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Whiteside SK, Grant FM, Alvisi G, Clarke J, Tang L, Imianowski CJ, Zhang B, Evans AC, Wesolowski AJ, Conti AG, Yang J, Lauder SN, Clement M, Humphreys IR, Dooley J, Burton O, Liston A, Alloisio M, Voulaz E, Langhorne J, Okkenhaug K, Lugli E, Roychoudhuri R. Acquisition of suppressive function by conventional T cells limits antitumor immunity upon T reg depletion. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabo5558. [PMID: 38100544 PMCID: PMC7615475 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo5558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells contribute to immune homeostasis but suppress immune responses to cancer. Strategies to disrupt Treg cell-mediated cancer immunosuppression have been met with limited clinical success, but the underlying mechanisms for treatment failure are poorly understood. By modeling Treg cell-targeted immunotherapy in mice, we find that CD4+ Foxp3- conventional T (Tconv) cells acquire suppressive function upon depletion of Foxp3+ Treg cells, limiting therapeutic efficacy. Foxp3- Tconv cells within tumors adopt a Treg cell-like transcriptional profile upon ablation of Treg cells and acquire the ability to suppress T cell activation and proliferation ex vivo. Suppressive activity is enriched among CD4+ Tconv cells marked by expression of C-C motif receptor 8 (CCR8), which are found in mouse and human tumors. Upon Treg cell depletion, CCR8+ Tconv cells undergo systemic and intratumoral activation and expansion, and mediate IL-10-dependent suppression of antitumor immunity. Consequently, conditional deletion of Il10 within T cells augments antitumor immunity upon Treg cell depletion in mice, and antibody blockade of IL-10 signaling synergizes with Treg cell depletion to overcome treatment resistance. These findings reveal a secondary layer of immunosuppression by Tconv cells released upon therapeutic Treg cell depletion and suggest that broader consideration of suppressive function within the T cell lineage is required for development of effective Treg cell-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Francis M Grant
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Giorgia Alvisi
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - James Clarke
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leqi Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Charlotte J Imianowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Baojie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Alexander C Evans
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Alexander J Wesolowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Alberto G Conti
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Sarah N Lauder
- Division of Infection and Immunity/System Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity/System Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/System Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James Dooley
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Oliver Burton
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Marco Alloisio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Voulaz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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2
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Imianowski CJ, Whiteside SK, Lozano T, Evans AC, Benson JD, Courreges CJ, Sadiyah F, Lau CM, Zandhuis ND, Grant FM, Schuijs MJ, Vardaka P, Kuo P, Soilleux EJ, Yang J, Sun JC, Kurosaki T, Okkenhaug K, Halim TY, Roychoudhuri R. BACH2 restricts NK cell maturation and function, limiting immunity to cancer metastasis. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211476. [PMID: 36178457 PMCID: PMC9529614 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical to immune surveillance against infections and cancer. Their role in immune surveillance requires that NK cells are present within tissues in a quiescent state. Mechanisms by which NK cells remain quiescent in tissues are incompletely elucidated. The transcriptional repressor BACH2 plays a critical role within the adaptive immune system, but its function within innate lymphocytes has been unclear. Here, we show that BACH2 acts as an intrinsic negative regulator of NK cell maturation and function. BACH2 is expressed within developing and mature NK cells and promotes the maintenance of immature NK cells by restricting their maturation in the presence of weak stimulatory signals. Loss of BACH2 within NK cells results in accumulation of activated NK cells with unrestrained cytotoxic function within tissues, which mediate augmented immune surveillance to pulmonary cancer metastasis. These findings establish a critical function of BACH2 as a global negative regulator of innate cytotoxic function and tumor immune surveillance by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J. Imianowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Sarah K. Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Jayme D. Benson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Firas Sadiyah
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Colleen M. Lau
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Nordin D. Zandhuis
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Francis M. Grant
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Martijn J. Schuijs
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Panagiota Vardaka
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Paula Kuo
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Joseph C. Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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3
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Cárdenas-de-la-Parra A, Lewis JD, Fonov VS, Botteron KN, McKinstry RC, Gerig G, Pruett JR, Dager SR, Elison JT, Styner MA, Evans AC, Piven J, Collins DL. A voxel-wise assessment of growth differences in infants developing autism spectrum disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 29:102551. [PMID: 33421871 PMCID: PMC7806791 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric neuroimaging study of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Longitudinal Tensor Based Morphometry of the presymptomatic period of ASD. Differences in voxelwise growth trajectories of children with ASD. Regions with differences have been implicated in the core symptoms of ASD.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a phenotypically and etiologically heterogeneous developmental disorder typically diagnosed around 4 years of age. The development of biomarkers to help in earlier, presymptomatic diagnosis could facilitate earlier identification and therefore earlier intervention and may lead to better outcomes, as well as providing information to help better understand the underlying mechanisms of ASD. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of infants at high familial risk, from the Infant Brain Imaging Study (IBIS), at 6, 12 and 24 months of age were included in a morphological analysis, fitting a mixed-effects model to Tensor Based Morphometry (TBM) results to obtain voxel-wise growth trajectories. Subjects were grouped by familial risk and clinical diagnosis at 2 years of age. Several regions, including the posterior cingulate gyrus, the cingulum, the fusiform gyrus, and the precentral gyrus, showed a significant effect for the interaction of group and age associated with ASD, either as an increased or a decreased growth rate of the cerebrum. In general, our results showed increased growth rate within white matter with decreased growth rate found mostly in grey matter. Overall, the regions showing increased growth rate were larger and more numerous than those with decreased growth rate. These results detail, at the voxel level, differences in brain growth trajectories in ASD during the first years of life, previously reported in terms of overall brain volume and surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J D Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - V S Fonov
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - K N Botteron
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - R C McKinstry
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - G Gerig
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - J R Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - S R Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - J T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - M A Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - A C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - J Piven
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - D L Collins
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
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Tong JG, Evans AC, Ho ML, Guenther CM, Brun MJ, Judd J, Wu E, Suh J. Reducing off target viral delivery in ovarian cancer gene therapy using a protease-activated AAV2 vector platform. J Control Release 2019; 307:292-301. [PMID: 31252037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising strategy for treating metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, efficient vector targeting to tumors is difficult and off-target effects can be severely detrimental. Most vector targeting approaches rely on surface receptors overexpressed on some subpopulation of cancer cells. Unfortunately, there is no universally expressed cell surface biomarker for tumor cells. As an alternative, we developed an adeno-associated virus (AAV) based "Provector" whose cellular transduction can be activated by extracellular proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) that are overexpressed in the tumor microenvironments of the most aggressive forms of EOC. In a non-tumor bearing mouse model, the Provector demonstrates efficient de-targeting of healthy tissues, especially the liver, where viral delivery is <1% of AAV2. In an orthotopic HeyA8 tumor model of EOC, the Provector maintains decreased off-target delivery in the liver and other tissues but with no loss in tumor delivery. Notably, approximately 10% of the injected Provector is still detected in the blood at 24 h while >99% of injected AAV2 has been cleared from the blood by 1 h. Furthermore, mouse serum raised against the Provector is 16-fold less able to neutralize Provector transduction compared to AAV2 serum neutralizing AAV2 transduction (1:200 vs 1:3200 serum dilution, respectively). Thus, the Provector appears to generate less neutralizing antibodies than AAV2. Importantly, serum against AAV2 does not neutralize the Provector as well as AAV2, suggesting that pre-existing antibodies against AAV2 would not negate the clinical application of Provectors. Taken together, we present an EOC gene delivery vector platform based on AAV with decreased off-target delivery without loss of on-target specificity, and greater immunological stealth over the traditional AAV2 gene delivery vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Tong
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - A C Evans
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - M L Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - C M Guenther
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - M J Brun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - J Judd
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - E Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - J Suh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, United States of America; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, United States of America; Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, United States of America.
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5
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Traynor JM, Doyle-Thomas KAR, Hanford LC, Foster NE, Tryfon A, Hyde KL, Anagnostou E, Evans AC, Zwaigenbaum L, Hall GBC. Indices of repetitive behaviour are correlated with patterns of intrinsic functional connectivity in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Res 2018; 1685:79-90. [PMID: 29453959 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine how repetitive behaviour in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is related to intrinsic functional connectivity patterns in a number of large-scale, neural networks. Resting-state fMRI scans from thirty subjects with ASD and thirty-two age-matched, typically developing control subjects were analysed. Seed-to-voxel and ROI-to-ROI functional connectivity analyses were used to examine resting-state connectivity in a number of cortical and subcortical neural networks. Bivariate correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between repetitive behaviour scores from the Repetitive Behaviour Scale - Revised and intrinsic functional connectivity in ASD subjects. Compared to control subjects, ASD subjects displayed marked over-connectivity of the thalamus with several cortical sensory processing areas, as well as over-connectivity of the basal ganglia with somatosensory and motor cortices. Within the ASD group, significant correlations were found between functional connectivity patterns and total RBS-R scores as well as one principal component analysis-derived score from the RBS-R. These results suggest that thalamocortical resting-state connectivity is altered in individuals with ASD, and that resting-state functional connectivity is associated with ASD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Traynor
- McMaster University, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - K A R Doyle-Thomas
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L C Hanford
- McMaster University, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - N E Foster
- International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sound (BRAMS), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Tryfon
- International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sound (BRAMS), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - K L Hyde
- International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sound (BRAMS), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - E Anagnostou
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - G B C Hall
- McMaster University, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic panniculitis is a rare cause of subcutaneous fat necrosis secondary to elevated serum levels of pancreatic enzymes. It is most often associated with pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma, but has also been seen in patients with pancreatitis. CASE REPORT We present a case of a 64 year old Caucasian man without symptoms of pancreatitis who presents with pancreatic panniculitis manifesting in multiple subcutaneous ulcerating nodules of the bilateral lower extremities, discovered to have a previously unreported etiology for this condition. He had no evidence of pancreatitis or malignancy, but instead a pancreatic-portal fistula resulting in panniculitis. CONCLUSION Peripancreatic vascular lesions must also be considered in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic panniculitis. The diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of pancreatic panniculitis are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Presbyterian, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - A D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Scaife Hall A616.2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - H J Zeh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 5150 Centre Ave, Suite 414, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - N Bahary
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - R E Brand
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Presbyterian, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Abstract
Biocomputing nanoplatforms are designed to detect and integrate single or multiple inputs under defined algorithms, such as Boolean logic gates, and generate functionally useful outputs, such as delivery of therapeutics or release of optically detectable signals. Using sensing modules composed of small molecules, polymers, nucleic acids, or proteins/peptides, nanoplatforms have been programmed to detect and process extrinsic stimuli, such as magnetic fields or light, or intrinsic stimuli, such as nucleic acids, enzymes, or pH. Stimulus detection can be transduced by the nanomaterial via three different mechanisms: system assembly, system disassembly, or system transformation. The increasingly sophisticated suite of biocomputing nanoplatforms may be invaluable for a multitude of applications, including medical diagnostics, biomedical imaging, environmental monitoring, and delivery of therapeutics to target cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - N N Thadani
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - J Suh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
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Amunts K, Hawrylycz MJ, Van Essen DC, Van Horn JD, Harel N, Poline JB, De Martino F, Bjaalie JG, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Dehaene S, Valdes-Sosa P, Thirion B, Zilles K, Hill SL, Abrams MB, Tass PA, Vanduffel W, Evans AC, Eickhoff SB. Interoperable atlases of the human brain. Neuroimage 2014; 99:525-32. [PMID: 24936682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The last two decades have seen an unprecedented development of human brain mapping approaches at various spatial and temporal scales. Together, these have provided a large fundus of information on many different aspects of the human brain including micro- and macrostructural segregation, regional specialization of function, connectivity, and temporal dynamics. Atlases are central in order to integrate such diverse information in a topographically meaningful way. It is noteworthy, that the brain mapping field has been developed along several major lines such as structure vs. function, postmortem vs. in vivo, individual features of the brain vs. population-based aspects, or slow vs. fast dynamics. In order to understand human brain organization, however, it seems inevitable that these different lines are integrated and combined into a multimodal human brain model. To this aim, we held a workshop to determine the constraints of a multi-modal human brain model that are needed to enable (i) an integration of different spatial and temporal scales and data modalities into a common reference system, and (ii) efficient data exchange and analysis. As detailed in this report, to arrive at fully interoperable atlases of the human brain will still require much work at the frontiers of data acquisition, analysis, and representation. Among them, the latter may provide the most challenging task, in particular when it comes to representing features of vastly different scales of space, time and abstraction. The potential benefits of such endeavor, however, clearly outweigh the problems, as only such kind of multi-modal human brain atlas may provide a starting point from which the complex relationships between structure, function, and connectivity may be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Germany; C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - D C Van Essen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J D Van Horn
- The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics (INI) and Laboratory for Neuro Imaging (LONI), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Harel
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Departments of Radiology & Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J-B Poline
- Hellen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Brain Imaging Center, University of California at Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - F De Martino
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J G Bjaalie
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - S Dehaene
- INSERM, U992, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - P Valdes-Sosa
- Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba; Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengudu, China
| | - B Thirion
- Parietal Research Team, French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - K Zilles
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany
| | - S L Hill
- International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility Secretariat (INCF), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M B Abrams
- International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility Secretariat (INCF), Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - P A Tass
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Germany; Department of Neuromodulation, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - W Vanduffel
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - S B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Germany; Institute for Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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9
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Lewis JD, Evans AC, Pruett JR, Botteron K, Zwaigenbaum L, Estes A, Gerig G, Collins L, Kostopoulos P, McKinstry R, Dager S, Paterson S, Schultz RT, Styner M, Hazlett H, Piven J. Network inefficiencies in autism spectrum disorder at 24 months. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e388. [PMID: 24802306 PMCID: PMC4035719 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder defined by behavioral symptoms that emerge during the first years of life. Associated with these symptoms are differences in the structure of a wide array of brain regions, and in the connectivity between these regions. However, the use of cohorts with large age variability and participants past the generally recognized age of onset of the defining behaviors means that many of the reported abnormalities may be a result of cascade effects of developmentally earlier deviations. This study assessed differences in connectivity in ASD at the age at which the defining behaviors first become clear. There were 113 24-month-old participants at high risk for ASD, 31 of whom were classified as ASD, and 23 typically developing 24-month-old participants at low risk for ASD. Utilizing diffusion data to obtain measures of the length and strength of connections between anatomical regions, we performed an analysis of network efficiency. Our results showed significantly decreased local and global efficiency over temporal, parietal and occipital lobes in high-risk infants classified as ASD, relative to both low- and high-risk infants not classified as ASD. The frontal lobes showed only a reduction in global efficiency in Broca's area. In addition, these same regions showed an inverse relation between efficiency and symptom severity across the high-risk infants. The results suggest delay or deficits in infants with ASD in the optimization of both local and global aspects of network structure in regions involved in processing auditory and visual stimuli, language and nonlinguistic social stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J R Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - K Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - L Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G Gerig
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - L Collins
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P Kostopoulos
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - R McKinstry
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Paterson
- Center for Autism Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Styner
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H Hazlett
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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10
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Beltman ME, Mullen MP, Elia G, Hilliard M, Diskin MG, Evans AC, Crowe MA. Global proteomic characterization of uterine histotroph recovered from beef heifers yielding good quality and degenerate day 7 embryos. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014; 46:49-57. [PMID: 24210454 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to analyze the proteomic composition of uterine flushes collected from beef heifers on day 7 after insemination. Estrus was synchronized in crossbred beef heifers by using a protocol with a controlled intravaginal drug releasing device. Heifers detected in standing estrus (within 24-48 h after removal of controlled intravaginal drug releasing device) were inseminated (estrus = day 0) with frozen-thawed semen from a single ejaculate of a bull with proven fertility. Heifers from which an embryo was recovered (after slaughter on day 7) were classified as either having a viable embryo (morula/blastocyst stage) or a degenerate embryo (arrested at the 2- to 16-cell stage). The overall recovery rate (viable and degenerate combined) was 64%. Global liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry proteomic analysis of the histotroph collected identified 40 high-confidence proteins present on day 7; 26 proteins in the viable group, 10 in the degenerate group, and 4 shared between both groups. Five proteins (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit γ [PAFAH1B3], tubulin α-1D chain, tubulin β-4A chain, cytochrome C, and dihydropyrimidinase-related protein-2) were unique or more abundant in the histotroph collected from animals with a viable embryo, and 1 protein (S100-A4) was more abundant in the histotroph collected from animals with a degenerate embryo. Of interest, PAFAH1B3, detected only in histotroph from the group yielding viable embryos, belongs to the group of platelet-activating factors that are known to be important for the development of the pre-implantation embryo in other species. To our knowledge this is the first report of PAFAH1B3 in relation to bovine early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Beltman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - M P Mullen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Athenry, County Galway, Ireland
| | - G Elia
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Hilliard
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training, Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - M G Diskin
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Athenry, County Galway, Ireland
| | - A C Evans
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M A Crowe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Athenry, County Galway, Ireland; Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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11
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Abstract
Neuropsychological studies have suggested that imagery processes may be mediated by neuronal mechanisms similar to those used in perception. To test this hypothesis, and to explore the neural basis for song imagery, 12 normal subjects were scanned using the water bolus method to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) during the performance of three tasks. In the control condition subjects saw pairs of words on each trial and judged which word was longer. In the perceptual condition subjects also viewed pairs of words, this time drawn from a familiar song; simultaneously they heard the corresponding song, and their task was to judge the change in pitch of the two cued words within the song. In the imagery condition, subjects performed precisely the same judgment as in the perceptual condition, but with no auditory input. Thus, to perform the imagery task correctly an internal auditory representation must be accessed. Paired-image subtraction of the resulting pattern of CBF, together with matched MRI for anatomical localization, revealed that both perceptual and imagery. tasks produced similar patterns of CBF changes, as compared to the control condition, in keeping with the hypothesis. More specifically, both perceiving and imagining songs are associated with bilateral neuronal activity in the secondary auditory cortices, suggesting that processes within these regions underlie the phenomenological impression of imagined sounds. Other CBF foci elicited in both tasks include areas in the left and right frontal lobes and in the left parietal lobe, as well as the supplementary motor area. This latter region implicates covert vocalization as one component of musical imagery. Direct comparison of imagery and perceptual tasks revealed CBF increases in the inferior frontal polar cortex and right thalamus. We speculate that this network of regions may be specifically associated with retrieval and/or generation of auditory information from memory.
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12
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Worsley KJ, Marrett S, Neelin P, Vandal AC, Friston KJ, Evans AC. A unified statistical approach for determining significant signals in images of cerebral activation. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 4:58-73. [PMID: 20408186 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1996)4:1<58::aid-hbm4>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1973] [Impact Index Per Article: 164.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a unified statistical theory for assessing the significance of apparent signal observed in noisy difference images. The results are usable in a wide range of applications, including fMRI, but are discussed with particular reference to PET images which represent changes in cerebral blood flow elicited by a specific cognitive or sensorimotor task. Our main result is an estimate of the P-value for local maxima of Gaussian, t, chi(2) and F fields over search regions of any shape or size in any number of dimensions. This unifies the P-values for large search areas in 2-D (Friston et al. [1991]: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 11:690-699) large search regions in 3-D (Worsley et al. [1992]: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:900-918) and the usual uncorrected P-value at a single pixel or voxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Worsley
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
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13
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Clouchoux C, du Plessis AJ, Bouyssi-Kobar M, Tworetzky W, McElhinney DB, Brown DW, Gholipour A, Kudelski D, Warfield SK, McCarter RJ, Robertson RL, Evans AC, Newburger JW, Limperopoulos C. Delayed cortical development in fetuses with complex congenital heart disease. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:2932-43. [PMID: 22977063 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurologic impairment is a major complication of complex congenital heart disease (CHD). A growing body of evidence suggests that neurologic dysfunction may be present in a significant proportion of this high-risk population in the early newborn period prior to surgical interventions. We recently provided the first evidence that brain growth impairment in fetuses with complex CHD has its origins in utero. Here, we extend these observations by characterizing global and regional brain development in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), one of the most severe forms of CHD. Using advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques, we compared in vivo brain growth in 18 fetuses with HLHS and 30 control fetuses from 25.4-37.0 weeks of gestation. Our findings demonstrate a progressive third trimester fall-off in cortical gray and white matter volumes (P < 0.001), and subcortical gray matter (P < 0.05) in fetuses with HLHS. Significant delays in cortical gyrification were also evident in HLHS fetuses (P < 0.001). In the HLHS fetus, local cortical folding delays were detected as early as 25 weeks in the frontal, parietal, calcarine, temporal, and collateral regions and appear to precede volumetric brain growth disturbances, which may be an early marker of elevated risk for third trimester brain growth failure.
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14
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Fahim C, Yoon U, Nashaat NH, Khalil AK, El-Belbesy M, Mancini-Marie A, Evans AC, Meguid N. Williams syndrome: a relationship between genetics, brain morphology and behaviour. J Intellect Disabil Res 2012; 56:879-894. [PMID: 22044458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically Williams syndrome (WS) promises to provide essential insight into the pathophysiology of cortical development because its ∼28 deleted genes are crucial for cortical neuronal migration and maturation. Phenotypically, WS is one of the most puzzling childhood neurodevelopmental disorders affecting most intellectual deficiencies (i.e. low-moderate intelligence quotient, visuospatial deficits) yet relatively preserving what is uniquely human (i.e. language and social-emotional cognition). Therefore, WS provides a privileged setting for investigating the relationship between genes, brain and the consequent complex human behaviour. METHODS We used in vivo anatomical magnetic resonance imaging analysing cortical surface-based morphometry, (i.e. surface area, cortical volume, cortical thickness, gyrification index) and cortical complexity, which is of particular relevance to the WS genotype-phenotype relationship in 22 children (2.27-14.6 years) to compare whole hemisphere and lobar surface-based morphometry between WS (n = 10) and gender/age matched normal controls healthy controls (n = 12). RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, WS children had a (1) relatively preserved Cth; (2) significantly reduced SA and CV; (3) significantly increased GI mostly in the parietal lobe; and (4) decreased CC specifically in the frontal and parietal lobes. CONCLUSION Our findings are then discussed with reference to the Rakic radial-unit hypothesis of cortical development, arguing that WS gene deletions may spare Cth yet affecting the number of founder cells/columns/radial units, hence decreasing the SA and CV. In essence, cortical brain structure in WS may be shaped by gene-dosage abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fahim
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Politics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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15
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Yoon U, Perusse D, Evans AC. Mapping genetic and environmental influences on cortical surface area of pediatric twins. Neuroscience 2012; 220:169-78. [PMID: 22728098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cortical surface area has been largely overlooked in genetic studies of human brain morphometry, even though phylogenetic differences in cortical surface area between individuals are known to be influenced by differences in genetic endowment. In this study, we examined the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences on cortical surface areas in both the native and stereotaxic spaces for a cohort of homogeneously-aged healthy pediatric twins. Bilateral hemispheric surface and all lobar surface areas except the occipital lobes in native space showed high heritable estimates, while the common environmental effect on bilateral occipital lobes reached statistical significance. The proportion of genetic variance for cortical surface areas measured in stereotaxic space was lower than that measured in native space, whereas the unique environmental influences increased. This is reasonable since whole brain volume is also known to be heritable itself and so removing that component of areal variance due to overall brain size via stereotaxic transformation will reduce the genetic proportion. These findings further suggest that cortical surface areas involved in cognitive, attention and emotional processing, as well as in creating and retaining of long-term memories are likely to be more useful for examining the relationship between genotype and behavioral phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of Daegu, 13-13 Hayang-ro, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 712-702, South Korea.
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16
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van Soelen ILC, Brouwer RM, van Baal GCM, Schnack HG, Peper JS, Collins DL, Evans AC, Kahn RS, Boomsma DI, Hulshoff Pol HE. Genetic influences on thinning of the cerebral cortex during development. Neuroimage 2011; 59:3871-80. [PMID: 22155028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During development from childhood to adulthood the human brain undergoes considerable thinning of the cerebral cortex. Whether developmental cortical thinning is influenced by genes and if independent genetic factors influence different parts of the cortex is not known. Magnetic resonance brain imaging was done in twins at age 9 (N = 190) and again at age 12 (N = 125; 113 repeated measures) to assess genetic influences on changes in cortical thinning. We find considerable thinning of the cortex between over this three year interval (on average 0.05 mm; 1.5%), particularly in the frontal poles, and orbitofrontal, paracentral, and occipital cortices. Cortical thinning was highly heritable at age 9 and age 12, and the degree of genetic influence differed for the various areas of the brain. One genetic factor affected left inferior frontal (Broca's area), and left parietal (Wernicke's area) thinning; a second factor influenced left anterior paracentral (sensory-motor) thinning. Two factors influenced cortical thinning in the frontal poles: one of decreasing influence over time, and another independent genetic factor emerging at age 12 in left and right frontal poles. Thus, thinning of the cerebral cortex is heritable in children between the ages 9 and 12. Furthermore, different genetic factors are responsible for variation in cortical thickness at ages 9 and 12, with independent genetic factors acting on cortical thickness across time and between various brain areas during childhood brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L C van Soelen
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Postbus 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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18
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Lancaster JL, Rainey LH, Summerlin JL, Freitas CS, Fox PT, Evans AC, Toga AW, Mazziotta JC. Automated labeling of the human brain: a preliminary report on the development and evaluation of a forward-transform method. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 5:238-42. [PMID: 20408222 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1997)5:4<238::aid-hbm6>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A forward-transform method for retrieving brain labels from the 1988 Talairach Atlas using x-y-z coordinates is presented. A hierarchical volume-occupancy labeling scheme was created to simplify the organization of atlas labels using volume and subvolumetric components. Segmentation rules were developed to define boundaries that were not given explicitly in the atlas. The labeling scheme and segmentation rules guided the segmentation and labeling of 160 contiguous regions within the atlas. A unique three-dimensional (3-D) database label server called the Talairach Daemon (http://ric.uthscsa.edu/projects) was developed for serving labels keyed to the Talairach coordinate system. Given an x-y-z Talairach coordinate, a corresponding hierarchical listing of labels is returned by the server. The accuracy and precision of the forward-transform labeling method is now under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Lancaster
- Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78284-6240, USA
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19
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Lancaster JL, Rainey LH, Summerlin JL, Freitas CS, Fox PT, Evans AC, Toga AW, Mazziotta JC. Automated labeling of the human brain: a preliminary report on the development and evaluation of a forward-transform method. Hum Brain Mapp 2010. [PMID: 20408222 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1997)5:4<238::aid-hbm6>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A forward-transform method for retrieving brain labels from the 1988 Talairach Atlas using x-y-z coordinates is presented. A hierarchical volume-occupancy labeling scheme was created to simplify the organization of atlas labels using volume and subvolumetric components. Segmentation rules were developed to define boundaries that were not given explicitly in the atlas. The labeling scheme and segmentation rules guided the segmentation and labeling of 160 contiguous regions within the atlas. A unique three-dimensional (3-D) database label server called the Talairach Daemon (http://ric.uthscsa.edu/projects) was developed for serving labels keyed to the Talairach coordinate system. Given an x-y-z Talairach coordinate, a corresponding hierarchical listing of labels is returned by the server. The accuracy and precision of the forward-transform labeling method is now under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Lancaster
- Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78284-6240, USA
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20
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Evans AC, Papachristou GI, Whitcomb DC. Obesity and the risk of severe acute pancreatitis. MINERVA GASTROENTERO 2010; 56:169-179. [PMID: 20485254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory response to pancreatic injury. In humans, the magnitude of the response and complications are highly variable and unpredictable. Recent clinical studies demonstrate that all major complications are more common and more severe in patients who are obese. This raises the question of how adipose tissue interacts with the immune response to worsen the severity of acute pancreatitis. Here we review the results of a series of new studies focusing on various fat-associated cytokines (adipokines) that are produced and released in proportion to the amount of visceral adipose tissue in the body. The primary adipokines that have been studied in acute pancreatitis include adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, resistin, and adipose tissue related MCP-1, TNF-a and IL-6. These new data provide strong evidence that susceptibility and severity in acute pancreatitis are associated with a number of these adipokines. Although no specific therapy exists to block the effects of these factors, recognizing the high risk and anticipating inflammation-associated complications of adipokine release is an important part of optimal patient management. For this review, a PubMed search was performed with the terms "acute pancreatitis", "severe acute pancreatitis", and "obesity". Additional searches were conducted to identify recent reviews on adipokines, Finally, PubMed searches on specific adipokines, including adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and resistin were conducted focusing on acute pancreatitis and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- College of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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21
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Guizard N, Evans AC, Lepage C, du Plessis AJ, Limperopoulos C. Automatic Model-Based Fetal Brain Parcellation to Quantify In Vivo Fetal Brain Development. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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22
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Khalili-Mahani N, Buss C, Engert V, Evans AC, Pruessner JC. Baseline Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis Function Predicts Variations in the Cortical Thickness of the Left Anterior Cingulate Cortex In Older Adults. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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23
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Fahim C, Yoon U, Besson P, Evans AC, Thiel A. Measuring Cortical Thickness in subacute Ischemic Stroke. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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24
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Fonov VS, Evans AC, McKinstry RC, Almli CR, Collins DL. Unbiased nonlinear average age-appropriate brain templates from birth to adulthood. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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25
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Gong G, Rosa-Neto P, Carbonell F, Chen ZJ, He Y, Evans AC. Aging and sex effects on the cortical anatomical network efficiency. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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26
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Uludağ K, Evans AC, Della-Maggiore V, Kochen S, Amaro E, Sierra O, Valdés-Hernandez P, Medina V, Valdés-Sosa P. Latin American Brain Mapping Network (LABMAN). Neuroimage 2009; 47:312-3. [PMID: 19324094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
On March 8, 2008 in Havana, the Latin American Network for Brain Mapping (LABMAN) was created with participants from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba and Mexico. The focus of LABMAN is to promote neuroimaging and systems neuroscience in the region through the implementation of training and exchange programs, and to increase public awareness of the Latin American potential to contribute both to basic and applied research in human brain mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uludağ
- Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr 41, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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27
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Bernhardt BC, Worsley KJ, Kim H, Evans AC, Bernasconi A, Bernasconi N. Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of atrophy in pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 2009; 72:1747-54. [PMID: 19246420 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000345969.57574.f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether recurrent epileptic seizures induce brain damage is debated. Disease progression in epilepsy has been evaluated only in a few community-based studies involving patients with seizures well controlled by medication. These studies concluded that epilepsy does not inevitably lead to global cerebral damage. OBJECTIVE To track the progression of neocortical atrophy in pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) using longitudinal and cross-sectional designs. METHODS Using a fully automated measure of cortical thickness on MRI, we studied a homogeneous sample of patients with pharmacoresistant TLE. In the longitudinal analysis (n = 18), fixed-effect models were used to quantify cortical atrophy over a mean interscan interval of 2.5 years (range = 7 to 90 months). In the cross-sectional analysis (n = 121), we correlated epilepsy duration and thickness. To dissociate normal aging from pathologic progression, we compared aging effects in TLE to healthy controls. RESULTS The longitudinal analysis mapped progression in ipsilateral temporopolar and central and contralateral orbitofrontal, insular, and angular regions. In patients with more than 14 years of disease, atrophy progressed more rapidly in frontocentral and parietal regions that in those with shorter duration. The cross-sectional study showed progressive atrophy in the mesial and superolateral frontal, and parietal cortices. CONCLUSIONS Our combined cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis in patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy demonstrated progressive neocortical atrophy over a mean interval of 2.5 years that is distinct from normal aging, likely representing seizure-induced damage. The cumulative character of atrophy underlies the importance of early surgical treatment in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Bernhardt
- Department of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Rogers
- Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Young
- Hygienic Laboratory, Washington, D. C
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30
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Lartizien C, Kuntner C, Goertzen AL, Evans AC, Reilhac A. Validation of PET-SORTEO Monte Carlo simulations for the geometries of the MicroPET R4 and Focus 220 PET scanners. Phys Med Biol 2007; 52:4845-62. [PMID: 17671339 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/52/16/009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PET-SORTEO is a Monte Carlo-based simulator that enables the fast generation of realistic PET data for the geometry of the ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner. In order to address the increasing need for simulation models of animal PET imaging systems, our aim is to adapt and configure this simulation tool for small animal PET scanners, especially for the widely distributed microPET R4 and Focus 220 systems manufactured by Siemens Preclinical Solutions. We propose a simulation model that can produce realistic rodent images in order to evaluate and optimize acquisition and reconstruction protocols. The first part of this study presents the validation of SORTEO against the geometries of the R4 and the Focus 220 systems. This validation is carried out against actual measurements performed on the R4 scanner at the Montreal Neurological Institute in Canada and on the Focus 220 system of the department of radiopharmaceuticals of the Austrian Research Center in Seibersdorf. The comparison of simulated and experimental performance measurements includes spatial resolution, energy spectra, scatter fraction and count rates. In the second part of the study, we demonstrate the ability to rapidly generate realistic whole-body radioactive distributions using the MOBY phantom and give comparative example case studies of the same rodent model simulated with PET-SORTEO for the R4 and Focus 220 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lartizien
- CREATIS Laboratory, UMR CNRS 5220, INSERM U630, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- National Institute of Health, Washington, D. C
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Washington, D. C
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- United States Public Health Service, Washington, D. C
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- Senior Bacteriologist, National Institute of Health, United States Public Health Service, Washington, D. C
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, United States Public Health Service, Washington, D. C
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- Senior Bacteriologist, National Institute of Health, Washington, D. C
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- Senior Bacteriologist, National Institute of Health, Washington, D. C
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Abstract
Brain imaging research with MRI spans a wide area, covering both structure and function, and ranging from basic research through clinical research to drug design and clinical trials. In recent years there has been a trend towards the collection of very large MRI databases which can allow for the detection of very small group-dependent effects. However, the logistical challenges of analysing such large datasets presents new challenges. This paper describes the "pipeline" framework developed at the Montreal Neurological Institute for the fully automated morphometric analysis of large brain imaging databases. The potential use of these techniques is illustrated by examples of their applications in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and pediatric development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Mc Connell Brain Imaging Centre, Institute McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A2B4, Canada.
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Nagano-Saito A, Washimi Y, Arahata Y, Kachi T, Lerch JP, Evans AC, Dagher A, Ito K. Cerebral atrophy and its relation to cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005; 64:224-9. [PMID: 15668417 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000149510.41793.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Voxel-based morphometry was used to compare the amounts of gray matter in the brains of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and normal control subjects (NCs) and to identify the specific regions responsible for cognitive dysfunction in PD. METHODS Patients were classified into nondemented (ND) and demented (D) groups according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.), and a group comparison was performed. In the ND patients, a correlation was also performed between local gray matter density and the score on Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM), a test of executive and visuospatial function. RESULTS In patients with advanced ND-PD vs NCs, atrophic changes were observed in the limbic/paralimbic areas and the prefrontal cortex. In D vs ND patients, atrophic change was observed widely in the limbic/paralimbic system, including the anterior cingulate gyrus and hippocampus as well as the temporal lobe, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and caudate nucleus. The RCPM score was positively correlated with the gray matter density in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS In patients with Parkinson disease (PD), atrophic changes occur mainly in the limbic/paralimbic and prefrontal areas. These atrophic changes may be related to the development of dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagano-Saito
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Geriatric Medicine, Obu, Japan
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Abstract
Atypical glandular cells (AGC) in Papanicolaou (Pap) smears can be associated with premalignant and malignant cervical and endometrial lesions. AGC is difficult to diagnose in pregnancy due to confusion with normal cellular changes that accompany graviditas. While guidelines have been established for management of AGC cases in the non-pregnant patient, special considerations are required when this is discovered during a pregnancy. A routine Pap smear performed on a 29-year-old woman being seen for a history of infertility yielded AGC and a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. The patient achieved pregnancy 1 month later. Satisfactory colposcopic exam was performed with cytobrush sampling of the endocervical canal, in addition to 2 exocervical biopsies at 11 weeks gestation. Positive diagnosis of endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ resulted in a risk-informed decision to proceed with a cold knife conization of the cervix. Final pathology showed complete resection of the lesion with negative margins and an additional area of squamous dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, grade II to III). Appropriate follow-up was recommended. AGC found upon Pap smear during a pregnancy can be associated with significant pathology for which an aggressive management approach is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Connolly
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marshfield Clinic-Wausau Center, 2727 Plaza Drive, Wausau, WI 54401, USA.
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Friston KJ, Worsley KJ, Frackowiak RS, Mazziotta JC, Evans AC. Assessing the significance of focal activations using their spatial extent. Hum Brain Mapp 2004; 1:210-20. [PMID: 24578041 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.460010306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1297] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/1994] [Accepted: 01/31/1994] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K J Friston
- MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 OHS, United Kingdom
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Kovacević N, Henderson JT, Chan E, Lifshitz N, Bishop J, Evans AC, Henkelman RM, Chen XJ. A three-dimensional MRI atlas of the mouse brain with estimates of the average and variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 15:639-45. [PMID: 15342433 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhh165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although there is growing interest in finding mouse models of human disease, no technique for quickly and quantitatively determining anatomical mutants currently exists. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ideally suited to probe fine structures in mice. This technology is three-dimensional, non-destructive and rapid compared to histopathology; hence MRI scientists have been able to create detailed three-dimensional images of 60 mum resolution or better. The data is digital which lends itself to sophisticated image processing algorithms. Here we show a variational MRI atlas constructed from nine excised brains of 8 week old 129S1/SvImJ male mice. This new type of atlas is comprised of an unbiased average brain--created from alignment of the individual brains--and the mathematical descriptors of anatomical variation across the individuals. We found that the majority of internal points in the individuals never varied more than 117 microm from equivalent points in the atlas. A three-dimensional annotation of the average image was performed and used to estimate the mean and standard deviation of volumes in a variety of structures across the individual brains; these volumes never differed by more than 5%. Our results indicate that variational atlases of inbred strains represent a well-defined basis against which mutant outliers can be readily compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kovacević
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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Abstract
This paper advocates the use of shape descriptors based on moments of 3D coordinates for morphometry of the cortical sulci. These descriptors, which have been introduced more than a decade ago, are invariant relatively to rotations, translations and scale and can be computed for any topology. A rapid insight into the derivation of these invariants is proposed first. Then, their potential to characterize shapes is shown from a principal component analysis of the 12 first invariants computed for 12 different deep brain structures manually drawn for 7 different brains. Finally, these invariants are used to find some correlates of handedness and sex among the shapes of 116 different cortical sulci automatically identified in each of 142 brains of the ICBM database.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Mangin
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, 4 place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay Cedex, France.
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Mangin JF, Rivière D, Cachia A, Duchesnay E, Cointepas Y, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Collins DL, Evans AC, Régis J. Object-based morphometry of the cerebral cortex. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2004; 23:968-982. [PMID: 15338731 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2004.831204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Most of the approaches dedicated to automatic morphometry rely on a point-by-point strategy based on warping each brain toward a reference coordinate system. In this paper, we describe an alternative object-based strategy dedicated to the cortex. This strategy relies on an artificial neuroanatomist performing automatic recognition of the main cortical sulci and parcellation of the cortical surface into gyral patches. A set of shape descriptors, which can be compared across subjects, is then attached to the sulcus and gyrus related objects segmented by this process. The framework is used to perform a study of 142 brains of the International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM) database. This study reveals some correlates of handedness on the size of the sulci located in motor areas, which was not detected previously using standard voxel based morphometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Mangin
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, 91401 Orsay, France
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Teipel SJ, Pruessner JC, Graz C, Bokde ALW, Leinsinger G, Faltraco F, Evans AC, Möller HJ, Hampel H. Rates of amygdala and hippocampus atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – Correlations with cognitive decline. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-825529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mangin JF, Rivière D, Cachia A, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Collins DL, Evans AC, Régis J. Object-based strategy for morphometry of the cerebral cortex. Inf Process Med Imaging 2003; 18:160-71. [PMID: 15344455 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-45087-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Most of the approaches dedicated to automatic morphometry rely on a point-by-point strategy based on warping each brain towards a reference coordinate system. In this paper, we describe an alternative object-based strategy dedicated to the cortex. This strategy relies on an artificial neuroanatomist performing automatic recognition of the main cortical sulci and parcellation of the cortical surface into gyral patches. A set of shape descriptors, which can be compared across subjects, is then attached to the sulcus and gyrus related objects segmented by this process. The framework is used to perform a study of 142 brains of the ICBM database. This study reveals some correlates of handedness on the size of the sulci located in motor areas, which seem to be beyond the scope of the standard voxel based morphometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Mangin
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, 91401 Orsay, France.
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Austin EJ, Mihm M, Evans AC, Ireland JL, Ireland JJ, Roche JF. Effects of oestradiol and progesterone on secretion of gonadotrophins and health of first wave follicles during the oestrous cycle of beef heifers. Reproduction 2002. [DOI: 10.1530/rep.0.1240531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antral follicle development in cattle is initially FSH dependent and then LH dependent. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of oestradiol- and progesterone-induced suppression of FSH and LH on growth and differentiation of first wave follicles. Cyclic heifers (n = 45, n = 6-10 per group) received the following i.m. injections or treatments beginning 30 h after oestrus: (i) saline (controls); (ii) 0.75 mg oestradiol benzoate (ODB); (iii) insertion of a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) for 42 h (progesterone); (iv) 0.75 mg oestradiol benzoate plus PRID (ODB plus progesterone); (v) 0.75 mg ODB plus injection of 1 mg Ovagen(TM) at 33, 39 and 45 h after onset of oestrus (ODB plus FSH). In Expt 1, follicle development was monitored by ovarian ultrasonography once a day. In Expt 2, heifers were ovariectomized. Emergence of the first follicle wave and dominant follicle selection were delayed in ODB plus progesterone-treated heifers compared with controls. Interval to nadir FSH concentration was shorter in ODB-, progesterone- and ODB plus progesterone-treated heifers compared with controls. Frequency of LH pulses was unaffected in ODB- or ODB plus FSH-treated heifers, decreased in progesterone-treated heifers and further decreased in ODB plus progesterone-treated heifers. Intrafollicular oestradiol concentrations were lower in the largest follicle from ODB plus progesterone-treated heifers compared with control (66 h) heifers, but follicle diameter and concentrations of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) and inhibin forms were unaffected. Treatment with ODB decreased follicular oestradiol concentration in smaller follicles in the cohort. It is concluded that growing cohort follicles are uniformly responsive to increased FSH concentration but differentially responsive to suppressed FSH and LH release, which is consistent with an LH-mediated survival advantage of the largest follicle in the cohort before cessation of the growth of remaining follicles in the cohort occurs.
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