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Schafer S, Chen K, Ma L. Crosstalking with Dendritic Cells: A Path to Engineer Advanced T Cell Immunotherapy. FRONTIERS IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:1372995. [PMID: 38911455 PMCID: PMC11192543 DOI: 10.3389/fsysb.2024.1372995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Crosstalk between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells plays a crucial role in modulating immune responses in natural and pathological conditions. DC-T cell crosstalk is achieved through contact-dependent (i.e., immunological synapse) and contact-independent mechanisms (i.e., cytokines). Activated DCs upregulate co-stimulatory signals and secrete proinflammatory cytokines to orchestrate T cell activation and differentiation. Conversely, activated T helper cells "license" DCs towards maturation, while regulatory T cells (Tregs) silence DCs to elicit tolerogenic immunity. Strategies to efficiently modulate the DC-T cell crosstalk can be harnessed to promote immune activation for cancer immunotherapy or immune tolerance for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Here, we review the natural crosstalk mechanisms between DC and T cells. We highlight bioengineering approaches to modulate DC-T cell crosstalk, including conventional vaccines, synthetic vaccines, and DC-mimics, and key seminal studies leveraging these approaches to steer immune response for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogand Schafer
- Center for Craniofacial Innovation, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kaige Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leyuan Ma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, US
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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2
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Yang C, Wang X, To KKW, Cui C, Luo M, Wu S, Huang L, Fu K, Pan C, Liu Z, Fan T, Yang C, Wang F, Fu L. Circulating tumor cells shielded with extracellular vesicle-derived CD45 evade T cell attack to enable metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:84. [PMID: 38575583 PMCID: PMC10995208 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are precursors of distant metastasis in a subset of cancer patients. A better understanding of CTCs heterogeneity and how these CTCs survive during hematogenous dissemination could lay the foundation for therapeutic prevention of cancer metastasis. It remains elusive how CTCs evade immune surveillance and elimination by immune cells. In this study, we unequivocally identified a subpopulation of CTCs shielded with extracellular vesicle (EVs)-derived CD45 (termed as CD45+ CTCs) that resisted T cell attack. A higher percentage of CD45+ CTCs was found to be closely correlated with higher incidence of metastasis and worse prognosis in cancer patients. Moreover, CD45+ tumor cells orchestrated an immunosuppressive milieu and CD45+ CTCs exhibited remarkably stronger metastatic potential than CD45- CTCs in vivo. Mechanistically, CD45 expressing on tumor surfaces was shown to form intercellular CD45-CD45 homophilic interactions with CD45 on T cells, thereby preventing CD45 exclusion from TCR-pMHC synapse and leading to diminished TCR signaling transduction and suppressed immune response. Together, these results pointed to an underappreciated capability of EVs-derived CD45-dressed CTCs in immune evasion and metastasis, providing a rationale for targeting EVs-derived CD45 internalization by CTCs to prevent cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xueping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Caimei Cui
- LABVIV Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Min Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Shaocong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Lamei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Kai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Can Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Teng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Caibo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China.
| | - Liwu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China.
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Janakaloti Narayanareddy BR, Allipeta NR, Allard J, Gross SP. A new method to experimentally quantify dynamics of initial protein-protein interactions. Commun Biol 2024; 7:311. [PMID: 38472292 PMCID: PMC10933273 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells run on initiation of protein-protein interactions, which are dynamically tuned spatially and temporally to modulate cellular events. This tuning can be physical, such as attaching the protein to a cargo or protein complex, thereby altering its diffusive properties, or modulating the distance between protein pairs, or chemical, by altering the proteins' conformations (e.g., nucleotide binding state of an enzyme, post-translational modification of a protein, etc.). Because a dynamic and changing subset of proteins in the cell could be in any specific state, ensemble measurements are not ideal-to untangle which of the factors are important, and how, we need single-molecule measurements. Experimentally, until now we have not had good tools to precisely measure initiation of such protein-protein interactions at the single-molecule level. Here, we develop a new method to measure dynamics of initial protein-protein interactions, allowing measurement of how properties such as the distance between proteins, and their tethered length can modulate the rate of interactions. In addition to precise measurement distance dependent motor-MT rebinding dynamics, we demonstrate the use of a dithered optical trap to measure dynamic motor-MT interactions and further discuss the possibilities of this technique being applicable to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Reddy Allipeta
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Arcadia High School, Arcadia, CA, USA
| | - Jun Allard
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Steven P Gross
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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4
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Zhou X, Geyer FK, Happel D, Takimoto J, Kolmar H, Rabinovich B. Using protein geometry to optimize cytotoxicity and the cytokine window of a ROR1 specific T cell engager. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1323049. [PMID: 38455046 PMCID: PMC10917902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1323049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell engaging bispecific antibodies have shown clinical proof of concept for hematologic malignancies. Still, cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity, and on-target-off-tumor toxicity, especially in the solid tumor setting, represent major obstacles. Second generation TCEs have been described that decouple cytotoxicity from cytokine release by reducing the apparent binding affinity for CD3 and/or the TAA but the results of such engineering have generally led only to reduced maximum induction of cytokine release and often at the expense of maximum cytotoxicity. Using ROR1 as our model TAA and highly modular camelid nanobodies, we describe the engineering of a next generation decoupled TCE that incorporates a "cytokine window" defined as a dose range in which maximal killing is reached but cytokine release may be modulated from very low for safety to nearly that induced by first generation TCEs. This latter attribute supports pro-inflammatory anti-tumor activity including bystander killing and can potentially be used by clinicians to safely titrate patient dose to that which mediates maximum efficacy that is postulated as greater than that possible using standard second generation approaches. We used a combined method of optimizing TCE mediated synaptic distance and apparent affinity tuning of the TAA binding arms to generate a relatively long but persistent synapse that supports a wide cytokine window, potent killing and a reduced propensity towards immune exhaustion. Importantly, this next generation TCE induced significant tumor growth inhibition in vivo but unlike a first-generation non-decoupled benchmark TCE that induced lethal CRS, no signs of adverse events were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Zhou
- Drug Discovery and Development, Fuse Biotherapeutics, Woburn, MA, United States
| | - Felix Klaus Geyer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominic Happel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Takimoto
- Drug Discovery and Development, Fuse Biotherapeutics, Woburn, MA, United States
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Brian Rabinovich
- Drug Discovery and Development, Fuse Biotherapeutics, Woburn, MA, United States
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El Badaoui L, Barr AJ. Analysis of Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Extracellular Regions with Insights from AlphaFold. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:820. [PMID: 38255894 PMCID: PMC10815196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are involved in a wide variety of physiological functions which are mediated via their diverse extracellular regions. They play key roles in cell-cell contacts, bind various ligands and are regulated by dimerization and other processes. Depending on the subgroup, they have been described as everything from 'rigid rods' to 'floppy tentacles'. Here, we review current experimental structural knowledge on the extracellular region of RPTPs and draw on AlphaFold structural predictions to provide further insights into structure and function of these cellular signalling molecules, which are often mutated in disease and are recognised as drug targets. In agreement with experimental data, AlphaFold predicted structures for extracellular regions of R1, and R2B subgroup RPTPs have an extended conformation, whereas R2B RPTPs are twisted, reflecting their high flexibility. For the R3 PTPs, AlphaFold predicts that members of this subgroup adopt an extended conformation while others are twisted, and that certain members, such as CD148, have one or more large, disordered loop regions in place of fibronectin type 3 domains suggested by sequence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alastair J. Barr
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK;
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Li F, Choudhuri K. Membrane positioning across antigen-induced synaptic contacts tunes CAR-T cell signaling and effector responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.01.560371. [PMID: 37873179 PMCID: PMC10592847 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.01.560371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Tumor antigen recognition by chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) triggers phosphorylation of their cytoplasmic portions resulting in CAR-T cell activation. We and others have shown that immunoreceptor triggering depends on the formation of close synaptic contacts, determined by the span of immunoreceptor-ligand complexes, from which large inhibitory phosphatases such as CD45 are sterically excluded. Here, we show, varying CAR-antigen complex span, that CAR-T cell activation depends on a formation of close contacts with target cells. CAR-antigen complexes with a span of 4 immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domains maximize CAR-T cell activation, closely matching the span of endogenous TCR-pMHC complexes. Longer CAR-antigen complexes precipitously reduced triggering and cytokine production, but notably, anti-tumor cytotoxicity was largely preserved due to a ∼10-fold lower signaling threshold for mobilization of cytolytic effector function. Increased intermembrane spacing disrupted short-spanned PD-1-PD- L1 interactions, reducing CAR-T cell exhaustion. Together, our results show that membrane positioning across the immunological synapse can be engineered to generate CAR-T cells with clinically desirable functional profiles in vitro and in vivo .
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7
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Wellhausen N, O’Connell RP, Lesch S, Engel NW, Rennels AK, Gonzales D, Herbst F, Young RM, Garcia KC, Weiner D, June CH, Gill SI. Epitope base editing CD45 in hematopoietic cells enables universal blood cancer immune therapy. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadi1145. [PMID: 37651540 PMCID: PMC10682510 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of cell surface cancer-specific antigens, immunotherapies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, monoclonal antibodies, or bispecific T cell engagers typically target lineage antigens. Currently, such immunotherapies are individually designed and tested for each disease. This approach is inefficient and limited to a few lineage antigens for which the on-target/off-tumor toxicities are clinically tolerated. Here, we sought to develop a universal CAR T cell therapy for blood cancers directed against the pan-leukocyte marker CD45. To protect healthy hematopoietic cells, including CAR T cells, from CD45-directed on-target/off-tumor toxicity while preserving the essential functions of CD45, we mapped the epitope on CD45 that is targeted by the CAR and used CRISPR adenine base editing to install a function-preserving mutation sufficient to evade CAR T cell recognition. Epitope-edited CD45 CAR T cells were fratricide resistant and effective against patient-derived acute myeloid leukemia, B cell lymphoma, and acute T cell leukemia. Epitope-edited hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were protected from CAR T cells and, unlike CD45 knockout cells, could engraft, persist, and differentiate in vivo. Ex vivo epitope editing in HSCs and T cells enables the safe and effective use of CD45-directed CAR T cells and bispecific T cell engagers for the universal treatment of hematologic malignancies and might be exploited for other diseases requiring intensive hematopoietic ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Wellhausen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Ryan P. O’Connell
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stefanie Lesch
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Nils W. Engel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Austin K. Rennels
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Donna Gonzales
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Friederike Herbst
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Regina M. Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Saar I. Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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8
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Li F, Roy S, Niculcea J, Gould K, Adams EJ, van der Merwe PA, Choudhuri K. Ligand-induced segregation from large cell-surface phosphatases is a critical step in γδ TCR triggering. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.23.554524. [PMID: 37662246 PMCID: PMC10473748 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.23.554524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Gamma/delta (γδ) T cells are unconventional adaptive lymphocytes that recognize structurally diverse ligands via somatically-recombined antigen receptors (γδ TCRs). The molecular mechanism by which ligand recognition initiates γδ TCR signaling, a process known as TCR triggering, remains elusive. Unlike αβ TCRs, γδ TCRs are not mechanosensitive, and do not require coreceptors or typical binding-induced conformational changes for triggering. Here, we show that γδ TCR triggering by nonclassical MHC class Ib antigens, a major class of ligands recognized by γδ T cells, requires steric segregation of the large cell-surface phosphatases CD45 and CD148 from engaged TCRs at synaptic close contact zones. Increasing access of these inhibitory phosphatases to sites of TCR engagement, by elongating MHC class Ib ligands or truncating CD45/148 ectodomains, abrogates TCR triggering and T cell activation. Our results identify a critical step in γδ TCR triggering and provide insight into the core triggering mechanism of endogenous and synthetic tyrosine-phosphorylated immunoreceptors.
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Volkov DV, Stepanova VM, Rubtsov YP, Stepanov AV, Gabibov AG. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase CD45 As an Immunity Regulator and a Potential Effector of CAR-T therapy. Acta Naturae 2023; 15:17-26. [PMID: 37908772 PMCID: PMC10615191 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.25438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte common antigen CD45 is a receptor tyrosine phosphatase and one of the most prevalent antigens found on the surface of blood cells. CD45 plays a crucial role in the initial stages of signal transmission from receptors of various immune cell types. Immunodeficiency, autoimmune disorders, and oncological diseases are frequently caused by gene expression disorders and imbalances in CD45 isoforms. Despite extensive research into the structure and functions of CD45, the molecular mechanisms behind its role in transmitting signals from T-cell receptors and chimeric antigen receptors remain not fully understood. It is of utmost importance to comprehend the structural features of CD45 and its function in regulating immune system cell activation to study oncological diseases and the impact of CD45 on lymphocytes and T cells modified by chimeric antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Volkov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - V. M. Stepanova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Y. P. Rubtsov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - A. V. Stepanov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - A. G. Gabibov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
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Thomas C, Tampé R. Structure and mechanism of immunoreceptors: New horizons in T cell and B cell receptor biology and beyond. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 80:102570. [PMID: 36940642 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunoreceptors, also named non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors, are a large class of leukocyte cell-surface proteins critically involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. Their most characteristic defining feature is a shared signal transduction machinery where binding events of cell surface-anchored ligands to the small extracellular receptor domains are translated into phosphorylation of conserved tyrosine-containing cytosolic sequence motifs initiating downstream signal transduction cascades. Despite their central importance to immunology, the molecular mechanism of how ligand binding activates the receptors and results in robust intracellular signaling has remained enigmatic. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the architecture and triggering mechanism of immunoreceptors come from cryogenic electron microscopy studies of the B cell and T cell antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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11
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Gartshteyn Y, Askanase AD, Song R, Bukhari S, Dragovich M, Adam K, Mor A. SLAMF6 compartmentalization enhances T cell functions. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201533. [PMID: 36622343 PMCID: PMC9733572 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family member 6 (SLAMF6) is a T cell co-receptor. Previously, we showed that SLAMF6 clustering was required for T cell activation. To better understand the relationship between SLAMF6 location and function and to evaluate the role of SLAMF6 as a therapeutic target, we investigated how its compartmentalization on the cell surface affects T cell functions. We used biochemical and co-culture assays to show that T cell activity is enhanced when SLAMF6 colocalizes with the CD3 complex. Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed the SLAMF6-interacting proteins to be those essential for signaling downstream of T cell receptor, suggesting the two receptors share downstream signaling pathways. Bispecific anti-CD3/SLAMF6 antibodies, designed to promote SLAMF6 clustering with CD3, enhanced T cell activation. Meanwhile, anti-CD45/SLAMF6 antibodies inhibited SLAMF6 clustering with T cell receptor, likely because of the steric hindrance, but nevertheless enhanced T cell activation. We conclude that SLAMF6 bispecific antibodies have a role in modulating T cell responses, and future work will evaluate the therapeutic potential in tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Gartshteyn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anca D Askanase
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruijiang Song
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shoiab Bukhari
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Dragovich
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kieran Adam
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Mor
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Goob G, Adrian J, Cossu C, Hauck CR. Phagocytosis mediated by the human granulocyte receptor CEACAM3 is limited by the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102269. [PMID: 35850306 PMCID: PMC9418913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic Antigen-related Cell Adhesion Molecule 3 (CEACAM3) is a human granulocyte receptor mediating the efficient phagocytosis of a subset of human-restricted bacterial pathogens. Its function depends on phosphorylation of a tyrosine-based sequence motif, but the enzyme(s) responsible for reversing this modification are unclear. Here, we identify the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ as a negative regulator of CEACAM3-mediated phagocytosis. We show depletion of PTPRJ results in a gain-of-function phenotype, while overexpression of a constitutively active PTPRJ phosphatase strongly reduces bacterial uptake via CEACAM3. We also determined that recombinant PTPRJ directly dephosphorylates the cytoplasmic tyrosine residues of purified full-length CEACAM3 and recognizes synthetic CEACAM3-derived phospho-peptides as substrates. Dephosphorylation of CEACAM3 by PTPRJ is also observed in intact cells, thereby limiting receptor-initiated cytoskeletal re-arrangements, lamellipodia formation, and bacterial uptake. Finally, we show that human phagocytes deficient for PTPRJ exhibit exaggerated lamellipodia formation and enhanced opsonin-independent phagocytosis of CEACAM3-binding bacteria. Taken together, our results highlight PTPRJ as a bona fide negative regulator of CEACAM3-initiated phagocyte functions, revealing a potential molecular target to limit CEACAM3-driven inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griseldis Goob
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jonas Adrian
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany
| | - Chiara Cossu
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christof R Hauck
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany; Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, Germany.
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13
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Tetraspanin CD53 controls T cell immunity through regulation of CD45RO stability, mobility, and function. Cell Rep 2022; 39:111006. [PMID: 35767951 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells depend on the phosphatase CD45 to initiate T cell receptor signaling. Although the critical role of CD45 in T cells is established, the mechanisms controlling function and localization in the membrane are not well understood. Moreover, the regulation of specific CD45 isoforms in T cell signaling remains unresolved. By using unbiased mass spectrometry, we identify the tetraspanin CD53 as a partner of CD45 and show that CD53 controls CD45 function and T cell activation. CD53-negative T cells (Cd53-/-) exhibit substantial proliferation defects, and Cd53-/- mice show impaired tumor rejection and reduced IFNγ-producing T cells compared with wild-type mice. Investigation into the mechanism reveals that CD53 is required for CD45RO expression and mobility. In addition, CD53 is shown to stabilize CD45 on the membrane and is required for optimal phosphatase activity and subsequent Lck activation. Together, our findings reveal CD53 as a regulator of CD45 activity required for T cell immunity.
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Tomaz D, Pereira PM, Guerra N, Dyson J, Gould K, Henriques R. Nanoscale Colocalization of NK Cell Activating and Inhibitory Receptors Controls Signal Integration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:868496. [PMID: 35720315 PMCID: PMC9198454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.868496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell responses depend on the balance of signals from inhibitory and activating receptors. However, how the integration of antagonistic signals occurs upon NK cell-target cell interaction is not fully understood. Here we provide evidence that NK cell inhibition via the inhibitory receptor Ly49A is dependent on its relative colocalization at the nanometer scale with the activating receptor NKG2D upon immune synapse (IS) formation. NKG2D and Ly49A signal integration and colocalization were studied using NKG2D-GFP and Ly49A-RFP-expressing primary NK cells, forming ISs with NIH3T3 target cells, with or without the expression of single-chain trimer (SCT) H2-Dd and an extended form of SCT H2-Dd-CD4 MHC-I molecules. Nanoscale colocalization was assessed by Förster resonance energy transfer between NKG2D-GFP and Ly49A-RFP and measured for each synapse. In the presence of their respective cognate ligands, NKG2D and Ly49A colocalize at the nanometer scale, leading to NK cell inhibition. However, increasing the size of the Ly49A ligand reduced the nanoscale colocalization with NKG2D, consequently impairing Ly49A-mediated inhibition. Thus, our data shows that NK cell signal integration is critically dependent on the dimensions of NK cell ligand-receptor pairs by affecting their relative nanometer-scale colocalization at the IS. Our results together suggest that the balance of NK cell signals and NK cell responses is determined by the relative nanoscale colocalization of activating and inhibitory receptors in the immune synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tomaz
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Matos Pereira
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nadia Guerra
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Dyson
- Department of Immunology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Gould
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Optical Cell Biology Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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15
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Dephosphorylation accelerates the dissociation of ZAP70 from the T cell receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2116815119. [PMID: 35197288 PMCID: PMC8892339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116815119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are phosphotyrosine binding motifs that play key roles in cellular signaling. There are 110 proteins in the human genome containing SH2 binding domains, of which 10 contain tandem SH2 domains. Tandem domains have been shown to improve avidity and specificity and contribute to allostery. Here, we show that tandem SH2 domains can also exhibit binding lifetimes that are accelerated by the activity of phosphatases. This accelerated unbinding requires tandem SH2 domains to engage their substrates in dynamic binding modes that cycle between single SH2-bound states. We experimentally confirm that this is the case for the well-studied kinase ZAP70 binding the T cell receptor. We suggest that accelerated unbinding is a general feature of signaling networks. Protein–protein binding domains are critical in signaling networks. Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are binding domains that interact with sequences containing phosphorylated tyrosines. A subset of SH2 domain–containing proteins has tandem domains, which are thought to enhance binding affinity and specificity. However, a trade-off exists between long-lived binding and the ability to rapidly reverse signaling, which is a critical requirement of noise-filtering mechanisms such as kinetic proofreading. Here, we use modeling to show that the unbinding rate of tandem, but not single, SH2 domains can be accelerated by phosphatases. Using surface plasmon resonance, we show that the phosphatase CD45 can accelerate the unbinding rate of zeta chain–associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70), a tandem SH2 domain–containing kinase, from biphosphorylated peptides from the T cell receptor (TCR). An important functional prediction of accelerated unbinding is that the intracellular ZAP70–TCR half-life in T cells will not be fixed but rather, dependent on the extracellular TCR–antigen half-life, and we show that this is the case in both cell lines and primary T cells. The work highlights that tandem SH2 domains can break the trade-off between signal fidelity (requiring long half-life) and signal reversibility (requiring short half-life), which is a key requirement for T cell antigen discrimination mediated by kinetic proofreading.
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The interplay between membrane topology and mechanical forces in regulating T cell receptor activity. Commun Biol 2022; 5:40. [PMID: 35017678 PMCID: PMC8752658 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critically important for host defense against infections. T cell activation is specific because signal initiation requires T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of foreign antigen peptides presented by major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) on antigen presenting cells (APCs). Recent advances reveal that the TCR acts as a mechanoreceptor, but it remains unclear how pMHC/TCR engagement generates mechanical forces that are converted to intracellular signals. Here we propose a TCR Bending Mechanosignal (TBM) model, in which local bending of the T cell membrane on the nanometer scale allows sustained contact of relatively small pMHC/TCR complexes interspersed among large surface receptors and adhesion molecules on the opposing surfaces of T cells and APCs. Localized T cell membrane bending is suggested to increase accessibility of TCR signaling domains to phosphorylation, facilitate selective recognition of agonists that form catch bonds, and reduce noise signals associated with slip bonds. Al-Aghbar et al propose a TCR bending mechanosignal model that demonstrates how local mechanical membrane bending may influence T cell receptor binding events and thus T-cell activation.
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17
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Acute Csk inhibition hinders B cell activation by constraining the PI3 kinase pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108957118. [PMID: 34675079 PMCID: PMC8639343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108957118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes recognize pathogenic antigens and become activated via their B cell receptors (BCR). This BCR-dependent activation is controlled by Src-family kinases (SFKs). It is unclear how B cells tolerate the fluctuations of SFK activities and maintain unresponsiveness in the absence of foreign antigens. Using a chemical-genetic system, we acutely inhibited C-terminal Src kinase to enhance the SFK activity in mouse B cells. Surprisingly, we observed marked inhibition of BCR-downstream signaling due to associated impairment of the phosphatidylinositol-trisphosphate pathway. These results reveal the critical importance of maintaining a proper amount of SFK activity in quiescent B cells for appropriate BCR-dependent responses, which may be critical for naïve B cell unresponsiveness to self-antigens to maintain peripheral tolerance. T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling are initiated and tightly regulated by Src-family kinases (SFKs). SFKs positively regulate TCR signaling in naïve T cells but have both positive and negative regulatory roles in BCR signaling in naïve B cells. The proper regulation of their activities depends on the opposing actions of receptor tyrosine phosphatases CD45 and CD148 and the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase C-terminal Src kinase Csk. Csk is a major negative regulator of SFKs. Using a PP1-analog-sensitive Csk (CskAS) system, we have previously shown that inhibition of CskAS increases SFK activity, leading to augmentation of responses to weak TCR stimuli in T cells. However, the effects of Csk inhibition in B cells were not known. In this study, we surprisingly found that inhibition of CskAS led to marked inhibition of BCR-stimulated cytoplasmic free calcium increase and Erk activation despite increased SFK activation in B cells, contrasting the effects observed in T cells. Further investigation revealed that acute CskAS inhibition suppressed BCR-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) production in B cells. Restoring PIP3 levels in B cells by CD19 cross-linking or SHIP1 deficiency eliminated the negative regulatory effect of CskAS inhibition. This reveals the critical role of Csk in maintaining an appropriate level of SFK activity and regulating PIP3 amounts as a means of compensating for SFK fluctuations to prevent inappropriate B cell activation. This regulatory mechanism controlling PIP3 amounts may also contribute to B cell anergy and self-tolerance.
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18
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Siokis A, Robert PA, Demetriou P, Kvalvaag A, Valvo S, Mayya V, Dustin ML, Meyer-Hermann M. Characterization of mechanisms positioning costimulatory complexes in immune synapses. iScience 2021; 24:103100. [PMID: 34622155 PMCID: PMC8479700 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small immunoglobulin superfamily (sIGSF) adhesion complexes form a corolla of microdomains around an integrin ring and secretory core during immunological synapse (IS) formation. The corolla recruits and retains major costimulatory/checkpoint complexes, such as CD28, making forces that govern corolla formation of particular interest. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying molecular reorganization of CD2, an adhesion and costimulatory molecule of the sIGSF family during IS formation. Computer simulations showed passive distal exclusion of CD2 complexes under weak interactions with the ramified F-actin transport network. Attractive forces between CD2 and CD28 complexes relocate CD28 from the IS center to the corolla. Size-based sorting interactions with large glycocalyx components, such as CD45, or short-range CD2 self-attraction successfully explain the corolla 'petals.' This establishes a general simulation framework for complex pattern formation observed in cell-bilayer and cell-cell interfaces, and the suggestion of new therapeutic targets, where boosting or impairing characteristic pattern formation can be pivotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Siokis
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Philippe A. Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Philippos Demetriou
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
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19
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Fierle JK, Brioschi M, de Tiani M, Wetterwald L, Atsaves V, Abram-Saliba J, Petrova TV, Coukos G, Dunn SM. Soluble trivalent engagers redirect cytolytic T cell activity toward tumor endothelial marker 1. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100362. [PMID: 34467246 PMCID: PMC8385295 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor endothelial marker 1 (TEM1) is an emerging cancer target with a unique dual expression profile. First, TEM1 is expressed in the stroma and neo-vasculature of many human carcinomas but is largely absent from healthy adult tissues. Second, TEM1 is expressed by tumor cells of mesenchymal origin, notably sarcoma. Here, we present two fully human anti-TEM1 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) reagents, namely, 1C1m and 7G22, that recognize distinct regions of the extracellular domain and possess substantially different affinities. In contrast to other, well-described anti-TEM1 binders, these fragments confer cytolytic activity when expressed as 2nd generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Moreover, both molecules selectively redirect human T cell effector functions toward TEM1+ tumor cells when incorporated into experimental soluble bispecific trivalent engagers that we term TriloBiTEs (tBs). Furthermore, systemic delivery of 1C1m-tB prevents the establishment of Ewing sarcoma tumors in a xenograft model. Our observations confirm TEM1 as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and illustrate the prospective translational potential of certain scFv-based reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Fierle
- LAbCore Immunoglobulin Discovery Platform, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Brioschi
- LAbCore Immunoglobulin Discovery Platform, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mariastella de Tiani
- LAbCore Immunoglobulin Discovery Platform, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laureline Wetterwald
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Vasileios Atsaves
- LAbCore Immunoglobulin Discovery Platform, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Johan Abram-Saliba
- LAbCore Immunoglobulin Discovery Platform, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steven M Dunn
- LAbCore Immunoglobulin Discovery Platform, Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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20
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Jung Y, Wen L, Altman A, Ley K. CD45 pre-exclusion from the tips of T cell microvilli prior to antigen recognition. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3872. [PMID: 34162836 PMCID: PMC8222282 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is a major gatekeeper for restraining T cell activation. Its exclusion from the immunological synapse (IS) is crucial for T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction. Here, we use expansion super-resolution microscopy to reveal that CD45 is mostly pre-excluded from the tips of microvilli (MV) on primary T cells prior to antigen encounter. This pre-exclusion is diminished by depleting cholesterol or by engineering the transmembrane domain of CD45 to increase its membrane integration length, but is independent of the CD45 extracellular domain. We further show that brief MV-mediated contacts can induce Ca2+ influx in mouse antigen-specific T cells engaged by antigen-pulsed antigen presenting cells (APC). We propose that the scarcity of CD45 phosphatase activity at the tips of MV enables or facilitates TCR triggering from brief T cell-APC contacts before formation of a stable IS, and that these MV-mediated contacts represent the earliest step in the initiation of a T cell adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmin Jung
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Lai Wen
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amnon Altman
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Alhallak K, Sun J, Jeske A, Park C, Yavner J, Bash H, Lubben B, Adebayo O, Khaskiah A, Azab AK. Bispecific T Cell Engagers for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: Achievements and Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2853. [PMID: 34201007 PMCID: PMC8228067 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MM is the second most common hematological malignancy and represents approximately 20% of deaths from hematopoietic cancers. The advent of novel agents has changed the therapeutic landscape of MM treatment; however, MM remains incurable. T cell-based immunotherapy such as BTCEs is a promising modality for the treatment of MM. This review article discusses the advancements and future directions of BTCE treatments for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinan Alhallak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jennifer Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Amanda Jeske
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Chaelee Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Jessica Yavner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Hannah Bash
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Berit Lubben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Ola Adebayo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Ayah Khaskiah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Birzeit 627, West Bank, Palestine;
| | - Abdel Kareem Azab
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; (K.A.); (J.S.); (A.J.); (C.P.); (J.Y.); (H.B.); (B.L.); (O.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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22
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Su Z, Huang D. Alternative Splicing of Pre-mRNA in the Control of Immune Activity. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040574. [PMID: 33921058 PMCID: PMC8071365 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immune response is a complex process that responds to numerous exogenous antigens in preventing infection by microorganisms, as well as to endogenous components in the surveillance of tumors and autoimmune diseases, and a great number of molecules are necessary to carry the functional complexity of immune activity. Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA plays an important role in immune cell development and regulation of immune activity through yielding diverse transcriptional isoforms to supplement the function of limited genes associated with the immune reaction. In addition, multiple factors have been identified as being involved in the control of alternative splicing at the cis, trans, or co-transcriptional level, and the aberrant splicing of RNA leads to the abnormal modulation of immune activity in infections, immune diseases, and tumors. In this review, we summarize the recent discoveries on the generation of immune-associated alternative splice variants, clinical disorders, and possible regulatory mechanisms. We also discuss the immune responses to the neoantigens produced by alternative splicing, and finally, we issue some alternative splicing and immunity correlated questions based on our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjing Su
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, China
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (D.H.)
| | - Dongyang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, China
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (D.H.)
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23
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Sadoun A, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Ghesquiere-Dierickx L, Wu A, Théodoly O, Limozin L, Hamon Y, Puech PH. Controlling T cells spreading, mechanics and activation by micropatterning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6783. [PMID: 33762632 PMCID: PMC7991639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We designed a strategy, based on a careful examination of the activation capabilities of proteins and antibodies used as substrates for adhering T cells, coupled to protein microstamping to control at the same time the position, shape, spreading, mechanics and activation state of T cells. Once adhered on patterns, we examined the capacities of T cells to be activated with soluble anti CD3, in comparison to T cells adhered to a continuously decorated substrate with the same density of ligands. We show that, in our hand, adhering onto an anti CD45 antibody decorated surface was not affecting T cell calcium fluxes, even adhered on variable size micro-patterns. Aside, we analyzed the T cell mechanics, when spread on pattern or not, using Atomic Force Microscopy indentation. By expressing MEGF10 as a non immune adhesion receptor in T cells we measured the very same spreading area on PLL substrates and Young modulus than non modified cells, immobilized on anti CD45 antibodies, while retaining similar activation capabilities using soluble anti CD3 antibodies or through model APC contacts. We propose that our system is a way to test activation or anergy of T cells with defined adhesion and mechanical characteristics, and may allow to dissect fine details of these mechanisms since it allows to observe homogenized populations in standardized T cell activation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Sadoun
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Inserm, CIML Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Martine Biarnes-Pelicot
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laura Ghesquiere-Dierickx
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Present Address: Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ambroise Wu
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Inserm, CIML Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Present Address: Department of Biophysics, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Olivier Théodoly
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Limozin
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Inserm, CIML Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France
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Dam T, Junghans V, Humphrey J, Chouliara M, Jönsson P. Calcium Signaling in T Cells Is Induced by Binding to Nickel-Chelating Lipids in Supported Lipid Bilayers. Front Physiol 2021; 11:613367. [PMID: 33551841 PMCID: PMC7859345 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.613367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are one of the most common cell-membrane model systems to study cell-cell interactions. Nickel-chelating lipids are frequently used to functionalize the SLB with polyhistidine-tagged ligands. We show here that these lipids by themselves can induce calcium signaling in T cells, also when having protein ligands on the SLB. This is important to avoid "false" signaling events in cell studies with SLBs, but also to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in T-cell signaling. Jurkat T cells transfected with the non-signaling molecule rat CD48 were found to bind to ligand-free SLBs containing ≥2 wt% nickel-chelating lipids upon which calcium signaling was induced. This signaling fraction steadily increased from 24 to 60% when increasing the amount of nickel-chelating lipids from 2 to 10 wt%. Both the signaling fraction and signaling time did not change significantly compared to ligand-free SLBs when adding the CD48-ligand rat CD2 to the SLB. Blocking the SLB with bovine serum albumin reduced the signaling fraction to 11%, while preserving CD2 binding and the exclusion of the phosphatase CD45 from the cell-SLB contacts. Thus, CD45 exclusion alone was not sufficient to result in calcium signaling. In addition, more cells signaled on ligand-free SLBs with copper-chelating lipids instead of nickel-chelating lipids and the signaling was found to be predominantly via T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering. Hence, it is possible that the nickel-chelating lipids act as ligands to the cell's TCRs, an interaction that needs to be blocked to avoid unwanted cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Dam
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jane Humphrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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25
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Castro-Sanchez P, Teagle AR, Prade S, Zamoyska R. Modulation of TCR Signaling by Tyrosine Phosphatases: From Autoimmunity to Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:608747. [PMID: 33425916 PMCID: PMC7793860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early TCR signaling is dependent on rapid phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of multiple signaling and adaptor proteins, leading to T cell activation. This process is tightly regulated by an intricate web of interactions between kinases and phosphatases. A number of tyrosine phosphatases have been shown to modulate T cell responses and thus alter T cell fate by negatively regulating early TCR signaling. Mutations in some of these enzymes are associated with enhanced predisposition to autoimmunity in humans, and mouse models deficient in orthologous genes often show T cell hyper-activation. Therefore, phosphatases are emerging as potential targets in situations where it is desirable to enhance T cell responses, such as immune responses to tumors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about tyrosine phosphatases that regulate early TCR signaling and discuss their involvement in autoimmunity and their potential as targets for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Sanchez
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra R Teagle
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Prade
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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26
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Mastrogiovanni M, Juzans M, Alcover A, Di Bartolo V. Coordinating Cytoskeleton and Molecular Traffic in T Cell Migration, Activation, and Effector Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:591348. [PMID: 33195256 PMCID: PMC7609836 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.591348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic localization of receptors and signaling molecules at the plasma membrane and within intracellular vesicular compartments is crucial for T lymphocyte sensing environmental cues, triggering membrane receptors, recruiting signaling molecules, and fine-tuning of intracellular signals. The orchestrated action of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and intracellular vesicle traffic plays a key role in all these events that together ensure important steps in T cell physiology. These include extravasation and migration through lymphoid and peripheral tissues, T cell interactions with antigen-presenting cells, T cell receptor (TCR) triggering by cognate antigen–major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes, immunological synapse formation, cell activation, and effector functions. Cytoskeletal and vesicle traffic dynamics and their interplay are coordinated by a variety of regulatory molecules. Among them, polarity regulators and membrane–cytoskeleton linkers are master controllers of this interplay. Here, we review the various ways the T cell plasma membrane, receptors, and their signaling machinery interplay with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and with intracellular vesicular compartments. We highlight the importance of this fine-tuned crosstalk in three key stages of T cell biology involving cell polarization: T cell migration in response to chemokines, immunological synapse formation in response to antigen cues, and effector functions. Finally, we discuss two examples of perturbation of this interplay in pathological settings, such as HIV-1 infection and mutation of the polarity regulator and tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) that leads to familial polyposis and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mastrogiovanni
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer - Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Marie Juzans
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer - Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer - Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer - Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM-U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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27
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Son S, Takatori SC, Belardi B, Podolski M, Bakalar MH, Fletcher DA. Molecular height measurement by cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14209-14219. [PMID: 32513731 PMCID: PMC7322024 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922626117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical dimensions of proteins and glycans on cell surfaces can critically affect cell function, for example, by preventing close contact between cells and limiting receptor accessibility. However, high-resolution measurements of molecular heights on native cell membranes have been difficult to obtain. Here we present a simple and rapid method that achieves nanometer height resolution by localizing fluorophores at the tip and base of cell surface molecules and determining their separation by radially averaging across many molecules. We use this method, which we call cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP), to quantify the height of key multidomain proteins on a model cell, as well as to capture average protein and glycan heights on native cell membranes. We show that average height of a protein is significantly smaller than its contour length, due to thermally driven bending and rotation on the membrane, and that height strongly depends on local surface and solution conditions. We find that average height increases with cell surface molecular crowding but decreases with solution crowding by solutes, both of which we confirm with molecular dynamics simulations. We also use experiments and simulations to determine the height of an epitope, based on the location of an antibody, which allows CSOP to profile various proteins and glycans on a native cell surface using antibodies and lectins. This versatile method for profiling cell surfaces has the potential to advance understanding of the molecular landscape of cells and the role of the molecular landscape in cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Son
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Sho C Takatori
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Brian Belardi
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Marija Podolski
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Matthew H Bakalar
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
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28
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Wu L, Wei Q, Brzostek J, Gascoigne NRJ. Signaling from T cell receptors (TCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:600-612. [PMID: 32451454 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells react to foreign or self-antigens through T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Several decades of research have delineated the mechanism of TCR signal transduction and its impact on T cell performance. This knowledge provides the foundation for chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) technology, by which T cells are redirected in a major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner. TCR and CAR signaling plays a critical role in determining the T cell state, including exhaustion and memory. Given its artificial nature, CARs might affect or rewire signaling differently than TCRs. A better understanding of CAR signal transduction would greatly facilitate improvements to CAR-T cell technology and advance its usefulness in clinical practice. Herein, we systematically review the knowns and unknowns of TCR and CAR signaling, from the contact of receptors and antigens, proximal signaling, immunological synapse formation, and late signaling outcomes. Signaling through different T cell subtypes and how signaling is translated into practice are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Qianru Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore. .,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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29
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Dickopf S, Georges GJ, Brinkmann U. Format and geometries matter: Structure-based design defines the functionality of bispecific antibodies. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1221-1227. [PMID: 32542108 PMCID: PMC7283971 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multispecific antibodies can be generated in different formats. More than two decades of R&D in the field of bispecific antibody engineering revealed that the design and choice of format can have a profound impact on the antibody functionality. This holds in particular true for entities that elicit (inter-)cellular processes such as receptor activation, receptor internalization, receptor clustering or the formation of immunological synapses between two cells. This review covers design parameters that influence the functionality of multispecific formats, with particular focus on T cell-recruiting bispecific antibodies. We describe formats that display the same size and domain sequences but a varying geometry. The structural composition of (artificial) immune synapses is reviewed and allows conclusions why some formats that share size and domain composition are more effective than others. To support the statement that the geometry matters, we present a recently designed antibody format that is characterized by its compact shape. The TriFab-Contorsbody consists of two tumor cell-targeting entities and one moiety for T cell recruitment. The unique barrel-like shape provides a 35-fold increase in potency compared to an IgG-like molecule with identical domain sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Dickopf
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Guy J Georges
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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30
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Núñez MF, Wisser K, Veatch SL. Synergistic factors control kinase-phosphatase organization in B-cells engaged with supported bilayers. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 31:667-682. [PMID: 31877064 PMCID: PMC7202075 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cells become activated by ligands with varying valency and mode of presentation to the B-cell receptor (BCR). We previously demonstrated that clustering the immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotype of BCR with an artificial soluble cross-linker stabilized an ordered phase-like domain that enriched kinases and depleted phosphatases to promote receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. BCR is also activated by ligands presented at surfaces, and here we activate B-cells via supported bilayers of phosphatidylcholine lipids, a natural ligand for the IgM BCR expressed in the CH27 cells used. Using superresolution fluorescence localization microscopy, along with a quantitative cross-correlation analysis, we find that BRCs engaged with bilayers sort minimal peptide markers of liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered phases, indicating that ordered-domain stabilization is a general feature of BCR clustering. The phosphatase CD45 is more strongly excluded from bilayer-engaged BRCs than a transmembrane peptide, indicating that mechanisms other than domain partitioning contribute to its organization. Experimental observations are assembled into a minimal model of receptor activation that incorporates both ordered domains and direct phosphatase exclusion mechanisms to produce a more sensitive response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen Wisser
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Sarah L Veatch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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31
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Chimeric antigen receptor -T cell therapy: Applications and challenges in treatment of allergy and asthma. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 123:109685. [PMID: 31862474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the current advancements, cancer treatment approaches have limitations restricting their cure rate. Immunotherapy techniques are among novel and promising cancer therapeutic approaches. Therapeutic antibodies and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) are the main branches of immunotherapy. T lymphocytes and genetically engineered cells are among important cells which can be used in ACT. This review has focused on recent advances in engineered cell-based immunotherapy based on T lymphocytes with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). CARs are recombinant receptors expressing T cell signaling domains with or without co-stimulatory molecules. CAR-T cells are expanded ex vivo and re-infused to patients in order to improve their therapeutic efficacy. Nowadays, the beneficial function of CAR-T cell therapy has been indicated in various diseases including hematological malignancies, solid tumors, autoimmune diseases, and allergic diseases such as asthma. Furthermore, antigen-specific T regulatory cells (Tregs) and gene-edited T cells seem to be beneficial in controlling inflammation in allergic asthma. In fact, dysregulated function of Tregs is responsible for dominance of T helper 2 immune response and progression of allergic asthma. CAR-Treg cells can also be designed and reproduced using iTreg population to manage asthma. In addition, universal CAR-T cells can be modified to selectively target multiple antigens. The fourth generation CAR-T cells (i.e. TRUCK cells) represent novel strategies to cure asthma and allergic diseases as well. Despite the advantages of CAR-T cells, their applications can be associated with some unwanted reactions such as cytokine storm, anaphylaxis, neurotoxicity, etc. For clinical application, there is a need to prevent and manage these complications by optimizing ACT protocols.
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32
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Abstract
A wide range of cell–microenvironmental interactions are mediated by membrane-localized receptors that bind ligands present on another cell or the extracellular matrix. This situation introduces a number of physical effects including spatial organization of receptor–ligand complexes and development of mechanical forces in cells. Unlike traditional experimental approaches, hybrid live cell–supported lipid bilayer (SLB) systems, wherein a live cell interacts with a synthetic substrate supported membrane, allow interrogation of these aspects of receptor signaling. The SLB system directly offers facile control over the identity, density, and mobility of ligands used for engaging cellular receptors. Further, application of various nano- and micropatterning techniques allows for spatial patterning of ligands. In this review, we describe the hybrid live cell–SLB system and its application in uncovering a range of spatial and mechanical aspects of receptor signaling. We highlight the T cell immunological synapse, junctions formed between EphA2- and ephrinA1-expressing cells, and adhesions formed by cadherin and integrin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir H. Biswas
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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33
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Harrison DL, Fang Y, Huang J. T-Cell Mechanobiology: Force Sensation, Potentiation, and Translation. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2019; 7:45. [PMID: 32601597 PMCID: PMC7323161 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A T cell is a sensitive self-referential mechanical sensor. Mechanical forces influence the recognition, activation, differentiation, and function throughout the lifetime of a T cell. T cells constantly perceive and respond to physical stimuli through their surface receptors, cytoskeleton, and subcellular structures. Surface receptors receive physical cues in the form of forces generated through receptor-ligand binding events, which are dynamically regulated by contact tension, shear stress, and substrate rigidity. The resulting mechanotransduction not only influences T-cell recognition and signaling but also possibly modulates cell metabolism and gene expression. Moreover, forces also dynamically regulate the deformation, organization, and translocation of cytoskeleton and subcellular structures, leading to changes in T-cell mobility, migration, and infiltration. However, the roles and mechanisms of how mechanical forces modulate T-cell recognition, signaling, metabolism, and gene expression, are largely unknown and underappreciated. Here, we review recent technological and scientific advances in T-cell mechanobiology, discuss possible roles and mechanisms of T-cell mechanotransduction, and propose new research directions of this emerging field in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L. Harrison
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yun Fang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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34
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Size-Dependent Segregation Controls Macrophage Phagocytosis of Antibody-Opsonized Targets. Cell 2019; 174:131-142.e13. [PMID: 29958103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages protect the body from damage and disease by targeting antibody-opsonized cells for phagocytosis. Though antibodies can be raised against antigens with diverse structures, shapes, and sizes, it is unclear why some are more effective at triggering immune responses than others. Here, we define an antigen height threshold that regulates phagocytosis of both engineered and cancer-specific antigens by macrophages. Using a reconstituted model of antibody-opsonized target cells, we find that phagocytosis is dramatically impaired for antigens that position antibodies >10 nm from the target surface. Decreasing antigen height drives segregation of antibody-bound Fc receptors from the inhibitory phosphatase CD45 in an integrin-independent manner, triggering Fc receptor phosphorylation and promoting phagocytosis. Our work shows that close contact between macrophage and target is a requirement for efficient phagocytosis, suggesting that therapeutic antibodies should target short antigens in order to trigger Fc receptor activation through size-dependent physical segregation.
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35
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36
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Goyette J, Nieves DJ, Ma Y, Gaus K. How does T cell receptor clustering impact on signal transduction? J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/4/jcs226423. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The essential function of the T cell receptor (TCR) is to translate the engagement of peptides on the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) into appropriate intracellular signals through the associated cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) complex. The spatial organization of the TCR–CD3 complex in the membrane is thought to be a key regulatory element of signal transduction, raising the question of how receptor clustering impacts on TCR triggering. How signal transduction at the TCR–CD3 complex encodes the quality and quantity of pMHC molecules is not fully understood. This question can be approached by reconstituting T cell signaling in model and cell membranes and addressed by single-molecule imaging of endogenous proteins in T cells. We highlight such methods and further discuss how TCR clustering could affect pMHC rebinding rates, the local balance between kinase and phosphatase activity and/or the lipid environment to regulate the signal efficiency of the TCR–CD3 complex. We also examine whether clustering could affect the conformation of cytoplasmic CD3 tails through a biophysical mechanism. Taken together, we highlight how the spatial organization of the TCR–CD3 complex – addressed by reconstitution approaches – has emerged as a key regulatory element in signal transduction of this archetypal immune receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Nieves
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Yuanqing Ma
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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37
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Felce JH, Sezgin E, Wane M, Brouwer H, Dustin ML, Eggeling C, Davis SJ. CD45 exclusion- and cross-linking-based receptor signaling together broaden FcεRI reactivity. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/561/eaat0756. [PMID: 30563863 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For many years, the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE) FcεRI, which is expressed by mast cells and basophils, has been widely held to be the exemplar of cross-linking (that is, aggregation dependent) signaling receptors. We found, however, that FcεRI signaling could occur in the presence or absence of receptor cross-linking. Using both cell and cell-free systems, we showed that FcεRI signaling was stimulated by surface-associated monovalent ligands through the passive, size-dependent exclusion of the receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase CD45 from plasma membrane regions of FcεRI-ligand engagement. Similarly to the T cell receptor, FcεRI signaling could also be initiated in a ligand-independent manner. These data suggest that a simple mechanism of CD45 exclusion-based receptor triggering could function together with cross-linking-based FcεRI signaling, broadening mast cell and basophil reactivity by enabling these cells to respond to both multivalent and surface-presented monovalent antigens. These findings also strengthen the case that a size-dependent, phosphatase exclusion-based receptor triggering mechanism might serve generally to facilitate signaling by noncatalytic immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Felce
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Madina Wane
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Heather Brouwer
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK.
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK. .,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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38
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Kolawole EM, Andargachew R, Liu B, Jacobs JR, Evavold BD. 2D Kinetic Analysis of TCR and CD8 Coreceptor for LCMV GP33 Epitopes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2348. [PMID: 30374353 PMCID: PMC6197077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The LCMV GP33 CD8 epitope has long been one of the most widely used antigens in viral immunology. Of note, almost all of the in vitro analyses of CD8 T cell responses to this epitope make use of an altered peptide ligand (APL) in which the cysteine from the original 9-mer peptide (KAVYNFATC) is substituted by a methionine at position 41 (KAVYNFATM). In addition, it is possible that the antigen processed during natural LCMV infection is an 11-mer peptide (KAVYNFATCGI) rather than the widely used 9-mer. Although previous affinity measurements using purified proteins for these antigen variants revealed minimal differences, we applied highly sensitive two dimensional (2D) biophysical based techniques to further dissect TCR interaction with these closely related GP33 variants. The kinetic analyses of affinity provided by the 2D micropipette adhesion frequency assay (2D-MP) and bond lifetime under force analyzed using a biomembrane force probe (BFP) revealed significant differences between 41M, 41C and the 11-mer 41CGI antigen. We found a hierarchy in 2D affinity as 41M peptide displayed augmented TCR 2D affinity compared to 41C and 41CGI. These differences were also maintained in the presence of CD8 coreceptor and when analysis of total TCR:pMHC and CD8:pMHC bonds were considered. Moreover, the three ligands displayed dramatic differences in the bond lifetimes generated under force, in particular the 41CGI variant with the lowest 2D affinity demonstrated a 15-fold synergistic contribution of the CD8 coreceptor to overall bond lifetime. Our analyses emphasize the sensitivity of single cell and single bond 2D kinetic measurements in distinguishing between related agonist peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Rakieb Andargachew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Baoyu Liu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jesica R Jacobs
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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39
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Junghans V, Santos AM, Lui Y, Davis SJ, Jönsson P. Dimensions and Interactions of Large T-Cell Surface Proteins. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2215. [PMID: 30319654 PMCID: PMC6170634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step of the adaptive immune response involves the interaction of T cells that express T-cell receptors (TCRs) with peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complexes expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Exactly how this leads to activation of the TCR and to downstream signaling is uncertain, however. Recent findings suggest that one of the key events is the exclusion of the large receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase CD45, from close contacts formed at sites of T-cell/APC interaction. If this is true, a full understanding of how close contact formation leads to signaling would require insights into the structures of, and interactions between, large membrane proteins like CD45 and other proteins forming the glycocalyx, such as CD43. Structural insights into the overall dimensions of these proteins using crystallographic methods are hard to obtain, and their conformations on the cell surface are also unknown. Several imaging-based optical microscopy techniques have however been developed for analyzing protein dimensions and orientation on model cell surfaces with nanometer precision. Here we review some of these methods with a focus on the use of hydrodynamic trapping, which relies on liquid flow from a micropipette to move and trap membrane-associated fluorescently labeled molecules. Important insights that have been obtained include (i) how protein flexibility and coverage might affect the effective heights of these molecules, (ii) the height of proteins on the membrane as a key parameter determining how they will distribute in cell-cell contacts, and (iii) how repulsive interactions between the extracellular parts of the proteins influences protein aggregation and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Lui
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Davis
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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40
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Williamson AP, Vale RD. Spatial control of Draper receptor signaling initiates apoptotic cell engulfment. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3977-3992. [PMID: 30139739 PMCID: PMC6219719 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Clearance of apoptotic cells is essential for tissue maintenance and initiated by recognition of “eat-me” ligands on the dead cells. Using a simplified cellular reconstitution system, Williamson and Vale report that the Drosophila melanogaster engulfment receptor Draper (CED-1/Megf10) is triggered in a manner similar to mammalian immune receptors. The engulfment of apoptotic cells is essential for tissue homeostasis and recovering from damage. Engulfment is mediated by receptors that recognize ligands exposed on apoptotic cells such as phosphatidylserine (PS). In this study, we convert Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells into proficient phagocytes by transfecting the Draper engulfment receptor and replacing apoptotic cells with PS-coated beads. Similar to the T cell receptor (TCR), PS-ligated Draper forms dynamic microclusters that recruit cytosolic effector proteins and exclude a bulky transmembrane phosphatase, consistent with a kinetic segregation-based triggering mechanism. However, in contrast with the TCR, localized signaling at Draper microclusters results in time-dependent depletion of actin filaments, which facilitates engulfment. The Draper–PS extracellular module can be replaced with FRB and FKBP, respectively, resulting in a rapamycin-inducible engulfment system that can be programmed toward defined targets. Collectively, our results reveal mechanistic similarities and differences between the receptors involved in apoptotic corpse clearance and mammalian immunity and demonstrate that engulfment can be reprogrammed toward nonnative targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Williamson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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41
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Juraske C, Wipa P, Morath A, Hidalgo JV, Hartl FA, Raute K, Oberg HH, Wesch D, Fisch P, Minguet S, Pongcharoen S, Schamel WW. Anti-CD3 Fab Fragments Enhance Tumor Killing by Human γδ T Cells Independent of Nck Recruitment to the γδ T Cell Antigen Receptor. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1579. [PMID: 30038626 PMCID: PMC6046647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes expressing the γδ T cell receptor (γδ TCR) can recognize antigens expressed by tumor cells and subsequently kill these cells. γδ T cells are indeed used in cancer immunotherapy clinical trials. The anti-CD3ε antibody UCHT1 enhanced the in vitro tumor killing activity of human γδ T cells by an unknown molecular mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that Fab fragments of UCHT1, which only bind monovalently to the γδ TCR, also enhanced tumor killing by expanded human Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells or pan-γδ T cells of the peripheral blood. The Fab fragments induced Nck recruitment to the γδ TCR, suggesting that they stabilized the γδ TCR in an active CD3ε conformation. However, blocking the Nck-CD3ε interaction in γδ T cells using the small molecule inhibitor AX-024 neither reduced the γδ T cells' natural nor the Fab-enhanced tumor killing activity. Likewise, Nck recruitment to CD3ε was not required for intracellular signaling, CD69 and CD25 up-regulation, or cytokine secretion by γδ T cells. Thus, the Nck-CD3ε interaction seems to be dispensable in γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Juraske
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Piyamaporn Wipa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Anna Morath
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jose Villacorta Hidalgo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,University Hospital "José de San Martin", University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Frederike A Hartl
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Raute
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Fisch
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Research Center for Academic Excellence in Petroleum, Petrochemical and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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42
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Maxson ME, Naj X, O'Meara TR, Plumb JD, Cowen LE, Grinstein S. Integrin-based diffusion barrier separates membrane domains enabling the formation of microbiostatic frustrated phagosomes. eLife 2018; 7:34798. [PMID: 29553370 PMCID: PMC5897098 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans hyphae can reach enormous lengths, precluding their internalization by phagocytes. Nevertheless, macrophages engulf a portion of the hypha, generating incompletely sealed tubular phagosomes. These frustrated phagosomes are stabilized by a thick cuff of F-actin that polymerizes in response to non-canonical activation of integrins by fungal glycan. Despite their continuity, the surface and invaginating phagosomal membranes retain a strikingly distinct lipid composition. PtdIns(4,5)P2 is present at the plasmalemma but is not detectable in the phagosomal membrane, while PtdIns(3)P and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 co-exist in the phagosomes yet are absent from the surface membrane. Moreover, endo-lysosomal proteins are present only in the phagosomal membrane. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching revealed the presence of a diffusion barrier that maintains the identity of the open tubular phagosome separate from the plasmalemma. Formation of this barrier depends on Syk, Pyk2/Fak and formin-dependent actin assembly. Antimicrobial mechanisms can thereby be deployed, limiting the growth of the hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Maxson
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xenia Naj
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Teresa R O'Meara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Plumb
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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43
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CD45 in human physiology and clinical medicine. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:22-32. [PMID: 29366662 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is an evolutionary highly conserved receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase exclusively expressed on all nucleated cells of the hematopoietic system. It is characterized by the expression of several isoforms, specific to a certain cell type and the developmental or activation status of the cell. CD45 is one of the key players in the initiation of T cell receptor signaling by controlling the activation of the Src family protein-tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn. CD45 deficiency results in T- and B-lymphocyte dysfunction in the form of severe combined immune deficiency. It also plays a significant role in autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as in infectious diseases including fungal infections. The knowledge collected on CD45 biology is rather vast, but it remains unclear whether all findings in rodent immune cells also apply to human CD45. This review focuses on human CD45 expression and function and provides an overview on its ligands and role in human pathology.
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44
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Wang Y, Luo F, Yang J, Zhao C, Chu Y. New Chimeric Antigen Receptor Design for Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1934. [PMID: 29312360 PMCID: PMC5744429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has become popular in immunotherapy, particularly after its tremendous success in the treatment of lineage-restricted hematologic cancers. However, the application of CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors has not reached its full potential because of the lack of specific tumor antigens and inhibitory factors in suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) (e.g., programmed death ligand-1, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and transforming growth factor-β). In this review, we include some limitations in CAR design, such as tumor heterogeneity, indefinite spatial distance between CAR T-cell and its target cell, and suppressive TME. We also summarize some new approaches to overcome these hurdles, including targeting neoantigens and/or multiple antigens at once and depleting some inhibitory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuedi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chujun Zhao
- Northfield Mount Hermon School, Mount Hermon, MA, United States
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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45
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Meissner JM, Sikorski AF, Nawara T, Grzesiak J, Marycz K, Bogusławska DM, Michalczyk I, Lecomte MC, Machnicka B. αII-spectrin in T cells is involved in the regulation of cell-cell contact leading to immunological synapse formation? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189545. [PMID: 29244882 PMCID: PMC5731749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocyte activation after antigen presentation to the T-Cell Receptor (TCR) is a critical step in the development of proper immune responses to infection and inflammation. This dynamic process involves reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and signaling molecules at the cell membrane, leading to the formation of the Immunological Synapse (IS). The mechanisms regulating the formation of the IS are not completely understood. Nonerythroid spectrin is a membrane skeletal protein involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, including cell adhesion, signaling and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. However, the role of spectrin in IS formation has not been explored. We used molecular, imaging and cellular approaches to show that nonerythroid αII-spectrin redistributes to the IS during T-cell activation. The redistribution of spectrin coincides with the relocation of CD45 and LFA-1, two components essential for IS formation and stability. We assessed the role of spectrin by shRNA-mediated depletion from Jurkat T cells and show that spectrin-depleted cells exhibit decreased adhesion and are defective in forming lamellipodia and filopodia. Importantly, IS formation is impaired in spectrin-depleted cells. Thus, spectrin may be engaged in regulation of distinct events necessary for the establishment and maturity of the IS: besides the involvement of spectrin in the control of CD45 and LFA-1 surface display, spectrin acts in the establishment of cell-cell contact and adhesion processes during the formation of the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M. Meissner
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Biotechnology Faculty, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksander F. Sikorski
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Biotechnology Faculty, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nawara
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzesiak
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Izabela Michalczyk
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Biotechnology Faculty, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marie-Christine Lecomte
- Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge UMR_S1134, Inserm, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. de la Réunion, Univ. des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Beata Machnicka
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
- * E-mail:
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46
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Dynamic regulation of CD28 conformation and signaling by charged lipids and ions. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:1081-1092. [PMID: 29058713 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD28 provides an essential costimulatory signal for T cell activation, and its function is critical in antitumor immunity. However, the molecular mechanism of CD28 transmembrane signaling remains elusive. Here we show that the conformation and signaling of CD28 are regulated by two counteractive charged factors, acidic phospholipids and Ca2+ ions. NMR spectroscopy analyses showed that acidic phospholipids can sequester CD28 signaling motifs within the membrane, thereby limiting CD28 basal signaling. T cell receptor (TCR) activation induced an increase in the local Ca2+ concentration around CD28, and Ca2+ directly disrupted CD28-lipid interaction, leading to opening and signaling of CD28. We observed that the TCR, Ca2+, and CD28 together form a dual-positive-feedback circuit that substantially amplifies T cell signaling and thus increases antigen sensitivity. This work unravels a new regulatory mechanism for CD28 signaling and thus contributes to the understanding of the dependence of costimulation signaling on TCR signaling and the high sensitivity of T cells.
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47
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In vitro reconstitution of T cell receptor-mediated segregation of the CD45 phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9338-E9345. [PMID: 29042512 PMCID: PMC5676914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710358114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell signaling initiates upon the binding of peptide-loaded MHC (pMHC) on an antigen-presenting cell to the T cell receptor (TCR) on a T cell. TCR phosphorylation in response to pMHC binding is accompanied by segregation of the transmembrane phosphatase CD45 away from TCR-pMHC complexes. The kinetic segregation hypothesis proposes that CD45 exclusion shifts the local kinase-phosphatase balance to favor TCR phosphorylation. Spatial partitioning may arise from the size difference between the large CD45 extracellular domain and the smaller TCR-pMHC complex, although parsing potential contributions of extracellular protein size, actin activity, and lipid domains is difficult in living cells. Here, we reconstitute segregation of CD45 from bound receptor-ligand pairs using purified proteins on model membranes. Using a model receptor-ligand pair (FRB-FKBP), we first test physical and computational predictions for protein organization at membrane interfaces. We then show that the TCR-pMHC interaction causes partial exclusion of CD45. Comparing two developmentally regulated isoforms of CD45, the larger RABC variant is excluded more rapidly and efficiently (∼50%) than the smaller R0 isoform (∼20%), suggesting that CD45 isotypes could regulate signaling thresholds in different T cell subtypes. Similar to the sensitivity of T cell signaling, TCR-pMHC interactions with Kds of ≤15 µM were needed to exclude CD45. We further show that the coreceptor PD-1 with its ligand PD-L1, immunotherapy targets that inhibit T cell signaling, also exclude CD45. These results demonstrate that the binding energies of physiological receptor-ligand pairs on the T cell are sufficient to create spatial organization at membrane-membrane interfaces.
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48
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Defining the molecular basis of interaction between R3 receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases and VE-cadherin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184574. [PMID: 28926625 PMCID: PMC5604967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) of the R3 subgroup play key roles in the immune, vascular and nervous systems. They are characterised by a large ectodomain comprising multiple FNIII-like repeats, a transmembrane domain, and a single intracellular phosphatase domain. The functional role of the extracellular region has not been clearly defined and potential roles in ligand interaction, dimerization, and regulation of cell-cell contacts have been reported. Here bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in live cells was used to examine the molecular basis for the interaction of VE-PTP with VE-cadherin, two proteins involved in endothelial cell contact and maintenance of vascular integrity. The potential of other R3-PTPs to interact with VE-cadherin was also explored using this method. Quantitative BiFC analysis, using a VE-PTP construct expressing only the ectodomain and transmembrane domain, revealed a specific interaction with VE-cadherin, when compared with controls. Controls were sialophorin, an unrelated membrane protein with a large ectodomain, and a membrane anchored C-terminal Venus-YFP fragment, lacking both ectodomain and transmembrane domains. Truncation of the first 16 FNIII-like repeats from the ectodomain of VE-PTP indicated that removal of this region is not sufficient to disrupt the interaction with VE-cadherin, although it occurs predominantly in an intracellular location. A construct with a deletion of only the 17th domain of VE-PTP was, in contrast to previous studies, still able to interact with VE-cadherin, although this also was predominantly intracellular. Other members of the R3-PTP family (DEP-1, GLEPP1 and SAP-1) also exhibited the potential to interact with VE-cadherin. The direct interaction of DEP-1 with VE-cadherin is likely to be of physiological relevance since both proteins are expressed in endothelial cells. Together the data presented in the study suggest a role for both the ectodomain and transmembrane domain of R3-PTPs in interaction with VE-cadherin.
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49
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Levin R, Grinstein S, Canton J. The life cycle of phagosomes: formation, maturation, and resolution. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:156-79. [PMID: 27558334 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis, the regulated uptake of large particles (>0.5 μm in diameter), is essential for tissue homeostasis and is also an early, critical component of the innate immune response. Phagocytosis can be conceptually divided into three stages: phagosome, formation, maturation, and resolution. Each of these involves multiple reactions that require exquisite spatial and temporal orchestration. The molecular events underlying these stages are being unraveled and the current state of knowledge is briefly summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Levin
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johnathan Canton
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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50
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Chen BM, Al-Aghbar MA, Lee CH, Chang TC, Su YC, Li YC, Chang SE, Chen CC, Chung TH, Liao YC, Lee CH, Roffler SR. The Affinity of Elongated Membrane-Tethered Ligands Determines Potency of T Cell Receptor Triggering. Front Immunol 2017; 8:793. [PMID: 28740495 PMCID: PMC5502409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are important mediators of adoptive immunity but the mechanism of T cell receptor (TCR) triggering remains uncertain. The interspatial distance between engaged T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is believed to be important for topological rearrangement of membrane tyrosine phosphatases and initiation of TCR signaling. We investigated the relationship between ligand topology and affinity by generating a series of artificial APCs that express membrane-tethered anti-CD3 scFv with different affinities (OKT3, BC3, and 2C11) in addition to recombinant class I and II pMHC molecules. The dimensions of membrane-tethered anti-CD3 and pMHC molecules were progressively increased by insertion of different extracellular domains. In agreement with previous studies, elongation of pMHC molecules or low-affinity anti-CD3 scFv caused progressive loss of T cell activation. However, elongation of high-affinity ligands (BC3 and OKT3 scFv) did not abolish TCR phosphorylation and T cell activation. Mutation of key amino acids in OKT3 to reduce binding affinity to CD3 resulted in restoration of topological dependence on T cell activation. Our results show that high-affinity TCR ligands can effectively induce TCR triggering even at large interspatial distances between T cells and APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mohammad Ameen Al-Aghbar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-En Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Hua Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chun Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hwang Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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