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Yamada M, Macedo C, Louis K, Shi T, Landsittel D, Nguyen C, Shinjoh M, Michaels MG, Feingold B, Mazariegos GV, Green M, Metes D. Distinct association between chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection and T cell compartments from pediatric heart, kidney, and liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:1145-1158. [PMID: 37187296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection after pediatric organ transplantation (Tx) accounts for significant morbidity and mortality. The risk of complications, such as posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders, in high viral load (HVL) carriers is the highest in heart Tx recipients. However, the immunologic signatures of such a risk have been insufficiently defined. Here, we assessed the phenotypic, functional, and transcriptomic profiles of peripheral blood CD8+/CD4+ T cells, including EBV-specific T cells, in 77 pediatric heart, kidney, and liver Tx recipients and established the relationship between memory differentiation and progression toward exhaustion. Unlike kidney and liver HVL carriers, heart HVL carriers displayed distinct CD8+ T cells with (1) up-regulation of interleukin-21R, (2) decreased naive phenotype and altered memory differentiation, (3) accumulation of terminally exhausted (TEX PD-1+T-bet-Eomes+) and decrease of functional precursors of exhausted (TPEX PD-1intT-bet+) effector subsets, and (4) transcriptomic signatures supporting the phenotypic changes. In addition, CD4+ T cells from heart HVL carriers displayed similar changes in naive and memory subsets, elevated Th1 follicular helper cells, and plasma interleukin-21, suggesting an alternative inflammatory mechanism that governs T cell responses in heart Tx recipients. These results may explain the different incidences of EBV complications and may help improve the risk stratification and clinical management of different types of Tx recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yamada
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Camila Macedo
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin Louis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Kidney Transplant Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Tiange Shi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas Landsittel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina Nguyen
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Masayoshi Shinjoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marian G Michaels
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Feingold
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George V Mazariegos
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Green
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diana Metes
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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2
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Schulte S, Heide J, Ackermann C, Peine S, Ramharter M, Mackroth MS, Woost R, Jacobs T, Schulze zur Wiesch J. Deciphering the Plasmodium falciparum malaria-specific CD4+ T-cell response: ex vivo detection of high frequencies of PD-1+TIGIT+ EXP1-specific CD4+ T cells using a novel HLA-DR11-restricted MHC class II tetramer. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 207:227-236. [PMID: 35020841 PMCID: PMC8982981 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the ex vivo frequency and phenotype of the Plasmodium falciparum-specific CD4+ T-cell response in humans. The exported protein 1 (EXP1) is expressed by plasmodia at both, the liver stage and blood stage, of infection making it a potential target for CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells. Here, a fluorochrome-labelled HLA-DRB1∗11:01-restriced MHC class II tetramer derived from the P. falciparum EXP1 (aa62-74) was established for ex vivo tetramer analysis and magnetic bead enrichment in 10 patients with acute malaria. EXP1-specific CD4+ T cells were detectable in 9 out of 10 (90%) malaria patients expressing the HLA-DRB1∗11 molecule with an average ex vivo frequency of 0.11% (0-0.22%) of total CD4+ T cells. The phenotype of EXP1-specific CD4+ T cells was further assessed using co-staining with activation (CD38, HLA-DR, CD26), differentiation (CD45RO, CCR7, KLRG1, CD127), senescence (CD57), and co-inhibitory (PD-1, TIGIT, LAG-3, TIM-3) markers as well as the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. EXP1-specific tetramer+ CD4+ T cells had a distinct phenotype compared to bulk CD4+ T cells and displayed a highly activated effector memory phenotype with elevated levels of co-inhibitory receptors and activation markers: EXP1-specific CD4+ T cells universally expressed the co-inhibitory receptors PD-1 and TIGIT as well as the activation marker CD38 and showed elevated frequencies of CD39. These results demonstrate that MHC class II tetramer enrichment is a sensitive approach to investigate ex vivo antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in malaria patients that will aid further analysis of the role of CD4+ T cells during malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Schulte
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janna Heide
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christin Ackermann
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Sophia Mackroth
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany,Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Woost
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany,Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany,Correspondence: Julian Schulze zur Wiesch, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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3
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Capone S, Brown A, Hartnell F, Sorbo MD, Traboni C, Vassilev V, Colloca S, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Folgori A, Klenerman P, Barnes E, Swadling L. Optimising T cell (re)boosting strategies for adenoviral and modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine regimens in humans. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:94. [PMID: 33083029 PMCID: PMC7550607 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian adenoviral and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vectors used in heterologous prime-boost strategies are potent inducers of T cells against encoded antigens and are in advanced testing as vaccine carriers for a wide range of infectious agents and cancers. It is unclear if these responses can be further enhanced or sustained with reboosting strategies. Furthermore, despite the challenges involved in MVA manufacture dose de-escalation has not been performed in humans. In this study, healthy volunteers received chimpanzee-derived adenovirus-3 and MVA vaccines encoding the non-structural region of hepatitis C virus (ChAd3-NSmut/MVA-NSmut) 8 weeks apart. Volunteers were then reboosted with a second round of ChAd3-NSmut/MVA-NSmut or MVA-NSmut vaccines 8 weeks or 1-year later. We also determined the capacity of reduced doses of MVA-NSmut to boost ChAd3-NSmut primed T cells. Reboosting was safe, with no enhanced reactogenicity. Reboosting after an 8-week interval led to minimal re-expansion of transgene-specific T cells. However, after a longer interval, T cell responses expanded efficiently and memory responses were enhanced. The 8-week interval regimen induced a higher percentage of terminally differentiated and effector memory T cells. Reboosting with MVA-NSmut alone was as effective as with ChAd3-NSmut/MVA-NSmut. A ten-fold lower dose of MVA (2 × 107pfu) induced high-magnitude, sustained, broad, and functional Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific T cell responses, equivalent to standard doses (2 × 108 pfu). Overall, we show that following Ad/MVA prime-boost vaccination reboosting is most effective after a prolonged interval and is productive with MVA alone. Importantly, we also show that a ten-fold lower dose of MVA is as potent in humans as the standard dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Brown
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Cinzia Traboni
- ReiThera Srl, Via di Castel Romano, 100, 00128 Rome, Italy.,Present Address: Nouscom Srl, Via di Castel Romano, 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alfredo Nicosia
- Keires AG, Baumleingasse 18, CH 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,CEINGE, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford NIHR BRC, and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, UK.,The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford NIHR BRC, and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, UK.,The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Present Address: Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
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4
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Herrmann M, Schulte S, Wildner NH, Wittner M, Brehm TT, Ramharter M, Woost R, Lohse AW, Jacobs T, Schulze zur Wiesch J. Analysis of Co-inhibitory Receptor Expression in COVID-19 Infection Compared to Acute Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: LAG-3 and TIM-3 Correlate With T Cell Activation and Course of Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1870. [PMID: 32983106 PMCID: PMC7479337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is a severe flu-like illness which is associated with hyperinflammation and immune dysfunction. The virus induces a strong T and B cell response but little is known about the immune pathology of this viral infection. Acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria also causes acute clinical illness and is characterized by hyperinflammation due to the strong production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a massive activation of T cells. In malaria, T cells express a variety of co-inhibitory receptors which might be a consequence of their activation but also might limit their overwhelming function. Thus, T cells are implicated in protection as well as in pathology. The outcome of malaria is thought to be a consequence of the balance between co-activation and co-inhibition of T cells. Following the hypothesis that T cells in COVID-19 might have a similar, dual function, we comprehensively characterized the differentiation (CCR7, CD45RO) and activation status (HLA-DR, CD38, CD69, CD226), the co-expression of co-inhibitory molecules (PD1, TIM-3, LAG-3, BTLA, TIGIT), as well as the expression pattern of the transcription factors T-bet and eomes of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells of PBMC of n = 20 SARS-CoV-2 patients compared to n = 10 P. falciparum infected patients and n = 13 healthy controls. Overall, acute COVID-19 and malaria infection resulted in a comparably elevated activation and altered differentiation status of the CD8+ and CD4+ T cell populations. T effector cells of COVID-19 and malaria patients showed higher frequencies of the inhibitory receptors T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) and Lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3) which was linked to increased activation levels and an upregulation of the transcription factors T-bet and eomes. COVID-19 patients with a more severe disease course showed higher levels of LAG-3 and TIM-3 than patients with a mild disease course. During recovery, a rapid normalization of these inhibitory receptors could be observed. In summary, comparing the expression of different co-inhibitory molecules in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in COVID-19 vs. malaria, there is a transient increase of the expression of certain inhibitory receptors like LAG-3 and TIM-3 in COVID-19 in the overall context of acute immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Herrmann
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Schulte
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils H. Wildner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Wittner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Theo Brehm
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Woost
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W. Lohse
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Pritchard GH, Kedl RM, Hunter CA. The evolving role of T-bet in resistance to infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 19:398-410. [PMID: 30846856 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of T-bet as a key transcription factor associated with the development of IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells predicted a crucial role for T-bet in cell-mediated immunity and in resistance to many intracellular infections. This idea was reinforced by initial reports showing that T-bet-deficient mice were more susceptible to pathogens that survived within the lysosomal system of macrophages. However, subsequent studies revealed IFNγ-dependent, T-bet-independent pathways of resistance to diverse classes of microorganisms that occupy other intracellular niches. Consequently, a more complex picture has emerged of how T-bet and the related transcription factor eomesodermin (EOMES) coordinate many facets of the immune response to bona fide pathogens as well as commensals. This article provides an overview of the discovery and evolutionary relationship between T-bet and EOMES and highlights the studies that have uncovered broader functions of T-bet in innate and adaptive immunity and in the development of the effector and memory T cell populations that mediate long-term resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Harms Pritchard
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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6
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Cheekatla SS, Tripathi D, Venkatasubramanian S, Paidipally P, Welch E, Tvinnereim AR, Nurieva R, Vankayalapati R. IL-21 Receptor Signaling Is Essential for Optimal CD4 + T Cell Function and Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2815-2822. [PMID: 28855309 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the role of IL-21R signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, using IL-21R knockout (KO) mice. A total of 50% of M. tuberculosis H37Rv-infected IL-21R KO mice died in 6 mo compared with no deaths in infected wild type (WT) mice. M. tuberculosis-infected IL-21R KO mice had enhanced bacterial burden and reduced infiltration of Ag-specific T cells in lungs compared with M. tuberculosis-infected WT mice. Ag-specific T cells from the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected IL-21R KO mice had increased expression of T cell inhibitory receptors, reduced expression of chemokine receptors, proliferated less, and produced less IFN- γ, compared with Ag-specific T cells from the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected WT mice. T cells from M. tuberculosis-infected IL-21R KO mice were unable to induce optimal macrophage responses to M. tuberculosis. This may be due to a decrease in the Ag-specific T cell population. We also found that IL-21R signaling is associated with reduced expression of a transcriptional factor Eomesodermin and enhanced functional capacity of Ag-specific T cells of M. tuberculosis-infected mice. The sum of our findings suggests that IL-21R signaling is essential for the optimal control of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Swamy Cheekatla
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
| | - Deepak Tripathi
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
| | - Sambasivan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
| | - Padmaja Paidipally
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
| | - Elwyn Welch
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
| | - Amy R Tvinnereim
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
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7
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Effective antitumor peptide vaccines can induce severe autoimmune pathology. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70317-70331. [PMID: 29050282 PMCID: PMC5642557 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shown a tremendous success in treating cancer. Unfortunately, this success is frequently associated with severe autoimmune pathology. In this study, we used the transgenic RIP-gp mouse model to assess the antitumor therapeutic benefit of peptide vaccination while evaluating the possible associated autoimmune pathology. We report that palmitoylated gp33-41 peptide and poly-IC adjuvant vaccine (BiVax) generated ∼ 5-10 % of antigen specific T cell responses in wild type and supposedly immune tolerant RIP-gp mice. Boosting with BiVax in combination with αCD40 antibody (TriVax) or BiVax in combination with IL-2/αIL-2 antibody complexes (IL2Cx) significantly increased the immune responses (∼30-50%). Interestingly, although both boosts were equally effective in generating vast T cell responses, BiVax/IL2Cx showed better control of tumor growth than TriVax. However, this effect was associated with high incidence of diabetes in an antigen and CD8 dependent fashion. T cell responses generated by BiVax/IL2Cx, but not those generated by TriVax were highly resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory signals. Nevertheless, PD-1 blockade enhanced the ability of TriVax to control tumor growth but increased the incidence of diabetes. Finally, we show that severe autoimmunity by BiVax/IL2Cx was prevented while preserving outstanding antitumor responses by utilizing a tumor antigen not expressed in the pancreas. Our data provides a clear evidence that peptide based vaccines can expand vast endogenous T cell responses which effectively control tumor growth but with high potential of autoimmune pathology.
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8
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Baas M, Besançon A, Goncalves T, Valette F, Yagita H, Sawitzki B, Volk HD, Waeckel-Enée E, Rocha B, Chatenoud L, You S. TGFβ-dependent expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 controls CD8(+) T cell anergy in transplant tolerance. eLife 2016; 5:e08133. [PMID: 26824266 PMCID: PMC4749558 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell anergy is a critical mechanism of peripheral tolerance, poorly investigated in response to immunotherapy. Here, using a pancreatic islet allograft model and CD3 antibody therapy, we showed, by single cell gene profiling, that intragraft CD8+ lymphocytes coexpressing granzyme B and perforin were selectively depleted through the Fas/FasL pathway. This step led to long-standing anergy of the remaining CD8+ T cells marked by the absence of cytotoxic/inflammatory gene expression also confirmed by transcriptome analysis. This sustained unresponsiveness required the presence of the alloantigens. Furthermore, tissue-resident CD8+ lymphocytes produced TGFβ and expressed the inhibitory receptors PD-1 and PD-L1. Blockade of TGFβ downregulated PD-1 and PD-L1 expression and precipitated graft rejection. Neutralizing PD-1, PD-L1 or TGFβRII signaling in T cells also abrogated CD3 antibody-induced tolerance. These studies unravel novel mechanisms underlying CD8+ T cell anergy and reveal a cell intrinsic regulatory link between the TGFβ and the PD-1/PD-L1 pathways. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08133.001 The immune system is always on guard for signs of infection or cells that have become diseased. When these signs are identified, a subset of white blood cells called CD8+ T cells leap into action, multiply in number and then act to eliminate the potential threat. While this response is essential to fighting off infections and other diseases like cancer, it can backfire in people with an organ transplant. Indeed, the CD8+ T cells can target and attack the cells of the transplanted organ causing the body to reject the organ. One way to avoid transplant rejection would be to turn off CD8+ T cells that have learned to recognize cells from the transplant. In fact, studies in 2012 and 2013 showed that treating transplanted animals with an antibody that binds T cells protects a transplanted organ from attack. This treatment had to be given after the CD8+ T cells had recognized and began targeting the transplanted organ to be effective. But it was not clear exactly how this antibody treatment protected the transplant. Now, Baas, Besançon et al. – including some of the same researchers involved in the earlier studies – show that the antibodies used in the treatment selectively target and eliminate the attacking CD8+ T cells. This leaves behind only inactive CD8+ T cells that don’t harm the transplant. To do this, Baas, Besançon et al. transplanted pancreatic cells from mice into other mice with a diabetes-like disorder. Next, the experiments compared gene expression in CD8+ T cells found within the transplanted tissue in mice that were treated with the antibody and those that were not treated. The expression of many genes for toxic molecules was stopped after treatment with the antibody leaving the CD8+ T cells in an inactive state. In addition, the treated CD8+ T cells expressed more of a certain type of receptor (called PD-1 and PD-L1) that acts as inhibitory checkpoint for the immune system. So, Baas, Besançon et al. treated transplanted mice with both the T cell-eliminating antibody and antibodies that block these inhibitory receptors to see what would happen. The transplanted organs were quickly attacked and rejected. This shows that the inhibitory receptors play a crucial role in helping to shut down attacking CD8+ T cells in the initial antibody treatment and allowed long-term survival of the transplanted organs. Blocking another protein called TGFβ in antibody-treated mice also caused organ rejection. The findings help explain how these antibodies protect transplanted organs and may help scientists trying to develop new anti-transplant rejection drugs in the future. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08133.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Baas
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Alix Besançon
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Tania Goncalves
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Valette
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Waeckel-Enée
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Benedita Rocha
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Lymphocyte Population Biology Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Sylvaine You
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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9
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Fan R, Lan Y, Chen J, Huang Y, Yan Q, Jiang L, Song S, Li Y. T-bet expression in CD8+ T cells associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Virol J 2016; 13:14. [PMID: 26809262 PMCID: PMC4727400 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms leading to virus-specific CD8+ T cell dysfuction in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remain to be elucidated. Our study focused on the role of transcription factor T-bet in HBV infection because it is a crucial regulator of T cell immunity. Methods We assessed the expression of T-bet along with PD-1, IFN-γ and perforin, in HBV-specific CD8+ T cells from resolved acute hepatitis B (rAHB) patients, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, as well as asymptomatic HBV carriers (ASCs). We observed dynamic changes of T-bet, PD-1, IFN-γ and perforin in acute stage and recovery stage of acute hepatitis B (AHB). Results Comparing with other cohorts, HBV-specific CD8+ T cells from rAHB demonstrated a superior ability in T-bet, IFN-γ and perforin expression, but an inferior ability in PD-1 expression. In the CHB group, the level of T-bet has a linear relationship with the level of PD-1, IFN-γ and HBV DNA, respectively. A lower expression of T-bet and PD-1 was observed in ASCs when compared with CHB. A higher expression of T-bet, PD-1, IFN-r and perforin was observed in acute stage when compared with the recovery stage of AHB. Conclusions Our results suggest that expression of T-bet may influence the function of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells and thus can be an attractive target for modulation to improve HBV-specific immunity in CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongshan Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Post Street 23rd, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yinghua Lan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Post Street 23rd, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Daqing City, Daqing City, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanxin Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Post Street 23rd, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Post Street 23rd, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lisheng Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Post Street 23rd, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shupeng Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Post Street 23rd, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongguo Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Post Street 23rd, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Abstract
Chronic viral infections represent a unique challenge to the infected host. Persistently replicating viruses outcompete or subvert the initial antiviral response, allowing the establishment of chronic infections that result in continuous stimulation of both the innate and adaptive immune compartments. This causes a profound reprogramming of the host immune system, including attenuation and persistent low levels of type I interferons, progressive loss (or exhaustion) of CD8(+) T cell functions, and specialization of CD4(+) T cells to produce interleukin-21 and promote antibody-mediated immunity and immune regulation. Epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and metabolic changes underlie this adaptation or recalibration of immune cells to the emerging new environment in order to strike an often imperfect balance between the host and the infectious pathogen. In this review we discuss the common immunological hallmarks observed across a range of different persistently replicating viruses and host species, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the biological and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina I Zuniga
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Monica Macal
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Gavin M Lewis
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - James A Harker
- Section of Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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11
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Transmitted virus fitness and host T cell responses collectively define divergent infection outcomes in two HIV-1 recipients. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004565. [PMID: 25569444 PMCID: PMC4287535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of virus replication in HIV-1 infection is critical to delaying disease progression. While cellular immune responses are a key determinant of control, relatively little is known about the contribution of the infecting virus to this process. To gain insight into this interplay between virus and host in viral control, we conducted a detailed analysis of two heterosexual HIV-1 subtype A transmission pairs in which female recipients sharing three HLA class I alleles exhibited contrasting clinical outcomes: R880F controlled virus replication while R463F experienced high viral loads and rapid disease progression. Near full-length single genome amplification defined the infecting transmitted/founder (T/F) virus proteome and subsequent sequence evolution over the first year of infection for both acutely infected recipients. T/F virus replicative capacities were compared in vitro, while the development of the earliest cellular immune response was defined using autologous virus sequence-based peptides. The R880F T/F virus replicated significantly slower in vitro than that transmitted to R463F. While neutralizing antibody responses were similar in both subjects, during acute infection R880F mounted a broad T cell response, the most dominant components of which targeted epitopes from which escape was limited. In contrast, the primary HIV-specific T cell response in R463F was focused on just two epitopes, one of which rapidly escaped. This comprehensive study highlights both the importance of the contribution of the lower replication capacity of the transmitted/founder virus and an associated induction of a broad primary HIV-specific T cell response, which was not undermined by rapid epitope escape, to long-term viral control in HIV-1 infection. It underscores the importance of the earliest CD8 T cell response targeting regions of the virus proteome that cannot mutate without a high fitness cost, further emphasizing the need for vaccines that elicit a breadth of T cell responses to conserved viral epitopes.
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12
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Setoguchi R, Matsui Y, Mouri K. mTOR signaling promotes a robust and continuous production of IFN-γ by human memory CD8+ T cells and their proliferation. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:893-902. [PMID: 25476730 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human CD8(+) T cells are functionally heterogeneous and can be divided into phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets according to CCR7 and CD45RA expression levels. Among these, CCR7(low) CD45RA(low) effector memory CD8(+) T cells (Tem) and CCR7(low) CD45RA(high) CD8(+) T cells, which are designated as Temra and considered to be terminally differentiated cells, are Ag-experienced T cells but show different functionalities. Here, we show that, while Tem proliferate vigorously and produce IFN-γ persistently and robustly, Temra proliferate poorly and lose the ability to produce IFN-γ over time after TCR stimulation. Temra showed impaired cell growth upon TCR stimulation, which was associated with defective activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Furthermore, rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR signaling, interfered with the robust and continuous proliferation of and IFN-γ production by Tem at later time points after TCR stimulation. Thus, these data collectively indicate that activation of mTOR signaling is required for the robust functions of Tem cells in humans and suggest that defective mTOR signaling in Temra contributes to their functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruka Setoguchi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Kurktschiev PD, Raziorrouh B, Schraut W, Backmund M, Wächtler M, Wendtner CM, Bengsch B, Thimme R, Denk G, Zachoval R, Dick A, Spannagl M, Haas J, Diepolder HM, Jung MC, Gruener NH. Dysfunctional CD8+ T cells in hepatitis B and C are characterized by a lack of antigen-specific T-bet induction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2047-59. [PMID: 25225458 PMCID: PMC4172217 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In humans infected with hepatitis B or C, high expression of a protein called T-bet in virus-fighting immune cells is associated with spontaneous clearance of the virus. Absence of T-bet was more often seen in patients whose infections became chronic. The transcription factor T-bet regulates the production of interferon-γ and cytotoxic molecules in effector CD8 T cells, and its expression correlates with improved control of chronic viral infections. However, the role of T-bet in infections with differential outcome remains poorly defined. Here, we report that high expression of T-bet in virus-specific CD8 T cells during acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was associated with spontaneous resolution, whereas T-bet deficiency was more characteristic of chronic evolving infection. T-bet strongly correlated with interferon-γ production and proliferation of virus-specific CD8 T cells, and its induction by antigen and IL-2 stimulation partially restored functionality in previously dysfunctional T-bet–deficient CD8 T cells. However, restoration of a strong interferon-γ response required additional stimulation with IL-12, which selectively induced the phosphorylation of STAT4 in T-bet+ CD8 T cells. The observation that T-bet expression rendered CD8 T cells responsive to IL-12 suggests a stepwise mechanism of T cell activation in which T-bet facilitates the recruitment of additional transcription factors in the presence of key cytokines. These findings support a critical role of T-bet for viral clearance and suggest T-bet deficiency as an important mechanism behind chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Kurktschiev
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Bijan Raziorrouh
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Winfried Schraut
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Backmund
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany PiT - Praxis im Tal, 80331 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Wächtler
- Department of Medicine, Klinikum Schwabing, 81925 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Denk
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhart Zachoval
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Dick
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Spannagl
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - Helmut M Diepolder
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Norbert H Gruener
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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14
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High eomesodermin expression among CD57+ CD8+ T cells identifies a CD8+ T cell subset associated with viral control during chronic human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 2014; 88:11861-71. [PMID: 25100841 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02013-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During HIV infection, increased CD57 expression among CD8(+) T cells has been associated with immune senescence and defective immune responses. Interestingly, CD57-expressing CD8(+) T cells exhibit a dual profile, being simultaneously highly cytotoxic (terminally differentiated effectors) and poorly proliferative (replicative senescent). Recent publications point toward a positive role of CD57-expressing CD8(+) T cell subsets, presumably due to their high cytolytic activity. We further investigated the phenotype of CD57-expressing CD8(+) T cells in healthy donors and during HIV infection combining CD57 expression to Eomesodermin (EOMES), a T box transcription factor which determines, coordinately with T-bet, effector and memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation. We defined in healthy donors two functionally distinct CD57-expressing CD8(+) T cell subsets exhibiting different levels of EOMES expression: EOMES(hi) CD57(+) and EOMES(int) CD57(+) CD8(+) T cells. EOMES(hi) CD57(+) cells exhibited low cytotoxic activity but preserved proliferative capacity and interleukin 7 (IL-7) receptor expression, whereas EOMES(int) CD57(+) cells exhibited obvious cytotoxic functions and a more terminally differentiated phenotype. We next performed a similar analysis in different contexts of HIV infection: primary infected patients, long-term viremic patients, aviremic patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, and HIV controllers; we demonstrated a higher percentage of CD57-expressing cells in all HIV-infected patients regardless of virological status. When heterogeneity in EOMES expression among CD57 cells was taken into account, we detected significantly higher proportions of EOMES(hi) CD57(+) cells among HIV-specific and nonspecific CD8(+) T cells from HIV controllers than in aviremic antiretroviral-treated patients and viremic patients. Importantly, such a peculiar non-terminally differentiated EOMES(hi) CD57(+) phenotypic profile was associated with viral control. Importance: This study demonstrates that functional heterogeneity exists among CD57-expressing CD8 T cells, which include both terminally differentiated, highly cytotoxic EOMES(int) CD57(+) CD8(+) T cells and less differentiated EOMES(hi) CD57(+) CD8 T cells, which do not exhibit immediate cytotoxic functions but present high proliferative capacity. Interestingly, HIV controllers present a high proportion of EOMES(hi) CD57 cells among CD57-expressing HIV-specific CD8 T cells compared to both long-term viremic and aviremic antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated patients, suggesting a beneficial role for this cell subset in viral control.
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15
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Buggert M, Tauriainen J, Yamamoto T, Frederiksen J, Ivarsson MA, Michaëlsson J, Lund O, Hejdeman B, Jansson M, Sönnerborg A, Koup RA, Betts MR, Karlsson AC. T-bet and Eomes are differentially linked to the exhausted phenotype of CD8+ T cells in HIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004251. [PMID: 25032686 PMCID: PMC4102564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cell exhaustion represents a major hallmark of chronic HIV infection. Two key transcription factors governing CD8(+) T cell differentiation, T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes), have previously been shown in mice to differentially regulate T cell exhaustion in part through direct modulation of PD-1. Here, we examined the relationship between these transcription factors and the expression of several inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CD160, and 2B4), functional characteristics and memory differentiation of CD8(+) T cells in chronic and treated HIV infection. The expression of PD-1, CD160, and 2B4 on total CD8(+) T cells was elevated in chronically infected individuals and highly associated with a T-bet(dim)Eomes(hi) expressional profile. Interestingly, both resting and activated HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells in chronic infection were almost exclusively T-bet(dim)Eomes(hi) cells, while CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells displayed a balanced expression pattern of T-bet and Eomes. The T-bet(dim)Eomes(hi) virus-specific CD8(+) T cells did not show features of terminal differentiation, but rather a transitional memory phenotype with poor polyfunctional (effector) characteristics. The transitional and exhausted phenotype of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells was longitudinally related to persistent Eomes expression after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Strikingly, these characteristics remained stable up to 10 years after ART initiation. This study supports the concept that poor human viral-specific CD8(+) T cell functionality is due to an inverse expression balance between T-bet and Eomes, which is not reversed despite long-term viral control through ART. These results aid to explain the inability of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells to control the viral replication post-ART cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Buggert
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Johanna Tauriainen
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Immunology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juliet Frederiksen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin A. Ivarsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole Lund
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bo Hejdeman
- Department of Infectious Diseases Venhälsan, Stockholm South General Hospital (Södersjukhuset), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Annika C. Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Poonia B, Pauza CD. Levels of CD56+TIM-3- effector CD8 T cells distinguish HIV natural virus suppressors from patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88884. [PMID: 24520422 PMCID: PMC3919829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged antiretroviral therapy (ART) with effective HIV suppression and reconstitution of CD4 T cells, fails to restore CD8 T cell lytic effector function that is needed to eradicate the viral reservoir. Better understanding of the phenotype and function of circulating CD8 cells in HIV patients will contribute to new targeted therapies directed at increasing CD8 T cell lytic effector function and destruction of the viral reservoir. We show that CD8 T cells from ART treated patients had sharply reduced expression of CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule-1), a marker associated with cytolytic function whereas elite patients who control HIV in the absence of ART had CD56+ CD8 T cell levels similar to uninfected controls. The CD56+ CD8 T cells had higher perforin upregulation as well as degranulation following stimulation with HIV gag peptides compared with CD56 negative CD8 T cells. Elite patients had the highest frequencies of perforin producing CD56+ CD8 T cells among all HIV+ groups. In patients receiving ART we noted high levels of the exhaustion marker TIM-3 on CD56+ CD8 T cells, implying that defective effector function was related to immune exhaustion. CD56+ CD8 T cells from elite or treated HIV patients responded to PMA plus ionomycin stimulation, and expressed transcription factors T-bet and EOMES at levels similar to uninfected controls. Consequently, the lytic effector defect in chronic HIV disease is due to immune exhaustion and quantitative loss of CD56+ CD8 T cells and this defect is not repaired in patients where viremia is suppressed and CD4 T cells are recovered after ART. Reconstituting the cytotoxic CD56+ subset of CD8+ T cells through new interventions might improve the lytic effector capacity and contribute to reducing the viral reservoir. Our initial studies indicate that IL-15 treatment partly reverses the CD56 defect, implying that myeloid cell defects could be targeted for immune therapy during chronic HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Poonia
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - C. David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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17
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Weseslindtner L, Kerschner H, Steinacher D, Kundi M, Jaksch P, Simon B, Hatos-Agyi L, Scheed A, Klepetko W, Puchhammer-Stöckl E. Association of human cytomegalovirus DNAaemia and specific granzyme B responses in lung transplant recipients. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:438-43. [PMID: 23607435 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In lung transplant recipients (LTRs), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNAaemia could be associated with HCMV disease and reduced allograft survival. In the present study we analysed whether or not HCMV-specific granzyme B (Grz-B) responses indicating CD8(+) T cell cytotoxicity exert an impact on HCMV DNAaemia and relate to specific interferon (IFN)-γ secretion. HCMV-specific Grz-B responses were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 70 samples from 39 HCMV seropositive LTRs who were prospectively investigated for HCMV DNA plasma levels and IFN-γ kinetics using a standardized CD8(+) T cell assay (QuantiFERON®-CMV assay). In all LTRs who were protected from HCMV DNAaemia by early and persistent IFN-γ responses, Grz-B responses were also detected. In LTRs who developed episodes of HCMV DNAaemia, the Grz-B responses which were detected prior to viral DNA detection differed significantly in patients who experienced episodes with high (exceeding 1000 copies/ml) and low plasma DNA levels (P = 0·0290, Fisher's exact test). Furthermore, the extent of Grz-B release prior to viral DNAaemia correlated statistically with the detected levels of IFN-γ (P < 0·0001, Spearman's rank test). Of note, simultaneous detection of Grz-B and IFN-γ secretion was associated significantly with protection from high HCMV DNA plasma levels during the subsequent follow-up (P = 0·0057, Fisher's exact test), and this association was stronger than for IFN-γ detection alone. We conclude that, in addition to IFN-γ responses, Grz-B secretion by CD8(+) T cells is essential to control HCMV replication and a simultaneous measurement of IFN-γ and Grz-B could contribute to the immune monitoring of LTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Weseslindtner
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Viel S, Charrier E, Marçais A, Rouzaire P, Bienvenu J, Karlin L, Salles G, Walzer T. Monitoring NK cell activity in patients with hematological malignancies. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26011. [PMID: 24327939 PMCID: PMC3850490 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that can recognize and kill various types of malignant cells. Monitoring the activity of peripheral NK cells in patients affected by hematological malignancies may provide prognostic information or unveil ongoing tumor-specific immune responses. Moreover, further insights into the biology of NK cells might also promote the development of novel strategies for stimulating their anticancer activity. Here, we review the main methods to monitor phenotypic and functional NK cell properties in cancer patients, focusing on individuals affected by multiple myeloma, a hematological malignancy currently treated with immunomodulatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Viel
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; Lyon, France ; Inserm, U1111; Lyon, France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon, France ; Université Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Lyon, France ; CNRS, UMR5308; Lyon, France ; Laboratoire d'Immunologie; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; Lyon, France
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19
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Demers KR, Reuter MA, Betts MR. CD8(+) T-cell effector function and transcriptional regulation during HIV pathogenesis. Immunol Rev 2013; 254:190-206. [PMID: 23772621 PMCID: PMC3693771 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is needed to inform prevention and therapeutic strategies that aim to contain the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. The cellular immune response plays a critical role in controlling viral replication during HIV infection and will likely need to be a part of any vaccine approach. The qualitative feature of the cellular response most closely associated with immunological control of HIV infection is CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxic potential, which is responsible for mediating the elimination of infected CD4(+) T cells. Understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in regulating the elicitation and maintenance of this kind of effector response can provide guidance for vaccine design. In this review, we discuss the evidence for CD8(+) T cells as correlates of protection, the means by which their antiviral capacity is evaluated, and transcription factors responsible for their function, or dysfunction, during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey R. Demers
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Morgan A. Reuter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Munier CML, Kelleher AD, Kent SJ, De Rose R. The role of T cell immunity in HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:438-46. [PMID: 23747036 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between the T cell immune response and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 largely determines the outcome of infection. Typically, the virus overcomes the immune defences leading to a gradual decline in function that permits the development of disease. In recent years, a concerted effort in comparing T cell responses between 'controllers' and 'progressors' is beginning to identify the T cell subsets and factors that affect disease progression related to the effector functions of both CD4 and CD8 T cells. These efforts are providing opportunities for development of novel therapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mee Ling Munier
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Paley MA, Kroy DC, Odorizzi PM, Johnnidis JB, Dolfi DV, Barnett BE, Bikoff EK, Robertson EJ, Lauer GM, Reiner SL, Wherry EJ. Progenitor and terminal subsets of CD8+ T cells cooperate to contain chronic viral infection. Science 2012. [PMID: 23197535 DOI: 10.1126/science.1229620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infections strain the regenerative capacity of antiviral T lymphocyte populations, leading to failure in long-term immunity. The cellular and molecular events controlling this regenerative capacity, however, are unknown. We found that two distinct states of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells exist in chronically infected mice and humans. Differential expression of the T-box transcription factors T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) facilitated the cooperative maintenance of the pool of antiviral CD8(+) T cells during chronic viral infection. T-bet(hi) cells displayed low intrinsic turnover but proliferated in response to persisting antigen, giving rise to Eomes(hi) terminal progeny. Genetic elimination of either subset resulted in failure to control chronic infection, which suggests that an imbalance in differentiation and renewal could underlie the collapse of immunity in humans with chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Paley
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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