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Li F, Wang H, Ye T, Guo P, Lin X, Hu Y, Wei W, Wang S, Ma G. Recent Advances in Material Technology for Leukemia Treatments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313955. [PMID: 38547845 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Leukemia is a widespread hematological malignancy characterized by an elevated white blood cell count in both the blood and the bone marrow. Despite notable advancements in leukemia intervention in the clinic, a large proportion of patients, especially acute leukemia patients, fail to achieve long-term remission or complete remission following treatment. Therefore, leukemia therapy necessitates optimization to meet the treatment requirements. In recent years, a multitude of materials have undergone rigorous study to serve as delivery vectors or direct intervention agents to bolster the effectiveness of leukemia therapy. These materials include liposomes, protein-based materials, polymeric materials, cell-derived materials, and inorganic materials. They possess unique characteristics and are applied in a broad array of therapeutic modalities, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and other evolving treatments. Here, an overview of these materials is presented, describing their physicochemical properties, their role in leukemia treatment, and the challenges they face in the context of clinical translation. This review inspires researchers to further develop various materials that can be used to augment the efficacy of multiple therapeutic modalities for novel applications in leukemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huaiji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lin
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yuxing Hu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Liu Y, Wang X, Feng H, Li X, Yang R, Zhang M, Du Y, Liu R, Luo M, Li Z, Liu B, Wang J, Wang W, An F, Niu F, He P. Glutathione-depleting Liposome Adjuvant for Augmenting the Efficacy of a Glutathione Covalent Inhibitor Oridonin for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:299. [PMID: 38812031 PMCID: PMC11137913 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discrepancies in the utilization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) between cancer cells and their normal counterparts constitute a pivotal juncture for the precise treatment of cancer, delineating a noteworthy trajectory in the field of targeted therapies. This phenomenon is particularly conspicuous in the domain of nano-drug precision treatment. Despite substantial strides in employing nanoparticles to disrupt ROS for cancer therapy, current strategies continue to grapple with challenges pertaining to efficacy and specificity. One of the primary hurdles lies in the elevated levels of intracellular glutathione (GSH). Presently, predominant methods to mitigate intracellular GSH involve inhibiting its synthesis or promoting GSH efflux. However, a conspicuous gap remains in the absence of a strategy capable of directly and efficiently clearing GSH. METHODS We initially elucidated the chemical mechanism underpinning oridonin, a diminutive pharmacological agent demonstrated to perturb reactive oxygen species, through its covalent interaction with glutathione. Subsequently, we employed the incorporation of maleimide-liposomes, renowned for their capacity to disrupt the ROS delivery system, to ameliorate the drug's water solubility and pharmacokinetics, thereby enhancing its ROS-disruptive efficacy. In a pursuit to further refine the targeting for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we harnessed the maleic imide and thiol reaction mechanism, facilitating the coupling of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) peptides to the liposomes' surface via maleic imide. This strategic approach offers a novel method for the precise removal of GSH, and its enhancement endeavors are directed towards fortifying the precision and efficacy of the drug's impact on AML targets. RESULTS We demonstrated that this peptide-liposome-small molecule machinery targets AML and consequently induces cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo through three disparate mechanisms: (I) Oridonin, as a Michael acceptor molecule, inhibits GSH function through covalent bonding, triggering an initial imbalance of oxidative stress. (II) Maleimide further induces GSH exhaustion, aggravating redox imbalance as a complementary augment with oridonin. (III) Peptide targets TLR2, enhances the directivity and enrichment of oridonin within AML cells. CONCLUSION The rationally designed nanocomplex provides a ROS drug enhancement and targeted delivery platform, representing a potential solution by disrupting redox balance for AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Runyu Yang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yue Du
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Minna Luo
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Feifei An
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Fan Niu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Pengcheng He
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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Mangione R, Giallongo C, Duminuco A, La Spina E, Longhitano L, Giallongo S, Tibullo D, Lazzarino G, Saab MW, Sbriglione A, Palumbo GA, Graziani A, Alanazi AM, Di Pietro V, Tavazzi B, Amorini AM, Lazzarino G. Targeted Metabolomics Highlights Dramatic Antioxidant Depletion, Increased Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Altered Purine and Pyrimidine Concentrations in Serum of Primary Myelofibrosis Patients. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:490. [PMID: 38671937 PMCID: PMC11047794 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, little is known concerning the circulating levels of biochemically relevant metabolites (antioxidants, oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarkers, purines, and pyrimidines) in patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF), a rare form of myeloproliferative tumor causing a dramatic decrease in erythropoiesis and angiogenesis. In this study, using a targeted metabolomic approach, serum samples of 22 PMF patients and of 22 control healthy donors were analyzed to quantify the circulating concentrations of hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid (as representative purines), uracil, β-pseudouridine, uridine (as representative pyrimidines), reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (as two of the main water-soluble antioxidants), malondialdehyde, nitrite, nitrate (as oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarkers) and creatinine, using well-established HPLC method for their determination. Results showed that PMF patients have dramatic depletions of both ascorbic acid and GSH (37.3- and 3.81-times lower circulating concentrations, respectively, than those recorded in healthy controls, p < 0.0001), accompanied by significant increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite + nitrate (4.73- and 1.66-times higher circulating concentrations, respectively, than those recorded in healthy controls, p < 0.0001). Additionally, PMF patients have remarkable alterations of circulating purines, pyrimidines, and creatinine, suggesting potential mitochondrial dysfunctions causing energy metabolism imbalance and consequent increases in these cell energy-related compounds. Overall, these results, besides evidencing previously unknown serum metabolic alterations in PMF patients, suggest that the determination of serum levels of the aforementioned compounds may be useful to evaluate PMF patients on hospital admission for adjunctive therapies aimed at recovering their correct antioxidant status, as well as to monitor patients' status and potential pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mangione
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart of Rome, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine, UniCamillus—Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, Division of Hematology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.G.); (S.G.); (G.A.P.)
| | - Andrea Duminuco
- Hematology Unit with BMT, A.O.U. Policlinico “G.Rodolico-San Marco”, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Enrico La Spina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.L.S.); (L.L.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (M.W.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Lucia Longhitano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.L.S.); (L.L.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (M.W.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, Division of Hematology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.G.); (S.G.); (G.A.P.)
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.L.S.); (L.L.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (M.W.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.L.S.); (L.L.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (M.W.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Miriam Wissam Saab
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.L.S.); (L.L.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (M.W.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Arianna Sbriglione
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.L.S.); (L.L.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (M.W.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Giuseppe A. Palumbo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, Division of Hematology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.G.); (S.G.); (G.A.P.)
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine, UniCamillus—Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Amer M. Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Valentina Di Pietro
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine, UniCamillus—Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Angela Maria Amorini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.L.S.); (L.L.); (D.T.); (G.L.); (M.W.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine, UniCamillus—Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (G.L.)
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Akiyama H, Zhao R, Ostermann LB, Li Z, Tcheng M, Yazdani SJ, Moayed A, Pryor ML, Slngh S, Baran N, Ayoub E, Nishida Y, Mak PY, Ruvolo VR, Carter BZ, Schimmer AD, Andreeff M, Ishizawa J. Mitochondrial regulation of GPX4 inhibition-mediated ferroptosis in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2024; 38:729-740. [PMID: 38148395 PMCID: PMC11082873 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells causes refractory or relapsed disease, associated with dismal clinical outcomes. Ferroptosis, a mode of non-apoptotic cell death triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has been investigated as potential therapeutic modality against therapy-resistant cancers, but our knowledge of its role in AML is limited. We investigated ferroptosis in AML cells and identified its mitochondrial regulation as a therapeutic vulnerability. GPX4 knockdown induced ferroptosis in AML cells, accompanied with characteristic mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, exerting anti-AML effects in vitro and in vivo. Electron transport chains (ETC) are primary sources of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) recycling for its function of anti-lipid peroxidation in mitochondria. We found that the mitochondria-specific CoQ potently inhibited GPX4 inhibition-mediated ferroptosis, suggesting that mitochondrial lipid redox regulates ferroptosis in AML cells. Consistently, Rho0 cells, which lack functional ETC, were more sensitive to GPX4 inhibition-mediated mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis than control cells. Furthermore, degradation of ETC through hyperactivation of a mitochondrial protease, caseinolytic protease P (ClpP), synergistically enhanced the anti-AML effects of GPX4 inhibition. Collectively, our findings indicate that in AML cells, GPX4 inhibition induces ferroptosis, which is regulated by mitochondrial lipid redox and ETC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Akiyama
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ran Zhao
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lauren B Ostermann
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Tcheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samar J Yazdani
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arman Moayed
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Malcolm L Pryor
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sandeep Slngh
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Baran
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Edward Ayoub
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuki Nishida
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Po Yee Mak
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vivian R Ruvolo
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bing Z Carter
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jo Ishizawa
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Cox LA, Thompson WJ, Mundt KA. Interventional probability of causation (IPoC) with epidemiological and partial mechanistic evidence: benzene vs. formaldehyde and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:252-289. [PMID: 38753561 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2337435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Causal epidemiology for regulatory risk analysis seeks to evaluate how removing or reducing exposures would change disease occurrence rates. We define interventional probability of causation (IPoC) as the change in probability of a disease (or other harm) occurring over a lifetime or other specified time interval that would be caused by a specified change in exposure, as predicted by a fully specified causal model. We define the closely related concept of causal assigned share (CAS) as the predicted fraction of disease risk that would be removed or prevented by a specified reduction in exposure, holding other variables fixed. Traditional approaches used to evaluate the preventable risk implications of epidemiological associations, including population attributable fraction (PAF) and the Bradford Hill considerations, cannot reveal whether removing a risk factor would reduce disease incidence. We argue that modern formal causal models coupled with causal artificial intelligence (CAI) and realistically partial and imperfect knowledge of underlying disease mechanisms, show great promise for determining and quantifying IPoC and CAS for exposures and diseases of practical interest. METHODS We briefly review key CAI concepts and terms and then apply them to define IPoC and CAS. We present steps to quantify IPoC using a fully specified causal Bayesian network (BN) model. Useful bounds for quantitative IPoC and CAS calculations are derived for a two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model for carcinogenesis and illustrated by applying them to benzene and formaldehyde based on available epidemiological and partial mechanistic evidence. RESULTS Causal BN models for benzene and risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) incorporating mechanistic, toxicological and epidemiological findings show that prolonged high-intensity exposure to benzene can increase risk of AML (IPoC of up to 7e-5, CAS of up to 54%). By contrast, no causal pathway leading from formaldehyde exposure to increased risk of AML was identified, consistent with much previous mechanistic, toxicological and epidemiological evidence; therefore, the IPoC and CAS for formaldehyde-induced AML are likely to be zero. CONCLUSION We conclude that the IPoC approach can differentiate between likely and unlikely causal factors and can provide useful upper bounds for IPoC and CAS for some exposures and diseases of practical importance. For causal factors, IPoC can help to estimate the quantitative impacts on health risks of reducing exposures, even in situations where mechanistic evidence is realistically incomplete and individual-level exposure-response parameters are uncertain. This illustrates the strength that can be gained for causal inference by using causal models to generate testable hypotheses and then obtaining toxicological data to test the hypotheses implied by the models-and, where necessary, refine the models. This virtuous cycle provides additional insight into causal determinations that may not be available from weight-of-evidence considerations alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Cox
- Cox Associates and University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Kenneth A Mundt
- Independent Consultants in Epidemiology, Amherst, MA, USA
- Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Wang W, An J, Zhao R, Geng X, Jiang W, Yan X, Jiang B. Nanozymes: a new approach for leukemia therapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2459-2470. [PMID: 38345341 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02819d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Leukemia is a type of clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells characterized by bone marrow failure, differentiation arrest, and lineage skewing. Despite leukemia being a complex disease and it being difficult to identify a single driving force, redox homeostasis, the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) producers and cellular antioxidant systems, is normally impaired during leukemogenesis. In this context, the modulation of ROS in leukemia cells can be harnessed for therapeutic purposes. Nanozymes are functional nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics, which address the intrinsic limitations of natural enzymes and exhibit great potential in synergistic antitumor therapy. Nanozymes possess catalytic activities (e.g., peroxidase-like activity, catalase-like activity, superoxide dismutase-like activity, and oxidase-like activity) to regulate ROS levels in vitro and in vivo, making them promising for leukemia therapy. On account of the rapid development of nanozymes recently, their application potentials in leukemia therapy are gradually being explored. To highlight the achievements of nanozymes in the leukemia field, this review summarizes the recent studies of nanozymes with anti-leukemia efficacy and the underlying mechanism. In addition, the challenges and prospects of nanozyme research in leukemia therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jingyi An
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Runze Zhao
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xin Geng
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiyun Yan
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Nanozyme Laboratory in Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou, Henan, 451163, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- Nanozyme Laboratory in Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou, Henan, 451163, China
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Khorashad JS, Rizzo S, Tonks A. Reactive oxygen species and its role in pathogenesis and resistance to therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2024; 7:5. [PMID: 38434766 PMCID: PMC10905166 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Relapse following a short clinical response to therapy is the major challenge for the management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Leukemic stem cells (LSC), as the source of relapse, have been investigated for their metabolic preferences and their alterations at the time of relapse. As LSC rely on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy requirement, reactive oxygen species (ROS), as by-products of OXPHOS, have been investigated for their role in the effectiveness of the standard AML therapy. Increased levels of non-mitochondrial ROS, generated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, in a subgroup of AML patients add to the complexity of studying ROS. Although there are various studies presenting the contribution of ROS to AML pathogenesis, resistance, and its inhibition or activation as a target, a model that can clearly explain its role in AML has not been conceptualized. This is due to the heterogeneity of AML, the dynamics of ROS production, which is influenced by factors such as the type of treatment, cell differentiation state, mitochondrial activity, and also the heterogeneous generation of non-mitochondrial ROS and limited available data on their interaction with the microenvironment. This review summarizes these challenges and the recent progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Sorouri Khorashad
- Department of Immunology and inflammation, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sian Rizzo
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alex Tonks
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Zhong F, Jiang J, Yao FY, Liu J, Shuai X, Wang XL, Huang B, Wang X. Development and validation of a disulfidptosis-related scoring system to predict clinical outcome and immunotherapy response in acute myeloid leukemia by integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1272701. [PMID: 38053840 PMCID: PMC10694296 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1272701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Disulfidptosis is a metabolically relevant mode of cell death, and its relationship with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not been clarified. In this study, disulfidptosis scores were computed to examine the potential biological mechanisms. Methods: Consensus clustering was applied to detect disulfidptosis-related molecular subtypes. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was used to construct a DRG prognostic model. Results: DRGs are upregulated in AML and associated with poor prognosis. The higher the disulfidptosis activity score, the worse the clinical outcome for patients, accompanied by increased immune checkpoint expression and tumor marker pathway activity. The two molecular subtypes exhibited distinct prognoses and tumor microenvironment (TME) profiles. A prognostic risk score model was established using six DRGs, and the AML cohort was divided into high- and low-risk score groups. Patients in the high-risk group experienced significantly worse prognosis, which was validated in seven AML cohorts. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve values for risk score prediction of 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival were 0.779, 0.714, and 0.778, respectively. The nomogram, in conjunction with clinicopathological factors, further improved the accuracy of prognosis prediction. The high-risk score group exhibited a higher somatic mutation frequency, increased immune-related signaling pathway activity, and greater immune checkpoint expression, suggesting a certain degree of immunosuppression. Patients with advanced age and higher cytogenetic risk also had elevated risk scores. According to drug prediction and AML anti-PD-1 therapy cohort analysis, the low-risk score group displayed greater sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs like cytarabine and midostaurin, while the high-risk score group was more responsive to anti-PD-1 therapy. Finally, clinical samples were collected for sequencing analysis, confirming that the progression of myeloid leukemia was associated with a higher risk score and a negative disulfidptosis score, suggesting that the poor prognosis of AML may be associated with disulfidptosis resistance. Conclusion: In conclusion, a systematic analysis of DRGs can help to identify potential disulfidptosis-related mechanisms and provide effective new biomarkers for prognosis prediction, TME assessment, and the establishment of personalized treatment plans in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaozhong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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9
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Zhang H, Sun C, Sun Q, Li Y, Zhou C, Sun C. Susceptibility of acute myeloid leukemia cells to ferroptosis and evasion strategies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1275774. [PMID: 37818101 PMCID: PMC10561097 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1275774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly aggressive hematologic malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of less than 30%. Continuous updating of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies has not been effective in improving the clinical benefit of AML. AML cells are prone to iron metabolism imbalance due to their unique pathological characteristics, and ferroptosis is a novel cell death mode that is dominated by three cellular biological processes: iron metabolism, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. An in-depth exploration of the unique ferroptosis mechanism in AML can provide new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. This study summarizes recent studies on ferroptosis in AML cells and suggests that the metabolic characteristics, gene mutation patterns, and dependence on mitochondria of AML cells greatly increase their susceptibility to ferroptosis. In addition, this study suggests that AML cells can establish a variety of strategies to evade ferroptosis to maintain their survival during the process of occurrence and development, and summarizes the related drugs targeting ferroptosis pathway in AML treatment, which provides development directions for the subsequent mechanism research and clinical treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyun Zhang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chunjie Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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10
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Chen Y, Zou Z, Găman MA, Xu L, Li J. NADPH oxidase mediated oxidative stress signaling in FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:208. [PMID: 37391442 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The internal tandem duplication of the juxtamembrane domain of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3-ITD) is the most common genetic change in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and about 30% of all AMLs harbor a FLT3-ITD mutation. Even though FLT3 inhibitors have displayed encouraging effects in FLT3-ITD-mutated AML, the extent of the clinical response to these compounds is cut short due to the rapid development of drug resistance. Evidence has shown that FLT3-ITD triggered activation of oxidative stress signaling may exert a pivotal role in drug resistance. The downstream pathways of FLT3-ITD, including STAT5, PI3K/AKT, and RAS/MAPK, are considered to be major oxidative stress signaling pathways. These downstream pathways can inhibit apoptosis and promote proliferation and survival by regulating apoptosis-related genes and promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through NADPH oxidase (NOX) or other mechanisms. Appropriate levels of ROS may promote proliferation, but high levels of ROS can lead to oxidative damage to the DNA and increase genomic instability. In addition, post-translational modifications of FLT3-ITD and changes in its subcellular localization can affect downstream signaling which may also be one of the mechanisms leading to drug resistance. In this review, we summarized the research progress on NOX mediated oxidative stress signaling and its relationship with drug resistance in FLT3-ITD AML, and discuss the possible new targets in FLT3-ITD signal blocking to reverse drug resistance in FLT3-ITD-mutated AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China.
| | - Zhenyou Zou
- Institute of Psychosis Prevention, Brain Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 542005, China.
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474, Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Hematology, Centre of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Linglong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
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11
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Bassal MA. The Interplay between Dysregulated Metabolism and Epigenetics in Cancer. Biomolecules 2023; 13:944. [PMID: 37371524 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism (or energetics) and epigenetics are tightly coupled cellular processes. It is arguable that of all the described cancer hallmarks, dysregulated cellular energetics and epigenetics are the most tightly coregulated. Cellular metabolic states regulate and drive epigenetic changes while also being capable of influencing, if not driving, epigenetic reprogramming. Conversely, epigenetic changes can drive altered and compensatory metabolic states. Cancer cells meticulously modify and control each of these two linked cellular processes in order to maintain their tumorigenic potential and capacity. This review aims to explore the interplay between these two processes and discuss how each affects the other, driving and enhancing tumorigenic states in certain contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Adel Bassal
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Tusa I, Menconi A, Tubita A, Rovida E. Pathophysiological Impact of the MEK5/ERK5 Pathway in Oxidative Stress. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081154. [PMID: 37190064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Indeed, a low increase in the basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for various cellular functions, including signal transduction, gene expression, cell survival or death, as well as antioxidant capacity. However, if the amount of generated ROS overcomes the antioxidant capacity, excessive ROS results in cellular dysfunctions as a consequence of damage to cellular components, including DNA, lipids and proteins, and may eventually lead to cell death or carcinogenesis. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations have shown that activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (MEK5/ERK5) pathway is frequently involved in oxidative stress-elicited effects. In particular, accumulating evidence identified a prominent role of this pathway in the anti-oxidative response. In this respect, activation of krüppel-like factor 2/4 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 emerged among the most frequent events in ERK5-mediated response to oxidative stress. This review summarizes what is known about the role of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in the response to oxidative stress in pathophysiological contexts within the cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphohematopoietic, urinary and central nervous systems. The possible beneficial or detrimental effects exerted by the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in the above systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazia Tusa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Menconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tubita
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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13
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Tang X, Wang Z, Wang J, Cui S, Xu R, Wang Y. Functions and regulatory mechanisms of resting hematopoietic stem cells: a promising targeted therapeutic strategy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:73. [PMID: 37038215 PMCID: PMC10088186 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the common and essential precursors of all blood cells, including immune cells, and they are responsible for the lifelong maintenance and damage repair of blood tissue homeostasis. The vast majority (> 95%) of HSCs are in a resting state under physiological conditions and are only activated to play a functional role under stress conditions. This resting state affects their long-term survival and is also closely related to the lifelong maintenance of hematopoietic function; however, abnormal changes may also be an important factor leading to the decline of immune function in the body and the occurrence of diseases in various systems. While the importance of resting HSCs has attracted increasing research attention, our current understanding of this topic remains insufficient, and the direction of clinical targeted treatments is unclear. Here, we describe the functions of HSCs, analyze the regulatory mechanisms that affect their resting state, and discuss the relationship between resting HSCs and different diseases, with a view to providing guidance for the future clinical implementation of related targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Tang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16369 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250014, China
- Institute of Hematology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Hematology of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16369 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250014, China
- Institute of Hematology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Hematology of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Siyuan Cui
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16369 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250014, China
- Institute of Hematology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Hematology of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ruirong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16369 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250014, China.
- Institute of Hematology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
- Shandong Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Hematology of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16369 Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250014, China.
- Institute of Hematology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
- Shandong Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Hematology of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
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14
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Haddadi N, Mirzania M, Ansarihadipour H. Syringic acid Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Plasma and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Nutr Cancer 2023; 75:1038-1049. [PMID: 36697381 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2023.2170432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Syringic acid (SA) is a natural phenolic acid that possesses antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to assess the possible ameliorative effects of SA on oxidative stress in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Twenty-two healthy donors as well as 22 sex- and age-matched AML patients participated in the study. AML patients were at the time of diagnosis and before remission. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma samples were obtained and divided into four groups. The groups include: 1) buffer (B), containing isotonic phosphate buffer saline (100 mM, pH 7.4, 1 hr); 2) OX, containing solution subjected to iron-mediated oxidation (2.7 µM, 1 hr); 3) SA, containing SA solution (10 µM, 1 h) as ROS quencher and 4) SA + OX in which samples were pretreated with 10 µM of SA for 1 h, and then exposed to OX solution (2.7 µM) for 1 h. The results indicated that SA caused a significant increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in PBMCs. Of note, the treatment of PBMCs and plasma samples of AML patients with SA was able to normalize the altered levels of GPX, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). The antioxidant effect of SA was further confirmed by analyzing the total oxidant status, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation in both plasma samples and PBMCs of AML patients. According to the results, it seems that SA has strong protective effects on oxidative stress by elevating the total antioxidant status (TAS) of PBMCs and plasma specimens from AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Haddadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Mirzania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Research Center Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Ansarihadipour
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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15
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Stoddart A, Fernald AA, Davis EM, McNerney ME, Le Beau MM. EGR1 Haploinsufficiency Confers a Fitness Advantage to Hematopoietic Stem Cells Following Chemotherapy. Exp Hematol 2022; 115:54-67. [PMID: 35995095 PMCID: PMC10617250 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MNs) share many clinical and molecular characteristics with AML de novo in the elderly. One common factor is that they arise in the setting of chronic inflammation, likely because of advanced age or chemotherapy-induced senescence. Here, we examined the effect of haploinsufficient loss of the del(5q) tumor suppressor gene, EGR1, commonly deleted in high-risk MNs. In mice, under the exogenous stress of either serial transplant or successive doses of the alkylating agent N-ethyl-nitrosourea (ENU), Egr1-haploinsufficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) exhibit a clonal advantage. Complete loss of EGR1 function is incompatible with transformation; mutations of EGR1 are rare and are not observed in the remaining allele in del(5q) patients, and complete knockout of Egr1 in mice leads to HSC exhaustion. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), we identified EGR1 binding sites in human CD34+ cord blood-derived stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and found that EGR1 binds genes critical for stem cell differentiation, inflammatory signaling, and the DNA damage response. Notably, in the chromosome 5 sequences frequently deleted in patients, there is a significant enrichment of innate and inflammatory genes, which may confer a fitness advantage in an inflammatory environment. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated silencing of EGR1 biases HSPCs toward a self-renewal transcriptional signature. In the absence of EGR1, HSPCs are characterized by upregulated MYC-driven proliferative signals, downregulated CDKN1A (p21), disrupted DNA damage response, and downregulated inflammation-adaptations anticipated to confer a relative fitness advantage for stem cells especially in an environment of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Megan E McNerney
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago IL
| | - Michelle M Le Beau
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL
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16
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G JM, P P, Dharmarajan A, Warrier S, Gandhirajan RK. Modulation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancers: Recent Advances. Free Radic Res 2022; 56:447-470. [PMID: 36214686 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2022.2133704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation-reduction reactions played a significant role in the chemical evolution of life forms on oxygenated earth. Cellular respiration is dependent on such redox reactions, and any imbalance leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in both chronic and acute illnesses. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), by 2040, the global burden of new cancer cases is expected to be around 27.5 million, with 16.3 million cancer deaths due to an increase in risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyle, environmental factors, aberrant gene mutations, and resistance to therapies. ROS play an important role in cellular signalling, but they can cause severe damage to tissues when present at higher levels. Elevated and chronic levels of ROS are pertinent in carcinogenesis, while several therapeutic strategies rely on altering cellular ROS to eliminate tumour cells as they are more susceptible to ROS-induced damage than normal cells. Given this selective targeting potential, therapies that can effectively modulate ROS levels have been the focus of intense research in recent years. The current review describes biologically relevant ROS, its origins in solid and haematological cancers, and the current status of evolving antioxidant and pro-oxidant therapies in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyasree M G
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600116, India
| | - Prerana P
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600116, India
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600116, India.,Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.,Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560065, India.,Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Gandhirajan
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600116, India
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17
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Bulama I, Nasiru S, Bello A, Abbas AY, Nasiru JI, Saidu Y, Chiroma MS, Mohd Moklas MA, Mat Taib CN, Waziri A, Suleman BL. Antioxidant-based neuroprotective effect of dimethylsulfoxide against induced traumatic brain injury in a rats model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:998179. [PMID: 36353489 PMCID: PMC9638698 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.998179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been the result of neurological deficit and oxidative stress. This study evaluated the antioxidative neuroprotective property and learning and memory-enhancing effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in a rat model after the induction of TBI. 21 albino rats with 7 rats per group were used in this study. Group I was induced with TBI and treated with DMSO at 67.5 mg/kg orally once daily which started 30 min after the induction of TBI and lasted 21 days. Group II was induced with TBI but not treated while Group III was neither induced with TBI nor treated. Assessment of behavioral function (Learning and memory, anxiety and motor function), the level of an antioxidant enzymes and their gene expression (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase), the biomarkers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) and S100B levels as well as brain tissues histological studies were conducted. Administration of DMSO to rats with induced TBI has improved learning and memory, locomotor function and decreased anxiety in Group I compared to Group II. Moreover, the level of S100B was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in Group I compared to Group II. Treatment with DMSO also decreased lipid peroxidation significantly (p < 0.05) compared to Group II. There exists a significant (p < 0.05) increase in CAT, SOD, and GPX activities in Group I compared to Group II. Therefore, DMSO has demonstrated a potential antioxidative neuroprotective effect through its ability to increase the level of antioxidant enzymes which they quench and inhibit the formation of ROS, thereby improving cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Bulama
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suleiman Nasiru
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usman Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Abubakar Bello
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Abdullahi Yahaya Abbas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Usman Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Jinjiri Ismail Nasiru
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Usman Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Saidu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Usman Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Musa Samaila Chiroma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Che Norma Mat Taib
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ali Waziri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Bilbis Lawal Suleman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Usman Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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18
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Chen Y, Li J, Xu L, Găman MA, Zou Z. The genesis and evolution of acute myeloid leukemia stem cells in the microenvironment: From biology to therapeutic targeting. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:397. [PMID: 36163119 PMCID: PMC9513079 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy characterized by cytogenetic and genomic alterations. Up to now, combination chemotherapy remains the standard treatment for leukemia. However, many individuals diagnosed with AML develop chemotherapeutic resistance and relapse. Recently, it has been pointed out that leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are the fundamental cause of drug resistance and AML relapse. LSCs only account for a small subpopulation of all leukemic cells, but possess stem cell properties, including a self-renewal capacity and a multi-directional differentiation potential. LSCs reside in a mostly quiescent state and are insensitive to chemotherapeutic agents. When LSCs reside in a bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) favorable to their survival, they engage into a steady, continuous clonal evolution to better adapt to the action of chemotherapy. Most chemotherapeutic drugs can only eliminate LSC-derived clones, reducing the number of leukemic cells in the BM to a normal range in order to achieve complete remission (CR). LSCs hidden in the BM niche can hardly be targeted or eradicated, leading to drug resistance and AML relapse. Understanding the relationship between LSCs, the BMM, and the generation and evolution laws of LSCs can facilitate the development of effective therapeutic targets and increase the efficiency of LSCs elimination in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China
| | - Linglong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474, Bucharest, Romania. .,Department of Hematology, Centre of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Zhenyou Zou
- Brain Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545005, China.
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19
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Melatonin finely tunes proliferation and senescence in hematopoietic stem cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151251. [PMID: 35772322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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20
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Pimkova K, Jassinskaja M, Munita R, Ciesla M, Guzzi N, Cao Thi Ngoc P, Vajrychova M, Johansson E, Bellodi C, Hansson J. Quantitative analysis of redox proteome reveals oxidation-sensitive protein thiols acting in fundamental processes of developmental hematopoiesis. Redox Biol 2022; 53:102343. [PMID: 35640380 PMCID: PMC9157258 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal and adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are characterized by distinct redox homeostasis that may influence their differential cellular behavior in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. In this work, we have applied a quantitative mass spectrometry-based redox proteomic approach to comprehensively describe reversible cysteine modifications in primary mouse fetal and adult HSPCs. We defined the redox state of 4,438 cysteines in fetal and adult HSPCs and demonstrated a higher susceptibility to oxidation of protein thiols in fetal HSPCs. Our data identified ontogenic changes to oxidation state of thiols in proteins with a pronounced role in metabolism and protein homeostasis. Additional redox proteomic analysis identified oxidation changes to thiols acting in mitochondrial respiration as well as protein homeostasis to be triggered during onset of MLL-ENL leukemogenesis in fetal HSPCs. Our data has demonstrated that redox signaling contributes to the regulation of fundamental processes of developmental hematopoiesis and has pinpointed potential targetable redox-sensitive proteins in in utero-initiated MLL-rearranged leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pimkova
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; BIOCEV, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - M Jassinskaja
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - R Munita
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Ciesla
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - N Guzzi
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - P Cao Thi Ngoc
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Vajrychova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - E Johansson
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C Bellodi
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Hansson
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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1,3-Benzodioxole Derivatives Improve the Anti-Tumor Efficiency of Arsenicals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136930. [PMID: 35805931 PMCID: PMC9266561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenicals have been widely used in the treatment of cancers such as leukemia and other tumors. However, their side effects limit their clinical application. Stiripentol, a second-line adjunctive treatment for epilepsy with a good safety profile, inhibits microsomal cytochrome-P450-family enzymes to extend the retention time of co-administration. Inspired by the metabolism of stiripentol, the 1,3-benzodioxole responsible for the inhibition and its metabolic derivatives were conjugated with arsenical precursors. The fabricated arsenicals were eliminated much slower in mice and maintained an efficient concentration in the blood for a longer time than that of the arsenical precursors. They also performed better in anti-proliferation by inhibiting the thioredoxin system to induce oxidative stress, and concomitantly to initiate apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The fabricated arsenicals reversed the hemogram of tumor-bearing mice to normal and eliminated the tumor without causing damage to any organs, exhibiting a good design strategy and pre-clinical application for leukemia and other tumors.
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22
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Hino C, Pham B, Park D, Yang C, Nguyen MH, Kaur S, Reeves ME, Xu Y, Nishino K, Pu L, Kwon SM, Zhong JF, Zhang KK, Xie L, Chong EG, Chen CS, Nguyen V, Castillo DR, Cao H. Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: The Future of Immunotherapy and Natural Products. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061410. [PMID: 35740430 PMCID: PMC9219790 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an essential role in the development, proliferation, and survival of leukemic blasts in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Within the bone marrow and peripheral blood, various phenotypically and functionally altered cells in the TME provide critical signals to suppress the anti-tumor immune response, allowing tumor cells to evade elimination. Thus, unraveling the complex interplay between AML and its microenvironment may have important clinical implications and are essential to directing the development of novel targeted therapies. This review summarizes recent advancements in our understanding of the AML TME and its ramifications on current immunotherapeutic strategies. We further review the role of natural products in modulating the TME to enhance response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hino
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (C.H.); (B.P.); (K.N.); (L.P.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Bryan Pham
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (C.H.); (B.P.); (K.N.); (L.P.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Daniel Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco–Fresno, Fresno, CA 93701, USA;
| | - Chieh Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Michael H.K. Nguyen
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (M.H.K.N.); (S.K.); (M.E.R.); (Y.X.); (E.G.C.); (C.-S.C.)
| | - Simmer Kaur
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (M.H.K.N.); (S.K.); (M.E.R.); (Y.X.); (E.G.C.); (C.-S.C.)
| | - Mark E. Reeves
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (M.H.K.N.); (S.K.); (M.E.R.); (Y.X.); (E.G.C.); (C.-S.C.)
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (M.H.K.N.); (S.K.); (M.E.R.); (Y.X.); (E.G.C.); (C.-S.C.)
| | - Kevin Nishino
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (C.H.); (B.P.); (K.N.); (L.P.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Lu Pu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (C.H.); (B.P.); (K.N.); (L.P.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Sue Min Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (C.H.); (B.P.); (K.N.); (L.P.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Jiang F. Zhong
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
| | - Ke K. Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77030, USA; (K.K.Z.); (L.X.)
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linglin Xie
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77030, USA; (K.K.Z.); (L.X.)
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Esther G. Chong
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (M.H.K.N.); (S.K.); (M.E.R.); (Y.X.); (E.G.C.); (C.-S.C.)
| | - Chien-Shing Chen
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (M.H.K.N.); (S.K.); (M.E.R.); (Y.X.); (E.G.C.); (C.-S.C.)
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Dan Ran Castillo
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (M.H.K.N.); (S.K.); (M.E.R.); (Y.X.); (E.G.C.); (C.-S.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.R.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Huynh Cao
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (M.H.K.N.); (S.K.); (M.E.R.); (Y.X.); (E.G.C.); (C.-S.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.R.C.); (H.C.)
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Chromosomal Instability in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Mechanistic Insights and Effects. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102533. [PMID: 35626137 PMCID: PMC9140097 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The most recent two decades have seen tremendous progress in the understanding and treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, a disease defined by the characteristic Philadelphia chromosome and the ensuing BCR::ABL fusion protein. However, the biology of the disease extends beyond the Philadelphia chromosome into a nebulous arena of chromosomal and genetic instability, which makes it a genetically heterogeneous disease. The BCR::ABL oncoprotein creates a fertile backdrop for oxidative damage to the DNA, along with impairment of genetic surveillance and the favoring of imprecise error-prone DNA repair pathways. These factors lead to growing chromosomal instability, manifested as additional chromosomal abnormalities along with other genetic aberrations. This worsens with disease progression to accelerated and blast phase, and modulates responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Treatment options that target the genetic aberrations that mitigate chromosome instability might be a potential area for research in patients with advanced phase CML.
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Mazandaranian MR, Dana PM, Asemi Z, Hallajzadeh J, Mansournia MA, Yousefi B. Effects of berberine on leukemia with a focus on its molecular targets. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2766-2774. [PMID: 35331097 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220324092302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia is a common cancer among both women and men worldwide. Besides the fact that finding new treatment methods may enhance the life quality of patients, there are several problems that we face today in treating leukemia patients, such as drugs side effects and acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Berberine is a bioactive alkaloid found in herbal plants (e.g. Rhizoma coptidis and Cortex phellodendri) and exerts several beneficial functions, including anti-tumor activities. Furthermore, berberine exerts antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. Up to now, some studies have investigated the roles of berberine in different types of leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In this review, a detailed description of berberine roles in leukemia is provided. We discuss how berberine involves different molecular targets (e.g. interleukins and cyclins) and signaling pathways (e.g. mTOR and PI3K) to exert its anti-tumor functions and how berberine is effective in leukemia treatment when combined with other therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Mazandaranian
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Maleki Dana
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Koyuncu MB, Ilgan M, Basir H, Tombak A, Ucar MA, Koseci T, Akdeniz A, Tiftik EN, Erel Ö. Ruxolitinib Reduces Oxidative Stress in Patients With Primary Myelofibrosis: A Multicenter Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e20929. [PMID: 35145818 PMCID: PMC8812273 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Primary myelofibrosis (PM) has a lower overall survival rate than other myeloproliferative neoplasms, and leukemic transformation is the most common cause of death. Increased oxidative stress has an important role in leukemic transformation in these patients. In this study, we aimed to find an answer to the question, "Could Ruxolitinib, which has been widely used in patients with myelofibrosis in recent years, have a role in reducing oxidative stress in these patients?". Methods A total of 106 patients with PM and 111 healthy volunteers were included in this study. We collected the serum samples of healthy volunteers and patients with myelofibrosis at the time of diagnosis and one month after the initiation of Ruxolitinib treatment. Ischemia modified albumin (IMA), native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide levels were studied. The disulfide/native thiol, disulfide/total thiol, and native thiol/total thiol ratios were calculated. Results IMA, native thiol, total thiol, disulfide levels, disulfide/native thiol, and disulfide/total thiol ratios at the time of diagnosis were significantly different in patients with myelofibrosis compared to the control group (p=0.001). Ruxolitinib significantly reduced oxidative stress when the measurements in the first month after Ruxolitinib were compared with those at the time of diagnosis (p=0.001). In patients with ASXL1 mutation, intermediate-2 risk, and high-risk according to the Dipps-plus score, the decrease in oxidative stress in the first month of treatment was more significant than at the time of diagnosis. Conclusion Ruxolitinib may be an effective treatment for reducing oxidative stress in patients with PM. The reduction in oxidative stress parameters with treatment in patients with ASXL1 mutation, intermediate-2, and high-risk patients was observed to be higher.
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Garbim MR, Broto GE, Trigo FC, Victorino VJ, Oliveira STD, Barbosa Sabatini D, Panis C. Chemotherapy induces plasmatic antioxidant changes in pediatric patients with acute lymphoid leukemia B that correlate to disease prognosis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:228-233. [PMID: 36189176 PMCID: PMC9523196 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric acute lymphoid leukemias (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer, and cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the primary treatment option. Chemotherapic drugs act by oxidative stress generation, but their clinical meaning is poorly understood. During the chemotherapy schedule, this study evaluated the antioxidant profile of peripheral blood samples from 34 patients diagnosed with type B-cell ALL (B-ALL). Peripheral blood samples were collected at diagnosis (D0) and during the induction, consolidation, and maintenance phases. The plasma total antioxidant capacity (TRAP) was determined using the high-sensitivity chemiluminescence technique. Antioxidant levels were higher on D0 compared to day 7 after treatment starting (D7) in the induction phase (28.68–1194.71 μM Trolox, p = 0.0178) and in the high-risk group (age > ten years and/or with white blood cell counts and/or > 50,000 white blood cells/m3 at diagnosis) concerning low-risk patients (253.79–1194.71 μM Trolox, p = 0.0314). Reduced TRAP was also detected in patients who died compared to those who survived (392.42–1194.71 μM Trolox, p = 0.0278). Patients under consolidation (56.14–352.05 μM Trolox, p=<0.0001) and maintenance (30.48–672.99 μM Trolox, p=<0.0001) showed a significant reduction in TRAP levels compared to those from the induction phase (28.68–1390.26 μM Trolox), reaching levels similar to cured patients out of treatment (64.82–437.82 μM Trolox). These findings suggest that the variation of the total antioxidant capacity in B-ALL during chemotherapy is a parameter that correlates to some predictors of disease prognosis. ALL is the most common neoplasia in children. Oxidative stress is reported in ALL patients, but the relationship between antioxidants and disease profile is unknown. Changes in blood antioxidants during chemotherapy correlates to survival and risk stratification in childhood ALL.
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Telerman A, Granot G, Leibovitch C, Yarchovsky-Dolberg O, Shacham-Abulafia A, Partouche S, Yeshurun M, Ellis MH, Raanani P, Wolach O. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Increased in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Are Differentially Affected by Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010119. [PMID: 35008283 PMCID: PMC8750902 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a recently described form of neutrophil cellular death that has been associated with a thrombotic tendency in many diseases. We studied NET formation in neutrophils derived from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and in CML neutrophil cell lines and demonstrated that NETs are increased in CML and that certain drugs used to treat CML (tyrosine kinase inhibitors—TKIs) increase NET formation. These findings may shed light on a novel mechanism linking CML, TKIs and vascular toxicity. Abstract Cardiovascular complications are increasingly reported with the use of certain tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We studied neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in CML and evaluated the effect of TKIs on NET formation. Neutrophils isolated from treatment-naïve patients with CML showed a significant increase in NET formation compared to matched controls at baseline and after stimulation with ionomycin (IO) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Expression of citrullinated histone H3 (H3cit), peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly higher in CML samples compared to controls. Pre-treatment of neutrophils with TKIs was associated with a differential effect on NET formation, and ponatinib significantly augmented NET-associated elastase and ROS levels as compared to controls and other TKIs. BCR-ABL1 retroviral transduced HoxB8-immortalized mouse hematopoietic progenitors, which differentiate into neutrophils in-vitro, demonstrated increased H3cit & myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression consistent with excess NET formation. This was inhibited by Cl-amidine, a PAD4 inhibitor, but not by the NADPH inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). Ponatinib pre-exposure significantly increased H3cit expression in HoxB8-BCR-ABL1 cells after stimulation with IO. In summary, CML is associated with increased NET formation, which is augmented by ponatinib, suggesting a possible role for NETs in promoting vascular toxicity in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona Telerman
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel; (A.T.); (G.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Galit Granot
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel; (A.T.); (G.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Chiya Leibovitch
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 39040, Israel; (C.L.); (O.Y.-D.); (A.S.-A.); (M.Y.); (M.H.E.); (P.R.)
- Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Institute of Hematology, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - Osnat Yarchovsky-Dolberg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 39040, Israel; (C.L.); (O.Y.-D.); (A.S.-A.); (M.Y.); (M.H.E.); (P.R.)
- Meir Medical Center, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel
| | - Adi Shacham-Abulafia
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 39040, Israel; (C.L.); (O.Y.-D.); (A.S.-A.); (M.Y.); (M.H.E.); (P.R.)
- Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Institute of Hematology, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - Shirly Partouche
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel; (A.T.); (G.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Moshe Yeshurun
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 39040, Israel; (C.L.); (O.Y.-D.); (A.S.-A.); (M.Y.); (M.H.E.); (P.R.)
- Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Institute of Hematology, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - Martin H. Ellis
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 39040, Israel; (C.L.); (O.Y.-D.); (A.S.-A.); (M.Y.); (M.H.E.); (P.R.)
- Meir Medical Center, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel
| | - Pia Raanani
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 39040, Israel; (C.L.); (O.Y.-D.); (A.S.-A.); (M.Y.); (M.H.E.); (P.R.)
- Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Institute of Hematology, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - Ofir Wolach
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 39040, Israel; (C.L.); (O.Y.-D.); (A.S.-A.); (M.Y.); (M.H.E.); (P.R.)
- Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Institute of Hematology, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-50-406-5590
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Emerging Bone Marrow Microenvironment-Driven Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Tangle or Chance? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215319. [PMID: 34771483 PMCID: PMC8582363 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite high rates of remission obtained with conventional chemotherapy, the persistence of leukemic cells after treatments, eventually exiting in disease relapse, remains the main challenge in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Increasing evidence indicates that, besides AML cell mutations, stromal and immune cells, as leukemic microenvironment components, may protect AML cells from therapies. Here, we will recapitulate emerging bone marrow (BM) microenvironment-dependent mechanisms of therapy resistance. The understanding of these processes will help find new drug combinations and conceive novel and more effective treatments. Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been considered for a long time exclusively driven by critical mutations in hematopoietic stem cells. Recently, the contribution of further players, such as stromal and immune bone marrow (BM) microenvironment components, to AML onset and progression has been pointed out. In particular, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) steadily remodel the leukemic niche, not only favoring leukemic cell growth and development but also tuning their responsiveness to treatments. The list of mechanisms driven by MSCs to promote a leukemia drug-resistant phenotype has progressively expanded. Moreover, the relative proportion and the activation status of immune cells in the BM leukemic microenvironment may vary by influencing their reactivity against leukemic cells. In that, the capacity of the stroma to re-program immune cells, thus promoting and/or hampering therapeutic efficacy, is emerging as a crucial aspect in AML biology, adding an extra layer of complexity. Current treatments for AML have mainly focused on eradicating leukemia cells, with little consideration for the leukemia-damaged BM niche. Increasing evidence on the contribution of stromal and immune cells in response to therapy underscores the need to hold the mutual interplay, which takes place in the BM. A careful dissection of these interactions will help provide novel applications for drugs already under experimentation and open a wide array of opportunities for new drug discovery.
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Sinenko SA, Starkova TY, Kuzmin AA, Tomilin AN. Physiological Signaling Functions of Reactive Oxygen Species in Stem Cells: From Flies to Man. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:714370. [PMID: 34422833 PMCID: PMC8377544 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.714370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, are generated as byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria or via cell signaling-induced NADPH oxidases in the cytosol. In the recent two decades, a plethora of studies established that elevated ROS levels generated by oxidative eustress are crucial physiological mediators of many cellular and developmental processes. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of ROS generation and regulation, current understanding of ROS functions in the maintenance of adult and embryonic stem cells, as well as in the process of cell reprogramming to a pluripotent state. Recently discovered cell-non-autonomous ROS functions mediated by growth factors are crucial for controlling cell differentiation and cellular immune response in Drosophila. Importantly, many physiological functions of ROS discovered in Drosophila may allow for deciphering and understanding analogous processes in human, which could potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches in ROS-associated diseases treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Sinenko
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Andrey A Kuzmin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey N Tomilin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is caused by the imbalance between the generation of free radicals/reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense systems, which can activate various transcription factors and affect their transcriptional pathways. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the occurrence and development of leukemia and is closely related to the treatment and prognosis of leukemia. The standard chemotherapy strategies for the pre-treatment of leukemia have many drawbacks. Hence, the usage of antioxidants and oxidants in the treatment of leukemia is being explored and has been preliminarily applied. This article reviews the research progress of oxidative stress and leukemia. In addition, the application of antioxidants treatment in leukemia has been summarized.
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Zhu Y, Dai H, Wang Y, Liang Y, Feng W, Yuan Y. Targeting FEN1 Suppresses the Proliferation of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells Through Regulating Alternative End-Joining Pathways. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:1101-1111. [PMID: 34156283 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene. The BCR-ABL protein leads to an increased level of reactive oxygen species, which is a major cause of endogenous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). CML cells are prone to rely on a highly mutagenic alternative end-joining (Alt-EJ) pathway to cope with enhanced DSBs, which aggravates chromosomal instability. Hence, targeting dysregulated DNA repair proteins provides new insights into cancer treatment. In this study, we discovered the abnormal upregulation of Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) in CML, as well as FEN1's participation in the error-prone Alt-EJ repair pathway and its interplay with DNA Ligase1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in DSB repair. Knockdown of FEN1 by shRNA not only inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis but also enhanced the efficacy of imatinib (IM) in drug-resistant CML cell K562/G01. Moreover, excessive DSB accumulation was detected after FEN1 inhibition. In summary, our results demonstrated that FEN1 is a promising therapeutic target in CML treatment. This work extends the understanding of regulating abnormal DSB repair for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongdan Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenli Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Czubak-Prowizor K, Trelinski J, Stelmach P, Stelmach P, Madon A, Zbikowska HM. Increased Oxidative Stress in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients after Red Blood Cell Transfusion, but Not Platelet Transfusion, Results Mainly from the Oxidative/Nitrative Protein Damage: An Exploratory Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071349. [PMID: 33805857 PMCID: PMC8037785 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic oxidative stress (OS) can be an important factor of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progression; however, there are no data on the extent/consequence of OS after transfusion of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) and platelet concentrates (PCs), which are commonly used in the treatment of leukemia-associated anemia and thrombocytopenia. We aimed to investigate the effects of pRBC/PC transfusion on the OS markers, i.e., thiol and carbonyl (CO) groups, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced glycation end products (AGE), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), SOD, GST, and LDH, in the blood plasma of AML patients, before and 24 h post-transfusion. In this exploratory study, 52 patients were examined, of which 27 were transfused with pRBCs and 25 with PCs. Age-matched healthy subjects were also enrolled as controls. Our results showed the oxidation of thiols, increased 3-NT, AGE levels, and decreased TAC in AML groups versus controls. After pRBC transfusion, CO groups, AGE, and 3-NT significantly increased (by approximately 30, 23, and 35%; p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively) while thiols reduced (by 18%; p < 0.05). The PC transfusion resulted in the raise of TBARS and AGE (by 45%; p < 0.01 and 31%; p < 0.001), respectively). Other variables showed no significant post-transfusion changes. In conclusion, transfusion of both pRBCs and PCs was associated with an increased OS; however, transfusing the former may have more severe consequences, since it is associated with the irreversible oxidative/nitrative modifications of plasma proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Czubak-Prowizor
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Cytobiology and Proteomics, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: or
| | - Jacek Trelinski
- Department of Coagulation Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Ciolkowskiego 2, 93-510 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Paulina Stelmach
- Department of Haematology, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Ciolkowskiego 2, 93-510 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Piotr Stelmach
- Department of Haematology, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Ciolkowskiego 2, 93-510 Lodz, Poland; (P.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Madon
- Laboratory of Transfusion Serology and Blood Bank, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Pabianicka 62, 93-513 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Halina Malgorzata Zbikowska
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
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Characterization of NADPH Oxidase Expression and Activity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines: A Correlation with the Differentiation Status. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030498. [PMID: 33807114 PMCID: PMC8004739 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a low level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with leukemic stem cell (LSC) quiescence, whereas a high level promotes blast proliferation. ROS homeostasis relies on a tightly-regulated balance between the antioxidant and oxidant systems. Among the oxidants, NADPH oxidases (NOX) generate ROS as a physiological function. Although it has been reported in AML initiation and development, the contribution of NOX to the ROS production in AML remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the NOX expression and function in AML, and to examine the role of NOX in blast proliferation and differentiation. First, we interrogated the NOX expression in primary cells from public datasets, and investigated their association with prognostic markers. Next, we explored the NOX expression and activity in AML cell lines, and studied the impact of NOX knockdown on cell proliferation and differentiation. We found that NOX2 is ubiquitously expressed in AML blasts, and particularly in cells from the myelomonocytic (M4) and monocytic (M5) stages; however, it is less expressed in LSCs and in relapsed AML. This is consistent with an increased expression throughout normal hematopoietic differentiation, and is reflected in AML cell lines. Nevertheless, no endogenous NOX activity could be detected in the absence of PMA stimulation. Furthermore, CYBB knockdown, although hampering induced NOX2 activity, did not affect the proliferation and differentiation of THP-1 and HL-60 cells. In summary, our data suggest that NOX2 is a marker of AML blast differentiation, while AML cell lines lack any NOX2 endogenous activity.
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Calgarotto AK, Longhini AL, Pericole de Souza FV, Duarte ASS, Ferro KP, Santos I, Maso V, Olalla Saad ST, Torello CO. Immunomodulatory Effect of Green Tea Treatment in Combination with Low-dose Chemotherapy in Elderly Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients with Myelodysplasia-related Changes. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 20:15347354211002647. [PMID: 33754891 PMCID: PMC7995304 DOI: 10.1177/15347354211002647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea (GT) treatment was evaluated for its effect on the immune and antineoplastic response of elderly acute myeloid leukemia patients with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC) who are ineligible for aggressive chemotherapy and bone marrow transplants. The eligible patients enrolled in the study (n = 10) received oral doses of GT extract (1000 mg/day) alone or combined with low-dose cytarabine chemotherapy for at least 6 months and/or until progression. Bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) were evaluated monthly. Median survival was increased as compared to the control cohort, though not statistically different. Interestingly, improvements in the immunological profile of patients were found. After 30 days, an activated and cytotoxic phenotype was detected: GT increased total and naïve/effector CD8+ T cells, perforin+/granzyme B+ natural killer cells, monocytes, and classical monocytes with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A reduction in the immunosuppressive profile was also observed: GT reduced TGF-β and IL-4 expression, and decreased regulatory T cell and CXCR4+ regulatory T cell frequencies. ROS levels and CXCR4 expression were reduced in bone marrow CD34+ cells, as well as nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression in biopsies. Immune modulation induced by GT appears to occur, regardless of tumor burden, as soon as 30 days after intake and is maintained for up to 180 days, even in the presence of low-dose chemotherapy. This pilot study highlights that GT extracts are safe and could improve the immune system of elderly AML-MRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene Santos
- University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Maso
- University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Robinson AJ, Davies S, Darley RL, Tonks A. Reactive Oxygen Species Rewires Metabolic Activity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:632623. [PMID: 33777786 PMCID: PMC7993200 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.632623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease with poor clinical outcomes. We have previously shown that constitutive activation of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), resulting in over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), occurs in over 60% of AML patients. We have also shown that increased ROS production promotes increased glucose uptake and proliferation in AML cells, mediated by changes in carbohydrate metabolism. Given that carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolisms are all intricately interconnected, we aimed to examine the effect of cellular ROS levels on these pathways and establish further evidence that ROS rewires metabolism in AML. We carried out metabolomic profiling of AML cell lines in which NOX2-derived ROS production was inhibited and conversely in cells treated with exogenous H2O2. We report significant ROS-specific metabolic alterations in sphingolipid metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, purine metabolism, amino acid homeostasis and glycolysis. These data provide further evidence of ROS directed metabolic changes in AML and the potential for metabolic targeting as novel therapeutic arm to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alex Tonks
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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36
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Oxidative Stress and ROS-Mediated Signaling in Leukemia: Novel Promising Perspectives to Eradicate Chemoresistant Cells in Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052470. [PMID: 33671113 PMCID: PMC7957553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid leukemic cells are intrinsically under oxidative stress due to impaired reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, a common signature of several hematological malignancies. The present review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of aberrant ROS production in myeloid leukemia cells as well as on the redox-dependent signaling pathways involved in the leukemogenic process. Finally, the relevance of new chemotherapy options that specifically exert their pharmacological activity by altering the cellular redox imbalance will be discussed as an effective strategy to eradicate chemoresistant cells.
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Weber S, Parmon A, Kurrle N, Schnütgen F, Serve H. The Clinical Significance of Iron Overload and Iron Metabolism in Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Immunol 2021; 11:627662. [PMID: 33679722 PMCID: PMC7933218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.627662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplasticsyndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell diseases leading to an insufficient formation of functional blood cells. Disease-immanent factors as insufficient erythropoiesis and treatment-related factors as recurrent treatment with red blood cell transfusions frequently lead to systemic iron overload in MDS and AML patients. In addition, alterations of function and expression of proteins associated with iron metabolism are increasingly recognized to be pathogenetic factors and potential vulnerabilities of these diseases. Iron is known to be involved in multiple intracellular and extracellular processes. It is essential for cell metabolism as well as for cell proliferation and closely linked to the formation of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, iron can influence the course of clonal myeloid disorders, the leukemic environment and the occurrence as well as the defense of infections. Imbalances of iron homeostasis may induce cell death of normal but also of malignant cells. New potential treatment strategies utilizing the importance of the iron homeostasis include iron chelation, modulation of proteins involved in iron metabolism, induction of leukemic cell death via ferroptosis and exploitation of iron proteins for the delivery of antileukemic drugs. Here, we provide an overview of some of the latest findings about the function, the prognostic impact and potential treatment strategies of iron in patients with MDS and AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weber
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Parmon
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nina Kurrle
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Schnütgen
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hubert Serve
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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38
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Sørensen AL, Hasselbalch HC, Bjørn ME, Nielsen CH, Cordua S, Skov V, Kjær L, Poulsen HE, Ellervik C. Elevated levels of oxidized nucleosides in individuals with the JAK2V617F mutation from a general population study. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101895. [PMID: 33621788 PMCID: PMC7907890 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown if the somatic mutations in chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), JAK2V617F and Calreticulin, are associated with oxidative stress, or impaired mitochondrial defense against reactive oxygen species. In the Danish General Suburban Population Study (GESUS), including 116 JAK2V617F-mutated, 8 CALR-mutated, and 3310 mutation-negative participants without overt MPN, and in a study of 39 patients with myelofibrosis, the most advances type of MPNs, and 179 matched controls, we compared the urinary concentration of oxidized nucleosides – 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) – as markers of oxidative stress. In GESUS, we performed Mendelian randomization analyses, using the Ala16Val single nucleotide polymorphism in the superoxide dismutase2 (SOD2) gene. In the multivariate analyses in GESUS, the 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo concentration were 13% (95%CI: 6–21%, p < 0.001) and 6% (95%CI: 0.4–11%, p = 0.035) higher in mutation-positive than in mutation-negative participants, respectively. Each SOD2 T allele was associated with an odds ratio of being mutation-positive of 1.69 (95%CI: 1.12–2.55, p = 0.013) through 8-oxodG. The 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo concentrations were 77% (95%CI: 49–110%, p < 0.001) and 105% (95%CI: 80–133%, p < 0.001) higher in myelofibrosis patients than in controls, respectively. In conclusion, an impaired mitochondrial antioxidative defense, that is causatively associated with markers of oxidative stress, may contribute to the development of mutations associated with MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders L Sørensen
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hans C Hasselbalch
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Emil Bjørn
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Cordua
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Vibe Skov
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lasse Kjær
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik E Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Production, Research, and Innovation, Region Zealand, Sorø, Denmark
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Baba SM, Shah ZA, Pandith AA, Geelani SA, Mir MM, Bhat JR, Gul A, Bhat GM. Glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphic sequence variations: Association with risk and response to Imatinib among Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients of Kashmir. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43:1000-1008. [PMID: 33470551 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene deletion or polymorphic sequence variations lead to decreased enzyme activity that influences susceptibility and response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We aimed to analyze relation of different GST gene sequence variants with susceptibility and response to Imatinib in CML. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 150 CML cases and equal number of age and gender matched healthy controls were genotyped for five GST polymorphisms by multiplex-PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques. BCR-ABL1 transcripts were quantified by quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS GSTT1, GSTO1, and GSTO2 SNPs revealed no association, while as GSTM1null genotype was observed to protect against the development of CML (OR = 0.53, P = .01). GSTP1 variant genotypes AG (OR = 2.1, P = .003) and GG (OR = 5.6, P < .001), significantly associated with increased risk of CML. Combined genotype analysis showed protective impact of GSTT1present /GSTM1null (OR = 0.44, P = .003) while as GSTT1present /GSTP1-GG (OR = 6.92, P < .001) and GSTM1present /GSTP1-GG (OR = 6.33, P < .001), significantly increased CML risk. GSTM1null genotype individually and in combination with GSTT1present associated with superior rate of major molecular response (MMR) and event free survival (EFS) (log-rank P = .029). GSTO2-AG+GG genotype associated with significantly inferior MMR rates at 3, 6, and 12 months. Also, patients with GSTO2-GG genotype showed significantly reduced EFS (log-rank P = .025). Multivariate analysis confirmed GSTM1null as a better (HR:0.19, P = .029) and GSTO2-GG genotype as an independent poor prognostic factor (HR:2.29, P = .037). CONCLUSION GSTM1null genotype seems to have a better prognostic role while GSTP1 variants significantly increase CML risk. Also, results support a correlation between disease outcome and GSTO2 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid M Baba
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Zafar A Shah
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Arshad A Pandith
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Sajad A Geelani
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Mohammad M Mir
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Javid R Bhat
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Ayaz Gul
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Gul M Bhat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
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Broto G, Silva P, Trigo F, Victorino V, Bonifácio K, Pavanelli W, Tomiotto-Pelissier F, Garbim M, Oliveira S, Jumes J, Panis C, Barbosa D. Impact of the induction phase chemotherapy on cytokines and oxidative markers in peripheral and bone marrow plasma of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:163-168. [PMID: 35492386 PMCID: PMC9040137 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL) is the main neoplasia affecting children worldwide, in which cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the main treatment modality. In this study, we analyzed the profile of inflammatory markers concerning oxidative stress and cytokines in 17 B-ALL patients. Peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) samples were collected and evaluated for the pro-oxidative status (nitric oxide products-NOx and hydroperoxides), antioxidants (sulfhydryl groups-SH and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter-TRAP), and cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ), at diagnosis (D0) to and the end of the induction phase (D28). At D28, hydroperoxides were higher in PB, concomitant to TNF-α levels. INF-γ was increased in the BM at D28. Hydroperoxides were higher in patients presenting malignant cells in BM and/or PB after treatment, a condition named minimal residual disease (MRD) when compared to those without MRD at D28. These findings suggest that oxidative stress and cytokines vary across the B-ALL induction phase, and lipid peroxidation is a potential marker associated with MRD status. B-ALL is the main neoplasia in childhood. Chemotherapy is the main modality for B-ALL treatment, and the success in the initial phase is determinant on the rates of cure. Oxidative stress is one of the main known mechanisms of action of chemotherapy. We showed that the initial chemotherapy of B-ALL is mediated by oxidative stress fluctuations Lipid peroxides are associated to disease elimination in the induction phase.
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Rodríguez-García A, García-Vicente R, Morales ML, Ortiz-Ruiz A, Martínez-López J, Linares M. Protein Carbonylation and Lipid Peroxidation in Hematological Malignancies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1212. [PMID: 33271863 PMCID: PMC7761105 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the different mechanisms involved in oxidative stress, protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation are both important modifications associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer. Hematopoietic cells are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage, as the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and associated lipid peroxidation suppress self-renewal and induce DNA damage and genomic instability, which can trigger malignancy. A richer understanding of the clinical effects of oxidative stress might improve the prognosis of these diseases and inform therapeutic strategies. The most common protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation compounds, including hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, and advanced oxidation protein products, have been investigated for their potential effect on hematopoietic cells in several studies. In this review, we focus on the most important protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation biomarkers in hematological malignancies, their role in disease development, and potential treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Rodríguez-García
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H120-CNIO, CIBERONC, ES 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-G.); (R.G.-V.); (M.L.M.); (A.O.-R.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Roberto García-Vicente
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H120-CNIO, CIBERONC, ES 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-G.); (R.G.-V.); (M.L.M.); (A.O.-R.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - María Luz Morales
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H120-CNIO, CIBERONC, ES 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-G.); (R.G.-V.); (M.L.M.); (A.O.-R.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Alejandra Ortiz-Ruiz
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H120-CNIO, CIBERONC, ES 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-G.); (R.G.-V.); (M.L.M.); (A.O.-R.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Joaquín Martínez-López
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H120-CNIO, CIBERONC, ES 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-G.); (R.G.-V.); (M.L.M.); (A.O.-R.); (J.M.-L.)
- Department of Medicine, Medicine School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ES 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Linares
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H120-CNIO, CIBERONC, ES 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-G.); (R.G.-V.); (M.L.M.); (A.O.-R.); (J.M.-L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ES 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Involvement of GPx-3 in the Reciprocal Control of Redox Metabolism in the Leukemic Niche. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228584. [PMID: 33202543 PMCID: PMC7696155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment plays a crucial role in the development and progression of leukemia (AML). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the regulation of the biology of leukemia-initiating cells, where the antioxidant enzyme GPx-3 could be involved as a determinant of cellular self-renewal. Little is known however about the role of the microenvironment in the control of the oxidative metabolism of AML cells. In the present study, a coculture model of BM mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and AML cells (KG1a cell-line and primary BM blasts) was used to explore this metabolic pathway. MSC-contact, rather than culture with MSC-conditioned medium, decreases ROS levels and inhibits the Nrf-2 pathway through overexpression of GPx3 in AML cells. The decrease of ROS levels also inactivates p38MAPK and reduces the proliferation of AML cells. Conversely, contact with AML cells modifies MSCs in that they display an increased oxidative stress and Nrf-2 activation, together with a concomitant lowered expression of GPx-3. Altogether, these experiments suggest that a reciprocal control of oxidative metabolism is initiated by direct cell–cell contact between MSCs and AML cells. GPx-3 expression appears to play a crucial role in this cross-talk and could be involved in the regulation of leukemogenesis.
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Kaweme NM, Zhou S, Changwe GJ, Zhou F. The significant role of redox system in myeloid leukemia: from pathogenesis to therapeutic applications. Biomark Res 2020; 8:63. [PMID: 33292641 PMCID: PMC7661181 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of a defective antioxidant system can induce cellular damage and disrupt normal physiological functions. Several studies have revealed the unfavorable role of ROS in promoting the growth, proliferation, migration, and survival of leukemia cells. In this review study, we summarize the mechanisms of ROS production and its role in leukemogenesis, counteractive effects of antioxidants, and implicate the current ROS-dependent anticancer therapies in acute myeloid leukemia. BODY: The dysregulation of the redox system is known to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. Leukemia cells generate high levels of ROS, which further increases the levels through extra pathways, including mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic mutation, leukemic oncogene activation, increased nicotinamide adenine phosphate hydrogen (NADPH), and cytochrome P450 activities. Aforementioned pathways once activated have shown to promote genomic instability, induce drug resistance to leukemia medical therapy, disease relapse and reduce survival period. The current standard of treatment with chemotherapy employs the pro-oxidant approach to induce apoptosis and promote tumor regression. However, this approach retains several deleterious effects on the subject resulting in degradation of the quality of life. Nevertheless, the addition of an antioxidant as an adjuvant drug to chemotherapy alleviates treatment-related toxicity, increases chemotherapeutic efficacy, and improves survival rates of a patient. CONCLUSION Acute myeloid leukemia remains a daunting challenge to clinicians. The desire to achieve the maximum benefit of chemotherapy but also improve patient outcomes is investigated. ROS generated through several pathways promotes leukemogenesis, drug resistance, and disease relapse. Chemotherapy, the mainstay of treatment, further upregulates ROS levels. Therefore, the addition of an antioxidant to leukemia medical therapy alleviates toxicity and improves patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Mupeta Kaweme
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu road, 430071, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu road, 430071, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Geoffrey Joseph Changwe
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu road, 430071, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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Synergic Crosstalk between Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Genomic Alterations in BCR-ABL-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasm. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111037. [PMID: 33114087 PMCID: PMC7690801 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) have recently been revealed to be related to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. It has been proposed that MPNs represent a human inflammation model for tumor advancement, in which long-lasting inflammation serves as the driving element from early tumor stage (over polycythemia vera) to the later myelofibrotic cancer stage. It has been theorized that the starting event for acquired stem cell alteration may occur after a chronic inflammation stimulus with consequent myelopoietic drive, producing a genetic stem cell insult. When this occurs, the clone itself constantly produces inflammatory components in the bone marrow; these elements further cause clonal expansion. In BCR-ABL1-negative MPNs, the driver mutations include JAK 2, MPL, and CALR. Transcriptomic studies of hematopoietic stem cells from subjects with driver mutations have demonstrated the upregulation of inflammation-related genes capable of provoking the development of an inflammatory state. The possibility of acting on the inflammatory state as a therapeutic approach in MPNs appears promising, in which an intervention operating on the pathways that control the synthesis of cytokines and oxidative stress could be effective in reducing the possibility of leukemic progression and onset of complications.
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Mun YC, Ahn JY, Yoo ES, Lee KE, Nam EM, Huh J, Woo HA, Rhee SG, Seong CM. Peroxiredoxin 3 Has Important Roles on Arsenic Trioxide Induced Apoptosis in Human Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Line via Hyperoxidation of Mitochondrial Specific Reactive Oxygen Species. Mol Cells 2020; 43:813-820. [PMID: 32975211 PMCID: PMC7528683 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NB4 cell, the human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cell line, was treated with various concentrations of arsenic trioxide (ATO) to induce apoptosis, measured by staining with 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) by flow cytometry. 2', 7'-dichlorodihydro-fluorescein-diacetate (DCF-DA) and MitoSOXTM Red mitochondrial superoxide indicator were used to detect intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). The steady-state level of SO2 (Cysteine sulfinic acid, Cys-SO2H) form for peroxiredoxin 3 (PRX3) was measured by a western blot. To evaluate the effect of sulfiredoxin 1 depletion, NB4 cells were transfected with small interfering RNA and analyzed for their influence on ROS, redox enzymes, and apoptosis. The mitochondrial ROS of NB4 cells significantly increased after ATO treatment. NB4 cell apoptosis after ATO treatment increased in a time-dependent manner. Increased SO2 form and dimeric PRX3 were observed as a hyperoxidation reaction in NB4 cells post-ATO treatment, in concordance with mitochondrial ROS accumulation. Sulfiredoxin 1 expression is downregulated by small interfering RNA transfection, which potentiated mitochondrial ROS generation and cell growth arrest in ATO-treated NB4 cells. Our results indicate that ATO-induced ROS generation in APL cell mitochondria is attributable to PRX3 hyperoxidation as well as dimerized PRX3 accumulation, subsequently triggering apoptosis. The downregulation of sulfiredoxin 1 could amplify apoptosis in ATO-treated APL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeung-Chul Mun
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Jee Young Ahn
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Eun Sun Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Kyoung Eun Lee
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Nam
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Jungwon Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Hyun Ae Woo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Sue Goo Rhee
- Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chu Myong Seong
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
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Lima K, Lopes LR, Machado-Neto JA. Exploring redox vulnerabilities in JAK2 V617F-positive cellular models. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2020; 43:430-436. [PMID: 32962959 PMCID: PMC8573030 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) models, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are elevated and have been implicated in genomic instability, JAK2/STAT signaling amplification, and disease progression. Although the potential effects of ROS on the MPN phenotype, the effects of ruxolitinib treatment on ROS regulation have been poorly explored. Herein, we have reported the impact of ruxolitinib on redox signaling transcriptional network, and the effects of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a pan NOX inhibitor, in JAK2V617F-driven cellular models. Method Redox signaling-related genes were investigated in SET2 cells upon ruxolitinib treatment by RNA-seq (GEO accession GSE69827). SET2 and HEL cells, which represent JAK2V617F-positive MPN cellular models with distinct sensitivity to apoptosis induced by ruxolitinib, were used. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT, apoptosis by annexin V/PI and flow cytometry, and cell signaling by quantitative PCR and Western blot. Main results Ruxolitinib impacted on a network composed of redox signaling-related genes, and DUOX1 and DUOX2 were identified as potential modulators of ruxolitinib response. In SET2 and HEL cells, DPI reduced cell viability and, at low doses, it significantly potentiated ruxolitinib-induced apoptosis. In the molecular scenario, DPI inhibited STAT3, STAT5 and S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation and induced PARP1 cleavage in JAK2V617F-positive cells. DPI combined with ruxolitinib increased PARP1 cleavage in SET2 cells and potentiated ruxolitinib-reduced STAT3, STAT5 and S6 ribosomal protein in HEL cells. Conclusion Our study reveals a potential adaptation mechanism for resistance against ruxolitinib by transcriptionally reprogramming redox signaling in JAK2V617F cells and exposes redox vulnerabilities with therapeutic value in MPN cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Lima
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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47
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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Pollutants on Hematopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21196996. [PMID: 32977499 PMCID: PMC7583016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21196996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a complex and intricate process that aims to replenish blood components in a constant fashion. It is orchestrated mostly by hematopoietic progenitor cells (hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)) that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation. These cells can originate other cell subtypes that are responsible for maintaining vital functions, mediate innate and adaptive immune responses, provide tissues with oxygen, and control coagulation. Hematopoiesis in adults takes place in the bone marrow, which is endowed with an extensive vasculature conferring an intense flow of cells. A myriad of cell subtypes can be found in the bone marrow at different levels of activation, being also under constant action of an extensive amount of diverse chemical mediators and enzymatic systems. Bone marrow platelets, mature erythrocytes and leukocytes are delivered into the bloodstream readily available to meet body demands. Leukocytes circulate and reach different tissues, returning or not returning to the bloodstream. Senescent leukocytes, specially granulocytes, return to the bone marrow to be phagocytized by macrophages, restarting granulopoiesis. The constant high production and delivery of cells into the bloodstream, alongside the fact that blood cells can also circulate between tissues, makes the hematopoietic system a prime target for toxic agents to act upon, making the understanding of the bone marrow microenvironment vital for both toxicological sciences and risk assessment. Environmental and occupational pollutants, therapeutic molecules, drugs of abuse, and even nutritional status can directly affect progenitor cells at their differentiation and maturation stages, altering behavior and function of blood compounds and resulting in impaired immune responses, anemias, leukemias, and blood coagulation disturbances. This review aims to describe the most recently investigated molecular and cellular toxicity mechanisms of current major environmental pollutants on hematopoiesis in the bone marrow.
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Bratek E, Ziembowicz A, Salinska E. N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) Pretreatment Reduces Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage and Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090877. [PMID: 32957477 PMCID: PMC7555246 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), the most abundant peptide transmitter in the mammalian nervous system, activates mGluR3 at presynaptic sites, inhibiting the release of glutamate, and acts on mGluR3 on astrocytes, stimulating the release of neuroprotective growth factors (TGF-β). NAAG can also affect N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in both synaptic and extrasynaptic regions. NAAG reduces neurodegeneration in a neonatal rat model of hypoxia-ischemia (HI), although the exact mechanism is not fully recognized. In the present study, the effect of NAAG application 24 or 1 h before experimental birth asphyxia on oxidative stress markers and the potential mechanisms of neuroprotection on 7-day old rats was investigated. The intraperitoneal application of NAAG at either time point before HI significantly reduced the weight deficit of the ischemic brain hemisphere, radical oxygen species (ROS) content and activity of antioxidant enzymes, and increased the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH). No additional increase in the TGF-β concentration was observed after NAAG application. The fast metabolism of NAAG and the decrease in TGF-β concentration that resulted from NAAG pretreatment, performed up to 24 h before HI, excluded the involvement mGluR3 in neuroprotection. The observed effect may be explained by the activation of NMDA receptors induced by NAAG pretreatment 24 h before HI. Inhibition of the NAAG effect by memantine supports this conclusion. NAAG preconditioning 1 h before HI results in a mixture of mGluR3 and NMDA receptor activation. Preconditioning with NAAG induces the antioxidative defense system triggered by mild excitotoxicity in neurons. Moreover, this response to NAAG pretreatment is consistent with the commonly accepted mechanism of preconditioning. However, this theory requires further investigation.
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49
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Eastman CL, D'Ambrosio R, Ganesh T. Modulating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress to prevent epilepsy and improve outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2020; 172:107907. [PMID: 31837825 PMCID: PMC7274911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in young adults worldwide. TBI survival is associated with persistent neuropsychiatric and neurological impairments, including posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE). To date, no pharmaceutical treatment has been found to prevent PTE or ameliorate neurological/neuropsychiatric deficits after TBI. Brain trauma results in immediate mechanical damage to brain cells and blood vessels that may never be fully restored given the limited regenerative capacity of brain tissue. This primary insult unleashes cascades of events, prominently including neuroinflammation and massive oxidative stress that evolve over time, expanding the brain injury, but also clearing cellular debris and establishing homeostasis in the region of damage. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory sequelae of TBI contribute to posttraumatic epileptogenesis. This review will focus on possible roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their interactions with neuroinflammation in posttraumatic epileptogenesis, and emerging therapeutic strategies after TBI. We propose that inhibitors of the professional ROS-generating enzymes, the NADPH oxygenases and myeloperoxidase alone, or combined with selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase mediated signaling may have promise for the treatment or prevention of PTE and other sequelae of TBI. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'New Epilepsy Therapies for the 21st Century - From Antiseizure Drugs to Prevention, Modification and Cure of Epilepsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford L Eastman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, 325 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Raimondo D'Ambrosio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, 325 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA, 98104, USA; Regional Epilepsy Center, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia.
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50
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El Dor M, Dakik H, Polomski M, Haudebourg E, Brachet M, Gouilleux F, Prié G, Zibara K, Mazurier F. VAS3947 Induces UPR-Mediated Apoptosis through Cysteine Thiol Alkylation in AML Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155470. [PMID: 32751795 PMCID: PMC7432790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) involvement has been established in the oncogenic cell signaling of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and in the crosstalk with their niche. We have shown an expression of NOX subunits in AML cell lines while NOX activity is lacking in the absence of exogenous stimulation. Here, we used AML cell lines as models to investigate the specificity of VAS3947, a current NOX inhibitor. Results demonstrated that VAS3947 induces apoptosis in AML cells independently of its anti-NOX activity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry analyses revealed that VAS3947 thiol alkylates cysteine residues of glutathione (GSH), while also interacting with proteins. Remarkably, VAS3947 decreased detectable GSH in the MV-4-11 cell line, thereby suggesting possible oxidative stress induction. However, a decrease in both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was observed by flow cytometry without disturbance of mitochondrial mass and membrane potential. Thus, assuming the consequences of VAS3947 treatment on protein structure, we examined its impact on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. An acute unfolded protein response (UPR) was triggered shortly after VAS3947 exposure, through the activation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) and PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) pathways. Overall, VAS3947 induces apoptosis independently of anti-NOX activity, via UPR activation, mainly due to aggregation and misfolding of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya El Dor
- EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, CNRS ERL7001 LNOx, Bâtiment Dutrochet, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, BP3223, CEDEX 1, 37032 Tours, France; (M.E.D.); (H.D.); (M.B.); (F.G.)
- PRASE, Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Hassan Dakik
- EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, CNRS ERL7001 LNOx, Bâtiment Dutrochet, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, BP3223, CEDEX 1, 37032 Tours, France; (M.E.D.); (H.D.); (M.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Marion Polomski
- EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, IMT, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (M.P.); (E.H.); (G.P.)
| | - Eloi Haudebourg
- EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, IMT, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (M.P.); (E.H.); (G.P.)
| | - Marie Brachet
- EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, CNRS ERL7001 LNOx, Bâtiment Dutrochet, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, BP3223, CEDEX 1, 37032 Tours, France; (M.E.D.); (H.D.); (M.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Fabrice Gouilleux
- EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, CNRS ERL7001 LNOx, Bâtiment Dutrochet, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, BP3223, CEDEX 1, 37032 Tours, France; (M.E.D.); (H.D.); (M.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Gildas Prié
- EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, IMT, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (M.P.); (E.H.); (G.P.)
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE, Beirut, Lebanon;
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Frédéric Mazurier
- EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, CNRS ERL7001 LNOx, Bâtiment Dutrochet, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, BP3223, CEDEX 1, 37032 Tours, France; (M.E.D.); (H.D.); (M.B.); (F.G.)
- EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, IMT, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (M.P.); (E.H.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-47-36-60-75
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