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Yu X, Zhou W, Chen X, He S, Qin M, Yuan M, Wang Y, Odhiambo WO, Miao Y, Ji Y. RAG1 and RAG2 non-core regions are implicated in leukemogenesis and off-target V(D)J recombination in BCR-ABL1-driven B-cell lineage lymphoblastic leukemia. eLife 2024; 12:RP91030. [PMID: 39056282 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary conservation of non-core RAG regions suggests significant roles that might involve quantitative or qualitative alterations in RAG activity. Off-target V(D)J recombination contributes to lymphomagenesis and is exacerbated by RAG2' C-terminus absence in Tp53-/- mice thymic lymphomas. However, the genomic stability effects of non-core regions from both Rag1c/c and Rag2c/c in BCR-ABL1+ B-lymphoblastic leukemia (BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL), the characteristics, and mechanisms of non-core regions in suppressing off-target V(D)J recombination remain unclear. Here, we established three mouse models of BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL in mice expressing full-length RAG (Ragf/f), core RAG1 (Rag1c/c), and core RAG2 (Rag2c/c). The Ragc/c (Rag1c/c and Rag2c/c) leukemia cells exhibited greater malignant tumor characteristics compared to Ragf/f cells. Additionally, Ragc/c cells showed higher frequency of off-target V(D)J recombination and oncogenic mutations than Ragf/f. We also revealed decreased RAG cleavage accuracy in Ragc/c cells and a smaller recombinant size in Rag1c/c cells, which could potentially exacerbate off-target V(D)J recombination in Ragc/c cells. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the non-core RAG regions, particularly the non-core region of RAG1, play a significant role in preserving V(D)J recombination precision and genomic stability in BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhuo Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shunyu He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengting Qin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Woodvine Otieno Odhiambo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinsha Miao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xian, China
| | - Yanhong Ji
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xian, China
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2
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de Smith A, Liu T, Xu K, Pardeshi A, Myint SS, Kang A, Morimoto L, Lieber M, Wiemels J, Kogan S, Metayer C. Early-life tobacco exposure is causally implicated in aberrant RAG-mediated recombination in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4510345. [PMID: 38946984 PMCID: PMC11213169 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4510345/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children, yet few environmental risk factors have been identified. We previously found an association between early-life tobacco smoke exposure and frequency of somatic deletions of 8 leukemia driver genes among childhood ALL patients in the California Childhood Leukemia Study. To expand analysis genome-wide and examine potential mechanisms, we conducted tumor whole-genome sequencing in 35 ALL patients, including 18 with high prenatal tobacco exposure and 17 with low exposure as determined by established epigenetic biomarkers. High tobacco exposure patients had significantly more structural variants (P < .001) and deletions (P = .001) genome-wide than low exposure patients. Investigation of off-target RAG recombination revealed that 41% of deletions in the high tobacco exposure patients were putatively RAG-mediated (full RAG motif identified at one or both breakpoints) compared with only 21% in the low exposure group (P = .001). In a multilevel model, deletions in high tobacco exposure patients were 2.44-fold (95% CI:1.13-5.38) more likely to be putatively RAG-mediated than deletions in low exposure patients. No point mutational signatures were associated with prenatal tobacco exposure. Our findings suggest that early-life tobacco smoke exposure may promote leukemogenesis by driving development of somatic deletions in pre-leukemic lymphocytes via off-target RAG recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keren Xu
- University of Southern California
| | | | - Swe Swe Myint
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Michael Lieber
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
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3
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Pagliaro L, Chen SJ, Herranz D, Mecucci C, Harrison CJ, Mullighan CG, Zhang M, Chen Z, Boissel N, Winter SS, Roti G. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:41. [PMID: 38871740 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a haematological malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoid cells. Over past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the biology of ALL, resulting in remarkable improvements in its diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. Since the advent of chemotherapy, ALL has been the platform to test for innovative approaches applicable to cancer in general. For example, the advent of omics medicine has led to a deeper understanding of the molecular and genetic features that underpin ALL. Innovations in genomic profiling techniques have identified specific genetic alterations and mutations that drive ALL, inspiring new therapies. Targeted agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapies, have shown promising results in subgroups of patients while minimizing adverse effects. Furthermore, the development of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy represents a breakthrough in ALL treatment, resulting in remarkable responses and potential long-term remissions. Advances are not limited to treatment modalities alone. Measurable residual disease monitoring and ex vivo drug response profiling screening have provided earlier detection of disease relapse and identification of exceptional responders, enabling clinicians to adjust treatment strategies for individual patients. Decades of supportive and prophylactic care have improved the management of treatment-related complications, enhancing the quality of life for patients with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pagliaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics (THEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Hematology and BMT Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sai-Juan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Herranz
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cristina Mecucci
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Christine J Harrison
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nicolas Boissel
- Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stuart S Winter
- Children's Minnesota Cancer and Blood Disorders Program, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Giovanni Roti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Translational Hematology and Chemogenomics (THEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Hematology and BMT Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.
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4
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Almeida A, T'Sas S, Pagliaro L, Fijalkowski I, Sleeckx W, Van Steenberge H, Zamponi R, Lintermans B, Van Loocke W, Palhais B, Reekmans A, Bardelli V, Demoen L, Reunes L, Deforce D, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Kentsis A, Ntziachristos P, Van Roy N, De Moerloose B, Mecucci C, La Starza R, Roti G, Goossens S, Van Vlierberghe P, Pieters T. Myb overexpression synergizes with the loss of Pten and is a dependency factor and therapeutic target in T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. Hemasphere 2024; 8:e51. [PMID: 38463444 PMCID: PMC10924755 DOI: 10.1002/hem3.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy that accounts for 10%-15% of pediatric and 25% of adult ALL cases. Although the prognosis of T-ALL has improved over time, the outcome of T-ALL patients with primary resistant or relapsed leukemia remains poor. Therefore, further progress in the treatment of T-ALL requires a better understanding of its biology and the development of more effective precision oncologic therapies. The proto-oncogene MYB is highly expressed in diverse hematologic malignancies, including T-ALLs with genomic aberrations that further potentiate its expression and activity. Previous studies have associated MYB with a malignant role in the pathogenesis of several cancers. However, its role in the induction and maintenance of T-ALL remains relatively poorly understood. In this study, we found that an increased copy number of MYB is associated with higher MYB expression levels, and might be associated with inferior event-free survival of pediatric T-ALL patients. Using our previously described conditional Myb overexpression mice, we generated two distinct MYB-driven T-ALL mouse models. We demonstrated that the overexpression of Myb synergizes with Pten deletion but not with the overexpression of Lmo2 to accelerate the development of T-cell lymphoblastic leukemias. We also showed that MYB is a dependency factor in T-ALL since RNA interference of Myb blocked cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis in both human and murine T-ALL cell lines. Finally, we provide preclinical evidence that targeting the transcriptional activity of MYB can be a useful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Almeida
- Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis Lab, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
| | - Sara T'Sas
- Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis Lab, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
- Unit for Translational Research in Oncology, Department of Diagnostic SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Luca Pagliaro
- Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis Lab, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Igor Fijalkowski
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
- Leukemia Therapy Resistance Laboratory and Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Wouter Sleeckx
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
- Unit for Translational Research in Oncology, Department of Diagnostic SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Hannah Van Steenberge
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
- Unit for Translational Research in Oncology, Department of Diagnostic SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | | | - Béatrice Lintermans
- Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis Lab, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
| | - Wouter Van Loocke
- Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis Lab, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
| | - Bruno Palhais
- Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis Lab, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
- Leukemia Therapy Resistance Laboratory and Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Alexandra Reekmans
- Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis Lab, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Unit for Translational Research in Oncology, Department of Diagnostic SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Valentina Bardelli
- Institute of Hematology and Center for Hemato‐Oncology ResearchUniversity of Perugia and S.M. Misericordia HospitalPerugiaItaly
| | - Lisa Demoen
- Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis Lab, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
| | - Lindy Reunes
- Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis Lab, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
- Leukemia Therapy Resistance Laboratory and Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | | | - Alex Kentsis
- Tow Center for Developmental Oncology, Sloan Kettering Institute and Department of PediatricsMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Panagiotis Ntziachristos
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
- Leukemia Therapy Resistance Laboratory and Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Nadine Van Roy
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
- Lab for Translational Oncogenomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Pediatric Precision Oncology Lab, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Barbara De Moerloose
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
- Department of Pediatric Hematology‐OncologyGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | - Cristina Mecucci
- Institute of Hematology and Center for Hemato‐Oncology ResearchUniversity of Perugia and S.M. Misericordia HospitalPerugiaItaly
| | - Roberta La Starza
- Institute of Hematology and Center for Hemato‐Oncology ResearchUniversity of Perugia and S.M. Misericordia HospitalPerugiaItaly
| | - Giovanni Roti
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Steven Goossens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
- Unit for Translational Research in Oncology, Department of Diagnostic SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis Lab, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
| | - Tim Pieters
- Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis Lab, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)GhentBelgium
- Unit for Translational Research in Oncology, Department of Diagnostic SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Leukemia Therapy Resistance Laboratory and Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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5
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[The consensus of the diagnosis and treatment of adult T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in China (2023)]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2023; 44:353-358. [PMID: 37550183 PMCID: PMC10440620 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
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6
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Silva A, Almeida ARM, Cachucho A, Neto JL, Demeyer S, de Matos M, Hogan T, Li Y, Meijerink J, Cools J, Grosso AR, Seddon B, Barata JT. Overexpression of wild-type IL-7Rα promotes T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2021; 138:1040-1052. [PMID: 33970999 PMCID: PMC8462360 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of IL-7Rα expression is essential for normal T-cell development. IL-7Rα gain-of-function mutations are known drivers of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Although a subset of patients with T-ALL display high IL7R messenger RNA levels and cases with IL7R gains have been reported, the impact of IL-7Rα overexpression, rather than mutational activation, during leukemogenesis remains unclear. In this study, overexpressed IL-7Rα in tetracycline-inducible Il7r transgenic and Rosa26 IL7R knockin mice drove potential thymocyte self-renewal, and thymus hyperplasia related to increased proliferation of T-cell precursors, which subsequently infiltrated lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow, ultimately leading to fatal leukemia. The tumors mimicked key features of human T-ALL, including heterogeneity in immunophenotype and genetic subtype between cases, frequent hyperactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway paralleled by downregulation of p27Kip1 and upregulation of Bcl-2, and gene expression signatures evidencing activation of JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Notch signaling. Notably, we also found that established tumors may no longer require high levels of IL-7R expression upon secondary transplantation and progressed in the absence of IL-7, but remain sensitive to inhibitors of IL-7R-mediated signaling ruxolitinib (Jak1), AZD1208 (Pim), dactolisib (PI3K/mTOR), palbociclib (Cdk4/6), and venetoclax (Bcl-2). The relevance of these findings for human disease are highlighted by the fact that samples from patients with T-ALL with high wild-type IL7R expression display a transcriptional signature resembling that of IL-7-stimulated pro-T cells and, critically, of IL7R-mutant cases of T-ALL. Overall, our study demonstrates that high expression of IL-7Rα can promote T-cell tumorigenesis, even in the absence of IL-7Rα mutational activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Silva
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Afonso R M Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Cachucho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João L Neto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofie Demeyer
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Cancer Biology
- Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (VIB-KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mafalda de Matos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Thea Hogan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yunlei Li
- Department of Pathology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jules Meijerink
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.; and
| | - Jan Cools
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Cancer Biology
| | - Ana Rita Grosso
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas (UCIBIO), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Davidson IF, Peters JM. Genome folding through loop extrusion by SMC complexes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:445-464. [PMID: 33767413 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Genomic DNA is folded into loops and topologically associating domains (TADs), which serve important structural and regulatory roles. It has been proposed that these genomic structures are formed by a loop extrusion process, which is mediated by structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes. Recent single-molecule studies have shown that the SMC complexes condensin and cohesin are indeed able to extrude DNA into loops. In this Review, we discuss how the loop extrusion hypothesis can explain key features of genome architecture; cellular functions of loop extrusion, such as separation of replicated DNA molecules, facilitation of enhancer-promoter interactions and immunoglobulin gene recombination; and what is known about the mechanism of loop extrusion and its regulation, for example, by chromatin boundaries that depend on the DNA binding protein CTCF. We also discuss how the loop extrusion hypothesis has led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of both genome architecture and the functions of SMC complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain F Davidson
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan-Michael Peters
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Peters JM. How DNA loop extrusion mediated by cohesin enables V(D)J recombination. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 70:75-83. [PMID: 33422934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
'Structural maintenance of chromosomes' (SMC) complexes are required for the folding of genomic DNA into loops. Theoretical considerations and single-molecule experiments performed with the SMC complexes cohesin and condensin indicate that DNA folding occurs via loop extrusion. Recent work indicates that this process is essential for the assembly of antigen receptor genes by V(D)J recombination in developing B and T cells of the vertebrate immune system. Here, I review how recent studies of the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain locus Igh have provided evidence for this hypothesis and how the formation of chromatin loops by cohesin and regulation of this process by CTCF and Wapl might ensure that all variable gene segments in this locus (VH segments) participate in recombination with a re-arranged DJH segment, to ensure generation of a maximally diverse repertoire of B-cell receptors and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael Peters
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Xu K, Li S, Whitehead TP, Pandey P, Kang AY, Morimoto LM, Kogan SC, Metayer C, Wiemels JL, de Smith AJ. Epigenetic Biomarkers of Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure Are Associated with Gene Deletions in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:1517-1525. [PMID: 34020997 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental smoking is implicated in the etiology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common childhood cancer. We recently reported an association between an epigenetic biomarker of early-life tobacco smoke exposure at the AHRR gene and increased frequency of somatic gene deletions among ALL cases. METHODS Here, we further assess this association using two epigenetic biomarkers for maternal smoking during pregnancy-DNA methylation at AHRR CpG cg05575921 and a recently established polyepigenetic smoking score-in an expanded set of 482 B-cell ALL (B-ALL) cases in the California Childhood Leukemia Study with available Illumina 450K or MethylationEPIC array data. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to test the associations between the epigenetic biomarkers and gene deletion numbers. RESULTS We found an association between DNA methylation at AHRR CpG cg05575921 and deletion number among 284 childhood B-ALL cases with MethylationEPIC array data, with a ratio of means (RM) of 1.31 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.69] for each 0.1 β value reduction in DNA methylation, an effect size similar to our previous report in an independent set of 198 B-ALL cases with 450K array data [meta-analysis summary RM (sRM) = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.10-1.57]. The polyepigenetic smoking score was positively associated with gene deletion frequency among all 482 B-ALL cases (sRM = 1.31 for each 4-unit increase in score; 95% CI, 1.09-1.57). CONCLUSIONS We provide further evidence that prenatal tobacco-smoke exposure may influence the generation of somatic copy-number deletions in childhood B-ALL. IMPACT Analyses of deletion breakpoint sequences are required to further understand the mutagenic effects of tobacco smoke in childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shaobo Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Todd P Whitehead
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Priyatama Pandey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alice Y Kang
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Libby M Morimoto
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Scott C Kogan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adam J de Smith
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. .,Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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10
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T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma and leukemia: different diseases from a common premalignant progenitor? Blood Adv 2021; 4:3466-3473. [PMID: 32722786 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) and lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) represent malignancies that arise from the transformation of immature precursor T cells. Similarities in T-LBL and T-ALL have raised the question whether these entities represent 1 disease or reflect 2 different diseases. The genetic profiles of T-ALL have been thoroughly investigated over the last 2 decades, whereas fairly little is known about genetic driver mutations in T-LBL. Nevertheless, the comparison of clinical, immunophenotypic, and molecular observations from independent T-LBL and T-ALL studies lent strength to the theory that T-LBL and T-ALL reflect different presentations of the same disease. Alternatively, T-LBL and T-ALL may simultaneously evolve from a common malignant precursor cell, each having their own specific pathogenic requirements or cellular dependencies that differ among stroma-embedded blasts in lymphoid tissues compared with solitary leukemia cells. This review aims to cluster recent findings with regard to clinical presentation, genetic predisposition, and the acquisition of additional mutations that may give rise to differences in gene expression signatures among T-LBL and T-ALL patients. Improved insight in T-LBL in relation to T-ALL may further help to apply confirmed T-ALL therapies to T-LBL patients.
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11
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Fang-Fang Z, You Y, Wen-Jun L. Progress in research on childhood T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia, Notch1 signaling pathway, and its inhibitors: A review. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:136-144. [PMID: 32415821 PMCID: PMC7982061 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood leukemia is cancer that seriously threatens the life of children in China. Poor sensitivity to chemotherapy and susceptibility to drug resistance are the reasons for the treatment of T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) being extremely difficult. Moreover, traditional intensive chemotherapy regimens cause great damage to children. Therefore, it is highly important to search for targeted drugs and develop a precise individualized treatment for child patients. There are activating mutations in the NOTCH1 gene in more than 50% of human T-ALLs and the Notch signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of T-ALL. In this review, we summarize the progress in research on T-ALL and Notch1 signaling pathway inhibitors to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Fang-Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Birth Defects Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang You
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Birth Defects Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Liu Wen-Jun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Birth Defects Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
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12
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Cordo' V, van der Zwet JC, Canté-Barrett K, Pieters R, Meijerink JP. T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Roadmap to Targeted Therapies. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 2:19-31. [PMID: 34661151 PMCID: PMC8447273 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy characterized by aberrant proliferation of immature thymocytes. Despite an overall survival of 80% in the pediatric setting, 20% of patients with T-ALL ultimately die from relapsed or refractory disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapies. Molecular genetic analyses and sequencing studies have led to the identification of recurrent T-ALL genetic drivers. This review summarizes the main genetic drivers and targetable lesions of T-ALL and gives a comprehensive overview of the novel treatments for patients with T-ALL that are currently under clinical investigation or that are emerging from preclinical research. SIGNIFICANCE T-ALL is driven by oncogenic transcription factors that act along with secondary acquired mutations. These lesions, together with active signaling pathways, may be targeted by therapeutic agents. Bridging research and clinical practice can accelerate the testing of novel treatments in clinical trials, offering an opportunity for patients with poor outcome.
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13
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Bonaccorso P, Bugarin C, Buracchi C, Fazio G, Biondi A, Lo Nigro L, Gaipa G. Single‐cell profiling of pediatric T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Impact of
PTEN
exon 7 mutation on
PI3K
/
Akt
and
JAK–STAT
signaling pathways. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2020; 98:491-503. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bonaccorso
- M. Tettamanti Research Center University of Milano‐Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital Monza Italy
- Center of Pediatric Hematology Oncology Azienda Policlinico‐OVE, University of Catania Catania Italy
| | - Cristina Bugarin
- M. Tettamanti Research Center University of Milano‐Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital Monza Italy
| | - Chiara Buracchi
- M. Tettamanti Research Center University of Milano‐Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital Monza Italy
| | - Grazia Fazio
- M. Tettamanti Research Center University of Milano‐Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital Monza Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- M. Tettamanti Research Center University of Milano‐Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital Monza Italy
- Pediatric Clinic University of Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/Ospedale San Gerardo Monza Italy
| | - Luca Lo Nigro
- Center of Pediatric Hematology Oncology Azienda Policlinico‐OVE, University of Catania Catania Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gaipa
- M. Tettamanti Research Center University of Milano‐Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital Monza Italy
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14
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Gianni F, Belver L, Ferrando A. The Genetics and Mechanisms of T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:a035246. [PMID: 31570389 PMCID: PMC7050584 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy derived from early T-cell progenitors. The recognition of clinical, genetic, transcriptional, and biological heterogeneity in this disease has already translated into new prognostic biomarkers, improved leukemia animal models, and emerging targeted therapies. This work reviews our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gianni
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Laura Belver
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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15
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Aberuyi N, Rahgozar S, Ghodousi ES, Ghaedi K. Drug Resistance Biomarkers and Their Clinical Applications in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1496. [PMID: 32010613 PMCID: PMC6978753 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are biological molecules found in body fluids or tissues, which can be considered as indications of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. There are various types of biomarkers based on their application and molecular alterations. Treatment-sensitivity or drug resistance biomarkers include prognostic and predictive molecules with utmost importance in selecting appropriate treatment protocols and improving survival rates. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent hematological malignancy diagnosed in children with nearly 80% cure rate. Despite the favorable survival rates of childhood ALL (chALL), resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and, as a consequence, a dismal prognosis develops in a significant number of patients. Therefore, there are urgent needs to have robust, sensitive, and disease-specific molecular prognostic and predictive biomarkers, which could allow better risk classification and then better clinical results. In this article, we review the currently known drug resistance biomarkers, including somatic or germ line nucleic acids, epigenetic alterations, protein expressions and metabolic variations. Moreover, biomarkers with potential clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Aberuyi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soheila Rahgozar
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Sadat Ghodousi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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16
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Campos LW, Pissinato LG, Yunes JA. Deleterious and Oncogenic Mutations in the IL7RA. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121952. [PMID: 31817502 PMCID: PMC6966522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a critical cytokine that plays a fundamental role in B- and T-cell development and in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Its receptor (IL7R) is a transmembrane heterodimer formed by the IL7Rα and the IL2Rγ chain (γc). The IL7R signals through the JAK/STAT pathway. Loss-of-function mutations and some polymorphisms of the IL7Rα were associated to immunodeficiency and inflammatory diseases, respectively. Gain-of-function mutations were described in T-cell ALL and in high risk precursor B-cell ALL. Most confirmed loss-of-function mutations occur in the extracellular part of the IL7Rα while oncogenic mutations are exclusively found in the extracellular juxtamembrane (EJM) or transmembrane regions. Oncogenic mutations promote either IL7Rα/IL7Rα homodimerization and constitutive signaling, or increased affinity to γc or IL-7. This work presents a review on IL7Rα polymorphisms/mutations and attempts to present a classification based on their structural consequences and resulting biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Weijenborg Campos
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP 13083-210, Brazil; (L.W.C.); (L.G.P.)
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-210, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Granato Pissinato
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP 13083-210, Brazil; (L.W.C.); (L.G.P.)
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-210, Brazil
| | - José Andrés Yunes
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP 13083-210, Brazil; (L.W.C.); (L.G.P.)
- Medical Genetics Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-894, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-19-37875070; Fax: +55-19-3289-3571
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17
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The effect of co-occurring lesions on leukaemogenesis and drug response in T-ALL and ETP-ALL. Br J Cancer 2019; 122:455-464. [PMID: 31792348 PMCID: PMC7028932 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the management of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), current regimens fail to significantly transform outcomes for patients with high-risk subtypes. Advances in genomic analyses have identified novel lesions including mutations in genes that encode chromatin modifiers and those that influence cytokine and kinase signalling, rendering many of these alterations potentially targetable by tyrosine kinase and epigenetic inhibitors currently in clinical use. Although specific genomic lesions, gene expression patterns, and immunophenotypic profiles have been associated with specific clinical outcomes in some cancers, the application of precision medicine approaches based on these data has been slow. This approach is complicated by the reality that patients often harbour multiple mutations, and in many cases, the precise functional significance and interaction of these mutations in driving leukaemia and drug responsiveness/resistance remains unknown. Given that signalling pathways driving leukaemic pathogenesis could plausibly result from the co-existence of specific lesions and the resultant perturbation of protein interactions, the use of combined therapeutics that target multiple aberrant pathways, according to an individual’s mutational profile, might improve outcomes and lower a patient’s risk of relapse. Here we outline the genomic alterations that occur in T cell ALL (T-ALL) and early T cell precursor (ETP)-ALL and review studies highlighting the possible effects of co-occurring lesions on leukaemogenesis and drug response.
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18
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van der Zwet JCG, Cordo' V, Canté-Barrett K, Meijerink JPP. Multi-omic approaches to improve outcome for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 74:100647. [PMID: 31523030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, tremendous progress in curative treatment has been made for T-ALL patients using high-intensive, risk-adapted multi-agent chemotherapy. Further treatment intensification to improve the cure rate is not feasible as it will increase the number of toxic deaths. Hence, about 20% of pediatric patients relapse and often die due to acquired therapy resistance. Personalized medicine is of utmost importance to further increase cure rates and is achieved by targeting specific initiation, maintenance or resistance mechanisms of the disease. Genomic sequencing has revealed mutations that characterize genetic subtypes of many cancers including T-ALL. However, leukemia may have various activated pathways that are not accompanied by the presence of mutations. Therefore, screening for mutations alone is not sufficient to identify all molecular targets and leukemic dependencies for therapeutic inhibition. We review the extent of the driving type A and the secondary type B genomic mutations in pediatric T-ALL that may be targeted by specific inhibitors. Additionally, we review the need for additional screening methods on the transcriptional and protein levels. An integrated 'multi-omic' screening will identify potential targets and biomarkers to establish significant progress in future individualized treatment of T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Cordo'
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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19
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Moosic KB, Paila U, Olson KC, Dziewulska K, Wang TT, Xing JC, Ratan A, Feith DJ, Loughran TP, Olson TL. Genomics of LGL leukemia and select other rare leukemia/lymphomas. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2019; 32:196-206. [PMID: 31585620 PMCID: PMC6779335 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genomic analysis of cancer offers the hope of identifying new treatments or aiding in the selection of existing treatments. Rare leukemias pose additional challenges in this regard as samples may be hard to acquire and when found the underlying pathway may not be attractive to drug development since so few individuals are affected. In this case, it can be useful to identify common mutational overlap among subsets of rare leukemias to increase the number of individuals that may benefit from a targeted therapy. This chapter examines the current mutational landscape of large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia with a focus on STAT3 mutations, the most common mutation in LGL leukemia to date. We examined the linkage between these mutations and autoimmune symptoms and disorders, in cases of obvious and suspected LGL leukemia. We then summarized and compared mutations in a set of other rare leukemias that also have JAK/STAT signaling pathway activation brought about by genomic changes. These include T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), select peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Though STAT3 activation is common in these leukemias, the way in which it is achieved, such as the activating cytokine pathway and/or the co-mutational background, is quite diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine B Moosic
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Pathology, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Umadevi Paila
- Center for Public Health Genomics, MSB-6111A, West Complex, 1335 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Kristine C Olson
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Karolina Dziewulska
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Pathology, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - T Tiffany Wang
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Jeffrey C Xing
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Aakrosh Ratan
- Center for Public Health Genomics, MSB-6131F, West Complex, 1300 JPA, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - David J Feith
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Thomas P Loughran
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Thomas L Olson
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 345 Crispell Dr, PO Box 801378, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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20
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Luongo F, Colonna F, Calapà F, Vitale S, Fiori ME, De Maria R. PTEN Tumor-Suppressor: The Dam of Stemness in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1076. [PMID: 31366089 PMCID: PMC6721423 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is one of the most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor genes in cancer. Loss or variation in PTEN gene/protein levels is commonly observed in a broad spectrum of human cancers, while germline PTEN mutations cause inherited syndromes that lead to increased risk of tumors. PTEN restrains tumorigenesis through different mechanisms ranging from phosphatase-dependent and independent activities, subcellular localization and protein interaction, modulating a broad array of cellular functions including growth, proliferation, survival, DNA repair, and cell motility. The main target of PTEN phosphatase activity is one of the most significant cell growth and pro-survival signaling pathway in cancer: PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Several shreds of evidence shed light on the critical role of PTEN in normal and cancer stem cells (CSCs) homeostasis, with its loss fostering the CSC compartment in both solid and hematologic malignancies. CSCs are responsible for tumor propagation, metastatic spread, resistance to therapy, and relapse. Thus, understanding how alterations of PTEN levels affect CSC hallmarks could be crucial for the development of successful therapeutic approaches. Here, we discuss the most significant findings on PTEN-mediated control of CSC state. We aim to unravel the role of PTEN in the regulation of key mechanisms specific for CSCs, such as self-renewal, quiescence/cell cycle, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal-Transition (EMT), with a particular focus on PTEN-based therapy resistance mechanisms and their exploitation for novel therapeutic approaches in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Luongo
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colonna
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Calapà
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Vitale
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Micol E Fiori
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Scientific Vice-Direction, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli"-I.R.C.C.S., Largo Francesco Vito 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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21
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Pieters T, T'Sas S, Demoen L, Almeida A, Haenebalcke L, Matthijssens F, Lemeire K, D'Hont J, Van Rockeghem F, Hochepied T, Lintermans B, Reunes L, Lammens T, Berx G, Haigh JJ, Goossens S, Van Vlierberghe P. Novel strategy for rapid functional in vivo validation of oncogenic drivers in haematological malignancies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10577. [PMID: 31332244 PMCID: PMC6646380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer research, it remains challenging to functionally validate putative novel oncogenic drivers and to establish relevant preclinical models for evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we describe an optimized and efficient pipeline for the generation of novel conditional overexpression mouse models in which putative oncogenes, along with an eGFP/Luciferase dual reporter, are expressed from the endogenous ROSA26 (R26) promoter. The efficiency of this approach was demonstrated by the generation and validation of novel R26 knock-in (KI) mice that allow conditional overexpression of Jarid2, Runx2, MN1 and a dominant negative allele of ETV6. As proof of concept, we confirm that MN1 overexpression in the hematopoietic lineage is sufficient to drive myeloid leukemia. In addition, we show that T-cell specific activation of MN1 in combination with loss of Pten increases tumour penetrance and stimulates the formation of Lyl1+ murine T-cell lymphoblastic leukemias or lymphomas (T-ALL/T-LBL). Finally, we demonstrate that these luciferase-positive murine AML and T-ALL/T-LBL cells are transplantable into immunocompromised mice allowing preclinical evaluation of novel anti-leukemic drugs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Pieters
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sara T'Sas
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Demoen
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - André Almeida
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Haenebalcke
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Matthijssens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kelly Lemeire
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jinke D'Hont
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederique Van Rockeghem
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Beatrice Lintermans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindy Reunes
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Lammens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Mammalian Functional Genetics Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Steven Goossens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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22
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De Smedt R, Morscio J, Goossens S, Van Vlierberghe P. Targeting steroid resistance in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Rev 2019; 38:100591. [PMID: 31353059 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is characterized by a variable response to steroids during induction and/or consolidation therapy. Notably, recent work suggested that these differences in glucocorticoid sensitivity might, at least in part, be mediated by hyperactivation of specific oncogenic pathways such as RAS/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT and IL7R/JAK/STAT. In this review, we elaborate on putative associations between aberrant signaling, therapy resistance, incidence of relapse and clinical outcome in human T-ALL. Furthermore, we emphasize that this potential association with clinical parameters might also be mediated by the tumor microenvironment as a result of increased sensitivity of leukemic T-cells towards cytokine induced signaling pathway activation. With this in mind, we provide an overview of small molecule inhibitors that might have clinical potential for the treatment of human T-ALL in the near future as a result of their ability to overcome steroid resistance thereby potentially increasing survival rates in this aggressive hematological neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate De Smedt
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Morscio
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Strategies to Overcome Resistance Mechanisms in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123021. [PMID: 31226848 PMCID: PMC6627878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a major cause of recurrence and death from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), both in adult and pediatric patients. In the majority of cases, drug-resistant disease is treated by selecting a combination of other drugs, without understanding the molecular mechanisms by which malignant cells escape chemotherapeutic treatments, even though a more detailed genomic characterization and the identification of actionable disease targets may enable informed decision of new agents to improve patient outcomes. In this work, we describe pathways of resistance to common chemotherapeutic agents including glucocorticoids and review the resistance mechanisms to targeted therapy such as IL7R, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, NOTCH1, BRD4/MYC, Cyclin D3: CDK4/CDK6, BCL2 inhibitors, and selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE). Finally, to overcome the limitations of the current trial-and-error method, we summarize the experiences of anti-cancer drug sensitivity resistance profiling (DSRP) approaches as a rapid and relevant strategy to infer drug activity and provide functional information to assist clinical decision one patient at a time.
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24
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Murga-Zamalloa C, Inamdar KV, Wilcox RA. The role of aurora A and polo-like kinases in high-risk lymphomas. Blood Adv 2019; 3:1778-1787. [PMID: 31186254 PMCID: PMC6560346 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk lymphomas (HRLs) are associated with dismal outcomes and remain a therapeutic challenge. Recurrent genetic and molecular alterations, including c-myc expression and aurora A kinase (AAK) and polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) activation, promote cell proliferation and contribute to the highly aggressive natural history associated with these lymphoproliferative disorders. In addition to its canonical targets regulating mitosis, the AAK/PLK1 axis directly regulates noncanonical targets, including c-myc. Recent studies demonstrate that HRLs, including T-cell lymphomas and many highly aggressive B-cell lymphomas, are dependent upon the AAK/PLK1 axis. Therefore, the AAK/PLK1 axis has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in these lymphomas. In addition to reviewing these recent findings, we summarize the rationale for targeting AAK/PLK1 in high-risk and c-myc-driven lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Murga-Zamalloa
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and
| | | | - Ryan A Wilcox
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and
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25
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Martelli AM, Paganelli F, Fazio A, Bazzichetto C, Conciatori F, McCubrey JA. The Key Roles of PTEN in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Development, Progression, and Therapeutic Response. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050629. [PMID: 31064074 PMCID: PMC6562458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive blood cancer that comprises 10–15% of pediatric and ~25% of adult ALL cases. Although the curative rates have significantly improved over the past 10 years, especially in pediatric patients, T-ALL remains a challenge from a therapeutic point of view, due to the high number of early relapses that are for the most part resistant to further treatment. Considerable advances in the understanding of the genes, signaling networks, and mechanisms that play crucial roles in the pathobiology of T-ALL have led to the identification of the key drivers of the disease, thereby paving the way for new therapeutic approaches. PTEN is critical to prevent the malignant transformation of T-cells. However, its expression and functions are altered in human T-ALL. PTEN is frequently deleted or mutated, while PTEN protein is often phosphorylated and functionally inactivated by casein kinase 2. Different murine knockout models recapitulating the development of T-ALL have demonstrated that PTEN abnormalities are at the hub of an intricate oncogenic network sustaining and driving leukemia development by activating several signaling cascades associated with drug-resistance and poor outcome. These aspects and their possible therapeutic implications are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesca Paganelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Fazio
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Chiara Bazzichetto
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Conciatori
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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26
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The Antioxidant from Ethanolic Extract of Rosa cymosa Fruits Activates Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog In Vitro and In Vivo: A New Insight on Its Antileukemic Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081935. [PMID: 31010164 PMCID: PMC6514837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosa cymosa Tratt is a Chinese herbal remedy that is used in the treatment of diarrhea, burns, rheumatoid arthritis, and hemorrhage. Despite its use in Asian folk medicine, there are limited reports on the biological activity of R. cymosa fruits. This study focused on the investigation of the antitumor effect of the antioxidative ethanolic extract of R. cymosa fruits (RCE) along with its underlying mechanism of action. RCE showed a potent cytotoxic effect against Sup-T1 and Molt-4 lymphoblastic leukemia cells. In the xenograft animal model, the tumor size was significantly reduced to about 59.42% in the RCE-treated group in comparison with the control group. The use of RCE (37.5, 75, or 150 μg/mL) triggered apoptosis by 26.52–83.49%, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by 10.44–58.60%, and promoted calcium release by 1.29-, 1.44-, and 1.71-fold compared with the control group. The extract induced redox oxygen species (ROS) generation through the elimination of Nrf2/Keap1/P62-mediated oxidative stress response. The loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) activation by RCE impaired PI3K/Akt/Foxo and Jak/Stat activation pathways, which contributed to tumorigenesis. These multiple targets of R. cymosa against hematologic cancer cells suggested its potential application as an antileukemic dietary supplement.
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27
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Furness CL, Mansur MB, Weston VJ, Ermini L, van Delft FW, Jenkinson S, Gale R, Harrison CJ, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Sanchez-Martin M, Ferrando AA, Kearns P, Titley I, Ford AM, Potter NE, Greaves M. The subclonal complexity of STIL-TAL1+ T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 2018; 32:1984-1993. [PMID: 29556024 PMCID: PMC6127084 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell genetics were used to interrogate clonal complexity and the sequence of mutational events in STIL-TAL1+ T-ALL. Single-cell multicolour FISH was used to demonstrate that the earliest detectable leukaemia subclone contained the STIL-TAL1 fusion and copy number loss of 9p21.3 (CDKN2A/CDKN2B locus), with other copy number alterations including loss of PTEN occurring as secondary subclonal events. In three cases, multiplex qPCR and phylogenetic analysis were used to produce branching evolutionary trees recapitulating the snapshot history of T-ALL evolution in this leukaemia subtype, which confirmed that mutations in key T-ALL drivers, including NOTCH1 and PTEN, were subclonal and reiterative in distinct subclones. Xenografting confirmed that self-renewing or propagating cells were genetically diverse. These data suggest that the STIL-TAL1 fusion is a likely founder or truncal event. Therapies targeting the TAL1 auto-regulatory complex are worthy of further investigation in T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Furness
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Marcela B Mansur
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Program, Research Centre, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victoria J Weston
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Luca Ermini
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Frederik W van Delft
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Jenkinson
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rosemary Gale
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christine J Harrison
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Maria S Pombo-de-Oliveira
- Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Program, Research Centre, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Pamela Kearns
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Titley
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anthony M Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nicola E Potter
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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28
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Hashiguchi J, Onozawa M, Oguri S, Fujisawa S, Tsuji M, Okada K, Nakagawa M, Hashimoto D, Kahata K, Kondo T, Shimizu C, Teshima T. Development of a Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Probe for Detecting IKZF1 Deletion Mutations in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Mol Diagn 2018; 20:446-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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29
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Paganin M, Grillo MF, Silvestri D, Scapinello G, Buldini B, Cazzaniga G, Biondi A, Valsecchi MG, Conter V, te Kronnie G, Basso G. The presence of mutated and deleted PTEN is associated with an increased risk of relapse in childhood T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated with AIEOP-BFM ALL protocols. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:705-711. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Paganin
- Oncoematologia Pediatrica; Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Grillo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Paediatric Hematology and Oncology; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Daniela Silvestri
- Centre of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology; School of Medicine and Surgery; University of Milano-Bicocca; Monza Italy
- Clinica Pediatrica; Fondazione MBBM; University of Milano-Bicocca; Monza Italy
| | - Greta Scapinello
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Paediatric Hematology and Oncology; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Barbara Buldini
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Paediatric Hematology and Oncology; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti; Department of Paediatrics; University of Milano Bicocca; Fondazione MBBM; Monza Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Clinica Pediatrica; Fondazione MBBM; University of Milano-Bicocca; Monza Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Valsecchi
- Centre of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology; School of Medicine and Surgery; University of Milano-Bicocca; Monza Italy
| | - Valentino Conter
- Clinica Pediatrica; Fondazione MBBM; University of Milano-Bicocca; Monza Italy
| | - Geertruij te Kronnie
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Paediatric Hematology and Oncology; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Paediatric Hematology and Oncology; University of Padova; Padova Italy
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30
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Hewitt SL, Wong JB, Lee JH, Nishana M, Chen H, Coussens M, Arnal SM, Blumenberg LM, Roth DB, Paull TT, Skok JA. The Conserved ATM Kinase RAG2-S365 Phosphorylation Site Limits Cleavage Events in Individual Cells Independent of Any Repair Defect. Cell Rep 2018; 21:979-993. [PMID: 29069605 PMCID: PMC5662208 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many DNA lesions associated with lymphoid malignancies are linked to off-target cleavage by the RAG1/2 recombinase. However, off-target cleavage has mostly been analyzed in the context of DNA repair defects, confounding any mechanistic understanding of cleavage deregulation. We identified a conserved SQ phosphorylation site on RAG2 365 to 366 that is involved in feedback control of RAG cleavage. Mutation of serine 365 to a non-phosphorylatable alanine permits bi-allelic and bi-locus RAG-mediated breaks in the same cell, leading to reciprocal translocations. This phenomenon is analogous to the phenotype we described for ATM kinase inactivation. Here, we establish deregulated cleavage itself as a driver of chromosomal instability without the associated repair defect. Intriguingly, a RAG2-S365E phosphomimetic rescues the deregulated cleavage of ATM inactivation, reducing the incidence of reciprocal translocations. These data support a model in which feedback control of cleavage and maintenance of genome stability involves ATM-mediated phosphorylation of RAG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah L Hewitt
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jason B Wong
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Hongxi Chen
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marc Coussens
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Suzzette M Arnal
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lili M Blumenberg
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David B Roth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jane A Skok
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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31
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Animal models of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: mimicking the human disease. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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32
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Addiction to Runx1 is partially attenuated by loss of p53 in the Eµ-Myc lymphoma model. Oncotarget 2018; 7:22973-87. [PMID: 27056890 PMCID: PMC5029604 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Runx genes function as dominant oncogenes that collaborate potently with Myc or loss of p53 to induce lymphoma when over-expressed. Here we examined the requirement for basal Runx1 activity for tumor maintenance in the Eμ-Myc model of Burkitt's lymphoma. While normal Runx1fl/fl lymphoid cells permit mono-allelic deletion, primary Eμ-Myc lymphomas showed selection for retention of both alleles and attempts to enforce deletion in vivo led to compensatory expansion of p53null blasts retaining Runx1. Surprisingly, Runx1 could be excised completely from established Eμ-Myc lymphoma cell lines in vitro without obvious effects on cell phenotype. Established lines lacked functional p53, and were sensitive to death induced by introduction of a temperature-sensitive p53 (Val135) allele. Transcriptome analysis of Runx1-deleted cells revealed a gene signature associated with lymphoid proliferation, survival and differentiation, and included strong de-repression of recombination-activating (Rag) genes, an observation that was mirrored in a panel of human acute leukemias where RUNX1 and RAG1,2 mRNA expression were negatively correlated. Notably, despite their continued growth and tumorigenic potential, Runx1null lymphoma cells displayed impaired proliferation and markedly increased sensitivity to DNA damage and dexamethasone-induced apoptosis, validating Runx1 function as a potential therapeutic target in Myc-driven lymphomas regardless of their p53 status.
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33
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Wever CM, Geoffrion D, Grande BM, Yu S, Alcaide M, Lemaire M, Riazalhosseini Y, Hébert J, Gavino C, Vinh DC, Petrogiannis-Haliotis T, Dmitrienko S, Mann KK, Morin RD, Johnson NA. The genomic landscape of two Burkitt lymphoma cases and derived cell lines: comparison between primary and relapse samples. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 59:2159-2174. [PMID: 29295643 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1413186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Relapse occurs in 10-40% of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) patients that have completed intensive chemotherapy regimens and is typically fatal. While treatment-naive BL has been characterized, the genomic landscape of BL at the time of relapse (rBL) has never been reported. Here, we present a genomic characterization of two rBL patients. The diagnostic samples had mutations common in BL, including MYC and CCND3. Additional mutations were detected at relapse, affecting important pathways such as NFκB (IKBKB) and MEK/ERK (NRAS) signaling, glutamine metabolism (SIRT4), and RNA processing (ZFP36L2). Genes implicated in drug resistance were also mutated at relapse (TP53, BAX, ALDH3A1, APAF1, FANCI). This concurrent genomic profiling of samples obtained at diagnosis and relapse has revealed mutations not previously reported in this disease. The patient-derived cell lines will be made available and, along with their detailed genetics, will be a valuable resource to examine the role of specific mutations in therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Wever
- a Department of Medicine , McGill University, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,b Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada
| | | | - Bruno M Grande
- c Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , Canada.,d Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Stephen Yu
- c Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , Canada
| | - Miguel Alcaide
- c Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , Canada
| | - Maryse Lemaire
- b Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada
| | - Yasser Riazalhosseini
- e Department of Human Genetics , McGill University , Montreal , Canada.,f McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre , Montreal , Canada
| | - Josée Hébert
- g Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada.,h Research Centre and Division of Hematology-Oncology Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital , The Québec Leukemia Cell Bank , Montreal , Canada
| | - Christina Gavino
- i Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program (Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre) , Montreal , Canada.,j Department of Medicine , Medical Microbiology and Human Genetics (McGill University Health Centre) , Montreal , Canada
| | - Donald C Vinh
- i Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program (Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre) , Montreal , Canada.,j Department of Medicine , Medical Microbiology and Human Genetics (McGill University Health Centre) , Montreal , Canada
| | | | | | - Koren K Mann
- a Department of Medicine , McGill University, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,b Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada
| | - Ryan D Morin
- c Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , Canada.,d Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Nathalie A Johnson
- a Department of Medicine , McGill University, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,b Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada
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34
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Abstract
Notch is commonly activated in lymphoid malignancies through ligand-independent and ligand-dependent mechanisms. In T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL), ligand-independent activation predominates. Negative Regulatory Region (NRR) mutations trigger supraphysiological Notch1 activation by exposing the S2 site to proteolytic cleavage in the absence of ligand. Subsequently, cleavage at the S3 site generates the activated form of Notch, intracellular Notch (ICN). In contrast to T-ALL, in mature lymphoid neoplasms such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the S2 cleavage site is exposed through ligand-receptor interactions. Thus, agents that disrupt ligand-receptor interactions might be useful for treating these malignancies. Notch activation can be enhanced by mutations that delete the C-terminal proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T) (PEST) domain. These mutations do not activate the Notch pathway per se, but rather impair degradation of ICN. In this chapter, we review the mechanisms of Notch activation and the importance of Notch for the genesis and maintenance of lymphoid malignancies. Unfortunately, targeting the Notch pathway with pan-Notch inhibitors in clinical trials has proven challenging. These clinical trials have encountered dose-limiting on-target toxicities and primary resistance. Strategies to overcome these challenges have emerged from the identification and improved understanding of direct oncogenic Notch target genes. Other strategies have arisen from new insights into the "nuclear context" that selectively directs Notch functions in lymphoid cancers. This nuclear context is created by factors that co-bind ICN at cell-type specific transcriptional regulatory elements. Disrupting the functions of these proteins or inhibiting downstream oncogenic pathways might combat cancer without the intolerable side effects of pan-Notch inhibition.
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35
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Defining the molecular basis of oncogenic cooperation between TAL1 expression and Pten deletion in T-ALL using a novel pro-T-cell model system. Leukemia 2017; 32:941-951. [PMID: 29151585 PMCID: PMC5886055 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is caused by the accumulation of multiple mutations combined with the ectopic expression of transcription factors in developing T cells. However, the molecular basis underlying cooperation between transcription factor expression and additional oncogenic mutations in driving T-ALL has been difficult to assess due to limited robust T-cell model systems. Here we utilize a new ex vivo pro-T-cell model to study oncogenic cooperation. Using a systems biological approach we first dissect the pro-T-cell signaling network driven by interleukin-7, stem cell factor and Notch1 and identify key downstream Akt, Stat, E2f and Myc genetic signaling networks. Next, this pro-T-cell system was used to demonstrate that ectopic expression of the TAL1 transcription factor and Pten deletion are bona-fide cooperating events resulting in an increased stem cell signature, upregulation of a specific E2f signaling network and metabolic reprogramming with higher influx of glucose carbons into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This ex vivo pro-T-cell system thereby provides a powerful new model system to investigate how normal T-cell signaling networks are perturbed and/or hijacked by different oncogenic events found in T-ALL.
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36
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Oncogenetic mutations combined with MRD improve outcome prediction in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2017; 131:289-300. [PMID: 29051182 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-04-778829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk stratification in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is mainly based on minimal residual disease (MRD) quantification. Whether oncogenetic mutation profiles can improve the discrimination of MRD-defined risk categories was unknown. Two hundred and twenty FRALLE2000T-treated patients were tested retrospectively for NOTCH1/FBXW7/RAS and PTEN alterations. Patients with NOTCH1/FBXW7 (N/F) mutations and RAS/PTEN (R/P) germ line (GL) were classified as oncogenetic low risk (gLoR; n = 111), whereas those with N/F GL and R/P GL mutations or N/F and R/P mutations were classified as high risk (gHiR; n = 109). Day 35 MRD status was available for 191 patients. Five-year cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) and disease-free survival were 36% and 60% for gHiR patients and 11% and 89% for gLoR patients, respectively. Importantly, among the 60% of patients with MRD <10-4, 5-year CIR was 29% for gHiR patients and 4% for gLoR patients. Based on multivariable Cox models and stepwise selection, the 3 most discriminating variables were the oncogenetic classifier, MRD, and white blood cell (WBC) count. Patients harboring a WBC count ≥200 × 109/L, gHiR classifier, and MRD ≥10-4 demonstrated a 5-year CIR of 46%, whereas the 58 patients (30%) with a WBC count <200 × 109/L, gLoR classifier, and MRD <10-4 had a very low risk of relapse, with a 5-year CIR of only 2%. In childhood T-ALL, the N/F/R/P mutation profile is an independent predictor of relapse. When combined with MRD and a WBC count ≥200 × 109/L, it identifies a significant subgroup of patients with a low risk of relapse.
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are non-Hodgkin lymphomas of skin homing T cells. Although early-stage disease may be limited to the skin, tumor cells in later stage disease can populate the blood, the lymph nodes, and the visceral organs. Unfortunately, there are few molecular biomarkers to guide diagnosis, staging, or treatment of CTCL. Diagnosis of CTCL can be challenging and requires the synthesis of clinical findings, histopathology, and T cell clonality studies; however, none of these tests are entirely sensitive or specific for CTCL. Treatment of CTCL is often empiric and is not typically based on specific molecular alterations, as is common in other cancers. In part, limitations in diagnosis and treatment selection reflect the limited insight into the genetic basis of CTCL. Recent next-generation sequencing has revolutionized our understanding of the mutational landscape in this disease. These analyses have uncovered ultraviolet radiation and recombination activating gene (RAG) endonucleases as important mutagens. Furthermore, these studies have revealed potentially targetable oncogenic mutations in the T cell receptor complex, NF-κB, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Collectively, these somatic mutations drive lymphomagenesis via cancer-promoting changes in proliferation, apoptosis, and T cell effector function. We expect that these genetic findings will launch a new era of precision medicine in CTCL.
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Digital Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification for Detection of Key Copy Number Alterations in T- and B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Mol Diagn 2017; 19:659-672. [PMID: 28736295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent and clonal genetic alterations are characteristic of different subtypes of T- and B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and several subtypes are strong independent predictors of clinical outcome. A next-generation sequencing-based multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification variant (digitalMLPA) has been developed enabling simultaneous detection of copy number alterations (CNAs) of up to 1000 target sequences. This novel digitalMLPA assay was designed and optimized to detect CNAs of 56 key target genes and regions in ALL. A set of digital karyotyping probes has been included for the detection of gross ploidy changes, to determine the extent of CNAs, while also serving as reference probes for data normalization. Sixty-seven ALL patient samples (including B- and T-cell ALL), previously characterized for genetic aberrations by standard MLPA, array comparative genomic hybridization, and/or single-nucleotide polymorphism array, were analyzed single blinded using digitalMLPA. The digitalMLPA assay reliably identified whole chromosome losses and gains (including high hyperdiploidy), whole gene deletions or gains, intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21, fusion genes, and intragenic deletions, which were confirmed by other methods. Furthermore, subclonal alterations were reliably detected if present in at least 20% to 30% of neoplastic cells. The diagnostic sensitivity of the digitalMLPA assay was 98.9%, and the specificity was 97.8%. These results merit further consideration of digitalMLPA as a valuable alternative for genetic work-up of newly diagnosed ALL patients.
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Mendes RD, Canté-Barrett K, Pieters R, Meijerink JPP. The relevance of PTEN-AKT in relation to NOTCH1-directed treatment strategies in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2017; 101:1010-7. [PMID: 27582570 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.146381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) negatively regulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling and is often inactivated by mutations (including deletions) in a variety of cancer types, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here we review mutation-associated mechanisms that inactivate PTEN together with other molecular mechanisms that activate AKT and contribute to T-cell leukemogenesis. In addition, we discuss how Pten mutations in mouse models affect the efficacy of gamma-secretase inhibitors to block NOTCH1 signaling through activation of AKT. Based on these models and on observations in primary diagnostic samples from patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, we speculate that PTEN-deficient cells employ an intrinsic homeostatic mechanism in which PI3K-AKT signaling is dampened over time. As a result of this reduced PI3K-AKT signaling, the level of AKT activation may be insufficient to compensate for NOTCH1 inhibition, resulting in responsiveness to gamma-secretase inhibitors. On the other hand, de novo acquired PTEN-inactivating events in NOTCH1-dependent leukemia could result in temporary, strong activation of PI3K-AKT signaling, increased glycolysis and glutaminolysis, and consequently gamma-secretase inhibitor resistance. Due to the central role of PTEN-AKT signaling and in the resistance to NOTCH1 inhibition, AKT inhibitors may be a promising addition to current treatment protocols for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui D Mendes
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Canté-Barrett
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jules P P Meijerink
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Tesio M, Trinquand A, Ballerini P, Hypolite G, Lhermitte L, Petit A, Ifrah N, Baruchel A, Dombret H, Macintyre E, Asnafi V. Age-related clinical and biological features of PTEN abnormalities in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 2017; 31:2594-2600. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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de Smith AJ, Kaur M, Gonseth S, Endicott A, Selvin S, Zhang L, Roy R, Shao X, Hansen HM, Kang AY, Walsh KM, Dahl GV, McKean-Cowdin R, Metayer C, Wiemels JL. Correlates of Prenatal and Early-Life Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Frequency of Common Gene Deletions in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1674-1683. [PMID: 28202519 PMCID: PMC5380517 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke exposure has been associated with risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Understanding the relationship between tobacco exposures and specific mutations may yield etiologic insights. We carried out a case-only analysis to explore whether prenatal and early-life tobacco smoke exposure influences the formation of leukemogenic genomic deletions. Somatic copy number of 8 genes frequently deleted in ALL (CDKN2A, ETV6, IKZF1, PAX5, RB1, BTG1, PAR1 region, and EBF1) was assessed in 559 pretreatment tumor samples from the California Childhood Leukemia Study. Parent and child's passive tobacco exposure was assessed using interview-assisted questionnaires as well as DNA methylation in aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR), a sentinel epigenetic biomarker of exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Multivariable Poisson regressions were used to test the association between the smoking exposures and total number of deletions. Deletion burden varied by subtype, with a lower frequency in high-hyperdiploid and higher frequency in ETV6-RUNX1 fusion ALL. The total number of deletions per case was positively associated with tobacco smoke exposure, in particular for maternal ever-smoking (ratio of means, RM, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.08-1.59), maternal smoking during pregnancy (RM, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.12-1.94), and during breastfeeding (RM, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.48-3.02). The magnitude of association with maternal ever-smoking was stronger in male children compared with females (Pinteraction = 0.04). The total number of deletions was also associated with DNA methylation at the AHRR epigenetic biomarker (RM, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.02-1.69). Our results suggest that prenatal and early-life tobacco smoke exposure increase the frequency of somatic deletions in children who develop ALL. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1674-83. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J de Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, California.
| | - Maneet Kaur
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Semira Gonseth
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Alyson Endicott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, California
| | - Steve Selvin
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Luoping Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Ritu Roy
- Computational Biology Core, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, California
| | - Xiaorong Shao
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Helen M Hansen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, California
| | - Alice Y Kang
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, California
| | - Gary V Dahl
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, California
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Girardi T, Vicente C, Cools J, De Keersmaecker K. The genetics and molecular biology of T-ALL. Blood 2017; 129:1113-1123. [PMID: 28115373 PMCID: PMC5363819 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-706465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignancy caused by the accumulation of genomic lesions that affect the development of T cells. For many years, it has been established that deregulated expression of transcription factors, impairment of the CDKN2A/2B cell-cycle regulators, and hyperactive NOTCH1 signaling play prominent roles in the pathogenesis of this leukemia. In the past decade, systematic screening of T-ALL genomes by high-resolution copy-number arrays and next-generation sequencing technologies has revealed that T-cell progenitors accumulate additional mutations affecting JAK/STAT signaling, protein translation, and epigenetic control, providing novel attractive targets for therapy. In this review, we provide an update on our knowledge of T-ALL pathogenesis, the opportunities for the introduction of targeted therapy, and the challenges that are still ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Girardi
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Vicente
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Cools
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Mycosis Fungoides (MF) and Sézary Syndrome (SS) are clonal proliferations of mature T-cells manifesting as lymphoproliferative disorders in which the neoplastic cells show a strong propensity for skin-homing. While the predominant site of presentation in MF is the skin, the peripheral blood carries a significant tumor burden in Sézary Syndrome such that it resembles a "leukemic" disease. While the genetic basis of these diseases has been studied using different approaches in the previous years, recent genome-wide studies employing massively parallel sequencing techniques now offer new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of these diseases. In this chapter, we discuss the recent findings elucidating the genomic landscape of MF and SS. The pathways targeted by mutational alterations are discussed and a model for understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases is proposed. It is anticipated that prognostic stratification and therapeutic targeting based on mutational signatures will be achieved in the near future based on the improved understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojo S J Elenitoba-Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 609 Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Ryan Wilcox
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Li Y, Buijs-Gladdines JGCAM, Canté-Barrett K, Stubbs AP, Vroegindeweij EM, Smits WK, van Marion R, Dinjens WNM, Horstmann M, Kuiper RP, Buijsman RC, Zaman GJR, van der Spek PJ, Pieters R, Meijerink JPP. IL-7 Receptor Mutations and Steroid Resistance in Pediatric T cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Genome Sequencing Study. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1002200. [PMID: 27997540 PMCID: PMC5172551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in children. T cell ALL (T-ALL) represents about 15% of pediatric ALL cases and is considered a high-risk disease. T-ALL is often associated with resistance to treatment, including steroids, which are currently the cornerstone for treating ALL; moreover, initial steroid response strongly predicts survival and cure. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying steroid resistance in T-ALL patients are poorly understood. In this study, we combined various genomic datasets in order to identify candidate genetic mechanisms underlying steroid resistance in children undergoing T-ALL treatment. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed whole genome sequencing on paired pre-treatment (diagnostic) and post-treatment (remission) samples from 13 patients, and targeted exome sequencing of pre-treatment samples from 69 additional T-ALL patients. We then integrated mutation data with copy number data for 151 mutated genes, and this integrated dataset was tested for associations of mutations with clinical outcomes and in vitro drug response. Our analysis revealed that mutations in JAK1 and KRAS, two genes encoding components of the interleukin 7 receptor (IL7R) signaling pathway, were associated with steroid resistance and poor outcome. We then sequenced JAK1, KRAS, and other genes in this pathway, including IL7R, JAK3, NF1, NRAS, and AKT, in these 69 T-ALL patients and a further 77 T-ALL patients. We identified mutations in 32% (47/146) of patients, the majority of whom had a specific T-ALL subtype (early thymic progenitor ALL or TLX). Based on the outcomes of these patients and their prednisolone responsiveness measured in vitro, we then confirmed that these mutations were associated with both steroid resistance and poor outcome. To explore how these mutations in IL7R signaling pathway genes cause steroid resistance and subsequent poor outcome, we expressed wild-type and mutant IL7R signaling molecules in two steroid-sensitive T-ALL cell lines (SUPT1 and P12 Ichikawa cells) using inducible lentiviral expression constructs. We found that expressing mutant IL7R, JAK1, or NRAS, or wild-type NRAS or AKT, specifically induced steroid resistance without affecting sensitivity to vincristine or L-asparaginase. In contrast, wild-type IL7R, JAK1, and JAK3, as well as mutant JAK3 and mutant AKT, had no effect. We then performed a functional study to examine the mechanisms underlying steroid resistance and found that, rather than changing the steroid receptor's ability to activate downstream targets, steroid resistance was associated with strong activation of MEK-ERK and AKT, downstream components of the IL7R signaling pathway, thereby inducing a robust antiapoptotic response by upregulating MCL1 and BCLXL expression. Both the MEK-ERK and AKT pathways also inactivate BIM, an essential molecule for steroid-induced cell death, and inhibit GSK3B, an important regulator of proapoptotic BIM. Importantly, treating our cell lines with IL7R signaling inhibitors restored steroid sensitivity. To address clinical relevance, we treated primary T-ALL cells obtained from 11 patients with steroids either alone or in combination with IL7R signaling inhibitors; we found that including a MEK, AKT, mTOR, or dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor strongly increased steroid-induced cell death. Therefore, combining these inhibitors with steroid treatment may enhance steroid sensitivity in patients with ALL. The main limitation of our study was the modest cohort size, owing to the very low incidence of T-ALL. CONCLUSIONS Using an unbiased sequencing approach, we found that specific mutations in IL7R signaling molecules underlie steroid resistance in T-ALL. Future prospective clinical studies should test the ability of inhibitors of MEK, AKT, mTOR, or PI3K/mTOR to restore or enhance steroid sensitivity and improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Li
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica G. C. A. M. Buijs-Gladdines
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Canté-Barrett
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew P. Stubbs
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric M. Vroegindeweij
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem K. Smits
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Marion
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Horstmann
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Co-operative Study Group for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland P. Kuiper
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rob Pieters
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jules P. P. Meijerink
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Karrman K, Johansson B. Pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 56:89-116. [PMID: 27636224 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common pediatric malignancy is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), of which T-cell ALL (T-ALL) comprises 10-15% of cases. T-ALL arises in the thymus from an immature thymocyte as a consequence of a stepwise accumulation of genetic and epigenetic aberrations. Crucial biological processes, such as differentiation, self-renewal capacity, proliferation, and apoptosis, are targeted and deranged by several types of neoplasia-associated genetic alteration, for example, translocations, deletions, and mutations of genes that code for proteins involved in signaling transduction, epigenetic regulation, and transcription. Epigenetically, T-ALL is characterized by gene expression changes caused by hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, histone modifications, and miRNA and lncRNA abnormalities. Although some genetic and gene expression patterns have been associated with certain clinical features, such as immunophenotypic subtype and outcome, none has of yet generally been implemented in clinical routine for treatment decisions. The recent advent of massive parallel sequencing technologies has dramatically increased our knowledge of the genetic blueprint of T-ALL, revealing numerous fusion genes as well as novel gene mutations. The challenges now are to integrate all genetic and epigenetic data into a coherent understanding of the pathogenesis of T-ALL and to translate the wealth of information gained in the last few years into clinical use in the form of improved risk stratification and targeted therapies. Here, we provide an overview of pediatric T-ALL with an emphasis on the acquired genetic alterations that result in this disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Karrman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Office for Medical Services, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bertil Johansson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Office for Medical Services, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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DEPTOR is a direct NOTCH1 target that promotes cell proliferation and survival in T-cell leukemia. Oncogene 2016; 36:1038-1047. [PMID: 27593934 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of NOTCH1 signaling plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Yet the molecular events downstream of NOTCH1 that drive T-cell leukemogenesis remain incompletely understood. Starting from genome-wide gene-expression profiling to seek important NOTCH1 transcriptional targets, we identified DEP-domain containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR), which was previously shown to be important in multiple myeloma but remains functionally unclear in other hematological malignancies. Mechanistically, we demonstrated NOTCH1 directly bound to and activated the human DEPTOR promoter in T-ALL cells. DEPTOR depletion abolished cellular proliferation, attenuated glycolytic metabolism and enhanced cell death, while ectopically expressed DEPTOR significantly promoted cell growth and glycolysis. We further showed that DEPTOR depletion inhibited while its overexpression enhanced AKT activation in T-ALL cells. Importantly, AKT inhibition completely abrogated DEPTOR-mediated cell growth advantages. Moreover, DEPTOR depletion in a human T-ALL xenograft model significantly delayed T-ALL onset and caused a substantial decrease of AKT activation in leukemic blasts. We thus reveal a novel mechanism involved in NOTCH1-driven leukemogenesis, identifying the transcriptional control of DEPTOR and its regulation of AKT as additional key elements of the leukemogenic program activated by NOTCH1.
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47
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Dong Y, Liu F, Wu C, Li S, Zhao X, Zhang P, Jiao J, Yu X, Ji Y, Zhang M. Illegitimate RAG-mediated recombination events are involved in IKZF1 Δ3-6 deletion in BCR-ABL1 lymphoblastic leukaemia. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:320-31. [PMID: 27198500 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakpoint cluster region-Abelson murine leukaemia viral oncogene homologue 1 (BCR-ABL1), encoded by the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, is the characteristic of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and a subset of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). We demonstrated that expression of the Ik6 transcript, which lacked exons 3-6, was observed exclusively in BCR-ABL1(+) B ALL and lymphoid blast crisis CML (BC-CML) patients harbouring the IKZF1 Δ3-6 deletion. To confirm the hypothesis that illegitimate recombination activating gene protein (RAG)-mediated recombination events are involved in IKZF1 Δ3-6 deletion in BCR-ABL1 lymphoblastic leukaemia, we first demonstrated that the expression rates of RAG1 and RAG2, collectively called RAG, were higher in ALL and BC-CML (lymphoid). Notably, analysis of relationships among RAG, BCR-ABL1 and Ikaros 6 (Ik6) showed that Ik6 can be generated only if RAG and BCR-ABL1 are co-existing. The sequencing data showed that the deleted segments of introns 2 and 6 contained cryptic recombination signal sequences (cRSSs) and frequently had non-template nucleotides inserted between breakpoints. Furthermore, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technology and demonstrated that the sequences directly flanking IKZF1 Δ3-6 deletion breakpoints have significantly higher levels of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) modifications. Overall, RAG expression, good-quality cRSS and a specific chromatin modification, H3K4me3, satisfy the conditions of RAG's off-target effects on IKZF1. Our work provides evidence for RAG-mediated IKZF1 Δ3-6 deletion. Our results raise the prospect that RAG is a valuable biomarker in disease surveillance. Dissecting the contribution of RAG should not only provide valuable mechanistic insights, but will also lead to a new therapeutic direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center.,Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University)
| | - F Liu
- Department of Hematology, Xi'an Central Hospital
| | - C Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center.,Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University)
| | - S Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center.,Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University)
| | - X Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center.,Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University)
| | - P Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center.,Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University)
| | - J Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center.,Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University)
| | - X Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center.,Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University)
| | - Y Ji
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center.,Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University)
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
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48
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Abstract
T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive haematological malignancy derived from early T cell progenitors. In recent years genomic and transcriptomic studies have uncovered major oncogenic and tumour suppressor pathways involved in T-ALL transformation and identified distinct biological groups associated with prognosis. An increased understanding of T-ALL biology has already translated into new prognostic biomarkers and improved animal models of leukaemia and has opened opportunities for the development of targeted therapies for the treatment of this disease. In this Review we examine our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of T-ALL and recent developments in the translation of these results to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Belver
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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49
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MEK and PI3K-AKT inhibitors synergistically block activated IL7 receptor signaling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 30:1832-43. [PMID: 27174491 PMCID: PMC5240021 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We identified mutations in the IL7Ra gene or in genes encoding the downstream signaling molecules JAK1, JAK3, STAT5B, N-RAS, K-RAS, NF1, AKT and PTEN in 49% of patients with pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Strikingly, these mutations (except RAS/NF1) were mutually exclusive, suggesting that they each cause the aberrant activation of a common downstream target. Expressing these mutant signaling molecules—but not their wild-type counterparts—rendered Ba/F3 cells independent of IL3 by activating the RAS-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways. Interestingly, cells expressing either IL7Ra or JAK mutants are sensitive to JAK inhibitors, but respond less robustly to inhibitors of the downstream RAS-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways, indicating that inhibiting only one downstream pathway is not sufficient. Here, we show that inhibiting both the MEK and PI3K-AKT pathways synergistically prevents the proliferation of BaF3 cells expressing mutant IL7Ra, JAK and RAS. Furthermore, combined inhibition of MEK and PI3K/AKT was cytotoxic to samples obtained from 6 out of 11 primary T-ALL patients, including 1 patient who had no mutations in the IL7R signaling pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that the potent cytotoxic effects of inhibiting both MEK and PI3K/AKT should be investigated further as a therapeutic option using leukemia xenograft models.
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50
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Galardy PJ, Bedekovics T, Hermiston ML. Targeting childhood, adolescent and young adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma: therapeutic horizons. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:625-36. [PMID: 27019108 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the third most common malignancy in children, adolescents and young adults (CAYA). NHL is a diverse set of diseases that arise at key regulatory checkpoints during B or T cell development in the bone marrow, germinal centre or thymus. While advances in the use of conventional cytotoxic agents have led to dramatic improvements in survival, these cures are associated with significant acute and long-term toxicities. Moreover, the prognosis for CAYA patients with relapsed or refractory NHL remains dismal, with the vast majority dying of their disease. Thanks to a large number of candidate-based biological studies, together with large-scale sequencing efforts, there has been an explosion of knowledge regarding the molecular pathophysiology of B- and T-NHL. This has ushered development of a flurry of novel therapeutic approaches that may simultaneously provide new hope for relapsed patients and an opportunity to reduce the therapeutic burden in newly diagnosed CAYA. Here we review a selection of the most promising new therapeutic approaches to these diseases. While the vast majority of these agents are untested in children, on-going work from many cooperative groups will soon explore their use in paediatric disease, in hope of further improving outcomes while maximizing quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Galardy
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tibor Bedekovics
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michelle L Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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