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Narayan S, Dalal R, Rizvi ZA, Awasthi A. Zinc dampens antitumor immunity by promoting Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1389387. [PMID: 39247196 PMCID: PMC11377231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1389387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of zinc (Zn) in tumor development and immune modulation has always been paradoxical. This study redefines our understanding of the impact of Zn on cancer progression and therapeutic strategies. Methods We investigated the effects of dietary Zn levels on tumor progression and immune responses. This included examining the impact of both high and deficient dietary Zn, as well as Zn chelation, on tumor growth and immune cell populations. Specifically, we analyzed the frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and identified the role of FOXO1 in Zn-mediated effects on Tregs. Additionally, we explored the therapeutic potential of clioquinol (CQ) in enhancing α-PD-1 immunotherapy responses, particularly in melanoma. Results Our findings show that high dietary Zn promotes tumor progression by fostering a protumorigenic environment mediated by T cells. Increased Zn intake was found to facilitate tumor progression by increasing Foxp3+ Treg frequency. In contrast, deficiency in dietary Zn and chelation of tissue Zn emerged as potent drivers of antitumor immunity. We pinpointed FOXO1 as the master regulator governing the influence of Zn on Tregs. Discussion These results reveal a novel mechanistic insight into how Zn influences tumor progression and immune regulation. The identification of FOXO1 as a key regulator opens new avenues for understanding the role of Zn in cancer biology. Furthermore, we introduce a promising therapeutic approach by showing that administering clioquinol (CQ) significantly enhances α-PD-1 immunotherapy response, particularly in melanoma. These revelations transform our comprehension of the multifaceted role of Zn in tumorigenesis and immune regulation, highlighting innovative possibilities for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Narayan
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR)-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Rajdeep Dalal
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR)-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR)-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR)-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR)-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR)-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Wang Y, Li J, Nakahata S, Iha H. Complex Role of Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) in the Tumor Microenvironment: Their Molecular Mechanisms and Bidirectional Effects on Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7346. [PMID: 39000453 PMCID: PMC11242872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) possess unique immunosuppressive activity among CD4-positive T cells. Tregs are ubiquitously present in mammals and function to calm excessive immune responses, thereby suppressing allergies or autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, due to their immunosuppressive function, Tregs are thought to promote cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a multicellular system composed of many cell types, including tumor cells, infiltrating immune cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Within this environment, Tregs are recruited by chemokines and metabolic factors and impede effective anti-tumor responses. However, in some cases, their presence can also improve patient's survival rates. Their functional consequences may vary across tumor types, locations, and stages. An in-depth understanding of the precise roles and mechanisms of actions of Treg is crucial for developing effective treatments, emphasizing the need for further investigation and validation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex and multifaceted roles of Tregs within the TME, elucidating cellular communications, signaling pathways, and their impacts on tumor progression and highlighting their potential anti-tumor mechanisms through interactions with functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan;
| | - Jiazhou Li
- Division of Biological Information Technology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
- Division of HTLV-1/ATL Carcinogenesis and Therapeutics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Shingo Nakahata
- Division of HTLV-1/ATL Carcinogenesis and Therapeutics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Hidekatsu Iha
- Department of Microbiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan;
- Division of Pathophysiology, The Research Center for GLOBAL and LOCAL Infectious Diseases (RCGLID), Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
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3
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Li Y, Zhang C, Jiang A, Lin A, Liu Z, Cheng X, Wang W, Cheng Q, Zhang J, Wei T, Luo P. Potential anti-tumor effects of regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment: a review. J Transl Med 2024; 22:293. [PMID: 38509593 PMCID: PMC10953261 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing the transcription factor FoxP3 are essential for maintaining immunological balance and are a significant component of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Single-cell RNA sequencing (ScRNA-seq) technology has shown that Tregs exhibit significant plasticity and functional diversity in various tumors within the TME. This results in Tregs playing a dual role in the TME, which is not always centered around supporting tumor progression as typically believed. Abundant data confirms the anti-tumor activities of Tregs and their correlation with enhanced patient prognosis in specific types of malignancies. In this review, we summarize the potential anti-tumor actions of Tregs, including suppressing tumor-promoting inflammatory responses and boosting anti-tumor immunity. In addition, this study outlines the spatial and temporal variations in Tregs function to emphasize that their predictive significance in malignancies may change. It is essential to comprehend the functional diversity and potential anti-tumor effects of Tregs to improve tumor therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- The Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cangang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- The Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiangshu Cheng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road. Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongiiang, China
| | - Wanting Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- The Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ting Wei
- The Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peng Luo
- The Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Privitera G, Williams JJ, De Salvo C. The Importance of Th2 Immune Responses in Mediating the Progression of Gastritis-Associated Metaplasia to Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:522. [PMID: 38339273 PMCID: PMC10854712 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide, with chronic gastritis representing the main predisposing factor initiating the cascade of events leading to metaplasia and eventually progressing to cancer. A widely accepted classification distinguishes between autoimmune and environmental atrophic gastritis, mediated, respectively, by T cells promoting the destruction of the oxyntic mucosa, and chronic H. pylori infection, which has also been identified as the major risk factor for gastric cancer. The original dogma posits Th1 immunity as a main causal factor for developing gastritis and metaplasia. Recently, however, it has become evident that Th2 immune responses play a major role in the events causing chronic inflammation leading to tumorigenesis, and in this context, many different cell types and cytokines are involved. In particular, the activity of cytokines, such as IL-33 and IL-13, and cell types, such as mast cells, M2 macrophages and eosinophils, are intertwined in the process, promoting chronic gastritis-dependent and more diffuse metaplasia. Herein, we provide an overview of the critical events driving the pathology of this disease, focusing on the most recent findings regarding the importance of Th2 immunity in gastritis and gastric metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Privitera
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (G.P.); (J.J.W.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Joseph J. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (G.P.); (J.J.W.)
| | - Carlo De Salvo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (G.P.); (J.J.W.)
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Whiteside SK, Grant FM, Alvisi G, Clarke J, Tang L, Imianowski CJ, Zhang B, Evans AC, Wesolowski AJ, Conti AG, Yang J, Lauder SN, Clement M, Humphreys IR, Dooley J, Burton O, Liston A, Alloisio M, Voulaz E, Langhorne J, Okkenhaug K, Lugli E, Roychoudhuri R. Acquisition of suppressive function by conventional T cells limits antitumor immunity upon T reg depletion. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabo5558. [PMID: 38100544 PMCID: PMC7615475 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo5558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells contribute to immune homeostasis but suppress immune responses to cancer. Strategies to disrupt Treg cell-mediated cancer immunosuppression have been met with limited clinical success, but the underlying mechanisms for treatment failure are poorly understood. By modeling Treg cell-targeted immunotherapy in mice, we find that CD4+ Foxp3- conventional T (Tconv) cells acquire suppressive function upon depletion of Foxp3+ Treg cells, limiting therapeutic efficacy. Foxp3- Tconv cells within tumors adopt a Treg cell-like transcriptional profile upon ablation of Treg cells and acquire the ability to suppress T cell activation and proliferation ex vivo. Suppressive activity is enriched among CD4+ Tconv cells marked by expression of C-C motif receptor 8 (CCR8), which are found in mouse and human tumors. Upon Treg cell depletion, CCR8+ Tconv cells undergo systemic and intratumoral activation and expansion, and mediate IL-10-dependent suppression of antitumor immunity. Consequently, conditional deletion of Il10 within T cells augments antitumor immunity upon Treg cell depletion in mice, and antibody blockade of IL-10 signaling synergizes with Treg cell depletion to overcome treatment resistance. These findings reveal a secondary layer of immunosuppression by Tconv cells released upon therapeutic Treg cell depletion and suggest that broader consideration of suppressive function within the T cell lineage is required for development of effective Treg cell-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Francis M Grant
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Giorgia Alvisi
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - James Clarke
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leqi Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Charlotte J Imianowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Baojie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Alexander C Evans
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Alexander J Wesolowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Alberto G Conti
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Sarah N Lauder
- Division of Infection and Immunity/System Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity/System Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/System Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James Dooley
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Oliver Burton
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Marco Alloisio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Voulaz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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Gerbaux M, Roos E, Willemsen M, Staels F, Neumann J, Bücken L, Haughton J, Yshii L, Dooley J, Schlenner S, Humblet-Baron S, Liston A. CTLA4-Ig Effectively Controls Clinical Deterioration and Immune Condition in a Murine Model of Foxp3 Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2023:10.1007/s10875-023-01462-2. [PMID: 37156988 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE FOXP3 deficiency results in severe multisystem autoimmunity in both mice and humans, driven by the absence of functional regulatory T cells. Patients typically present with early and severe autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, dermatitis, and severe inflammation of the gut, leading to villous atrophy and ultimately malabsorption, wasting, and failure to thrive. In the absence of successful treatment, FOXP3-deficient patients usually die within the first 2 years of life. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation provides a curative option but first requires adequate control over the inflammatory condition. Due to the rarity of the condition, no clinical trials have been conducted, with widely unstandardized therapeutic approaches. We sought to compare the efficacy of lead therapeutic candidates rapamycin, anti-CD4 antibody, and CTLA4-Ig in controlling the physiological and immunological manifestations of Foxp3 deficiency in mice. METHOD We generated Foxp3-deficient mice and an appropriate clinical scoring system to enable direct comparison of lead therapeutic candidates rapamycin, nondepleting anti-CD4 antibody, and CTLA4-Ig. RESULTS We found distinct immunosuppressive profiles induced by each treatment, leading to unique protective combinations over distinct clinical manifestations. CTLA4-Ig provided superior breadth of protective outcomes, including highly efficient protection during the transplantation process. CONCLUSION These results highlight the mechanistic diversity of pathogenic pathways initiated by regulatory T cell loss and suggest CTLA4-Ig as a potentially superior therapeutic option for FOXP3-deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Gerbaux
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Roos
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Willemsen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Frederik Staels
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Julika Neumann
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Leoni Bücken
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeason Haughton
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - James Dooley
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Susan Schlenner
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Liston
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
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Ni FF, Liu GL, Jia SL, Li CR, Gao XJ. Effects of the mTOR Pathway on the Balance of Th2/Treg Cells in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome. Indian J Nephrol 2023; 33:93-100. [PMID: 37234433 PMCID: PMC10208544 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_521_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune dysfunction contributes to the progression of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), but the details of the pathogenesis of progression remain unknown. This study of children with INS investigated the relationship of activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K) with the levels of T helper 2/regulatory T (Th2/Treg) cells. Materials and Methods Twenty children with active INS (before steroid treatment), 20 children with remitting INS (INS-R, after steroid treatment), and 20 healthy control children (Ctrl) were enrolled. The levels of Th2/Treg cells in their peripheral circulatory systems were measured using flow cytometry, and the concentration of interleukin (IL)-4 was determined using a cytometric bead array (CBA). The levels of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, p70S6K, and transcription factors associated with Th2/Treg cells were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results The INS group had a greater proportion of circulating Th2 cells; level of IL-4 protein; and levels of GATA, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, and p70S6K mRNAs than the Ctrl group (all P < 0.05), but a lower proportion of circulating Tregs and expression of Foxp3 (both P < 0.05). Patients in the INS-R group had normalization of these markers (all P < 0.05). Patients in the INS group had negative correlation in the percentage of Treg cells with Th2 cells and with IL-4 level and a negative correlation in the levels of GATA3 and Foxp3 mRNAs. Conclusions Patients with active INS had an imbalance of Th2/Treg cells, which might result from the aberrant signaling of the mTOR pathway (PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Fen Ni
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guang Lei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated (Zhuhai) Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shi Lei Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Rong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Jie Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Malviya V, Yshii L, Junius S, Garg AD, Humblet-Baron S, Schlenner SM. Regulatory T-cell stability and functional plasticity in health and disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:112-129. [PMID: 36479949 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells (Treg ) are indispensable for immune homeostasis and tolerance, and in addition tissue-resident Treg have been found to perform noncanonical, tissue-specific functions. For optimal tolerogenic function during inflammatory disease, Treg are equipped with mechanisms that assure lineage stability. Treg lineage stability is closely linked to the installation and maintenance of a lineage-specific epigenetic landscape, specifically a Treg -specific DNA demethylation pattern. At the same time, for local and directed immune regulation Treg must possess a level of functional plasticity that requires them to partially acquire T helper cell (TH ) transcriptional programs-then referred to as TH -like Treg . Unleashing TH programs in Treg , however, is not without risk and may threaten the epigenetic stability of Treg with consequently pathogenic ex-Treg contributing to (auto-) inflammatory conditions. Here, we review how the Treg -stabilizing epigenetic landscape is installed and maintained, and further discuss the development, necessity and lineage instability risks of TH 1-, TH 2-, TH 17-like Treg and follicular Treg .
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanshika Malviya
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lidia Yshii
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steffie Junius
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M Schlenner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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DeVore SB, Khurana Hershey GK. The role of the CBM complex in allergic inflammation and disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1011-1030. [PMID: 35981904 PMCID: PMC9643607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The caspase activation and recruitment domain-coiled-coil (CARD-CC) family of proteins-CARD9, CARD10, CARD11, and CARD14-is collectively expressed across nearly all tissues of the body and is a crucial mediator of immunologic signaling as part of the CARD-B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (CBM) complex. Dysfunction or dysregulation of CBM proteins has been linked to numerous clinical manifestations known as "CBM-opathies." The CBM-opathy spectrum encompasses diseases ranging from mucocutaneous fungal infections and psoriasis to combined immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative diseases; however, there is accumulating evidence that the CARD-CC family members also contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of allergic inflammation and allergic diseases. Here, we review the 4 CARD-CC paralogs, as well as B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1, and their individual and collective roles in the pathogenesis and progression of allergic inflammation and 4 major allergic diseases (allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic rhinitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley B DeVore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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10
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Ferrara AL, Liotti A, Pezone A, De Rosa V. Therapeutic opportunities to modulate immune tolerance through the metabolism-chromatin axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:507-521. [PMID: 35508518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the immune system to discriminate external stimuli from self-components - namely immune tolerance - occurs through a coordinated cascade of events involving a dense network of immune cells. Among them, CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells are crucial to balance immune homeostasis and function. Growing evidence supports the notion that energy metabolites can dictate T cell fate and function via epigenetic modifications, which affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Moreover, changes in cellular metabolism couple with activation of immune pathways and epigenetic remodeling to finely tune the balance between T cell activation and tolerance. This Review summarizes these aspects and critically evaluates novel possibilities for developing therapeutic strategies to modulate immune tolerance through metabolism via epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lise Ferrara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy; Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonietta Liotti
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Pezone
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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11
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Shen Y, Boulton APR, Yellon RL, Cook MC. Skin manifestations of inborn errors of NF-κB. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1098426. [PMID: 36733767 PMCID: PMC9888762 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1098426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 400 single gene defects have been identified as inborn errors of immunity, including many arising from genes encoding proteins that affect NF-κB activity. We summarise the skin phenotypes in this subset of disorders and provide an overview of pathogenic mechanisms. NF-κB acts cell-intrinsically in basal epithelial cells during differentiation of skin appendages, influences keratinocyte proliferation and survival, and both responses to and amplification of inflammation, particularly TNF. Skin phenotypes include ectodermal dysplasia, reduction and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, and aberrant recruitment of inflammatory cells, which often occur in combination. Phenotypes conferred by these rare monogenic syndromes often resemble those observed with more common defects. This includes oral and perineal ulceration and pustular skin disease as occurs with Behcet's disease, hyperkeratosis with microabscess formation similar to psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. Thus, these genotype-phenotype relations provide diagnostic clues for this subset of IEIs, and also provide insights into mechanisms of more common forms of skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Shen
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne P R Boulton
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert L Yellon
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Personalised Immunology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Regulatory T cells function in established systemic inflammation and reverse fatal autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1163-1174. [PMID: 34426690 PMCID: PMC9341271 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive function of regulatory T (Treg) cells is dependent on continuous expression of the transcription factor Foxp3. Foxp3 loss-of-function or induced ablation of Treg cells results in a fatal autoimmune disease featuring all known types of inflammatory responses with every manifestation stemming from Treg cell paucity, highlighting a vital function of Treg cells in preventing fatal autoimmune inflammation. However, a major question remains whether Treg cells can persist and effectively exert their function in a disease state, where a broad spectrum of inflammatory mediators can either inactivate Treg cells or render innate and adaptive pro-inflammatory effector cells insensitive to suppression. By reinstating Foxp3 protein expression and suppressor function in cells expressing a reversible Foxp3 null allele in severely diseased mice, we found that the resulting single pool of “redeemed” Treg cells normalized immune activation, quelled severe tissue inflammation, reversed fatal autoimmune disease, and provided long-term protection against them. Thus, Treg cells are functional in settings of established broad spectrum systemic inflammation and are capable of affording sustained reset of immune homeostasis.
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13
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Wu CJ, Cho S, Huang HY, Lu CH, Russ J, Cruz LO, da Cunha FF, Chen MC, Lin LL, Warner LM, Liao HK, Utzschneider DT, Quon S, Berner J, Camara NOS, Zehn D, Belmonte JCI, Chen LC, Huang SF, Kuo ML, Lu LF. MiR-23~27~24-mediated control of humoral immunity reveals a TOX-driven regulatory circuit in follicular helper T cell differentiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw1715. [PMID: 31844658 PMCID: PMC6905868 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells are essential for generating protective humoral immunity. To date, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important players in regulating TFH cell biology. Here, we show that loss of miR-23~27~24 clusters in T cells resulted in elevated TFH cell frequencies upon different immune challenges, whereas overexpression of this miRNA family led to reduced TFH cell responses. Mechanistically, miR-23~27~24 clusters coordinately control TFH cells through targeting a network of genes that are crucial for TFH cell biology. Among them, thymocyte selection-associated HMG-box protein (TOX) was identified as a central transcription regulator in TFH cell development. TOX is highly up-regulated in both mouse and human TFH cells in a BCL6-dependent manner. In turn, TOX promotes the expression of multiple molecules that play critical roles in TFH cell differentiation and function. Collectively, our results establish a key miRNA regulon that maintains optimal TFH cell responses for resultant humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jang Wu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sunglim Cho
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hsi-Yuan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Life and Health Sciences and Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Hao Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jasmin Russ
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Leilani O. Cruz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Flavia Franco da Cunha
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Nephrology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mei-Chi Chen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ling-Li Lin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lindsey M. Warner
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hsin-Kai Liao
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Universidad Catolica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe 30107, Spain
| | - Daniel T. Utzschneider
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara Quon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacqueline Berner
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Nephrology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Li-Chen Chen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Fu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Department of Public Health, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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14
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Demeyer A, Van Nuffel E, Baudelet G, Driege Y, Kreike M, Muyllaert D, Staal J, Beyaert R. MALT1-Deficient Mice Develop Atopic-Like Dermatitis Upon Aging. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2330. [PMID: 31632405 PMCID: PMC6779721 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MALT1 plays an important role in innate and adaptive immune signaling by acting as a scaffold protein that mediates NF-κB signaling. In addition, MALT1 is a cysteine protease that further fine tunes proinflammatory signaling by cleaving specific substrates. Deregulated MALT1 activity has been associated with immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and cancer in mice and humans. Genetically engineered mice expressing catalytically inactive MALT1, still exerting its scaffold function, were previously shown to spontaneously develop autoimmunity due to a decrease in Tregs associated with increased effector T cell activation. In contrast, complete absence of MALT1 does not lead to autoimmunity, which has been explained by the impaired effector T cell activation due to the absence of MALT1-mediated signaling. However, here we report that MALT1-deficient mice develop atopic-like dermatitis upon aging, which is preceded by Th2 skewing, an increase in serum IgE, and a decrease in Treg frequency and surface expression of the Treg functionality marker CTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Demeyer
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Van Nuffel
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Baudelet
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yasmine Driege
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marja Kreike
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Muyllaert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Policheni A, Horikawa K, Milla L, Kofler J, Bouillet P, Belz GT, O'Reilly LA, Goodnow CC, Strasser A, Gray DHD. CARD11 is dispensable for homeostatic responses and suppressive activity of peripherally induced FOXP3
+
regulatory T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:740-752. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Policheni
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Keisuke Horikawa
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Liz Milla
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Jennifer Kofler
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | | | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Daniel HD Gray
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
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16
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Van Gool F, Nguyen MLT, Mumbach MR, Satpathy AT, Rosenthal WL, Giacometti S, Le DT, Liu W, Brusko TM, Anderson MS, Rudensky AY, Marson A, Chang HY, Bluestone JA. A Mutation in the Transcription Factor Foxp3 Drives T Helper 2 Effector Function in Regulatory T Cells. Immunity 2019; 50:362-377.e6. [PMID: 30709738 PMCID: PMC6476426 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immune tolerance through the master transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), which is crucial for Treg cell function and homeostasis. We identified an IPEX (immune dysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked) syndrome patient with a FOXP3 mutation in the domain swap interface of the protein. Recapitulation of this Foxp3 variant in mice led to the development of an autoimmune syndrome consistent with an unrestrained T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response. Genomic analysis of Treg cells by RNA-sequencing, Foxp3 chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-sequencing), and H3K27ac-HiChIP revealed a specific de-repression of the Th2 transcriptional program leading to the generation of Th2-like Treg cells that were unable to suppress extrinsic Th2 cells. Th2-like Treg cells showed increased intra-chromosomal interactions in the Th2 locus, leading to type 2 cytokine production. These findings identify a direct role for Foxp3 in suppressing Th2-like Treg cells and implicate additional pathways that could be targeted to restrain Th2 trans-differentiated Treg cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Child
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/immunology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/genetics
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/immunology
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Van Gool
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michelle L T Nguyen
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maxwell R Mumbach
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wendy L Rosenthal
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Simone Giacometti
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Duy T Le
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Weihong Liu
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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17
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Rogers MC, Williams JV. Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes? Regulation of Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Following Viral Lung Infections. Annu Rev Virol 2018; 5:363-383. [PMID: 30052492 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092917-043515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral lung infections are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Effective immune responses to these infections require precise immune regulation to preserve lung function after viral clearance. One component of airway pathophysiology and lung injury associated with acute respiratory virus infection is effector T cells, yet these are the primary cells required for viral clearance. Accordingly, multiple immune mechanisms exist to regulate effector T cells, limiting immunopathology while permitting clearance of infection. Much has been learned in recent years about regulation of T cell function during chronic infection and cancer, and it is now clear that many of these mechanisms also control inflammation in acute lung infection. In this review, we focus on regulatory T cells, inhibitory receptors, and other cells and molecules that regulate cell-mediated immunity in the context of acute respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA;
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA.,Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA;
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18
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Chapman NM, Zeng H, Nguyen TLM, Wang Y, Vogel P, Dhungana Y, Liu X, Neale G, Locasale JW, Chi H. mTOR coordinates transcriptional programs and mitochondrial metabolism of activated T reg subsets to protect tissue homeostasis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2095. [PMID: 29844370 PMCID: PMC5974344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells derived from the thymus (tTreg) and periphery (pTreg) have central and distinct functions in immunosuppression, but mechanisms for the generation and activation of Treg subsets in vivo are unclear. Here, we show that mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) unexpectedly supports the homeostasis and functional activation of tTreg and pTreg cells. mTOR signaling is crucial for programming activated Treg-cell function to protect immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis. Treg-specific deletion of mTOR drives spontaneous effector T-cell activation and inflammation in barrier tissues and is associated with reduction in both thymic-derived effector Treg (eTreg) and pTreg cells. Mechanistically, mTOR functions downstream of antigenic signals to drive IRF4 expression and mitochondrial metabolism, and accordingly, deletion of mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) severely impairs Treg-cell suppressive function and eTreg-cell generation. Collectively, our results show that mTOR coordinates transcriptional and metabolic programs in activated Treg subsets to mediate tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Thanh-Long M Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 250, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yogesh Dhungana
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Levine Science Research Center C266, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 312, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Levine Science Research Center C266, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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19
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Mohamud R, LeMasurier JS, Boer JC, Sieow JL, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE, Hardy CL, Plebanski M. Synthetic Nanoparticles That Promote Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 Expressing Regulatory T Cells in the Lung and Resistance to Allergic Airways Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1812. [PMID: 29312323 PMCID: PMC5744007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic glycine coated 50 nm polystyrene nanoparticles (NP) (PS50G), unlike ambient NP, do not promote pulmonary inflammation, but instead, render lungs resistant to the development of allergic airway inflammation. In this study, we show that PS50G modulate the frequency and phenotype of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the lung, specifically increasing the proportion of tumor necrosis factor 2 (TNFR2) expressing Treg. Mice pre-exposed to PS50G, which were sensitized and then challenged with an allergen a month later, preferentially expanded TNFR2+Foxp3+ Treg, which further expressed enhanced levels of latency associated peptide and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated molecule-4. Moreover, PS50G-induced CD103+ dendritic cell activation in the lung was associated with the proliferative expansion of TNFR2+Foxp3+ Treg. These findings provide the first evidence that engineered NP can promote the selective expansion of maximally suppressing TNFR2+Foxp3+ Treg and further suggest a novel mechanism by which NP may promote healthy lung homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,CRC for Asthma and Airways, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jeanne S LeMasurier
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,CRC for Asthma and Airways, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer C Boer
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Je Lin Sieow
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Rolland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,CRC for Asthma and Airways, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robyn E O'Hehir
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,CRC for Asthma and Airways, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles L Hardy
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,CRC for Asthma and Airways, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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20
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Yamazaki S, Odanaka M, Nishioka A, Kasuya S, Shime H, Hemmi H, Imai M, Riethmacher D, Kaisho T, Ohkura N, Sakaguchi S, Morita A. Ultraviolet B-Induced Maturation of CD11b-Type Langerin - Dendritic Cells Controls the Expansion of Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells in the Skin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:119-129. [PMID: 29158419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin dendritic cells (DCs) are divided into several subsets with distinctive functions. This study shows a previously unappreciated role of dermal CD11b-type Langerin- DCs in maintaining immunological self-tolerance after UVB exposure. After UVB exposure, dermal CD11b-type Langerin- DCs upregulated surface CD86 expression, induced proliferation of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells without exogenous Ags, and upregulated a set of genes associated with immunological tolerance. This Treg-expansion activity was significantly hampered by CD80/CD86 blockade in vivo. These results indicate that CD11b-type Langerin- DCs from the UVB-exposed skin are specialized to expand Treg cells in the skin, which suppress autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yamazaki
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Mizuyu Odanaka
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akiko Nishioka
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Saori Kasuya
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hemmi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.,Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Dieter Riethmacher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan.,School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.,Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and.,Department of Frontier Research in Tumor Immunology, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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21
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Krüger K, Alack K, Ringseis R, Mink L, Pfeifer E, Schinle M, Gindler K, Kimmelmann L, Walscheid R, Muders K, Frech T, Eder K, Mooren FC. Apoptosis of T-Cell Subsets after Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:2021-9. [PMID: 27183117 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-intensity interval training (HIT) exercise has gained much interest in both performance and recreational sports. This study aims to compare the effect of HIT versus continuous (CONT) exercise with regard to changes of circulating T cells and progenitor cells. METHODS Subjects (n = 23) completed an HIT test and an isocaloric CONT test. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 3 and 24 h postexercise for the assessment of low differentiated (CD3CD28CD57), highly differentiated T cells (CD3CD28CD57), regulatory T cells (Tregs) (CD4CD25CD127), hematopoietic progenitor cells (CD45CD34), and endothelial progenitor cells (CD45CD34KDR) by flow cytometry. The detection of apoptosis was performed by using labeling with annexin V. To analyze potential mechanisms affecting T cells, several hormones and metabolites were analyzed. RESULTS Both exercise tests induced an increase of catecholamines, cortisol, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (P < 0.05). CONT induced a higher increase of apoptosis in low differentiated T cells compared with the HIT (CONT: 3.66% ± 0.21% to 6.48% ± 0.29%, P < 0.05; HIT: 3.43% ± 0.31% to 4.71% ± 0.33%), whereas HIT was followed by a higher rate of apoptotic highly differentiated T cells (CONT: 21.45% ± 1.23% to 25.32% ± 1.67%; HIT: 22.45% ± 1.37% to 27.12% ± 1.76%, P < 0.05). Regarding Tregs, HIT induced a mobilization, whereas CONT induced apoptosis in these cells (P < 0.05). The mobilization of progenitor cells did not differ between the exercise protocols. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HIT deletes mainly highly differentiated T cells known to affect immunity to control latent infections. By contrast, CONT deletes mainly low differentiated T cells and Tregs, which might affect defense against new infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Krüger
- 1Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, GERMANY; 2Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, GERMANY; and 3MVZ for Laboratory Medicine, Koblenz, GERMANY
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22
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Pereira LMS, Gomes STM, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Regulatory T Cell and Forkhead Box Protein 3 as Modulators of Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:605. [PMID: 28603524 PMCID: PMC5445144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is an essential molecular marker of regulatory T cell (Treg) development in different microenvironments. Tregs are cells specialized in the suppression of inadequate immune responses and the maintenance of homeostatic tolerance. Studies have addressed and elucidated the role played by FOXP3 and Treg in countless autoimmune and infectious diseases as well as in more specific cases, such as cancer. Within this context, the present article reviews aspects of the immunoregulatory profile of FOXP3 and Treg in the management of immune homeostasis, including issues relating to pathology as well as immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Samara Tatielle Monteiro Gomes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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23
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Vogel P, Janke L, Gravano DM, Lu M, Sawant DV, Bush D, Shuyu E, Vignali DAA, Pillai A, Rehg JE. Globule Leukocytes and Other Mast Cells in the Mouse Intestine. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:76-97. [PMID: 28494703 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817705174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Only 2 major mast cell (MC) subtypes are commonly recognized in the mouse: the large connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs) and the mucosal mast cells (MMCs). Interepithelial mucosal inflammatory cells, most commonly identified as globule leukocytes (GLs), represent a third MC subtype in mice, which we term interepithelial mucosal mast cells (ieMMCs). This term clearly distinguishes ieMMCs from lamina proprial MMCs (lpMMCs) while clearly communicating their common MC lineage. Both lpMMCs and ieMMCs are rare in normal mouse intestinal mucosa, but increased numbers of ieMMCs are seen as part of type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminth infections and in food allergies. Interestingly, we found that increased ieMMCs were consistently associated with decreased mucosal inflammation and damage, suggesting that they might have a role in controlling helminth-induced immunopathology. We also found that ieMMC hyperplasia can develop in the absence of helminth infections, for example, in Treg-deficient mice, Arf null mice, some nude mice, and certain graft-vs-host responses. Since tuft cell hyperplasia plays a critical role in type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminths, we looked for (but did not find) any direct relationship between ieMMC and tuft cell numbers in the intestinal mucosa. Much remains to be learned about the differing functions of ieMMCs and lpMMCs in the intestinal mucosa, but an essential step in deciphering their roles in mucosal immune responses will be to apply immunohistochemistry methods to consistently and accurately identify them in tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vogel
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Laura Janke
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Meifen Lu
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Deepali V Sawant
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dorothy Bush
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E Shuyu
- 4 University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Asha Pillai
- 4 University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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24
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Barthels C, Ogrinc A, Steyer V, Meier S, Simon F, Wimmer M, Blutke A, Straub T, Zimber-Strobl U, Lutgens E, Marconi P, Ohnmacht C, Garzetti D, Stecher B, Brocker T. CD40-signalling abrogates induction of RORγt + Treg cells by intestinal CD103 + DCs and causes fatal colitis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14715. [PMID: 28276457 PMCID: PMC5347138 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis in intestinal tissues depends on the generation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) acquire microbiota-derived material from the gut lumen for transport to draining lymph nodes and generation of receptor-related orphan γt+ (RORγt+) Helios−-induced Treg (iTreg) cells. Here we show CD40-signalling as a microbe-independent signal that can induce migration of CD103+ DCs from the lamina propria (LP) to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Transgenic mice with constitutive CD11c-specific CD40-signalling have reduced numbers of CD103+ DCs in LP and a low frequency of RORγt+Helios− iTreg cells, exacerbated inflammatory Th1/Th17 responses, high titres of microbiota-specific immunoglobulins, dysbiosis and fatal colitis, but no pathology is detected in other tissues. Our data demonstrate a CD40-dependent mechanism capable of abrogating iTreg cell induction by DCs, and suggest that the CD40L/CD40-signalling axis might be able to intervene in the generation of new iTreg cells in order to counter-regulate immune suppression to enhance immunity. CD103+ dendritic cells induce iTreg cells to maintain immune balance in the gut, but how CD40-signalling regulates this process is unclear. Here the authors show that mice with constitutive CD11c-specific CD40-signalling have altered CD103+ dendritic cell migration, reduced iTreg cell induction, and fatal colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Barthels
- Institute for Immunology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Strasse 9, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Ana Ogrinc
- Institute for Immunology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Strasse 9, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Verena Steyer
- Institute for Immunology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Strasse 9, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Stefanie Meier
- Institute for Immunology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Strasse 9, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Simon
- Institute for Immunology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Strasse 9, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Maria Wimmer
- Center of Allergy Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Center and TU Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Section of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Bioinformatics core unit, BMC, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Strasse 9, Planegg-Munich 82152, Germany
| | | | - Esther Lutgens
- Institut für Prophylaxe und Epidemiologie der Kreislaufkrankheiten, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, AMC, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Caspar Ohnmacht
- Center of Allergy Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Center and TU Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Debora Garzetti
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Thomas Brocker
- Institute for Immunology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Strasse 9, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
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25
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Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4-Ig effectively controls immune activation and inflammatory disease in a novel murine model of leaky severe combined immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1394-1403.e8. [PMID: 28185879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe combined immunodeficiency can be caused by loss-of-function mutations in genes involved in the DNA recombination machinery, such as recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG1), RAG2, or DNA cross-link repair 1C (DCLRE1C). Defective DNA recombination causes a developmental block in T and B cells, resulting in high susceptibility to infections. Hypomorphic mutations in the same genes can also give rise to a partial loss of T cells in a spectrum including leaky severe combined immunodeficiency (LS) and Omenn syndrome (OS). These patients not only experience life-threatening infections because of immunodeficiency but also experience inflammatory/autoimmune conditions caused by the presence of autoreactive T cells. OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a preclinical model that fully recapitulates the symptoms of patients with LS/OS, including a model for testing therapeutic intervention. METHODS We generated a novel mutant mouse (Dclre1cleaky) that develops a LS phenotype. Mice were monitored for diseases, and immune phenotype and immune function were evaluated by using flow cytometry, ELISA, and histology. RESULTS Dclre1cleaky mice present with a complete blockade of B-cell differentiation, with a leaky block in T-cell differentiation resulting in an oligoclonal T-cell receptor repertoire and enhanced cytokine secretion. Dclre1cleaky mice also had inflammatory symptoms, including wasting, dermatitis, colitis, hypereosinophilia, and high IgE levels. Development of a preclinical murine model for LS allowed testing of potential treatment, with administration of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4-Ig reducing disease symptoms and immunologic disturbance, resulting in increased survival. CONCLUSION These data suggest that cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4-Ig should be evaluated as a potential treatment of inflammatory symptoms in patients with LS and those with OS.
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26
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Takiishi T, Cook DP, Korf H, Sebastiani G, Mancarella F, Cunha JPMCM, Wasserfall C, Casares N, Lasarte JJ, Steidler L, Rottiers P, Dotta F, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Reversal of Diabetes in NOD Mice by Clinical-Grade Proinsulin and IL-10-Secreting Lactococcus lactis in Combination With Low-Dose Anti-CD3 Depends on the Induction of Foxp3-Positive T Cells. Diabetes 2017; 66:448-459. [PMID: 28108611 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of β-cell autoantigens via the gut through Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) has been demonstrated to be a promising approach for diabetes reversal in NOD mice. Here we show that a combination therapy of low-dose anti-CD3 with a clinical-grade self-containing L. lactis, appropriate for human application, secreting human proinsulin and interleukin-10, cured 66% of mice with new-onset diabetes, which is comparable to therapy results with plasmid-driven L. lactis Initial blood glucose concentrations (<350 mg/dL) and insulin autoantibody positivity were predictors of the stable reversal of hyperglycemia, and decline in insulin autoantibody positivity was an immune biomarker of therapeutic outcome. The assessment of the immune changes induced by the L. lactis-based therapy revealed elevated frequencies of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells in the pancreas-draining lymph nodes, pancreas, and peripheral blood of all treated mice, independent of metabolic outcome. Neutralization of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and transforming growth factor-β partially abrogated the suppressive function of therapy-induced regulatory T cells (Tregs). Ablation or functional impairment of Foxp3+ Tregs in vivo at the start or stop of therapy impaired immune tolerance, highlighting the dependence of the therapy-induced tolerance in mice with new-onset diabetes on the presence and functionality of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells. Biomarkers identified in this study can potentially be used in the future to tailor the L. lactis-based combination therapy for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Takiishi
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dana Paulina Cook
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannelie Korf
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena and Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS, Toscana Life Science Park, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancarella
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena and Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS, Toscana Life Science Park, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Noelia Casares
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Francesco Dotta
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena and Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS, Toscana Life Science Park, Siena, Italy
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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27
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MicroRNA-155-induced T lymphocyte subgroup drifting in IgA nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 49:353-361. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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The Expression of T Cell FOXP3 and T-Bet Is Upregulated in Severe but Not Euthyroid Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3687420. [PMID: 27478306 PMCID: PMC4949338 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3687420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder characterized by progressive thyroid failure. Th1 and Treg subset of CD4+ cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis; however, less is known about their respective roles across the spectrum of HT clinical presentations. To shed more light on CD4+ subsets role in HT, we investigated the mRNA expression levels of several Th1/Treg-associated transcription factors (T-bet/ETS1, HIF1α/BLIMP1/FOXP3) in peripheral blood T cells of 10 hypothyroid, untreated HT patients, 10 hypothyroid patients undergoing hormone replacement therapy, 12 euthyroid HT subjects, and 11 healthy controls by the qRT-PCR. Compared to euthyroid HT patients and controls, both hypothyroid (2.34-fold difference versus controls, P < 0.01) and thyroxine-supplemented patients (2.5-fold, P < 0.001) showed an increased FOXP3 mRNA expression in T cells. Similarly, mRNA expression levels of T-bet were upregulated in severely affected but not in euthyroid HT subjects (2.37-fold and 3.2-fold, hypothyroid and thyroxine-supplemented HT patients versus controls, resp., P < 0.01). By contrast, no differences in mRNA expression levels of ETS1, BLIMP1, and HIF1α were observed across the study groups. In summary, severe but not euthyroid HT was associated with robust upregulation of T-bet and FOXP3 mRNA in peripheral T cells, independent of the thyroid hormone status but proportional to disease activity.
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29
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Harakal J, Rival C, Qiao H, Tung KS. Regulatory T Cells Control Th2-Dominant Murine Autoimmune Gastritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:27-41. [PMID: 27259856 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pernicious anemia and gastric carcinoma are serious sequelae of autoimmune gastritis (AIG). Our study indicates that in adult C57BL/6-DEREG mice expressing a transgenic diphtheria toxin receptor under the Foxp3 promoter, transient regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion results in long-lasting AIG associated with both H(+)K(+)ATPase and intrinsic factor autoantibody responses. Although functional Tregs emerge over time during AIG occurrence, the effector T cells rapidly become less susceptible to Treg-mediated suppression. Whereas previous studies have implicated dysregulated Th1 cell responses in AIG pathogenesis, eosinophils have been detected in gastric biopsy specimens from patients with AIG. Indeed, AIG in DEREG mice is associated with strong Th2 cell responses, including dominant IgG1 autoantibodies, elevated serum IgE, increased Th2 cytokine production, and eosinophil infiltration in the stomach-draining lymph nodes. In addition, the stomachs exhibit severe mucosal and muscular hypertrophy, parietal cell loss, mucinous epithelial cell metaplasia, and massive eosinophilic inflammation. Notably, the Th2 responses and gastritis severity are significantly ameliorated in IL-4- or eosinophil-deficient mice. Furthermore, expansion of both Th2-promoting IFN regulatory factor 4(+) programmed death ligand 2(+) dendritic cells and ILT3(+) rebounded Tregs was detected after transient Treg depletion. Collectively, these data suggest that Tregs maintain physiological tolerance to clinically relevant gastric autoantigens, and Th2 responses can be a pathogenic mechanism in AIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Harakal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Claudia Rival
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Hui Qiao
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Kenneth S Tung
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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30
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Watanabe N, Kaminuma O, Kitamura N, Hiroi T. Induced Treg Cells Augment the Th17-Mediated Intestinal Inflammatory Response in a CTLA4-Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150244. [PMID: 26950218 PMCID: PMC4780716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are thought to promote and suppress inflammatory responses, respectively. However, whether they counteract each other or synergize in regulating immune reactions remains controversial. To determine their interactions, we describe the results of experiments employing mouse models of intestinal inflammation by transferring antigen-specific Th cells (Th1, Th2, and Th17) differentiated in vitro followed by the administration of the cognate antigen via enema. We show that cotransfer of induced Tregs (iTregs) suppressed Th1- and Th2-mediated colon inflammation. In contrast, colon inflammation induced by transfer of Th17 cells, was augmented by the cotransfer of iTregs. Furthermore, oral delivery of antigen potentiated Th17-mediated colon inflammation. Administration of a blocking antibody against cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) abrogated the effects of cotransfer of iTregs, while the injection of a soluble recombinant immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion protein, CTLA4-Ig substituted for the cotransfer of iTregs. These results suggest that antigen-specific activation of iTregs in a local environment stimulates the Th17-mediated inflammatory response in a CTLA4-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumasa Watanabe
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaminuma
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kitamura
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takachika Hiroi
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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31
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Akieda Y, Wakamatsu E, Nakamura T, Ishida Y, Ogawa S, Abe R. Defects in Regulatory T Cells Due to CD28 Deficiency Induce a Qualitative Change of Allogeneic Immune Response in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4162-74. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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32
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Chen Y, Chen C, Zhang Z, Liu CC, Johnson ME, Espinoza CA, Edsall LE, Ren B, Zhou XJ, Grant SFA, Wells AD, Chen L. DNA binding by FOXP3 domain-swapped dimer suggests mechanisms of long-range chromosomal interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:1268-82. [PMID: 25567984 PMCID: PMC4333414 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3 is a lineage-specific transcription factor that is required for regulatory T cell development and function. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of the FOXP3 forkhead domain bound to DNA. The structure reveals that FOXP3 can form a stable domain-swapped dimer to bridge DNA in the absence of cofactors, suggesting that FOXP3 may play a role in long-range gene interactions. To test this hypothesis, we used circular chromosome conformation capture coupled with high throughput sequencing (4C-seq) to analyze FOXP3-dependent genomic contacts around a known FOXP3-bound locus, Ptpn22. Our studies reveal that FOXP3 induces significant changes in the chromatin contacts between the Ptpn22 locus and other Foxp3-regulated genes, reflecting a mechanism by which FOXP3 reorganizes the genome architecture to coordinate the expression of its target genes. Our results suggest that FOXP3 mediates long-range chromatin interactions as part of its mechanisms to regulate specific gene expression in regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongheng Chen
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, XiangYa Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chunxia Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chun-Chi Liu
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Matthew E Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Lee E Edsall
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xianghong Jasmine Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, XiangYa Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew D Wells
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, XiangYa Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Regulatory T Cells Control Antigen-Specific Expansion of Tfh Cell Number and Humoral Immune Responses via the Coreceptor CTLA-4. Immunity 2014; 41:1013-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Walsh JT, Zheng J, Smirnov I, Lorenz U, Tung K, Kipnis J. Regulatory T cells in central nervous system injury: a double-edged sword. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:5013-22. [PMID: 25320276 PMCID: PMC4225170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous research investigating the roles of T effector (T(eff)) and T regulatory (T(reg)) cells after injury to the CNS has yielded contradictory conclusions, with both protective and destructive functions being ascribed to each of these T cell subpopulations. In this work, we study this dichotomy by examining how regulation of the immune system affects the response to CNS trauma. We show that, in response to CNS injury, T(eff) and T(reg) subsets in the CNS-draining deep cervical lymph nodes are activated, and surgical resection of these lymph nodes results in impaired neuronal survival. Depletion of T(reg), not surprisingly, induces a robust T(eff) response in the draining lymph nodes and is associated with impaired neuronal survival. Interestingly, however, injection of exogenous T(reg) cells, which limits the spontaneous beneficial immune response after CNS injury, also impairs neuronal survival. We found that no T(reg) accumulate at the site of CNS injury, and that changes in T(reg) numbers do not alter the amount of infiltration by other immune cells into the site of injury. The phenotype of macrophages at the site, however, is affected: both addition and removal of T(reg) negatively impact the numbers of macrophages with alternatively activated (tissue-building) phenotype. Our data demonstrate that neuronal survival after CNS injury is impaired when T(reg) cells are either removed or added. With this exacerbation of neurodegeneration seen with both addition and depletion of T(reg), we recommend exercising extreme caution when considering the therapeutic targeting of T(reg) cells after CNS injury, and possibly in chronic neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Walsh
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Ulrike Lorenz
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Kenneth Tung
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
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35
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Nyström SN, Bourges D, Garry S, Ross EM, van Driel IR, Gleeson PA. Transient Treg-cell depletion in adult mice results in persistent self-reactive CD4(+) T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3621-31. [PMID: 25231532 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of Foxp3(+) CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) in adults results in chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease. However, the impact of transient Treg-cell depletion on self-reactive responses is poorly defined. Here, we studied the effect of transient depletion of Treg cells on CD4(+) T-cell responses to endogenous self-antigens. Short-term ablation of Treg cells in mice resulted in rapid activation of CD4(+) T cells, increased percentage of IFN-γ(+) and Th17 cells in lymphoid organs, and development of autoimmune gastritis. To track self-reactive responses, we analyzed the activation of naïve gastric-specific CD4(+) T cells. There was a dramatic increase in proliferation and acquisition of effector function of gastric-specific T cells in the stomach draining LNs of Treg-cell-depleted mice, compared with untreated mice, either during Treg-cell depletion or after Treg-cell reconstitution. Moreover, the hyperproliferation of gastric-specific T cells in the Treg-cell-ablated mice was predominantly antigen-dependent. Transient depletion of Treg cells resulted in a shift in the ratio of peripheral:thymic Treg cells in the reemerged Treg-cell population, indicating an altered composition of Treg cells. These findings indicate that transient Treg-cell depletion results in ongoing antigen-driven self-reactive T-cell responses and emphasize the continual requirement for an intact Treg-cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia N Nyström
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Schulze B, Piehler D, Eschke M, von Buttlar H, Köhler G, Sparwasser T, Alber G. CD4(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells suppress fatal T helper 2 cell immunity during pulmonary fungal infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3596-604. [PMID: 25187063 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans causes lung inflammation and fatal meningitis in immunocompromised patients. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in controlling immunity and homeostasis. However, their functional role during fungal infection is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Treg cells during experimental murine pulmonary C. neoformans infection. We show that the number of CD4(+) FoxP3(+) Treg cells in the lung increases significantly within the first 4 weeks after intranasal infection of BALB/c wild-type mice. To define the function of Treg cells we used DEREG mice allowing selective depletion of CD4(+) FoxP3(+) Treg cells by application of diphtheria toxin. In Treg cell-depleted mice, stronger pulmonary allergic inflammation with enhanced mucus production and pronounced eosinophilia, increased IgE production, and elevated fungal lung burden were found. This was accompanied by higher frequencies of GATA-3(+) T helper (Th) 2 cells with elevated capacity to produce interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. In contrast, only a mild increase in the Th1-associated immune response unrelated to the fungal infection was observed. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that during fungal infection pulmonary Treg cells are induced and preferentially suppress Th2 cells thereby mediating enhanced fungal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Schulze
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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37
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Levine AG, Arvey A, Jin W, Rudensky AY. Continuous requirement for the TCR in regulatory T cell function. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:1070-8. [PMID: 25263123 PMCID: PMC4205268 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) maintain immunological tolerance and their deficiency results in fatal multi-organ autoimmunity. Although heightened T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is critical for the differentiation of Treg cells, the role of TCR signaling in Treg cell function remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate inducible ablation of the TCR results in Treg cell dysfunction which cannot be attributed to impaired Foxp3 expression, decreased expression of Treg cell signature genes or altered ability to sense and consume interleukin 2. Rather, TCR signaling was required for maintaining the expression of a limited subset of genes comprising 25% of the activated Treg cell transcriptional signature. Our results reveal a critical role for the TCR in Treg cell suppressor capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Levine
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aaron Arvey
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wei Jin
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA. [3] Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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38
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Zhang M, Qian YY, Chai SJ, Liang ZY, Xu Q, Wu ZQ, Wang K. Enhanced local Foxp3 expression in lung tissue attenuates airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. J Asthma 2014; 51:451-8. [PMID: 24467722 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2014.887727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway mediated by a Th2 immune response. A great deal of data has demonstrated that regulatory T cells (Tregs) have the ability to suppress Th2 immune responses and the transcription factor fork-head box protein 3 (Foxp3) is indispensable for the development of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs. In this study, we hypothesized that enhanced local Foxp3 expression in lung tissue could suppress Th2-mediated allergic asthma. METHODS Foxp3/PMX retroviruses containing the mouse Foxp3 gene were constructed and administered into asthmatic mice through intra-tracheal instillation before ovalbumin challenging. Foxp3 expression, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and tissue inflammatory cell and cytokine profiles were characterized. RESULTS Foxp3 mRNA and protein were increased in the lung tissue of asthmatic mice. Enhanced expression of Foxp3 locally in the lung tissue reduced the airway AHR, inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus production. It also attenuated Th2 and Th17 immune responses as evidenced by reduced IL-4, IL-13 and IL-17 levels. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that enhanced Foxp3 expression in the airway by intra-tracheally instilled Foxp3/PMX retroviruses alleviates allergic airway inflammation by reducing the Th2 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
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39
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Sawant DV, Gravano DM, Vogel P, Giacomin P, Artis D, Vignali DAA. Regulatory T cells limit induction of protective immunity and promote immune pathology following intestinal helminth infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2904-12. [PMID: 24532574 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a well-characterized role in limiting autoimmunity and dampening deleterious immune responses. However, a potential consequence of the immunosuppressive function of Tregs can be the limitation of protective immunity to infectious pathogens. Parasitic infections are a potent stimulus for the generation of Treg responses, which may be beneficial to both the parasite and the host by promoting persistence of infection and limiting immune-mediated pathology, respectively. In this study, we explore the functional role of Tregs post-low-dose infection with the intestinal helminth parasite Trichuris muris, which yields a chronic infection because of inefficient induction of Th2 responses. Early Treg depletion postinfection resulted in expedited worm clearance, and was associated with reduced Th1-mediated inflammation of the intestinal environment. Interestingly, this protective immunity was lost, and worm burden enhanced if Tregs were depleted later once the infection was established. Early and late Treg depletion resulted in enhanced Th2 and reduced Th1 cytokine and humoral responses. Blockade of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 resulted in a moderate increase in Th1 but had no effect on worm burden. Our findings suggest that Tregs preferentially limit Th2 cell expansion, which can impact infections where clear immune polarity has not been established. Thus, the impact of Treg depletion is context and time dependent, and can be beneficial to the host in situations where Th1 responses should be limited in favor of Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali V Sawant
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
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40
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Abstract
Regulatory T (TReg) cells constitute an essential counterbalance to adaptive immune responses. Failure to maintain appropriate TReg cell numbers or function leads to autoimmune, malignant and immunodeficient conditions. Dynamic homeostatic processes preserve the number of forkhead box P3-expressing (FOXP3(+)) TReg cells within a healthy range, with high rates of cell division being offset by apoptosis under steady-state conditions. Recent studies have shown that TReg cells become specialized for different environmental contexts, tailoring their functions and homeostatic properties to a wide range of tissues and immune conditions. In this Review, we describe new insights into the molecular controls that maintain the steady-state homeostasis of TReg cells and the cues that drive TReg cell adaptation to inflammation and/or different locations. We highlight how differing local milieu might drive context-specific TReg cell function and restoration of immune homeostasis, and how dysregulation of these processes can precipitate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Liston
- 1] Autoimmune Genetics Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium. [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Daniel H D Gray
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3053, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
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41
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Delacher M, Schreiber L, Richards DM, Farah C, Feuerer M, Huehn J. Transcriptional control of regulatory T cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 381:83-124. [PMID: 24831347 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitute unique T cell lineage that plays a key role for immunological tolerance. Tregs are characterized by the expression of the forkhead box transcription factor Foxp3, which acts as a lineage-specifying factor by determining the unique suppression profile of these immune cells. Here, we summarize the recent progress in understanding how Foxp3 expression itself is epigenetically and transcriptionally controlled, how the Treg-specific signature is achieved and how unique properties of Treg subsets are defined by other transcription factors. Finally, we will discuss recent studies focusing on the molecular targeting of Tregs to utilize the specific properties of this unique cell type in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Delacher
- Immune Tolerance, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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42
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Abstract
T(reg) cells are essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity. In humoral immune responses, loss of T(reg) cell function causes increased levels of serum autoantibodies, hyper-IgE, spontaneous generation of germinal centres, and enhanced numbers of specialised T follicular helper cells (T(fh) cells) controlled by the lineage-defining transcription factor BCL-6 (B-cell lymphoma 6). Recent studies have demonstrated that a subset of T(reg) cells [T follicular regulatory (T(freg)) cells] are able to co-opt the follicular T-cell program by gaining expression of BCL-6 and travelling to the follicle where they have an important role in the control of expansion of T(fh) cells and the germinal centre reaction. However, the mechanisms by which they exert this control are still under investigation. In this review, we discuss the effects of T(reg) cells on humoral immunity and the mechanisms by which they exert their regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Wing
- Department of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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43
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Venken K, Decruy T, Aspeslagh S, Van Calenbergh S, Lambrecht BN, Elewaut D. Bacterial CD1d-restricted glycolipids induce IL-10 production by human regulatory T cells upon cross-talk with invariant NKT cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2174-83. [PMID: 23898038 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important immune regulatory T cells with Ag reactivity to glycolipids and peptides, respectively. However, the functional interplay between these cells in humans is poorly understood. We show that Tregs suppress iNKT cell proliferation induced by CD1d-restricted glycolipids, including bacterial-derived diacylglycerols, as well as by innate-like activation. Inhibition was related to the potency of iNKT agonists, making diacylglycerol iNKT responses very prone to suppression. Cytokine production by iNKT cells was differentially modulated by Tregs because IL-4 production was reduced more profoundly compared with IFN-γ. A compelling observation was the significant production of IL-10 by Tregs after cell contact with iNKT cells, in particular in the presence of bacterial diacylglycerols. These iNKT-primed Tregs showed increased FOXP3 expression and superior suppressive function. Suppression of iNKT cell responses, but not conventional T cell responses, was IL-10 dependent, suggesting that there is a clear difference in mechanism between the Treg-mediated inhibition of these cell types. Our data highlight a physiologically relevant interaction between human iNKT and Tregs upon pathogen-derived glycolipid recognition that has a significant impact on the design of iNKT cell-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Venken
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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44
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Antiapoptotic Mcl-1 is critical for the survival and niche-filling capacity of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:959-65. [PMID: 23852275 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells are a crucial immunosuppressive population of CD4⁺ T cells, yet the homeostatic processes and survival programs that maintain the Treg cell pool are poorly understood. Here we report that peripheral Treg cells markedly alter their proliferative and apoptotic rates to rapidly restore numerical deficit through an interleukin 2-dependent and costimulation-dependent process. By contrast, excess Treg cells are removed by attrition, dependent on the Bim-initiated Bak- and Bax-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 were dispensable for survival of Treg cells, whereas Mcl-1 was critical for survival of Treg cells, and the loss of this antiapoptotic protein caused fatal autoimmunity. Together, these data define the active processes by which Treg cells maintain homeostasis via critical survival pathways.
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45
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Tian L, Humblet-Baron S, Liston A. Immune tolerance: are regulatory T cell subsets needed to explain suppression of autoimmunity? Bioessays 2012; 34:569-75. [PMID: 22419393 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential for self-reactive T cells to cause autoimmune disease is held in check by Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), essential mediators of peripheral immunological tolerance. Tregs have the capacity to suppress multiple branches of the immune system, tightly controlling the different subsets of effector T cells across multiple different tissue environments. Recent genetic experiments have found mutations that disrupt specific Treg: effector T cell relationships, leading to the possibility that subsets of Tregs are required to suppress each subset of effector T cells. Here we review the environmental factors and mechanisms that allow Tregs to suppress specific subsets of effector T cells, and find that a parsimonious explanation of the genetic data can be made without invoking Treg subsets. Instead, Tregs show a functional and chemotactic plasticity based on microenvironmental influences that allows the common pool of cells to suppress multiple distinct immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- VIB Autoimmune Genetics Laboratory, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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46
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Linterman MA, Liston A, Vinuesa CG. T-follicular helper cell differentiation and the co-option of this pathway by non-helper cells. Immunol Rev 2012; 247:143-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Abstract
The role of CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia (AA) is not well characterized. We investigate CD4+ T-cell subsets in AA. Sixty-three patients with acquired AA were studied. Th1 and Th2 cells were significantly higher in AA patients than in healthy donors (HDs; P = .03 and P = .006). Tregs were significantly lower in patients with severe AA than in HDs (P < .001) and patients with non-severe AA (P = .01). Th17 cells were increased in severe AA (P = .02) but normal in non-severe AA. Activated and resting Tregs were reduced in AA (P = .004; P = .01), whereas cytokine-secreting non-Tregs were increased (P = .003). Tregs from AA patients were unable to suppress normal effector T cells. In contrast, AA effector T cells were suppressible by Tregs from HDs. Th1 clonality in AA, investigated by high-throughput sequencing, was greater than in HDs (P = .03). Our results confirm that Th1 and Th2 cells are expanded and Tregs are functionally abnormal in AA. The clonally restricted expansion of Th1 cells is most likely to be antigen-driven, and induces an inflammatory environment, that exacerbate the functional impairment of Tregs, which are reduced in number.
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48
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Josefowicz SZ, Niec RE, Kim HY, Treuting P, Chinen T, Zheng Y, Umetsu DT, Rudensky AY. Extrathymically generated regulatory T cells control mucosal TH2 inflammation. Nature 2012; 482:395-9. [PMID: 22318520 DOI: 10.1038/nature10772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms at mucosal interfaces, which are sites of constitutive exposure to microbes and non-microbial foreign substances, allows for efficient protection against pathogens yet prevents adverse inflammatory responses associated with allergy, asthma and intestinal inflammation. Regulatory T (T(reg)) cells prevent systemic and tissue-specific autoimmunity and inflammatory lesions at mucosal interfaces. These cells are generated in the thymus (tT(reg) cells) and in the periphery (induced (i)T(reg) cells), and their dual origin implies a division of labour between tT(reg) and iT(reg) cells in immune homeostasis. Here we show that a highly selective blockage in differentiation of iT(reg) cells in mice did not lead to unprovoked multi-organ autoimmunity, exacerbation of induced tissue-specific autoimmune pathology, or increased pro-inflammatory responses of T helper 1 (T(H)1) and T(H)17 cells. However, mice deficient in iT(reg) cells spontaneously developed pronounced T(H)2-type pathologies at mucosal sites--in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs--with hallmarks of allergic inflammation and asthma. Furthermore, iT(reg)-cell deficiency altered gut microbial communities. These results suggest that whereas T(reg) cells generated in the thymus appear sufficient for control of systemic and tissue-specific autoimmunity, extrathymic differentiation of T(reg) cells affects commensal microbiota composition and serves a distinct, essential function in restraint of allergic-type inflammation at mucosal interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Z Josefowicz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, USA
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