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Marrufo AM, Flores-Mireles AL. Macrophage fate: to kill or not to kill? Infect Immun 2024:e0047623. [PMID: 38829045 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00476-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are dynamic innate immune cells that either reside in tissue, serving as sentinels, or recruited as monocytes from bone marrow into inflamed and infected tissue. In response to cues in the tissue microenvironment (TME), macrophages polarize on a continuum toward M1 or M2 with diverse roles in progression and resolution of disease. M1-like macrophages exhibit proinflammatory functions with antimicrobial and anti-tumorigenic activities, while M2-like macrophages have anti-inflammatory functions that generally resolve inflammatory responses and orchestrate a tissue healing process. Given these opposite phenotypes, proper spatiotemporal coordination of macrophage polarization in response to cues within the TME is critical to effectively resolve infectious disease and regulate wound healing. However, if this spatiotemporal coordination becomes disrupted due to persistent infection or dysregulated coagulation, macrophages' inappropriate response to these cues will result in the development of diseases with clinically unfavorable outcomes. Since plasticity and heterogeneity are hallmarks of macrophages, they are attractive targets for therapies to reprogram toward specific phenotypes that could resolve disease and favor clinical prognosis. In this review, we discuss how basic science studies have elucidated macrophage polarization mechanisms in TMEs during infections and inflammation, particularly coagulation. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of macrophage polarization within TMEs in diseases is important in further development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando M Marrufo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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2
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Shi H, Gao L, Kirby N, Shao B, Shan X, Kudo M, Silasi R, McDaniel JM, Zhou M, McGee S, Jing W, Lupu F, Cleuren A, George JN, Xia L. Clearance of VWF by hepatic macrophages is critical for the protective effect of ADAMTS13 in sickle cell anemia mice. Blood 2024; 143:1293-1309. [PMID: 38142410 PMCID: PMC10997916 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although it is caused by a single-nucleotide mutation in the β-globin gene, sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a systemic disease with complex, incompletely elucidated pathologies. The mononuclear phagocyte system plays critical roles in SCA pathophysiology. However, how heterogeneous populations of hepatic macrophages contribute to SCA remains unclear. Using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics via multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization, we identified distinct macrophage populations with diversified origins and biological functions in SCA mouse liver. We previously found that administering the von Willebrand factor (VWF)-cleaving protease ADAMTS13 alleviated vaso-occlusive episode in mice with SCA. Here, we discovered that the ADAMTS13-cleaved VWF was cleared from the circulation by a Clec4f+Marcohigh macrophage subset in a desialylation-dependent manner in the liver. In addition, sickle erythrocytes were phagocytized predominantly by Clec4f+Marcohigh macrophages. Depletion of macrophages not only abolished the protective effect of ADAMTS13 but exacerbated vaso-occlusive episode in mice with SCA. Furthermore, promoting macrophage-mediated VWF clearance reduced vaso-occlusion in SCA mice. Our study demonstrates that hepatic macrophages are important in the pathogenesis of SCA, and efficient clearance of VWF by hepatic macrophages is critical for the protective effect of ADAMTS13 in SCA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Shi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Liang Gao
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Nicole Kirby
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Bojing Shao
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Xindi Shan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Mariko Kudo
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Robert Silasi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - John Michael McDaniel
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Meixiang Zhou
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Samuel McGee
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Wei Jing
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Audrey Cleuren
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - James N. George
- Hematology-Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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3
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Brouwer H, Porbahaie M, Boeren S, Busch M, Bouwmeester H. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion-associated protein corona of polystyrene nano- and microplastics increases their uptake by human THP-1-derived macrophages. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:4. [PMID: 38311718 PMCID: PMC10838446 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) represent one of the most widespread environmental pollutants of the twenty-first century to which all humans are orally exposed. Upon ingestion, MNPs pass harsh biochemical conditions within the gastrointestinal tract, causing a unique protein corona on the MNP surface. Little is known about the digestion-associated protein corona and its impact on the cellular uptake of MNPs. Here, we systematically studied the influence of gastrointestinal digestion on the cellular uptake of neutral and charged polystyrene MNPs using THP-1-derived macrophages. RESULTS The protein corona composition was quantified using LC‒MS-MS-based proteomics, and the cellular uptake of MNPs was determined using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Gastrointestinal digestion resulted in a distinct protein corona on MNPs that was retained in serum-containing cell culture medium. Digestion increased the uptake of uncharged MNPs below 500 nm by 4.0-6.1-fold but did not affect the uptake of larger sized or charged MNPs. Forty proteins showed a good correlation between protein abundance and MNP uptake, including coagulation factors, apolipoproteins and vitronectin. CONCLUSION This study provides quantitative data on the presence of gastrointestinal proteins on MNPs and relates this to cellular uptake, underpinning the need to include the protein corona in hazard assessment of MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Brouwer
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mojtaba Porbahaie
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Busch
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Bharadwaj AG, Okura GC, Woods JW, Allen EA, Miller VA, Kempster E, Hancock MA, Gujar S, Slibinskas R, Waisman DM. Identification and characterization of calreticulin as a novel plasminogen receptor. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105465. [PMID: 37979915 PMCID: PMC10770727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) was originally identified as a key calcium-binding protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. Subsequently, CRT was shown to possess multiple intracellular functions, including roles in calcium homeostasis and protein folding. Recently, several extracellular functions have been identified for CRT, including roles in cancer cell invasion and phagocytosis of apoptotic and cancer cells by macrophages. In the current report, we uncover a novel function for extracellular CRT and report that CRT functions as a plasminogen-binding receptor that regulates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. We show that human recombinant or bovine tissue-derived CRT dramatically stimulated the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator or urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that CRT-bound plasminogen (KD = 1.8 μM) with moderate affinity. Plasminogen binding and activation by CRT were inhibited by ε-aminocaproic acid, suggesting that an internal lysine residue of CRT interacts with plasminogen. We subsequently show that clinically relevant CRT variants (lacking four or eight lysines in carboxyl-terminal region) exhibited decreased plasminogen activation. Furthermore, CRT-deficient fibroblasts generated 90% less plasmin and CRT-depleted MDA MB 231 cells also demonstrated a significant reduction in plasmin generation. Moreover, treatment of fibroblasts with mitoxantrone dramatically stimulated plasmin generation by WT but not CRT-deficient fibroblasts. Our results suggest that CRT is an important cellular plasminogen regulatory protein. Given that CRT can empower cells with plasmin proteolytic activity, this discovery may provide new mechanistic insight into the established role of CRT in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu G Bharadwaj
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gillian C Okura
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John W Woods
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Erica A Allen
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Victoria A Miller
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Emma Kempster
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mark A Hancock
- McGill SPR-MS Facility, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Rimantas Slibinskas
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - David M Waisman
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Cai Y, Chen K, Liu C, Qu X. Harnessing strategies for enhancing diabetic wound healing from the perspective of spatial inflammation patterns. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:243-254. [PMID: 37292231 PMCID: PMC10245071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic wound is a great threat to patient's health and lives. The refractory diabetic wound shows spatial inflammation patterns, in which the early-wound pattern depicts a deprived acute inflammatory response, and the long-term non-healing wound pattern delineates an excessive and persistent inflammation due to the delayed immune cell infiltration in a positive feedback loop. In this work, we give points to some strategies to normalize the dysregulated immune process based on the spatial inflammation pattern differences in diabetic wound healing. First of all, inhibiting inflammatory response to avoid subsequent persistent and excessive immune infiltration for the early diabetic wound is proposed. However, diabetic wounds are unperceptive trauma that makes patients miss the best treatment time. Therefore, we also introduce two strategies for the long-term non-healing diabetic wound. One strategy is about changing chronic wounds to acute ones, which aims to rejuvenate M1 macrophages in diabetic wounds and make spontaneous M2 polarization possible. To activate the controllable proinflammatory response, western medicine delivers proinflammatory molecules while traditional Chinese medicine develops "wound-pus promoting granulation tissue growth theory". Another strategy to solve long-term non-healing wounds is seeking switches that target M1/M2 transition directly. These investigations draw a map that delineates strategies for enhancing diabetic wound healing from the perspective of spatial inflammation patterns systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Cai
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kangli Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xue Qu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Shanghai Frontier Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Ding Z, Ge W, Xu X, Xu X, Wang S, Zhang J. PER2/P65-driven glycogen synthase 1 transcription in macrophages modulates gut inflammation and pathogenesis of rectal prolapse. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105219. [PMID: 37660913 PMCID: PMC10534228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rectal prolapse in serious inflammatory bowel disease is caused by abnormal reactions of the intestinal mucosal immune system. The circadian clock has been implicated in immune defense and inflammatory responses, but the mechanisms by which it regulates gut inflammation remain unclear. In this study, we investigate the role of the rhythmic gene Period2 (Per2) in triggering inflammation in the rectum and its contribution to the pathogenesis of rectal prolapse. We report that Per2 deficiency in mice increased susceptibility to intestinal inflammation and resulted in spontaneous rectal prolapse. We further demonstrated that PER2 was essential for the transcription of glycogen synthase 1 by interacting with the NF-κB p65. We show that the inhibition of Per2 reduced the levels of glycogen synthase 1 and glycogen synthesis in macrophages, impairing the capacity of pathogen clearance and disrupting the composition of gut microbes. Taken together, our findings identify a novel role for Per2 in regulating the capacity of pathogen clearance in macrophages and gut inflammation and suggest a potential animal model that more closely resembles human rectal prolapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ding
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhao Ge
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiming Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Perucci LO, Vago JP, Miles LA, Sousa LP. Crosstalk between the plasminogen/plasmin system and inflammation resolution. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2666-2678. [PMID: 37495082 PMCID: PMC10792525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The plasminogen/plasmin (Plg/Pla) system, best known for its classical role in thrombolysis, has been recently highlighted as a regulator of other biological processes in mammals, including key steps involved in the resolution of inflammation. Inflammation resolution is a complex process coordinated by different cellular effectors, notably leukocytes, and active mediators, and is initiated shortly after the inflammatory response begins. Once the inflammatory insult is eliminated, an effective and timely engagement of proresolution programs prevents persistent inflammation, thereby avoiding excessive tissue damage, fibrosis, and the development of autoimmunity. Interestingly, recent studies demonstrate that Plg/Pla and their receptor, plasminogen receptor KT (Plg-RKT), regulate key steps in inflammation resolution. The number of studies investigating the involvement of the Plg/Pla system in these and other aspects of inflammation, including degradation of extracellular matrices, immune cell migration, wound healing, and skeletal growth and maintenance, highlights key roles of the Plg/Pla system during physiological and pathologic conditions. Here, we discuss robust evidence in the literature for the emerging roles of the Plg/Pla system in key steps of inflammation resolution. These findings suggest that dysregulation in Plg production and its activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Elucidating central mechanisms underlying the role of Plg/Pla in key steps of inflammation resolution either in preclinical models of inflammation or in human inflammatory conditions, can provide a rationale for the development of new pharmacologic interventions to promote resolution of inflammation, and open new pathways for the treatment of thromboinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza O Perucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Juliana P Vago
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsey A Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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8
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Whyte CS. All tangled up: interactions of the fibrinolytic and innate immune systems. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1212201. [PMID: 37332750 PMCID: PMC10272372 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1212201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemostatic and innate immune system are intertwined processes. Inflammation within the vasculature promotes thrombus development, whilst fibrin forms part of the innate immune response to trap invading pathogens. The awareness of these interlinked process has resulted in the coining of the terms "thromboinflammation" and "immunothrombosis." Once a thrombus is formed it is up to the fibrinolytic system to resolve these clots and remove them from the vasculature. Immune cells contain an arsenal of fibrinolytic regulators and plasmin, the central fibrinolytic enzyme. The fibrinolytic proteins in turn have diverse roles in immunoregulation. Here, the intricate relationship between the fibrinolytic and innate immune system will be discussed.
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9
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Xuan R, Wang J, Li Q, Wang Y, Du S, Duan Q, Guo Y, He P, Ji Z, Chao T. Identification and Characterization of circRNAs in Non-Lactating Dairy Goat Mammary Glands Reveal Their Regulatory Role in Mammary Cell Involution and Remodeling. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050860. [PMID: 37238729 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study conducted transcriptome sequencing of goat-mammary-gland tissue at the late lactation (LL), dry period (DP), and late gestation (LG) stages to reveal the expression characteristics and molecular functions of circRNAs during mammary involution. A total of 11,756 circRNAs were identified in this study, of which 2528 circRNAs were expressed in all three stages. The number of exonic circRNAs was the largest, and the least identified circRNAs were antisense circRNAs. circRNA source gene analysis found that 9282 circRNAs were derived from 3889 genes, and 127 circRNAs' source genes were unknown. Gene Ontology (GO) terms, such as histone modification, regulation of GTPase activity, and establishment or maintenance of cell polarity, were significantly enriched (FDR < 0.05), which indicates the functional diversity of circRNAs' source genes. A total of 218 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified during the non-lactation period. The number of specifically expressed circRNAs was the highest in the DP and the lowest in LL stages. These indicated temporal specificity of circRNA expression in mammary gland tissues at different developmental stages. In addition, this study also constructed circRNA-miRNA-mRNA competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks related to mammary development, immunity, substance metabolism, and apoptosis. These findings help understand the regulatory role of circRNAs in mammary cell involution and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Shanfeng Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qingling Duan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yanfei Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Peipei He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Zhibin Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Tianle Chao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
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Vago JP, Zaidan I, Perucci LO, Brito LF, Teixeira LC, Silva CMS, Miranda TC, Melo EM, Bruno AS, Queiroz-Junior CM, Sugimoto MA, Tavares LP, Grossi LC, Borges IN, Schneider AH, Baik N, Schneider AH, Talvani A, Ferreira RG, Alves-Filho JC, Nobre V, Teixeira MM, Parmer RJ, Miles LA, Sousa LP. Plasmin and plasminogen prevent sepsis severity by reducing neutrophil extracellular traps and systemic inflammation. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166044. [PMID: 36917195 PMCID: PMC10243804 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a lethal syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation and abnormal coagulation. Despite therapeutic advances, sepsis mortality remains substantially high. Herein, we investigated the role of the plasminogen/plasmin (Plg/Pla) system during sepsis. Plasma levels of Plg were significantly lower in mice subjected to severe compared with nonsevere sepsis, whereas systemic levels of IL-6, a marker of sepsis severity, were higher in severe sepsis. Plg levels correlated negatively with IL-6 in both septic mice and patients, whereas plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels correlated positively with IL-6. Plg deficiency render mice susceptible to nonsevere sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), resulting in greater numbers of neutrophils and M1 macrophages, liver fibrin(ogen) deposition, lower efferocytosis, and increased IL-6 and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release associated with organ damage. Conversely, inflammatory features, fibrin(ogen), and organ damage were substantially reduced, and efferocytosis was increased by exogenous Pla given during CLP- and LPS-induced endotoxemia. Plg or Pla protected mice from sepsis-induced lethality and enhanced the protective effect of antibiotics. Mechanistically, Plg/Pla-afforded protection was associated with regulation of NET release, requiring Pla-protease activity and lysine binding sites. Plg/Pla are important host-protective players during sepsis, controlling local and systemic inflammation and collateral organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P. Vago
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Isabella Zaidan
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
| | - Luiza O. Perucci
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa Froede Brito
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
| | - Lívia C.R. Teixeira
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
| | - Camila Meirelles Souza Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thaís C. Miranda
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
| | - Eliza M. Melo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S. Bruno
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Celso Martins Queiroz-Junior
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michelle A. Sugimoto
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana P. Tavares
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laís C. Grossi
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
| | - Isabela N. Borges
- Hospital of Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ayda Henriques Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ayda H. Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Raphael G. Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José C. Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vandack Nobre
- Hospital of Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lirlândia P. Sousa
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
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11
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Sugimoto MA, Perucci LO, Tavares LP, Teixeira MM, Sousa LP. Fibrinolysis in COVID-19: Impact on Clot Lysis and Modulation of Inflammation. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1578-1592. [PMID: 36221881 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666221011102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a multisystem disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is associated with an imbalance between the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Overall, hypercoagulation, hypofibrinolysis and fibrin-clot resistance to fibrinolysis predispose patients to thrombotic and thromboembolic events. In the lungs, the virus triggers alveolar and interstitial fibrin deposition, endothelial dysfunction, and pulmonary intravascular coagulation, all events intrinsically associated with the activation of inflammation and organ injury. Adding to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, there is a positive feedback loop by which local fibrin deposition in the lungs can fuel inflammation and consequently dysregulates coagulation, a process known as immunothrombosis. Therefore, fibrinolysis plays a central role in maintaining hemostasis and tissue homeostasis during COVID-19 by cleaning fibrin clots and controlling feed-forward products of coagulation. In addition, components of the fibrinolytic system have important immunomodulatory roles, as evidenced by studies showing the contribution of Plasminogen/Plasmin (Plg/Pla) to the resolution of inflammation. Herein, we review clinical evidence for the dysregulation of the fibrinolytic system and discuss its contribution to thrombosis risk and exacerbated inflammation in severe COVID-19. We also discuss the current concept of an interplay between fibrinolysis and inflammation resolution, mirroring the well-known crosstalk between inflammation and coagulation. Finally, we consider the central role of the Plg/Pla system in resolving thromboinflammation, drawing attention to the overlooked consequences of COVID-19-associated fibrinolytic abnormalities to local and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sugimoto
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiza O Perucci
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Nucleus of Research on Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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12
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Wang J, Zhang L, Shi Q, Yang B, He Q, Wang J, Weng Q. Targeting innate immune responses to attenuate acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115142. [PMID: 35700755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is an important cause of acute liver failure, resulting in massive deaths in many developed countries. Currently, the metabolic process of APAP in the body has been well studied. However, the underlying mechanism of APAP-induced liver injury remains elusive. Increasing clinical and experimental evidences indicate that the innate immune responses are involved in the pathogenesis of APAP-induced acute liver injury (AILI), in which immune cells have dual roles of inducing inflammation to exacerbate hepatotoxicity and removing dead cells and debris to help liver regeneration. In this review, we summarize the latest findings of innate immune cells involved in AILI, particularly emphasizing the activation of innate immune cells and their different roles during the injury and repair phases. Moreover, current available treatments are discussed according to the different roles of innate immune cells in the development of AILI. This review aims to update the knowledge about innate immune responses in the pathogenesis of AILI, and provide potential therapeutic interventions for AILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qinjie Weng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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13
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Plasminogen and plasmin can bind to human T cells and generate truncated CCL21 that increases dendritic cell chemotactic responses. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102112. [PMID: 35690148 PMCID: PMC9270246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmin is a broad-spectrum protease and therefore needs to be tightly regulated. Active plasmin is formed from plasminogen, which is found in high concentrations in the blood and is converted by the plasminogen activators. In the circulation, high levels of α2-antiplasmin rapidly and efficiently inhibit plasmin activity. Certain myeloid immune cells have been shown to bind plasmin and plasminogen on their cell surface via proteins that bind to the plasmin(ogen) kringle domains. Our earlier work showed that T cells can activate plasmin, but that they do not themselves express plasminogen. Here, we demonstrate that T cells express several known plasminogen receptors, and that they bind plasminogen on their cell surface. We show T cell-bound plasminogen was converted to plasmin by plasminogen activators upon T cell activation. To examine functional consequences of plasmin generation by activated T cells, we investigated its effect on the chemokine, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 21 (CCL21). Video microscopy and western blotting confirmed that plasmin bound by human T cells cleaves CCL21 and increases the chemotactic response of monocyte-derived dendritic cells towards higher CCL21 concentrations along the concentration gradient by increasing their directional migration and track straightness. These results demonstrate how migrating T cells and potentially other activated immune cells may co-opt a powerful proteolytic system from the plasma towards immune processes in the peripheral tissues, where α2-antiplasmin is more likely to be absent. We propose that plasminogen bound to migrating immune cells may strongly modulate chemokine responses in peripheral tissues.
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14
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Ditzig Z, Wilson CM, Salas J, Serve KM. Plasminogen Binding and Activation at the Mesothelial Cell Surface Promotes Invasion through a Collagen Matrix. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115984. [PMID: 35682663 PMCID: PMC9180734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg) activation to the serine protease plasmin (Pla) plays a key role in regulating wound healing and fibrotic responses, particularly when bound to cell surface receptors. Our previous work suggested that mesothelial cells bind Plg at the cell surface, though no Plg receptors were described for these cells. Since mesothelial cells contribute to injury responses, including cellular differentiation to a mesenchymal-like phenotype and extracellular matrix remodeling, we hypothesized that Plg binding would promote these responses. Here, we confirm that Plg binds to both pleural and peritoneal mesothelial cells via the lysine-binding domain present in Plg, and we demonstrate the presence of three Plg receptors on the mesothelial cell surface: α-Enolase, Annexin A2, and Plg-RKT. We further show that bound-Plg is activated to Pla on the cell surface and that activation is blocked by an inhibitor of urokinase plasminogen activator or by the presence of animal-derived FBS. Lastly, we demonstrate that Plg promotes mesothelial cell invasion through a type I collagen matrix but does not promote cellular differentiation or proliferation. These data demonstrate for the first time that mesothelial cells bind and activate Plg at the cell surface and that active Pla is involved in mesothelial cell invasion without cell differentiation.
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15
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Kanno Y, Shu E. α2-Antiplasmin as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Systemic Sclerosis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030396. [PMID: 35330147 PMCID: PMC8953682 DOI: 10.3390/life12030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease of unknown origin that is characterized by immune system abnormalities, vascular damage, and extensive fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs. α2-antiplasmin is known to be the main plasmin inhibitor and has various functions such as cell differentiation and cytokine production, as well as the regulation of the maintenance of the immune system, endothelial homeostasis, and extracellular matrix metabolism. The expression of α2-antiplasmin is elevated in dermal fibroblasts from systemic sclerosis patients, and the blockade of α2-antiplasmin suppresses fibrosis progression and vascular dysfunction in systemic sclerosis model mice. α2-antiplasmin may have promise as a potential therapeutic target for systemic sclerosis. This review considers the role of α2-antiplasmin in the progression of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kanno
- Department of Clinical Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, 97-1 Kodo Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+81-0774-65-8629
| | - En Shu
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
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16
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Xie Y, Zhang H, Huang T. Quantitative proteomics reveal three potential biomarkers for risk assessment of acute myocardial infarction. Bioengineered 2022; 13:4939-4950. [PMID: 35156527 PMCID: PMC8973584 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2037365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the one of the main cause of death worldwide. Exosomes carry important information about intercellular communication and could be diagnostic marker for many diseases. Here, we aimed to find potential key proteins for the early diagnosis of AMI. A label free proteomics strategy was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) of AMI patients’ plasma exosome. By bioinformatics analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to validate the candidate proteins. Compared to healthy control plasma exosome, we totally identified 72 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in AMI patients. Also, we found that complement and coagulation cascades was activated by KEGG analysis and GSEA. PLG, C8B and F2 were selected as candidate molecules for further study, and then validated another 40 plasma samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, we found that the expression levels of these three proteins (PLG, C8B and F2) were significantly higher than those of healthy controls (P < 0.05). ROC analysis revealed that PLG, C8B and F2 had potential value for AMI early diagnosis. In conclusion, our study identified three potential biomarkers for AMI diagnosis. But there remains a need to further study the mechanism of the biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tieqiu Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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17
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Das M, Ithychanda SS, Plow EF. Histone 2B Facilitates Plasminogen-Enhanced Endothelial Migration through Protease-Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2). Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020211. [PMID: 35204713 PMCID: PMC8961594 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen and its multiple receptors have been implicated in the responses of many different cell types. Among these receptors, histone 2B (H2B) has been shown to play a prominent role in macrophage responses. The contribution of H2B to plasminogen-induced endothelial migration, an event relevant to wound healing and angiogenesis, is unknown. Plasminogen enhanced the migration of endothelial cells, which was inhibited by both Protease-Activated Receptor-1 (PAR1) and 2 (PAR2) antagonists. H2B was detected on viable endothelial cells of venous and arterial origin, and an antibody to H2B that blocks plasminogen binding also inhibited the plasminogen-dependent migration by these cells. The antibody blockade was as effective as PAR1 or PAR2 antagonists in inhibiting endothelial cell migration. In pull-down experiments, H2B formed a complex with both PAR1 and PAR2 but not β3 integrin, another receptor implicated in endothelial migration in the presence of plasminogen. H2B was found to be associated with clathrin adapator protein, AP2µ (clathrin AP2µ) and β-arrestin2, which are central to the internationalization/signaling machinery of the PARs. These associations with PAR1-clathrin adaptor AP2µ- and PAR2-β-arrestin2-dependent internalization/signaling pathways provide a mechanism to link plasminogen to responses such as wound healing and angiogenesis.
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18
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Coagulome and the tumor microenvironment: an actionable interplay. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:369-383. [PMID: 35027336 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human tumors often trigger a hypercoagulable state that promotes hemostatic complications, including venous thromboembolism. The recent application of systems biology to the study of the coagulome highlighted its link to shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME), both within and outside of the vascular space. Addressing this link provides the opportunity to revisit the significance of biomarkers of hemostasis and assess the communication between vasculature and tumor parenchyma, an important topic considering the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors and vascular normalization strategies. Understanding how the coagulome and TME influence each other offers exciting new prospects for predicting hemostatic complications and boosting the effectiveness of cancer treatment.
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19
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Yuan G, Huang Y, Yang ST, Ng A, Yang S. RGS12 inhibits the progression and metastasis of multiple myeloma by driving M1 macrophage polarization and activation in the bone marrow microenvironment. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 42:60-64. [PMID: 34931491 PMCID: PMC8753303 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gongsheng Yuan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Shu-Ting Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Andrew Ng
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, NY, 14214, United States
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.,The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.,Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
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20
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Gibson BHY, Wollenman CC, Moore-Lotridge SN, Keller PR, Summitt JB, Revenko AR, Flick MJ, Blackwell TS, Schoenecker JG. Plasmin drives burn-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. JCI Insight 2021; 6:154439. [PMID: 34877937 PMCID: PMC8675186 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe injuries, such as burns, provoke a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that imposes pathology on all organs. Simultaneously, severe injury also elicits activation of the fibrinolytic protease plasmin. While the principal adverse outcome of plasmin activation in severe injury is compromised hemostasis, plasmin also possesses proinflammatory properties. We hypothesized that, following a severe injury, early activation of plasmin drives SIRS. Plasmin activation was measured and related to injury severity, SIRS, coagulopathy, and outcomes prospectively in burn patients who are not at risk of hemorrhage. Patients exhibited early, significant activation of plasmin that correlated with burn severity, cytokines, coagulopathy, and death. Burn with a concomitant, remote muscle injury was employed in mice to determine the role of plasmin in the cytokine storm and inflammatory cascades in injured tissue distant from the burn injury. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of plasmin reduced the burn-induced cytokine storm and inflammatory signaling in injured tissue. These findings demonstrate (a) that severe injury-induced plasmin activation is a key pathologic component of the SIRS-driven cytokine storm and SIRS-activated inflammatory cascades in tissues distant from the inciting injury and (b) that targeted inhibition of plasmin activation may be effective for limiting both hemorrhage and tissue-damaging inflammation following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colby C Wollenman
- School of Medicine.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Stephanie N Moore-Lotridge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center.,Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology
| | | | - J Blair Summitt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and.,Vanderbilt University Medical Center Burn Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexey R Revenko
- IONIS Pharmaceuticals Pulmonary and Oncology Drug Discovery, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,University of North Carolina Blood Research Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Jonathan G Schoenecker
- Department of Pharmacology.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center.,Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology; and.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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21
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Bharadwaj AG, Kempster E, Waisman DM. The ANXA2/S100A10 Complex—Regulation of the Oncogenic Plasminogen Receptor. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121772. [PMID: 34944416 PMCID: PMC8698604 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of the serine protease plasmin is initiated by the binding of its zymogenic precursor, plasminogen, to cell surface receptors. The proteolytic activity of plasmin, generated at the cell surface, plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, wound healing, and the invasion of cells through both the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. The seminal observation by Albert Fischer that cancer cells, but not normal cells in culture, produce large amounts of plasmin formed the basis of current-day observations that plasmin generation can be hijacked by cancer cells to allow tumor development, progression, and metastasis. Thus, the cell surface plasminogen-binding receptor proteins are critical to generating plasmin proteolytic activity at the cell surface. This review focuses on one of the twelve well-described plasminogen receptors, S100A10, which, when in complex with its regulatory partner, annexin A2 (ANXA2), forms the ANXA2/S100A10 heterotetrameric complex referred to as AIIt. We present the theme that AIIt is the quintessential cellular plasminogen receptor since it regulates the formation and the destruction of plasmin. We also introduce the term oncogenic plasminogen receptor to define those plasminogen receptors directly activated during cancer progression. We then discuss the research establishing AIIt as an oncogenic plasminogen receptor-regulated during EMT and activated by oncogenes such as SRC, RAS, HIF1α, and PML-RAR and epigenetically by DNA methylation. We further discuss the evidence derived from animal models supporting the role of S100A10 in tumor progression and oncogenesis. Lastly, we describe the potential of S100A10 as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu G. Bharadwaj
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.G.B.); (E.K.)
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Emma Kempster
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.G.B.); (E.K.)
| | - David M. Waisman
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.G.B.); (E.K.)
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-494-1803; Fax: +1-(902)-494-1355
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22
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Cordyceps militaris Immunomodulatory Protein Promotes the Phagocytic Ability of Macrophages through the TLR4-NF-κB Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212188. [PMID: 34830071 PMCID: PMC8624516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the phagocytosis of immune cells with medicines provides benefits to the physiological balance by removing foreign pathogens and apoptotic cells. The fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP) possessing various immunopotentiation functions may be a good candidate for such drugs. However, the effect and mechanism of FIP on the phagocytic activity is limitedly investigated. Therefore, the present study determined effects of Cordyceps militaris immunomodulatory protein (CMIMP), a novel FIP reported to induce cytokines secretion, on the phagocytosis using three different types of models, including microsphere, Escherichia Coli and Candida albicans. CMIMP not only significantly improved the phagocytic ability (p < 0.05), but also enhanced the bactericidal activity (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the cell size, especially the cytoplasm size, was markedly increased by CMIMP (p < 0.01), accompanied by an increase in the F-actin expression (p < 0.001). Further experiments displayed that CMIMP-induced phagocytosis, cell size and F-actin expression were alleviated by the specific inhibitor of TLR4 (p < 0.05). Similar results were observed in the treatment with the inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it could be speculated that CMIMP promoted the phagocytic ability of macrophages through increasing F-actin expression and cell size in a TLR4-NF-κB pathway dependent way.
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23
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Abstract
The deposition and removal of fibrin has been the primary role of coagulation and fibrinolysis, respectively. There is also little doubt that these 2 enzyme cascades influence each other given they share the same serine protease family ancestry and changes to 1 arm of the hemostatic pathway would influence the other. The fibrinolytic system in particular has also been known for its capacity to clear various non-fibrin proteins and to activate other enzyme systems, including complement and the contact pathway. Furthermore, it can also convert a number of growth factors into their mature, active forms. More recent findings have extended the reach of this system even further. Here we will review some of these developments and also provide an account of the influence of individual players of the fibrinolytic (plasminogen activating) pathway in relation to physiological and pathophysiological events, including aging and metabolism.
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24
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Abstract
Plasminogen is an abundant plasma protein that exists in various zymogenic forms. Plasmin, the proteolytically active form of plasminogen, is known for its essential role in fibrinolysis. To date, therapeutic targeting of the fibrinolytic system has been for 2 purposes: to promote plasmin generation for thromboembolic conditions or to stop plasmin to reduce bleeding. However, plasmin and plasminogen serve other important functions, some of which are unrelated to fibrin removal. Indeed, for >40 years, the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid has been administered for its serendipitously discovered skin-whitening properties. Plasmin also plays an important role in the removal of misfolded/aggregated proteins and can trigger other enzymatic cascades, including complement. In addition, plasminogen, via binding to one of its dozen cell surface receptors, can modulate cell behavior and further influence immune and inflammatory processes. Plasminogen administration itself has been reported to improve thrombolysis and to accelerate wound repair. Although many of these more recent findings have been derived from in vitro or animal studies, the use of antifibrinolytic agents to reduce bleeding in humans has revealed additional clinically relevant consequences, particularly in relation to reducing infection risk that is independent of its hemostatic effects. The finding that many viruses harness the host plasminogen to aid infectivity has suggested that antifibrinolytic agents may have antiviral benefits. Here, we review the broadening role of the plasminogen-activating system in physiology and pathophysiology and how manipulation of this system may be harnessed for benefits unrelated to its conventional application in thrombosis and hemostasis.
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25
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Hastings S, Myles PS, Medcalf RL. Plasmin, Immunity, and Surgical Site Infection. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2070. [PMID: 34065949 PMCID: PMC8150767 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SSI are a universal economic burden and increase individual patient morbidity and mortality. While antibiotic prophylaxis is the primary preventative intervention, these agents are not themselves benign and may be less effective in the context of emerging antibiotic resistant organisms. Exploration of novel therapies as an adjunct to antimicrobials is warranted. Plasmin and the plasminogen activating system has a complex role in immune function. The immunothrombotic role of plasmin is densely interwoven with the coagulation system and has a multitude of effects on the immune system constituents, which may not always be beneficial. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic agent which inhibits the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Clinical trials have demonstrated a reduction in surgical site infection in TXA exposed patients, however the mechanism and magnitude of this benefit is incompletely understood. This effect may be through the reduction of local wound haematoma, decreased allogenic blood transfusion or a direct immunomodulatory effect. Large scale randomised clinical trial are currently being undertaken to better explain this association. Importantly, TXA is a safe and widely available pharmacological agent which may have a role in the reduction of SSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Hastings
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paul S. Myles
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Robert L. Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
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Felix FB, Vago JP, Fernandes DDO, Martins DG, Moreira IZ, Gonçalves WA, Costa WC, Araújo JMD, Queiroz-Junior CM, Campolina-Silva GH, Soriani FM, Sousa LP, Grespan R, Teixeira MM, Pinho V. Biochanin A Regulates Key Steps of Inflammation Resolution in a Model of Antigen-Induced Arthritis via GPR30/PKA-Dependent Mechanism. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:662308. [PMID: 33995086 PMCID: PMC8114065 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.662308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochanin A (BCA) is a natural organic compound of the class of phytochemicals known as flavonoids and isoflavone subclass predominantly found in red clover (Trifolium pratense). It has anti-inflammatory activity and some pro-resolving actions, such as neutrophil apoptosis. However, the effect of BCA in the resolution of inflammation is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of BCA on the neutrophilic inflammatory response and its resolution in a model of antigen-induced arthritis. Male wild-type BALB/c mice were treated with BCA at the peak of the inflammatory process (12 h). BCA decreased the accumulation of migrated neutrophils, and this effect was associated with reduction of myeloperoxidase activity, IL-1β and CXCL1 levels, and the histological score in periarticular tissues. Joint dysfunction, as seen by mechanical hypernociception, was improved by treatment with BCA. The resolution interval (Ri) was also quantified, defining profiles of acute inflammatory parameters that include the amplitude and duration of the inflammatory response monitored by the neutrophil infiltration. BCA treatment shortened Ri from ∼23 h observed in vehicle-treated mice to ∼5.5 h, associated with an increase in apoptotic events and efferocytosis, both key steps for the resolution of inflammation. These effects of BCA were prevented by H89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA) and G15, a selective G protein–coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) antagonist. In line with the in vivo data, BCA also increased the efferocytic ability of murine bone marrow–derived macrophages. Collectively, these data indicate for the first time that BCA resolves neutrophilic inflammation acting in key steps of the resolution of inflammation, requiring activation of GPR30 and via stimulation of cAMP-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciel Batista Felix
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana Priscila Vago
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira Fernandes
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Débora Gonzaga Martins
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isabella Zaidan Moreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - William Antonio Gonçalves
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walyson Coelho Costa
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Martins Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Frederico Marianetti Soriani
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia Pires Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renata Grespan
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Plasmin and Plasminogen System in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081838. [PMID: 33921488 PMCID: PMC8070608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we present a detailed discussion of how the plasminogen-activation system is utilized by tumor cells in their unrelenting attack on the tissues surrounding them. Plasmin is an enzyme which is responsible for digesting several proteins that hold the tissues surrounding solid tumors together. In this process tumor cells utilize the activity of plasmin to digest tissue barriers in order to leave the tumour site and spread to other parts of the body. We specifically focus on the role of plasminogen receptor—p11 which is an important regulatory protein that facilitates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and by this means promotes the attack by the tumour cells on their surrounding tissues. Abstract The tumor microenvironment (TME) is now being widely accepted as the key contributor to a range of processes involved in cancer progression from tumor growth to metastasis and chemoresistance. The extracellular matrix (ECM) and the proteases that mediate the remodeling of the ECM form an integral part of the TME. Plasmin is a broad-spectrum, highly potent, serine protease whose activation from its precursor plasminogen is tightly regulated by the activators (uPA, uPAR, and tPA), the inhibitors (PAI-1, PAI-2), and plasminogen receptors. Collectively, this system is called the plasminogen activation system. The expression of the components of the plasminogen activation system by malignant cells and the surrounding stromal cells modulates the TME resulting in sustained cancer progression signals. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of the roles of plasminogen activation system in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance with specific emphasis on their role in the TME. We particularly review the recent highlights of the plasminogen receptor S100A10 (p11), which is a pivotal component of the plasminogen activation system.
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Medcalf RL, Keragala CB. Fibrinolysis: A Primordial System Linked to the Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3406. [PMID: 33810275 PMCID: PMC8037105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system provides an essential means to remove fibrin deposits and blood clots. The actual protease responsible for this is plasmin, formed from its precursor, plasminogen. Fibrin is heralded as it most renowned substrate but for many years plasmin has been known to cleave many other substrates, and to also activate other proteolytic systems. Recent clinical studies have shown that the promotion of plasmin can lead to an immunosuppressed phenotype, in part via its ability to modulate cytokine expression. Almost all immune cells harbor at least one of a dozen plasminogen receptors that allows plasmin formation on the cell surface that in turn modulates immune cell behavior. Similarly, a multitude of pathogens can also express their own plasminogen activators, or contain surface proteins that provide binding sites host plasminogen. Plasmin formed under these circumstances also empowers these pathogens to modulate host immune defense mechanisms. Phylogenetic studies have revealed that the plasminogen activating system predates the appearance of fibrin, indicating that plasmin did not evolve as a fibrinolytic protease but perhaps has its roots as an immune modifying protease. While its fibrin removing capacity became apparent in lower vertebrates these primitive under-appreciated immune modifying functions still remain and are now becoming more recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School Melbourne, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
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Heissig B, Salama Y, Takahashi S, Osada T, Hattori K. The multifaceted role of plasminogen in inflammation. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109761. [PMID: 32861744 PMCID: PMC7452830 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A fine-tuned activation and deactivation of proteases and their inhibitors are involved in the execution of the inflammatory response. The zymogen/proenzyme plasminogen is converted to the serine protease plasmin, a key fibrinolytic factor by plasminogen activators including tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Plasmin is part of an intricate protease network controlling proteins of initial hemostasis/coagulation, fibrinolytic and complement system. Activation of these protease cascades is required to mount a proper inflammatory response. Although best known for its ability to dissolve clots and cleave fibrin, recent studies point to the importance of fibrin-independent functions of plasmin during acute inflammation and inflammation resolution. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of the enzymatic and cytokine-like effects of tPA and describe the role of tPA and plasminogen receptors in the regulation of the inflammatory response with emphasis on the cytokine storm syndrome such as observed during coronavirus disease 2019 or macrophage activation syndrome. We discuss tPA as a modulator of Toll like receptor signaling, plasmin as an activator of NFkB signaling, and summarize recent studies on the role of plasminogen receptors as controllers of the macrophage conversion into the M2 type and as mediators of efferocytosis during inflammation resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Heissig
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Yousef Salama
- An-Najah Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Taro Osada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu-shi, 279-0021 Chiba, Japan.
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Genomic & Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Wang Y, Ehsan M, Wang S, Tian X, Yan R, Song X, Xu L, Li X. Modulatory functions of recombinant electron transfer flavoprotein α subunit protein from Haemonchus contortus on goat immune cells in vitro. Vet Parasitol 2020; 288:109300. [PMID: 33152677 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Suppression and modulation of the host immune response to parasitic nematodes have been extensively studied. In the present study, we cloned and produced recombinant electron transfer flavoprotein α subunit (ETFα) protein from Haemonchus contortus (rHCETFα), a parasitic nematode of small ruminants, and studied the effect of this protein on modulating the immune response of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocytes. Immunohistochemical tests verified that the HCETFα protein was localized mainly in the intestinal wall and on the body surface of worms. Immunoblot analysis revealed that rHCETFα was recognized by the serum of goats artificially infected with H. contortus. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that rHCETFα bound to the surface of PBMCs. rHCETFα was co-incubated with goat PBMCs to observe the immunomodulatory effects exerted by HCETFα on proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine secretion and nitric oxide (NO) production. The results showed that rHCETFα suppressed the proliferation of goat PBMCs stimulated by concanavalin A and induced apoptosis in goat PBMCs. After rHCETFα exposure, IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A and TNF-α expression was markedly reduced, whereas secretion of TGF-β1 was significantly elevated, in goat PBMCs. Moreover, rHCETFα up-regulated NO production in a dose-dependent manner. FITC-dextran internalization assays showed that rHCETFα inhibited phagocytosis of goat monocytes. These results elucidate the interaction between parasites and hosts at the molecular level, suggest a possible immunomodulatory target and contribute to the search for innovative proteins that may be candidate targets for drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; School of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - XiaoKai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - LiXin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - XiangRui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Miles LA, Vago JP, Sousa LP, Parmer RJ. Functions of the plasminogen receptor Plg-R KT. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2468-2481. [PMID: 32662180 PMCID: PMC7722214 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plg-RKT is a structurally unique transmembrane plasminogen receptor with both N- and C-terminal domains exposed on the extracellular face of the cell. Its C-terminal lysine functions to tether plasminogen to cell surfaces. Overexpression of Plg-RKT increases cell surface plasminogen binding capacity while genetic deletion of Plg-RKT decreases plasminogen binding. Plasminogen binding to Plg-RKT results in promotion of plasminogen activation to the broad spectrum serine protease plasmin. This function is promoted by the physical association of Plg-RKT with the urokinase receptor (uPAR). Plg-RKT is broadly expressed in cells and tissues throughout the organism and its sequence is remarkably conserved phylogenetically. Plg-RKT also is required for lactation and, thus, is necessary for survival of the species. This review provides an overview of established and emerging functions of Plg-RKT and highlights major roles for Plg-RKT in both the initiation and resolution of inflammation. While the roles for Plg-RKT in the inflammatory response are predominantly plasmin(ogen)-dependent, its role in lactation requires both plasminogen-dependent and plasminogen-independent mechanisms. Furthermore, the functions of Plg-RKT are dependent on sex. In view of the broad tissue distribution of Plg-RKT , its role in a broad array of physiological and pathological processes should provide a fruitful area for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Juliana P. Vago
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P. Sousa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
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Spinella PC, Thomas KA, Turnbull IR, Fuchs A, Bochicchio K, Schuerer D, Reese S, Coleoglou Centeno AA, Horn CB, Baty J, Shea SM, Meledeo MA, Pusateri AE, Levy JH, Cap AP, Bochicchio GV. The Immunologic Effect of Early Intravenous Two and Four Gram Bolus Dosing of Tranexamic Acid Compared to Placebo in Patients With Severe Traumatic Bleeding (TAMPITI): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Center Trial. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2085. [PMID: 33013880 PMCID: PMC7506112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The hemostatic properties of tranexamic acid (TXA) are well described, but the immunological effects of TXA administration after traumatic injury have not been thoroughly examined. We hypothesized TXA would reduce monocyte activation in bleeding trauma patients with severe injury. Methods This was a single center, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing placebo to a 2 g or 4 g intravenous TXA bolus dose in trauma patients with severe injury. Fifty patients were randomized into each study group. The primary outcome was a reduction in monocyte activation as measured by human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype (HLA-DR) expression on monocytes 72 h after TXA administration. Secondary outcomes included kinetic assessment of immune and hemostatic phenotypes within the 72 h window post-TXA administration. Results The trial occurred between March 2016 and September 2017, when data collection ended. 149 patients were analyzed (placebo, n = 50; 2 g TXA, n = 49; 4 g TXA, n = 50). The fold change in HLA-DR expression on monocytes [reported as median (Q1–Q3)] from pre-TXA to 72 h post-TXA was similar between placebo [0.61 (0.51–0.82)], 2 g TXA [0.57 (0.47–0.75)], and 4 g TXA [0.57 (0.44–0.89)] study groups (p = 0.82). Neutrophil CD62L expression was reduced in the 4 g TXA group [fold change: 0.73 (0.63–0.97)] compared to the placebo group [0.97 (0.78–1.10)] at 24 h post-TXA (p = 0.034). The fold decrease in plasma IL-6 was significantly less in the 4 g TXA group [1.36 (0.87–2.42)] compared to the placebo group [0.46 (0.19–1.69)] at 72 h post-TXA (p = 0.028). There were no differences in frequencies of myeloid or lymphoid populations or in classical complement activation at any of the study time points. Conclusion In trauma patients with severe injury, 4 g intravenous bolus dosing of TXA has minimal immunomodulatory effects with respect to leukocyte phenotypes and circulating cytokine levels. Clinical Trial Registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02535949.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Spinella
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kimberly A Thomas
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Isaiah R Turnbull
- Section of Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Anja Fuchs
- Section of Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kelly Bochicchio
- Section of Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Douglas Schuerer
- Section of Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Stacey Reese
- Section of Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Adrian A Coleoglou Centeno
- Section of Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Christopher B Horn
- Section of Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jack Baty
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Susan M Shea
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - M Adam Meledeo
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Anthony E Pusateri
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jerrold H Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrew P Cap
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Grant V Bochicchio
- Section of Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Wang Y, Ehsan M, Huang J, Aimulajiang K, Yan R, Song X, Xu L, Li X. Characterization of a rhodanese homologue from Haemonchus contortus and its immune-modulatory effects on goat immune cells in vitro. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:454. [PMID: 32894178 PMCID: PMC7487571 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modulation of the host immune response by nematode parasites has been widely reported. Rhodaneses (thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferases) are present in a wide range of organisms, such as archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Previously, it was reported that a rhodanese homologue could be bound by goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vivo. METHODS In the present study, we cloned and produced a recombinant rhodanese protein originating from Haemonchus contortus (rHCRD), a parasitic nematode of small ruminants. rHCRD was co-incubated with goat PBMCs to assess its immunomodulatory effects on proliferation, apoptosis and cytokine secretion. RESULTS We verified that the natural HCRD protein localized predominantly to the bowel wall and body surface of the parasite. We further demonstrated that serum produced by goats artificially infected with H. contortus successfully recognized rHCRD, which bound to goat PBMCs. rHCRD suppressed proliferation of goat PBMCs stimulated by concanavalin A but did not induce apoptosis in goat PBMCs. The production of TNF-α and IFN-γ decreased significantly, whereas secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β1 increased, in goat PBMCs after exposure to rHCRD. rHCRD also inhibited phagocytosis by goat monocytes. Moreover, rHCRD downregulated the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II on goat monocytes in a dose-dependent manner, but did not alter MHC-I expression. CONCLUSIONS These results propose a possible immunomodulatory target that may help illuminate the interactions between parasites and their hosts at the molecular level and reveal innovative protein species as candidate drug and vaccine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Wang
- School of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou, 516007, People's Republic of China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - LiXin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Wang P, Huang H, Chen B, Su Y, Shi P, Yao H. Systems Pharmacology Dissection of Mechanisms of Dengzhan Xixin Injection against Cardiovascular Diseases. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:837-847. [PMID: 32879224 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dengzhan Xixin injection (DZXXI), a herbal product prepared from a Chinese herb called Erigeron breviscapus, is a classical and traditional therapeutic for cadiovascular diseases (CVDs), including coronary heart disease (CHD), angina, and stroke, etc. However, its potential pharmacology mechanism against CVDs remains unclear. In this paper, a systems pharmacology-based strategy is presented for predicting drug targets and understanding therapeutic mechanisms of DZXXI against CVDs. The main ingredients were identified by HPLC-diode array detector (DAD). The target fishing was performed on the PharmMapper Server (http://lilab-ecust.cn/pharmmapper/). Potential targets were confirmed by two molecular docking tools, Sybyl-X 1.3 and Ledock to ensure the accuracy. The resulting target proteins were applied as baits to fish their related diseases and pathways from the molecular annotation system (MAS 3.0, http://bioinfo.capitalbio.com/mas3/) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/). Network generation and topological analysis were performed in Cytoscape 3.6.0. 15 main ingredients from DZXXI were identified. Forty five putative drug targets and 50 KEGG pathways, which have highly relevance to the therapeutic effects of DZXXI against CVDs, were then obtained. The systems analysis suggested that DZXXI could attenuate cardiac fibrosis, regulate cardiac contractility, and preserve heart function in adverse cardiac remodeling; meanwhile DZXXI also could have the function of activating blood circulation and dilating blood vessels. DZXXI exerts its therapeutic effects on CVDs possibly through multi-targets including CMA1, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (PAH), SRC, F7, etc., and multi-pathways including Focal adhesion, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, Wnt signaling pathway, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway, Renin-angiotensin system, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University
| | - Peiying Shi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Hong Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University
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Tranexamic acid modulates the immune response and reduces postsurgical infection rates. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1598-1609. [PMID: 31126915 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic agent that blocks plasmin formation. Because plasmin is known to promote inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses, we explored the possibility that plasmin-mediated immunosuppression in patients undergoing cardiac surgery can be directly reversed by TXA and decrease postoperative infection rates. The modulatory effect of TXA on inflammatory cytokine levels and on innate immune cell activation were evaluated with multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Postoperative infection rates were determined in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and randomized to TXA (ACTRN12605000557639; http://www.anzca.edu.au). We demonstrate that TXA-mediated plasmin blockade modulates the immune system and reduces surgery-induced immunosuppression in patients following cardiac surgery. TXA enhanced the expression of immune-activating markers while reducing the expression of immunosuppressive markers on multiple myeloid and lymphoid cell populations in peripheral blood. TXA administration significantly reduced postoperative infection rates, despite the fact that patients were being administered prophylactic antibiotics. This effect was independent of the effect of TXA at reducing blood loss. TXA was also shown to exert an immune-modulatory effect in healthy volunteers, further supporting the fibrin-independent effect of TXA on immune function and indicating that baseline plasmin levels contribute to the regulation of the immune system in the absence of any comorbidity or surgical trauma. Finally, the capacity of TXA to reduce infection rates, modulate the innate immune cell profile, and generate an antifibrinolytic effect overall was markedly reduced in patients with diabetes, demonstrating for the first time that the diabetic condition renders patients partially refractory to TXA.
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Quantitative proteomic analysis of human plasma using tandem mass tags to identify novel biomarkers for herpes zoster. J Proteomics 2020; 225:103879. [PMID: 32585426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ), commonly called shingles, it is a distinctive syndrome caused by reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV). A better understanding of the biological characteristics of HZ patients can help develop new targeted therapies to improve the prognosis. High-throughput proteomics technology can deeply study the molecular changes in the development and progression of HZ disease and integrate different levels of information, this is important to help make clinical decisions. Circulating blood contains a lot of biological information, we conducted a proteomics study of patient plasma, hoping to identify key proteins that could indicate the development of HZ. Compared to healthy human plasma, we found 44 differentially expressed proteins in the plasma of HZ patients, the main pathways involved in these molecules are MAPK signaling pathway, Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, Acute myeloid leukemia, Transcriptional misregulation in cancer. We found that 27 proteins have direct protein-protein interactions. Based on the comprehensive score, we identified six key molecules as candidate molecules for further study, and then validated another 80 plasma samples (40 HZ patient plasma and 40 healthy human plasma) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblot assay and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Finally, we found that the expression levels of these three proteins (PLG, F2, VTN) were significantly lower than those of healthy controls (P < .05). To the best of our knowledge, we first used tandem mass tag (TMT) combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to screen for differentially expressed proteins in plasma between HZ patients and healthy individuals. It is preliminarily proved that the plasma protein expression profile of HZ patients is different from that of uninfected patients, it has also been found that these three altered key proteins may be used as biomarkers to test early HZ infection. This study reveals new insights into HZ that help to more accurately identify early HZ patients and to find new therapeutic targets. SIGNIFICANCE: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV; termed human alphaherpesvirus 3 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) is a herpesvirus that is ubiquitous in humans and can cause chickenpox and herpes zoster (HZ). After the initial infection of varicella, the VZV goes into a dormant state in the sensory ganglia and cranial nerves. As age or immunosuppression increases, the cellular immunity to VZV decreases, and the virus reactivates and spreads along the sensory nerves to the skin, causing a unique prodromal pain followed by a rash. About one in five people around the world may be infected with VZV at some point in their lives. According to statistics, about one-third of infected people will develop HZ in their lifetime, and an estimated 1 million cases of herpes zoster occur in the United States each year. Herpes zoster can occur at any age and is usually less severe in children and young adults, but the greatest morbidity and mortality are observed in elderly and immunocompromised patients. 20% of patients with HZ have complications including vasculitis, increased risk of myocardial infarction, or postherpetic neuralgia, the overall mortality rate of patients with HZ in the United States is close to 5%. Considering the wide clinical severity and complications of this disease, there is a great need for biomarkers that contribute to early diagnosis, classification of risks, and prediction of outcomes, which will help elucidate the mechanisms underlying their clinical development. As a useful tool in biology, quantitative proteomics can repeatedly identify and accurately quantify proteins in a variety of biological samples. Proteomic analysis focuses on translational proteins, which play a direct role in most biological processes. Although a small number of proteins can be studied simultaneously with traditional methods, such as ELISA and Western blotting, typical proteomics studies can simultaneously analyze thousands of proteins for a more comprehensive identification. Proteomics has been successfully applied to human-based disease research, Analysis of exposed and unexposed subjects based on mass spectrometry (MS) has been found to reveal altered expression of proteins that can be identified as intermediate biomarkers of early disease effects. Tandem mass tags (TMTs) are chemical labels used for MS-based identification and quantification of biological molecules. TMTs play an important role in proteomic analysis in a variety of samples such as cells, tissues, and body fluids. The body fluids that are often detected clinically are blood, which are easy to obtain and contain abundant biological information related to physiological and pathological processes, we hope to develop protein biomarkers from these blood. Therefore, in order to better characterize the pathological process of HZ patients, we performed proteomic analysis of HZ patients and healthy human plasma using the TMT method. This comparison aims to identify specific processes in the development of HZ disease through protein profiling, which may help to improve our biological understanding of HZ.
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Gibson BH, Duvernay MT, Moore‐Lotridge SN, Flick MJ, Schoenecker JG. Plasminogen activation in the musculoskeletal acute phase response: Injury, repair, and disease. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:469-480. [PMID: 32548548 PMCID: PMC7293893 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is critical for movement and the protection of organs. In addition to abrupt injuries, daily physical demands inflict minor injuries, necessitating a coordinated process of repair referred to as the acute-phase response (APR). Dysfunctional APRs caused by severe injuries or underlying chronic diseases are implicated in pathologic musculoskeletal repair, resulting in decreased mobility and chronic pain. The molecular mechanisms behind these phenomena are not well understood, hindering the development of clinical solutions. Recent studies indicate that, in addition to regulating intravascular clotting, the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems are also entrenched in tissue repair. Although plasmin and fibrin are considered antithetical to one another in the context of hemostasis, in a proper APR, they complement one another within a coordinated spatiotemporal framework. Once a wound is contained by fibrin, activation of plasmin promotes the removal of fibrin and stimulates angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, and tissue regeneration. Insufficient fibrin deposition or excessive plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis in early convalescence prevents injury containment, causing bleeding. Alternatively, excess fibrin deposition and/or inefficient plasmin activity later in convalescence impairs musculoskeletal repair, resulting in tissue fibrosis and osteoporosis, while inappropriate fibrin or plasmin activity in a synovial joint can cause arthritis. Together, these pathologic conditions lead to chronic pain, poor mobility, and diminished quality of life. In this review, we discuss both fibrin-dependent and -independent roles of plasminogen activation in the musculoskeletal APR, how dysregulation of these mechanisms promote musculoskeletal degeneration, and the possibility of therapeutically manipulating plasmin or fibrin to treat musculoskeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew T. Duvernay
- Department of PharmacologyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of OrthopaedicsVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
- Center for Bone BiologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Matthew J. Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of North Carolina‐Chapel HillNCUSA
- UNC Blood Research CenterChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Jonathan G. Schoenecker
- Department of PharmacologyVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of OrthopaedicsVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
- Center for Bone BiologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and ImmunologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of PediatricsVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
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Roth K, Strickland J, Copple BL. Regulation of macrophage activation in the liver after acute injury: Role of the fibrinolytic system. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1879-1887. [PMID: 32390699 PMCID: PMC7201151 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i16.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver functions, in part, to prevent exposure of the body to potentially harmful substances ingested in the diet. While it is highly efficient at accomplishing this, it is frequently prone to liver injury due to the biotransformation of xenobiotics into toxic metabolites. To counter this injury, the liver has evolved a unique capacity to rapidly and efficiently repair itself. Successful resolution of acute liver injury relies on hepatic macrophage populations that orchestrate the reparative response. After injury, Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages of the liver, become activated and secrete proinflammatory cytokines. These cytokines recruit other immune cells, including monocyte-derived macrophages, to the liver where they contribute to the repair process. Monocyte-derived macrophages traffic into the necrotic foci where they rapidly phagocytose dead cell debris. Simultaneous with this process, these cells change phenotype from a proinflammatory macrophage to a pro-restorative macrophage that produce pro-mitogenic growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ultimately this process triggers resolution of inflammation, and along with proliferation of other hepatic cells, restores the liver architecture and function. While the mechanisms regulating specific macrophage functions during repair remain to be elucidated, recent studies indicate a key role for the fibrinolytic system in coordinating macrophage function during repair. In this review, we will highlight the function and role of hepatic macrophages in repair after acute liver injury, and will discuss the role of the fibrinolytic enzyme, plasmin, in regulation of these various processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Jenna Strickland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Bryan L Copple
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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Valade S, Mariotte E, Azoulay E. Coagulation Disorders in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis/Macrophage Activation Syndrome. Crit Care Clin 2020; 36:415-426. [PMID: 32172822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and severe condition that can lead patients to the intensive care unit. HLH diagnosis may be challenging, as it relies on sets of aspecific criteria. Several organ dysfunctions have been described during HLH, including hemostasis impairment found in more than half of the patients. The most frequently reported anomaly is a decrease in the fibrinogen level, which has been associated with higher mortality rates. Coagulation impairment study in patients with HLH represents an interesting field of research, as little is known about the mechanism leading to hypofibrinogenemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Valade
- Medical ICU, Saint Louis University Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France.
| | - Eric Mariotte
- Medical ICU, Saint Louis University Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Elie Azoulay
- Medical ICU, Saint Louis University Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
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40
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Plazyo O, Sheng JJ, Jin JP. Downregulation of calponin 2 contributes to the quiescence of lung macrophages. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C749-C761. [PMID: 31365293 PMCID: PMC6850996 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00036.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calponin 2 is an actin cytoskeleton-associated regulatory protein that inhibits the activity of myosin-ATPase and cytoskeleton dynamics. Recent studies have demonstrated that deletion of calponin 2 restricts the proinflammatory activation of macrophages in atherosclerosis and arthritis to attenuate the disease progression in mice. Here we demonstrate that the levels of calponin 2 vary among different macrophage populations, which may reflect their adaptation to specific tissue microenvironment corresponding to specific functional states. Interestingly, lung resident macrophages express significantly lower calponin 2 than peritoneal resident macrophages, which correlates with decreased substrate adhesion and reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and a proresolution phenotype. Deletion of calponin 2 in peritoneal macrophages also decreased substrate adhesion and downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Providing the first line of defense against microbial invasion while receiving constant exposure to extrinsic antigens, lung macrophages need to maintain a necessary level of activity while limiting exaggerated inflammatory reaction. Therefore, their low level of calponin 2 may reflect an important physiological adaption. Downregulation of calponin 2 in macrophages may be targeted as a cytoskeleton-based novel mechanism, possibly via endoplasmic reticulum stress altering the processing and secretion of cytokines, to regulate immune response and promote quiescence for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Plazyo
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Juan-Juan Sheng
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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41
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Baker SK, Chen ZL, Norris EH, Strickland S. Plasminogen mediates communication between the peripheral and central immune systems during systemic immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:172. [PMID: 31462325 PMCID: PMC6712655 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation has been implicated in the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases and may be an important driver of the disease. Dementia and cognitive decline progress more rapidly following acute systemic infection, and systemic inflammation midlife is predictive of the degree of cognitive decline. Plasmin, the active form of the serine protease plasminogen (PLG), is a blood protein that plays physiological roles in fibrinolysis, wound healing, cell signaling, extracellular matrix degradation, and inflammatory regulation. METHODS Mice were treated with an antisense oligonucleotide to deplete liver-produced PLG prior to systemic challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, known to induce a strong immune response in animals. Following treatment, the innate immune response in the brains of these animals was examined. RESULTS Mice that were PLG-deficient had dramatically reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis in their brains after LPS injection. We found that blood PLG regulates the brain's innate immune response to systemic inflammatory signaling, affecting the migration of perivascular macrophages into the brain after challenge with LPS. CONCLUSIONS Depletion of plasma PLG with an antisense oligonucleotide dramatically reduced glial cell activation and perivascular macrophage migration into the brain following LPS injection. This study suggests a critical role for PLG in mediating communication between systemic inflammatory mediators and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Baker
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Erin H Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Draxler DF, Awad MM, Hanafi G, Daglas M, Ho H, Keragala C, Galle A, Roquilly A, Lyras D, Sashindranath M, Medcalf RL. Tranexamic Acid Influences the Immune Response, but not Bacterial Clearance in a Model of Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Pneumonia. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3297-3308. [PMID: 31140372 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid (TXA), an inhibitor of plasmin formation, currently is evaluated to reduce bleeding in various conditions, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Because plasmin is implicated in inflammation and immunity, we investigated the effects of plasmin inhibition on the immune response after TBI in the presence or absence of induced pneumonia. Wild-type mice treated with vehicle or TXA or mice deficient in plasminogen (plg-/-) underwent TBI using the controlled cortical impact model. Mice were then subjected to Staphylococcus aureus induced pneumonia and the degree of immune competence determined. Significant baseline changes in the innate immune cell profile were seen in plg-/- mice with increases in spleen weight and white blood cell counts, and elevation in plasma interleukin-6 levels. The plg-/- mice subjected to TBI displayed no additional changes in these parameters at the 72 h or one week time point post-TBI. The plg-/- mice subjected to TBI did not exhibit any further increase in susceptibility to endogenous infection. Pneumonia was induced by intratracheal instillation of S. aureus. The TBI did not worsen pneumonia symptoms or delay recovery in plg-/- mice. Similarly, in wild type mice, treatment with TXA did not impact on the ability of mice to counteract pneumonia after TBI. Administration of TXA after TBI and subsequent pneumonia, however, altered the number and surface marker expression of several myeloid and lymphoid cell populations, consistent with enhanced immune activation at the 72 h time point. This investigation confirms the immune-modulatory properties of TXA, thereby highlighting its effects unrelated to inhibition of fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik F Draxler
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Milena M Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gryselda Hanafi
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Daglas
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi Ho
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charithani Keragala
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Galle
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Anaesthesia Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maithili Sashindranath
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Roth K, Strickland J, Joshi N, Deng M, Kennedy RC, Rockwell CE, Luyendyk JP, Billiar TR, Copple BL. Dichotomous Role of Plasmin in Regulation of Macrophage Function after Acetaminophen Overdose. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1986-2001. [PMID: 31381887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kupffer cells and monocyte-derived macrophages are critical for liver repair after acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. These cells produce promitogenic cytokines and growth factors, and they phagocytose dead cell debris, a process that is critical for resolution of inflammation. The factors that regulate these dynamic functions of macrophages after APAP overdose, however, are not fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that the fibrinolytic enzyme, plasmin, is a key regulator of macrophage function after APAP-induced liver injury. In these studies, inhibition of plasmin in mice with tranexamic acid delayed up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines after APAP overdose. In culture, plasmin directly, and in synergy with high-mobility group B1, stimulated Kupffer cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages to produce cytokines by a mechanism that required NF-κB. Inhibition of plasmin in vivo also prevented trafficking of monocyte-derived macrophages into necrotic lesions after APAP overdose. This prevented phagocytic removal of dead cells, prevented maturation of monocyte-derived macrophages into F4/80-expressing macrophages, and prevented termination of proinflammatory cytokine production. Our studies reveal further that phagocytosis is an important stimulus for cessation of proinflammatory cytokine production as treatment of proinflammatory, monocyte-derived macrophages, isolated from APAP-treated mice, with necrotic hepatocytes decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that plasmin is an important regulator of macrophage function after APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jenna Strickland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Nikita Joshi
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Meihong Deng
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebekah C Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - James P Luyendyk
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bryan L Copple
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
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Echeverría-Valencia G, Silva-Miranda M, Ekaza E, Vallecillo AJ, Parada C, Sada-Ovalle I, Altare F, Espitia C. Interaction of mycobacteria with Plasmin(ogen) affects phagocytosis and granuloma development. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 117:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Vago JP, Sugimoto MA, Lima KM, Negreiros-Lima GL, Baik N, Teixeira MM, Perretti M, Parmer RJ, Miles LA, Sousa LP. Plasminogen and the Plasminogen Receptor, Plg-R KT, Regulate Macrophage Phenotypic, and Functional Changes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1458. [PMID: 31316511 PMCID: PMC6611080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation resolution is an active process that functions to restore tissue homeostasis. Clearance of apoptotic leukocytes by efferocytosis at inflammatory sites plays an important role in inflammation resolution and induces remarkable macrophage phenotypic and functional changes. Here, we investigated the effects of deletion of either plasminogen (Plg) or the Plg receptor, Plg-RKT, on the resolution of inflammation. In a murine model of pleurisy, the numbers of total mononuclear cells recruited to the pleural cavity were significantly decreased in both Plg−/− and Plg-RKT−/− mice, a response associated with decreased levels of the chemokine CCL2 in pleural exudates. Increased percentages of M1-like macrophages were determined in pleural lavages of Plg−/− and Plg-RKT−/− mice without significant changes in M2-like macrophage percentages. In vitro, Plg and plasmin (Pla) increased CD206/Arginase-1 expression and the levels of IL-10/TGF-β (M2 markers) while decreasing IFN/LPS-induced M1 markers in murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and human macrophages. Furthermore, IL4-induced M2-like polarization was defective in BMDMs from both Plg−/− and Plg-RKT−/− mice. Mechanistically, Plg and Pla induced transient STAT3 phosphorylation, which was decreased in Plg−/− and Plg-RKT−/− BMDMs after IL-4 or IL-10 stimulation. The extents of expression of CD206 and Annexin A1 (important for clearance of apoptotic cells) were reduced in Plg−/− and Plg-RKT−/− macrophage populations, which exhibited decreased phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils (efferocytosis) in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, these results suggest that Plg and its receptor, Plg-RKT, regulate macrophage polarization and efferocytosis, as key contributors to the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P Vago
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for Drug Research and Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michelle A Sugimoto
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Barts and The London School of Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kátia M Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Graziele L Negreiros-Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- Barts and The London School of Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Parmer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Lindsey A Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for Drug Research and Development, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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46
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Plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis enables macrophage migration in a murine model of inflammation. Blood 2019; 134:291-303. [PMID: 31101623 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018874859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient migration of macrophages to sites of inflammation requires cell surface-bound plasmin(ogen). Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the deficits of plasmin(ogen)-mediated macrophage migration in 2 models: murine thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and in vitro macrophage migration. As previously reported, macrophage migration into the peritoneal cavity of mice in response to thioglycollate was significantly impaired in the absence of plasminogen. Fibrin(ogen) deposition was noted in the peritoneal cavity in response to thioglycollate, with a significant increase in fibrin(ogen) in the plasminogen-deficient mice. Interestingly, macrophage migration was restored in plasminogen-deficient mice by simultaneous imposition of fibrinogen deficiency. Consistent with this in vivo finding, chemotactic migration of cultured macrophages through a fibrin matrix did not occur in the absence of plasminogen. The macrophage requirement for plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis, both in vivo and in vitro, was negated by deletion of the major myeloid integrin αMβ2-binding motif on the γ chain of fibrin(ogen). The study identifies a critical role of fibrinolysis in macrophage migration, presumably through the alleviation of migratory constraints imposed by the interaction of leukocytes with fibrin(ogen) through the integrin αMβ2 receptor.
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47
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Magnadóttir B, Bragason BT, Bricknell IR, Bowden T, Nicholas AP, Hristova M, Guðmundsdóttir S, Dodds AW, Lange S. Peptidylarginine deiminase and deiminated proteins are detected throughout early halibut ontogeny - Complement components C3 and C4 are post-translationally deiminated in halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:1-19. [PMID: 30395876 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational protein deimination is mediated by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which are calcium dependent enzymes conserved throughout phylogeny with physiological and pathophysiological roles. Protein deimination occurs via the conversion of protein arginine into citrulline, leading to structural and functional changes in target proteins. In a continuous series of early halibut development from 37 to 1050° d, PAD, total deiminated proteins and deiminated histone H3 showed variation in temporal and spatial detection in various organs including yolksac, muscle, skin, liver, brain, eye, spinal cord, chondrocytes, heart, intestines, kidney and pancreas throughout early ontogeny. For the first time in any species, deimination of complement components C3 and C4 is shown in halibut serum, indicating a novel mechanism of complement regulation in immune responses and homeostasis. Proteomic analysis of deiminated target proteins in halibut serum further identified complement components C5, C7, C8 C9 and C1 inhibitor, as well as various other immunogenic, metabolic, cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins. Post-translational deimination may facilitate protein moonlighting, an evolutionary conserved phenomenon, allowing one polypeptide chain to carry out various functions to meet functional requirements for diverse roles in immune defences and tissue remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergljót Magnadóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Birkir Thor Bragason
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Ian R Bricknell
- Aquaculture Research Institute School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Timothy Bowden
- Aquaculture Research Institute School of Food & Agriculture, University of Maine, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Anthony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
| | - Sigríður Guðmundsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Alister W Dodds
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
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48
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Ohradanova-Repic A, Machacek C, Donner C, Mühlgrabner V, Petrovčíková E, Zahradníková A, Vičíková K, Hořejší V, Stockinger H, Leksa V. The mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor mediates plasminogen-induced efferocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:519-530. [PMID: 30657605 PMCID: PMC6392118 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ab0417-160rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen system is harnessed in a wide variety of physiological processes, such as fibrinolysis, cell migration, or efferocytosis; and accordingly, it is essential upon inflammation, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and for homeostatic maintenance in general. Previously, we identified a plasminogen receptor in the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R, CD222). Here, we demonstrate by means of genetic knockdown, knockout, and rescue approaches combined with functional studies that M6P/IGF2R is up-regulated on the surface of macrophages, recognizes plasminogen exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells, and mediates plasminogen-induced efferocytosis. The level of uptake of plasminogen-coated apoptotic cells inversely correlates with the TNF-α production by phagocytes indicating tissue clearance without inflammation by this mechanism. Our results reveal an up-to-now undetermined function of M6P/IGF2R in clearance of apoptotic cells, which is crucial for tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Machacek
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Donner
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Mühlgrabner
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Petrovčíková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Zahradníková
- Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kristína Vičíková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Václav Hořejší
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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49
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Blood-derived plasminogen drives brain inflammation and plaque deposition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9687-E9696. [PMID: 30254165 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811172115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the most predominant features of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain are deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and inflammation. The mechanism behind these pathologies remains unknown, but there is evidence to suggest that inflammation may predate the deposition of Aβ. Furthermore, immune activation is increasingly being recognized as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of the disease, and disorders involving systemic inflammation, such as infection, aging, obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and depression are risk factors for the development of AD. Plasminogen (PLG) is primarily a blood protein synthesized in the liver, which when cleaved into its active form, plasmin (PL), plays roles in fibrinolysis, wound healing, cell signaling, and inflammatory regulation. Here we show that PL in the blood is a regulator of brain inflammatory action and AD pathology. Depletion of PLG in the plasma of an AD mouse model through antisense oligonucleotide technology dramatically improved AD pathology and decreased glial cell activation in the brain, whereas an increase in PL activity through α-2-antiplasmin (A2AP) antisense oligonucleotide treatment exacerbated the brain's immune response and plaque deposition. These studies suggest a crucial role for peripheral PL in mediating neuroimmune cell activation and AD progression and could provide a link to systemic inflammatory risk factors that are known to be associated with AD development.
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50
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The European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) Consensus Guidelines for the Detection and Treatment of Donor-specific Anti-HLA Antibodies (DSA) in Haploidentical Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53:521-534. [PMID: 29335625 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-017-0062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Haploidentical donors are now increasingly considered for transplantation in the absence of HLA-matched donors or when an urgent transplant is needed. Donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) have been recently recognized as an important barrier against successful engraftment of donor cells, which can affect transplant survival. DSA appear more prevalent in this type of transplant due to higher likelihood of alloimmunization of multiparous females against offspring's HLA antigens, and the degree of mismatch. Here we summarize the evidence for the role of DSA in the development of primary graft failure in haploidentical transplantation and provide consensus recommendations from the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplant Group on testing, monitoring, and treatment of patients with DSA receiving haploidentical hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation.
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