cell targeting strategies in human chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Petrelli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerdien Mijnheer
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David P Hoytema van Konijnenburg
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria M van der Wal
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Enric Mocholi
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul J Coffer
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine
| | - Sebastian J Vastert
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Berent J Prakken
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eric Spierings
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Michal Mokry
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Division of Child Health, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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41
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Ihantola EL, Viisanen T, Gazali AM, Näntö-Salonen K, Juutilainen A, Moilanen L, Rintamäki R, Pihlajamäki J, Veijola R, Toppari J, Knip M, Ilonen J, Kinnunen T. Effector T Cell Resistance to Suppression and STAT3 Signaling during the Development of Human Type 1 Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1144-1153. [PMID: 30006377 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated suppression and, in particular, resistance of CD4+ effector T cells (Teffs) to suppression have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the mechanistic basis behind this resistance and the time frame during which it develops in relation to the onset of clinical T1D remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed the capacity of peripheral blood Teffs isolated both from patients with T1D and from prediabetic at-risk subjects positive for multiple diabetes-associated autoantibodies (AAb+) to be suppressed by Tregs. Because STAT3 activation through IL-6 has previously been implicated in mediating Teff resistance, we also investigated the surface expression of IL-6R as well as IL-6- and TCR-mediated phosphorylation of STAT3 in T cells from our study subjects. Teff resistance to suppression was observed both in patients with newly diagnosed and long-standing T1D but not in AAb+ subjects and was shown to be STAT3 dependent. No alterations in IL-6R expression or IL-6-mediated STAT3 activation were observed in T cells from patients with T1D or AAb+ subjects. However, faster STAT3 activation after TCR stimulation without concomitant increase in IL-6 expression was observed in T cells from patients with T1D. These experiments suggest that Teff resistance in T1D patients is STAT3 dependent but not directly linked with the capacity of Teffs to produce or respond to IL-6. In conclusion, Teff resistance to Treg-mediated suppression is likely a feature of disease progression in human T1D and can potentially be targeted by immune therapies that block STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi-Leena Ihantola
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tyyne Viisanen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmad M Gazali
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Auni Juutilainen
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leena Moilanen
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Reeta Rintamäki
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.,Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland.,Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00281 Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit - Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; .,Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
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42
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van Eden W. Immune tolerance therapies for autoimmune diseases based on heat shock protein T-cell epitopes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0531. [PMID: 29203716 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of autoimmune diseases have revealed the disease protective role of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Both the administration of exogenous extracellular, mostly recombinant, HSP and the experimental co-induction of endogenous intracellular HSP in models have been shown to lead to production of disease protective regulatory T cells (Tregs). Similar to HSP taken up from extracellular bodily fluids, due to stress-related autophagy upregulated HSP also from intracellular sources is a major provider for the major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) ligandome; therefore, both extracellular and intracellular HSP can be prominent targets of Treg. The development of therapeutic peptide vaccines for the restoration of immune tolerance in inflammatory diseases is an area of intensive research. In this area, HSPs are a target for tolerance-inducing T-cell therapy, because of their wide expression in inflamed tissues. In humans, in whom the actual disease trigger is frequently unknown, HSP peptides offer chances for tolerance-promoting interventions through induction of HSP-specific Treg. Recently, we have shown the ability of a bacterial HSP70-derived peptide, HSP70-B29, to induce HSP-specific Tregs that suppressed arthritis by cross-recognition of their mammalian HSP70 homologues, abundantly present in the MHCII ligandome of stressed mouse and human antigen-presenting cells in inflamed tissues.This article is part of the theme issue 'Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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43
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been considered a CD4 T-cell disease, primarily because of the findings that the strongest genetic risk for MS is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II locus, and that T cells play a central role in directing the immune response. The importance that the T helper (Th)1 cytokine, interferon γ (IFN-γ), and the Th17 cytokine, interleukin (IL)-17, play in MS pathogenesis is indicated by recent clinical trial data by the enhanced presence of Th1/Th17 cells in central nervous system (CNS) tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood, and by research on animal models of MS, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although the majority of research on MS pathogenesis has centered on the role of effector CD4 T cells, accumulating data suggests that CD8 T cells may play a significant role in the human disease. In fact, in contrast to most animal models, the primary T cell found in the CNS in patients with MS, is the CD8 T cell. As patient-derived effector T cells are also resistant to mechanisms of dominant tolerance such as that induced by interaction with regulatory T cells (Tregs), their reduced response to regulation may also contribute to the unchecked effector T-cell activity in patients with MS. These concepts will be discussed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Kaskow
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Clare Baecher-Allan
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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44
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van Loosdregt J, van Wijk F, Prakken B, Vastert B. Update on research and clinical translation on specific clinical areas from biology to bedside: Unpacking the mysteries of juvenile idiopathic arthritis pathogenesis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2018; 31:460-475. [PMID: 29773267 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, we have gained important insights into the mechanisms of disease and therapy underlying chronic inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). These insights have resulted in several game-changing therapeutic modalities for many patients. However, additional progress still has to be made with regard to efficacy, cost reduction, minimization of side effects, and dose-tapering and stop strategies of maintenance drugs. Moreover, to really transform the current therapeutic strategies into personalized medicine, we need validated biomarkers to translate increased insights into clinical practice. In this article, we describe recent developments in JIA research and outline how clinical innovations need to go hand in hand with basic discoveries to really effect care for patients. Facilitating the transition from bench to bedside is crucial for addressing the major current challenges in JIA management. When successful, it will set new standards for a safe, targeted, and personalized medicine in JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorg van Loosdregt
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Laboratory for Translational Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, P.O. Box 85090, 3584 EA/3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Laboratory for Translational Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, P.O. Box 85090, 3584 EA/3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berent Prakken
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Laboratory for Translational Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, P.O. Box 85090, 3584 EA/3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Vastert
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Rheumatology, Laboratory for Translational Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, P.O. Box 85090, 3584 EA/3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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45
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Sudres M, Verdier J, Truffault F, Le Panse R, Berrih-Aknin S. Pathophysiological mechanisms of autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1413:59-68. [PMID: 29377165 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are chronic disorders characterized by inflammatory reactions against self-antigens that can be either systemic or organ specific. AIDs can differ in their epidemiologic features and clinical presentations, yet all share a remarkable complexity. AIDs result from an interplay of genetic and epigenetic factors with environmental components that are associated with imbalances in the immune system. Many of the pathogenic mechanisms of AIDs are also implicated in myasthenia gravis (MG), an AID in which inflammation of the thymus leads to a neuromuscular disorder. Our goal here is to highlight the similarities and differences between MG and other AIDs by reviewing the common transcriptome signatures and the development of germinal centers and by discussing some unresolved questions about autoimmune mechanisms. This review will propose hypotheses to explain the origin of regulatory T (Treg ) cell defects and the causes of chronicity and specificity of AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Sudres
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Julien Verdier
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Truffault
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Rozen Le Panse
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
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46
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Wraith DC. The Future of Immunotherapy: A 20-Year Perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1668. [PMID: 29234325 PMCID: PMC5712390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the field of immunology that aims to identify treatments for diseases through induction, enhancement or suppression of an immune response. Immunotherapies designed to instigate or enhance an immune response are considered “activating immunotherapies” while those designed to repress an immune response are “suppressive immunotherapies.” This perspective will focus on two areas of immunotherapy, activating immunotherapies for cancer and suppressive immunotherapies for autoimmunity both of which have seen a resurgence in interest in recent years and are likely to transform the treatment of many human diseases in the next 20 years. Effective immunotherapies for cancer, where the aim is to activate tumor-specific immune responses, will be totally different from those designed to suppress the immune response to self-antigens in autoimmune disease. Furthermore, the reader will appreciate that the degree to which side effects of immunotherapies are acceptable will differ drastically between life-threatening cancers and chronic, debilitating but not necessarily life-threatening autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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47
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Nguyen TA, Kahn DA, Loewendorf AI. Maternal-Fetal rejection reactions are unconstrained in preeclamptic women. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188250. [PMID: 29176779 PMCID: PMC5703473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk factors for preeclampsia, extremes of maternal age, changing paternity, concomitant maternal autoimmunity, and/or birth intervals greater than 5 years, suggest an underlying immunopathology. We used peripheral blood and lymphocytes from the UteroPlacental Interface (UPI) of 3rd trimester healthy pregnant women in multicolor flow cytometry-and in vitro suppression assays. The major end-point was the characterization of activation markers, and potential effector functions of different CD4-and CD8 subsets as well as T regulatory cells (Treg). We observed a significant shift of peripheral CD4 -and CD8- T cells from naïve to memory phenotype in preeclamptic women compared to healthy pregnant women consistent with long-standing immune activation. While the proportions of the highly suppressive Cytokine and Activated Treg were increased in preeclampsia, Treg tolerance toward fetal antigens was dysfunctional. Thus, our observations indicate a long-standing inflammatory derangement driving immune activation in preeclampsia; in how far the Treg dysfunction is caused by/causes this immune activation in preeclampsia will be the object of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina A. Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Kahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea I. Loewendorf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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48
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van den Broek T, Madi A, Delemarre EM, Schadenberg AWL, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM, Nierkens S, Redegeld FA, Otten HG, Rossetti M, Albani S, Sorek R, Cohen IR, Jansen NJG, van Wijk F. Human neonatal thymectomy induces altered B-cell responses and autoreactivity. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1970-1981. [PMID: 28691750 PMCID: PMC5697610 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An association between T‐cell lymphopenia and autoimmunity has long been proposed, but it remains to be elucidated whether T‐cell lymphopenia affects B‐cell responses to autoantigens. Human neonatal thymectomy (Tx) results in a decrease in T‐cell numbers and we used this model to study the development of autoreactivity. Two cohorts of neonatally thymectomized individuals were examined, a cohort of young (1–5 years post‐Tx, n = 10–27) and older children (>10 years, n = 26), and compared to healthy age‐matched controls. T‐cell and B‐cell subsets were assessed and autoantibody profiling performed. Early post‐Tx, a decrease in T‐cell numbers (2.75 × 109/L vs. 0.71 × 109/L) and an increased proportion of memory T cells (19.72 vs. 57.43%) were observed. The presence of autoantibodies was correlated with an increased proportion of memory T cells in thymectomized children. No differences were seen in percentages of different B‐cell subsets between the groups. The autoantigen microarray showed a skewed autoantibody response after Tx. In the cohort of older individuals, autoantibodies were present in 62% of the thymectomized children, while they were found in only 33% of the healthy controls. Overall, our data suggest that neonatal Tx skews the autoantibody profile. Preferential expansion and preservation of Treg (regulatory T) cell stability and function, may contribute to preventing autoimmune disease development after Tx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo van den Broek
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Asaf Madi
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eveline M Delemarre
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alvin W L Schadenberg
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José A M Borghans
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A Redegeld
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henny G Otten
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maura Rossetti
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre, SingHealth, Singapore
| | - Salvatore Albani
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre, SingHealth, Singapore
| | | | - Irun R Cohen
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nicolaas J G Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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49
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Henderson LA, Volpi S, Frugoni F, Janssen E, Kim S, Sundel RP, Dedeoglu F, Lo MS, Hazen MM, Beth Son M, Mathieu R, Zurakowski D, Yu N, Lebedeva T, Fuhlbrigge RC, Walter JE, Nee Lee Y, Nigrovic PA, Notarangelo LD. Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals Restriction and Clonotypic Expansion of Treg Cells in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:1758-68. [PMID: 26815131 DOI: 10.1002/art.39606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treg cell-mediated suppression of Teff cells is impaired in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA); however, the basis for this dysfunction is incompletely understood. Animal models of autoimmunity and immunodeficiency demonstrate that a diverse Treg cell repertoire is essential to maintain Treg cell function. The present study was undertaken to investigate the Treg and Teff cell repertoires in JIA. METHODS Treg cells (CD4+CD25+CD127(low) ) and Teff cells (CD4+CD25-) were isolated from peripheral blood and synovial fluid obtained from JIA patients, healthy controls, and children with Lyme arthritis. Treg cell function was measured in suppressive assays. The T cell receptor β chain (TRB) was amplified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing was performed, with amplicons sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq platform. Data were analyzed using ImmunoSEQ, International ImMunoGeneTics system, and the Immunoglobulin Analysis Tools. RESULTS Compared to findings in controls, the JIA peripheral blood Treg cell repertoire was restricted, and clonotypic expansions were found in both blood and synovial fluid Treg cells. Skewed usage and pairing of TRB variable and joining genes, including overuse of gene segments that have been associated with other autoimmune conditions, was observed. JIA patients shared a substantial portion of synovial fluid Treg cell clonotypes that were private to JIA and not identified in Lyme arthritis. CONCLUSION We identified restriction and clonotypic expansions in the JIA Treg cell repertoire with sharing of Treg cell clonotypes across patients. These findings suggest that abnormalities in the Treg cell repertoire, possibly engendered by shared antigenic triggers, may contribute to disease pathogenesis in JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erin Janssen
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Kim
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Mindy S Lo
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Neng Yu
- American Red Cross Blood Services-East Division, New England HLA Services, Dedham, Massachusetts
| | - Tatiana Lebedeva
- American Red Cross Blood Services-East Division, New England HLA Services, Dedham, Massachusetts
| | - Robert C Fuhlbrigge
- Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jolan E Walter
- Boston Children's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu Nee Lee
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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50
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Klocke K, Holmdahl R, Wing K. CTLA-4 expressed by FOXP3 + regulatory T cells prevents inflammatory tissue attack and not T-cell priming in arthritis. Immunology 2017; 152:125-137. [PMID: 28497863 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) -mediated regulation of already tolerized autoreactive T cells is critical for understanding autoimmune responses. Although defects in CTLA-4 contribute to abnormal FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cell function in rheumatoid arthritis, its role in autoreactive T cells remains elusive. We studied immunity towards the dominant collagen type II (CII) T-cell epitope in collagen-induced arthritis both in the heterologous setting and in the autologous setting where CII is mutated at position E266D in mouse cartilage. CTLA-4 regulated all stages of arthritis, including the chronic phase, and affected the priming of autologous but not heterologous CII-reactive T cells. CTLA-4 expression by both conventional T (Tconv) cells and Treg cells was required but while Tconv cell expression was needed to control the priming of naive autoreactive T cells, CTLA-4 on Treg cells prevented the inflammatory tissue attack. This identifies a cell-type-specific time window when CTLA-4-mediated tolerance is most powerful, which has important implications for clinical therapy with immune modulatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Klocke
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Wing
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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