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Tefferi A, Pardanani A, Gangat N. Treatment-associated decline in JAK2V617F allele burden in polycythemia vera: What does it mean? Am J Hematol 2024; 99:1459-1461. [PMID: 38767433 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Tefferi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Animesh Pardanani
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Naseema Gangat
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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2
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Kaur A, Venkatesan A, Kandarpa M, Talpaz M, Raghavan M. Lysosomal degradation targets mutant calreticulin and the thrombopoietin receptor in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood Adv 2024; 8:3372-3387. [PMID: 38640435 PMCID: PMC11255115 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Somatic mutants of calreticulin (CRT) drive myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) via binding to the thrombopoietin receptor (MPL) and aberrant activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Compared with healthy donors, platelets from mutant CRT-expressing patients with MPN display low cell surface MPL. Additionally, coexpression of MPL with an MPN-linked CRT mutant (CRTDel52) reduces cell surface MPL, suggesting that CRTDel52 may induce MPL degradation. We show that lysosomal degradation is relevant to the turnover of CRTDel52 and MPL. Furthermore, CRTDel52 increases the lysosomal localization and degradation of MPL. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors reduce cellular CRTDel52 and MPL, secreted CRTDel52 levels, and impair CRTDel52-mediated cell proliferation. mTOR inhibition also reduces colony formation and differentiation of CD34+ cells from patients with MPN but not from healthy donors. Together, these findings indicate that low-surface MPL is a biomarker of mutant CRT-mediated MPN and that induced degradation of CRTDel52 and MPL is an avenue for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanpreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Arunkumar Venkatesan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Malathi Kandarpa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Malini Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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Xiao L, Zhang L, Guo C, Xin Q, Gu X, Jiang C, Wu J. "Find Me" and "Eat Me" signals: tools to drive phagocytic processes for modulating antitumor immunity. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:791-832. [PMID: 38923737 PMCID: PMC11260773 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis, a vital defense mechanism, involves the recognition and elimination of foreign substances by cells. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, rapidly respond to invaders; macrophages are especially important in later stages of the immune response. They detect "find me" signals to locate apoptotic cells and migrate toward them. Apoptotic cells then send "eat me" signals that are recognized by phagocytes via specific receptors. "Find me" and "eat me" signals can be strategically harnessed to modulate antitumor immunity in support of cancer therapy. These signals, such as calreticulin and phosphatidylserine, mediate potent pro-phagocytic effects, thereby promoting the engulfment of dying cells or their remnants by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells and inducing tumor cell death. This review summarizes the phagocytic "find me" and "eat me" signals, including their concepts, signaling mechanisms, involved ligands, and functions. Furthermore, we delineate the relationships between "find me" and "eat me" signaling molecules and tumors, especially the roles of these molecules in tumor initiation, progression, diagnosis, and patient prognosis. The interplay of these signals with tumor biology is elucidated, and specific approaches to modulate "find me" and "eat me" signals and enhance antitumor immunity are explored. Additionally, novel therapeutic strategies that combine "find me" and "eat me" signals to better bridge innate and adaptive immunity in the treatment of cancer patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Louqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Ciliang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Qilei Xin
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongP. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongP. R. China
| | - Chunping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongP. R. China
| | - Junhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongP. R. China
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4
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Haage TR, Charakopoulos E, Bhuria V, Baldauf CK, Korthals M, Handschuh J, Müller P, Li J, Harit K, Nishanth G, Frey S, Böttcher M, Fischer KD, Dudeck J, Dudeck A, Lipka DB, Schraven B, Green AR, Müller AJ, Mougiakakos D, Fischer T. Neutrophil-specific expression of JAK2-V617F or CALRmut induces distinct inflammatory profiles in myeloproliferative neoplasia. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:43. [PMID: 38853260 PMCID: PMC11163796 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils play a crucial role in inflammation and in the increased thrombotic risk in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). We have investigated how neutrophil-specific expression of JAK2-V617F or CALRdel re-programs the functions of neutrophils. METHODS Ly6G-Cre JAK2-V617F and Ly6G-Cre CALRdel mice were generated. MPN parameters as blood counts, splenomegaly and bone marrow histology were compared to wild-type mice. Megakaryocyte differentiation was investigated using lineage-negative bone marrow cells upon in vitro incubation with TPO/IL-1β. Cytokine concentrations in serum of mice were determined by Mouse Cytokine Array. IL-1α expression in various hematopoietic cell populations was determined by intracellular FACS analysis. RNA-seq to analyse gene expression of inflammatory cytokines was performed in isolated neutrophils from JAK2-V617F and CALR-mutated mice and patients. Bioenergetics of neutrophils were recorded on a Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer. Cell motility of neutrophils was monitored in vitro (time lapse microscopy), and in vivo (two-photon microscopy) upon creating an inflammatory environment. Cell adhesion to integrins, E-selectin and P-selection was investigated in-vitro. Statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Unpaired, two-tailed t-tests were applied. RESULTS Strikingly, neutrophil-specific expression of JAK2-V617F, but not CALRdel, was sufficient to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1 in serum of mice. RNA-seq analysis in neutrophils from JAK2-V617F mice and patients revealed a distinct inflammatory chemokine signature which was not expressed in CALR-mutant neutrophils. In addition, IL-1 response genes were significantly enriched in neutrophils of JAK2-V617F patients as compared to CALR-mutant patients. Thus, JAK2-V617F positive neutrophils, but not CALR-mutant neutrophils, are pathogenic drivers of inflammation in MPN. In line with this, expression of JAK2-V617F or CALRdel elicited a significant difference in the metabolic phenotype of neutrophils, suggesting a stronger inflammatory activity of JAK2-V617F cells. Furthermore, JAK2-V617F, but not CALRdel, induced a VLA4 integrin-mediated adhesive phenotype in neutrophils. This resulted in reduced neutrophil migration in vitro and in an inflamed vessel. This mechanism may contribute to the increased thrombotic risk of JAK2-V617F patients compared to CALR-mutant individuals. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings highlight genotype-specific differences in MPN-neutrophils that have implications for the differential pathophysiology of JAK2-V617F versus CALR-mutant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ronny Haage
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Charakopoulos
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vikas Bhuria
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Conny K Baldauf
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mark Korthals
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Handschuh
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Juan Li
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, GB, England
| | - Kunjan Harit
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gopala Nishanth
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Frey
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jan Dudeck
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Dudeck
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel B Lipka
- Section of Translational Cancer Epigenomics, Division of Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anthony R Green
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, GB, England
| | - Andreas J Müller
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Healthcampus Immunology, Inflammation and Infectiology (GC-I, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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5
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Behrens K, Kauppi M, Viney EM, Kueh AJ, Hyland CD, Willson TA, Salleh L, de Graaf CA, Babon JJ, Herold MJ, Nicola NA, Alexander WS. Differential in vivo roles of Mpl cytoplasmic tyrosine residues in murine hematopoiesis and myeloproliferative disease. Leukemia 2024; 38:1342-1352. [PMID: 38491305 PMCID: PMC11147766 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-024-02219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (Tpo), which binds to its specific receptor, the Mpl protein, is the major cytokine regulator of megakaryopoiesis and circulating platelet number. Tpo binding to Mpl triggers activation of Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) and phosphorylation of the receptor, as well as activation of several intracellular signalling cascades that mediate cellular responses. Three tyrosine (Y) residues in the C-terminal region of the Mpl intracellular domain have been implicated as sites of phosphorylation required for regulation of major Tpo-stimulated signalling pathways: Mpl-Y565, Mpl-Y599 and Mpl-Y604. Here, we have introduced mutations in the mouse germline and report a consistent physiological requirement for Mpl-Y599, mutation of which resulted in thrombocytopenia, deficient megakaryopoiesis, low hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) number and function, and attenuated responses to myelosuppression. We further show that in models of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), where Mpl is required for pathogenesis, thrombocytosis was dependent on intact Mpl-Y599. In contrast, Mpl-Y565 was required for negative regulation of Tpo responses; mutation of this residue resulted in excess megakaryopoiesis at steady-state and in response to myelosuppression, and exacerbated thrombocytosis associated with MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Behrens
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Maria Kauppi
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Viney
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Kueh
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Craig D Hyland
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Tracy A Willson
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Liam Salleh
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Carolyn A de Graaf
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Babon
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Nicos A Nicola
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Warren S Alexander
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Kaushansky K. Thrombopoietin, the Primary Regulator of Platelet Production: From Mythos to Logos, a Thirty-Year Journey. Biomolecules 2024; 14:489. [PMID: 38672505 PMCID: PMC11047867 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Thrombopoietin, the primary regulator of blood platelet production, was postulated to exist in 1958, but was only proven to exist when the cDNA for the hormone was cloned in 1994. Since its initial cloning and characterization, the hormone has revealed many surprises. For example, instead of acting as the postulated differentiation factor for platelet precursors, megakaryocytes, it is the most potent stimulator of megakaryocyte progenitor expansion known. Moreover, it also stimulates the survival, and in combination with stem cell factor leads to the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells. All of these growth-promoting activities have resulted in its clinical use in patients with thrombocytopenia and aplastic anemia, although the clinical development of the native molecule illustrated that "it's not wise to mess with mother nature", as a highly engineered version of the native hormone led to autoantibody formation and severe thrombocytopenia. Finally, another unexpected finding was the role of the thrombopoietin receptor in stem cell biology, including the development of myeloproliferative neoplasms, an important disorder of hematopoietic stem cells. Overall, the past 30 years of clinical and basic research has yielded many important insights, which are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kaushansky
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Cifric S, Turi M, Folino P, Clericuzio C, Barello F, Maciel T, Anderson KC, Gulla A. DAMPening Tumor Immune Escape: The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperones in Immunogenic Chemotherapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38366728 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2024.0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Preclinical and clinical research in the past two decades has redefined the mechanism of action of some chemotherapeutics that are able to activate the immune system against cancer when cell death is perceived by the immune cells. This immunogenic cell death (ICD) activates antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells to induce immune-mediated tumor clearance. One of the key requirements to achieve this effect is the externalization of the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), molecules released or exposed by cancer cells during ICD that increase the visibility of the cancer cells by the immune system. Recent Advances: In this review, we focus on the role of calreticulin (CRT) and other endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones, such as the heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), as surface-exposed DAMPs. Once exposed on the cell membrane, these proteins shift their role from that of ER chaperone and regulator of Ca2+ and protein homeostasis to act as an immunogenic signal for APCs, driving dendritic cell (DC)-mediated phagocytosis and T-mediated antitumor response. Critical Issues: However, cancer cells exploit several mechanisms of resistance to immune attack, including subverting the exposure of ER chaperones on their surface to avoid immune recognition. Future Directions: Overcoming these mechanisms of resistance represents a potential therapeutic opportunity to improve cancer treatment effectiveness and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Cifric
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcello Turi
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Pietro Folino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cole Clericuzio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tallya Maciel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Bhuria V, Franz T, Baldauf C, Böttcher M, Chatain N, Koschmieder S, Brümmendorf TH, Mougiakakos D, Schraven B, Kahlfuß S, Fischer T. Activating mutations in JAK2 and CALR differentially affect intracellular calcium flux in store operated calcium entry. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:186. [PMID: 38509561 PMCID: PMC10956330 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium (Ca2+) signaling regulates various vital cellular functions, including integrin activation and cell migration. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) via calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels represents a major pathway for Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space in multiple cell types. The impact of JAK2-V617F and CALR mutations which are disease initiating in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) on SOCE, calcium flux from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol, and related key signaling pathways in the presence or absence of erythropoietin (EPO) or thrombopoietin (TPO) is poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the effects of these mutations on the aforementioned calcium dynamics, in cellular models of MPN. METHODS Intracellular Ca2+ levels were measured over a time frame of 0-1080 s in Fura-2 AM labeled myeloid progenitor 32D cells expressing various mutations (JAK2-WT/EpoR, JAK2-V617F/EpoR; CALR-WT/MPL, CALR-ins5/MPL, and del52/MPL). Basal Ca2+ concentrations were assessed from 0-108 s. Subsequently, cells were stimulated with EPO/TPO in Ca2+-free Ringer solution, measuring Ca2+ levels from 109-594 s (store depletion). Then, 2 mM of Ca2+ buffer resembling physiological concentrations was added to induce SOCE, and Ca2+ levels were measured from 595-1080 s. Fura-2 AM emission ratios (F340/380) were used to quantify the integrated Ca2+ signal. Statistical significance was assessed by unpaired Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney-U-test, one-way or two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. RESULTS Following EPO stimulation, the area under the curve (AUC) representing SOCE significantly increased in 32D-JAK2-V617F cells compared to JAK2-WT cells. In TPO-stimulated CALR cells, we observed elevated Ca2+ levels during store depletion and SOCE in CALR-WT cells compared to CALR-ins5 and del52 cells. Notably, upon stimulation, key components of the Ca2+ signaling pathways, including PLCγ-1 and IP3R, were differentially affected in these cell lines. Hyper-activated PLCγ-1 and IP3R were observed in JAK2-V617F but not in CALR mutated cells. Inhibition of calcium regulatory mechanisms suppressed cellular growth and induced apoptosis in JAK2-V617F cells. CONCLUSIONS This report highlights the impact of JAK2 and CALR mutations on Ca2+ flux (store depletion and SOCE) in response to stimulation with EPO and TPO. The study shows that the JAK2-V617F mutation strongly alters the regulatory mechanism of EpoR/JAK2-dependent intracellular calcium balance, affecting baseline calcium levels, EPO-induced calcium entry, and PLCγ-1 signaling pathways. Our results reveal an important role of calcium flux in the homeostasis of JAK2-V617F positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Bhuria
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Tobias Franz
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Conny Baldauf
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Chatain
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kahlfuß
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Health-Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention - CHaMP, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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9
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Kramer F, Mullally A. Antibody targeting of mutant calreticulin in myeloproliferative neoplasms. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e17896. [PMID: 37551061 PMCID: PMC10902560 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in calreticulin are one of the key disease-initiating mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). In MPN, mutant calreticulin translates with a novel C-terminus that leads to aberrant binding to the extracellular domain of the thrombopoietin receptor, MPL. This cell surface neoantigen has become an attractive target for immunological intervention. Here, we summarize recent advances in the development of mutant calreticulin targeting antibodies as a novel therapeutic approach in MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Kramer
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ann Mullally
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Medical OncologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Broad InstituteCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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10
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Michalak M. Calreticulin: Endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ gatekeeper. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e17839. [PMID: 37424156 PMCID: PMC10902585 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal Ca2+ is vital for the function of the ER and regulates many cellular processes. Calreticulin is a highly conserved, ER-resident Ca2+ binding protein and lectin-like chaperone. Over four decades of studying calreticulin demonstrate that this protein plays a crucial role in maintaining Ca2+ supply under different physiological conditions, in managing access to Ca2+ and how Ca2+ is used depending on the environmental events and in making sure that Ca2+ is not misused. Calreticulin plays a role of ER luminal Ca2+ sensor to manage Ca2+-dependent ER luminal events including maintaining interaction with its partners, Ca2+ handling molecules, substrates and stress sensors. The protein is strategically positioned in the lumen of the ER from where the protein manages access to and distribution of Ca2+ for many cellular Ca2+-signalling events. The importance of calreticulin Ca2+ pool extends beyond the ER and includes influence of cellular processes involved in many aspects of cellular pathophysiology. Abnormal handling of the ER Ca2+ contributes to many pathologies from heart failure to neurodegeneration and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Michalak
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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11
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Havelange V, Constantinescu SN. Molecular pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms: Where do we stand in 2023? Am J Hematol 2023; 98:1512-1516. [PMID: 37635451 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Havelange
- Université catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Hematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Université catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Hematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- WelBio Department, Wel Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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12
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Gurban P, Mambet C, Botezatu A, Necula LG, Neagu AI, Matei L, Pitica IM, Nedeianu S, Chivu-Economescu M, Bleotu C, Ataman M, Mocanu G, Saguna C, Pavel AG, Stambouli D, Sepulchre E, Anton G, Diaconu CC, Constantinescu SN. Leukemic conversion involving RAS mutations of type 1 CALR-mutated primary myelofibrosis in a patient treated for HCV cirrhosis: a case report. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1266996. [PMID: 37841434 PMCID: PMC10570518 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1266996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic frameshift mutations in exon 9 of calreticulin (CALR) gene are recognized as disease drivers in primary myelofibrosis (PMF), one of the three classical Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Type 1/type 1-like CALR mutations particularly confer a favorable prognostic and survival advantage in PMF patients. We report an unusual case of PMF incidentally diagnosed in a 68-year-old woman known with hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis who developed a progressive painful splenomegaly, without anomalies in blood cell counts. While harboring a type 1 CALR mutation, the patient underwent a leukemic transformation in less than 1 year from diagnosis, with a lethal outcome. Analysis of paired DNA samples from chronic and leukemic phases by a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray revealed that the leukemic clone developed from the CALR-mutated clone through the acquisition of genetic events in the RAS signaling pathway: an increased variant allele frequency of the germline NRAS Y64D mutation present in the chronic phase (via an acquired uniparental disomy of chromosome 1) and gaining NRAS G12D in the blast phase. SNP microarray analysis showed five clinically significant copy number losses at regions 7q22.1, 8q11.1-q11.21, 10p12.1-p11.22, 11p14.1-p11.2, and Xp11.4, revealing a complex karyotype already in the chronic phase. We discuss how additional mutations, detected by NGS, as well as HCV infection and antiviral therapy, might have negatively impacted this type 1 CALR-mutated PMF. We suggest that larger studies are required to determine if more careful monitoring would be needed in MPN patients also carrying HCV and receiving anti-HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petruta Gurban
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- Cytogenomic Medical Laboratory Ltd., Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Mambet
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Hematology Department, Emergency University Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Botezatu
- Molecular Virology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura G. Necula
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana I. Neagu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lilia Matei
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana M. Pitica
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Saviana Nedeianu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Chivu-Economescu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marius Ataman
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Mocanu
- Department of Hematology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Saguna
- Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca G. Pavel
- Cytogenomic Medical Laboratory Ltd., Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Elise Sepulchre
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gabriela Anton
- Molecular Virology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen C. Diaconu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan N. Constantinescu
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- SIGN (Cell Signalling and Molecular Hematology), Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO) Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Mroczkowska-Bękarciak A, Wróbel T. BCR::ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms in the era of next-generation sequencing. Front Genet 2023; 14:1241912. [PMID: 37745842 PMCID: PMC10514516 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1241912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical BCR::ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms such as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and myelofibrosis (MF) are clonal diseases with the presence of characteristic "driver mutations" in one of the genes: JAK2, CALR, or MPL. The search for mutations in these three genes is required for the diagnosis of MPNs. Nevertheless, the progress that has been made in the field of molecular genetics has opened a new era in medicine. The search for additional mutations in MPNs is helpful in assessing the risk stratification, disease progression, transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), or choosing the right treatment. In some cases, advanced technologies are needed to find a clonal marker of the disease and establish a diagnosis. This review focuses on how the use of new technologies like next-generation sequencing (NGS) helps in the diagnosis of BCR::ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms.
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14
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Zhang M, Xiao J, Liu J, Bai X, Zeng X, Zhang Z, Liu F. Calreticulin as a marker and therapeutic target for cancer. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1393-1404. [PMID: 36335525 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a multifunctional protein found within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In addition, CRT participates in the formation and development of tumors and promotes the proliferation and migration of tumor cells. When a malignant tumor occurs in the human body, cancer cells that die from immunogenic cell death (ICD) expose CRT on their surface, and CRT that is transferred to the cell surface represents an "eat me" signal, which promotes dendritic cells to phagocytose the tumor cells, thereby increasing the sensitivity of tumors to anticancer immunotherapy. Expression of CRT in tumor tissues is higher than in normal tissues and is associated with disease progression in many malignant tumors. Thus, the dysfunctional production of CRT can promote tumorigenesis because it disturbs not only the balance of healthy cells but also the body's immune surveillance. CRT may be a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target for cancer, which is discussed extensively in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jiangrong Liu
- Department of Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xuemei Zeng
- Department of Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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15
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Guijarro-Hernández A, Vizmanos JL. Transcriptomic comparison of bone marrow CD34 + cells and peripheral blood neutrophils from ET patients with JAK2 or CALR mutations. BMC Genom Data 2023; 24:40. [PMID: 37550636 PMCID: PMC10408115 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-023-01142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is one of the most common types of Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms, an infrequent group of blood cancers that arise from a CD34 + hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) in the bone marrow (BM) primarily due to driver mutations in JAK2, CALR or MPL. These aberrations result in an overproduction of mature myeloid cells in peripheral blood (PB). To date, no targeted therapies have been approved for ET patients, so the study of the molecular mechanisms behind the disease and the identification of new therapeutic targets may be of interest. For this reason, in this study, we have compared the transcriptomic profile of undifferentiated CD34 + cells and mature myeloid cells from ET patients (CALR and JAK2-mutated) and healthy donors deposited in publicly available databases. The study of the similarities and differences between these samples might help to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind the disease according to the degree of maturation of the malignant clone and the type of mutation and ultimately help identify new therapeutic targets for these patients. RESULTS The results show that most of the altered hallmarks in neutrophils were also found in CD34 + cells. However, only a few genes showed a similar aberrant expression pattern in both types of cells. We have identified a signature of six genes common to patients with CALR and JAK2 mutations (BPI, CRISP3, LTF, MMP8, and PTGS1 upregulated, and PBXIP1 downregulated), a different signature of seven genes for patients with CALR mutations (BMP6, CEACAM8, ITK, LCN2, and PRG2 upregulated, and MAN1A1 and MME downregulated) and a signature of 13 genes for patients with JAK2 mutations (ARG1, CAST, CD177, CLEC5A, DAPP1, EPS15, IL18RAP, OLFM4, OLR1, RIOK3, SELP, and THBS1 upregulated, and IGHM downregulated). CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight transcriptomic similarities and differences in ET patients according to the degree of maturation of the malignant clone and the type of mutation. The genes and processes altered in both CD34 + cells and mature neutrophils may reveal altered sustained processes that could be studied as future therapeutic targets for ET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guijarro-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Luis Vizmanos
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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16
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Grockowiak E, Korn C, Rak J, Lysenko V, Hallou A, Panvini FM, Williams M, Fielding C, Fang Z, Khatib-Massalha E, García-García A, Li J, Khorshed RA, González-Antón S, Baxter EJ, Kusumbe A, Wilkins BS, Green A, Simons BD, Harrison CN, Green AR, Lo Celso C, Theocharides APA, Méndez-Ferrer S. Different niches for stem cells carrying the same oncogenic driver affect pathogenesis and therapy response in myeloproliferative neoplasms. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:1193-1209. [PMID: 37550517 PMCID: PMC10447237 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Aging facilitates the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) carrying clonal hematopoiesis-related somatic mutations and the development of myeloid malignancies, such as myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). While cooperating mutations can cause transformation, it is unclear whether distinct bone marrow (BM) HSC-niches can influence the growth and therapy response of HSCs carrying the same oncogenic driver. Here we found different BM niches for HSCs in MPN subtypes. JAK-STAT signaling differentially regulates CDC42-dependent HSC polarity, niche interaction and mutant cell expansion. Asymmetric HSC distribution causes differential BM niche remodeling: sinusoidal dilation in polycythemia vera and endosteal niche expansion in essential thrombocythemia. MPN development accelerates in a prematurely aged BM microenvironment, suggesting that the specialized niche can modulate mutant cell expansion. Finally, dissimilar HSC-niche interactions underpin variable clinical response to JAK inhibitor. Therefore, HSC-niche interactions influence the expansion rate and therapy response of cells carrying the same clonal hematopoiesis oncogenic driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Grockowiak
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claudia Korn
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justyna Rak
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Veronika Lysenko
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Hallou
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesca M Panvini
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Williams
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire Fielding
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zijian Fang
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eman Khatib-Massalha
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrés García-García
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reema A Khorshed
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Sir Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sara González-Antón
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Sir Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - E Joanna Baxter
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anjali Kusumbe
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Anna Green
- Guy's and Saint Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Anthony R Green
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Sir Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Alexandre P A Theocharides
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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17
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Wang YH, Chen YJ, Lai YH, Wang MC, Chen YY, Wu YY, Yang YR, Tsou HY, Li CP, Hsu CC, Huang CE, Chen CC. Mutation-Driven S100A8 Overexpression Confers Aberrant Phenotypes in Type 1 CALR-Mutated MPN. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8747. [PMID: 37240094 PMCID: PMC10217897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogenic CALR exon 9 mutations have been identified in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), with type 1 (52bp deletion; CALRDEL) and type 2 (5bp insertion; CALRINS) being the most prevalent. Despite the universal pathobiology of MPN driven by various CALR mutants, it is unclear why different CALR mutations result in diverse clinical phenotypes. Through RNA sequencing followed by validation at the protein and mRNA levels, we found that S100A8 was specifically enriched in CALRDEL but not in CALRINS MPN-model cells. The expression of S100a8 could be regulated by STAT3 based on luciferase reporter assay complemented with inhibitor treatment. Pyrosequencing demonstrated relative hypomethylation in two CpG sites within the potential pSTAT3-targeting S100a8 promoter region in CALRDEL cells as compared to CALRINS cells, suggesting that distinct epigenetic alteration could factor into the divergent S100A8 levels in these cells. The functional analysis confirmed that S100A8 non-redundantly contributed to accelerated cellular proliferation and reduced apoptosis in CALRDEL cells. Clinical validation showed significantly enhanced S100A8 expression in CALRDEL-mutated MPN patients compared to CALRINS-mutated cases, and thrombocytosis was less prominent in those with S100A8 upregulation. This study provides indispensable insights into how different CALR mutations discrepantly drive the expression of specific genes that contributes to unique phenotypes in MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsuan Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.C.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.); (H.-Y.T.); (C.-P.L.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Ying-Ju Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.C.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.); (H.-Y.T.); (C.-P.L.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Yi-Hua Lai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.C.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.); (H.-Y.T.); (C.-P.L.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Ming-Chung Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Yang Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.C.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.); (H.-Y.T.); (C.-P.L.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Yu-Ying Wu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.C.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.); (H.-Y.T.); (C.-P.L.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Yao-Ren Yang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.C.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.); (H.-Y.T.); (C.-P.L.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Hsing-Yi Tsou
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.C.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.); (H.-Y.T.); (C.-P.L.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Chian-Pei Li
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.C.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.); (H.-Y.T.); (C.-P.L.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Chia-Chen Hsu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.C.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.); (H.-Y.T.); (C.-P.L.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Cih-En Huang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.C.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.); (H.-Y.T.); (C.-P.L.); (C.-C.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.C.); (Y.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.); (H.-Y.T.); (C.-P.L.); (C.-C.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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18
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Kjær L, Skov V, Larsen MK, Boklund TI, Andersen M, Kefala M, Knudsen TA, Schjellerup Eickhardt-Dalbøge C, Stiehl T, Gudmand-Høyer J, Snyder J, Holmström M, Andersen MH, Ottesen JT, Ellervik C, Hasselbalch HC. Case Report: First longitudinal study of a patient with CALR positive clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential developing into pre-fibrotic myelofibrosis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1176173. [PMID: 37223675 PMCID: PMC10200979 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1176173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Initial diagnosis of overt myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) represents the juncture during clonal evolution when symptoms or complications prompt an afflicted individual to seek medical attention. In 30-40% of the MPN subgroups essential thrombocythemia (ET) and myelofibrosis (MF), somatic mutations in the calreticulin gene (CALR) are drivers of the disease resulting in constitutive activation of the thrombopoietin receptor (MPL). In the current study, we describe a healthy CALR mutated individual during a 12 year follow-up from initial identification of CALR clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) to the diagnosis of pre-MF. The pre-diagnostic exponential development dynamics of the malignant clone demonstrated close correlation with the platelet counts, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) ratio, and inversely correlated to hemoglobin and erythrocyte counts. Backward extrapolation of the growth rate indicated the potential for discovery of the malignant clone many years prior to presentation of overt disease, opening a window of opportunity for early treatment intervention. We did not find any additional mutations associated with MPNs and the current case report provides novel information regarding the development of a driver mutation and the association with blood cell counts prior to clinical manifestation of symptoms suggesting that pre-diagnostic dynamics may supplement future diagnostic criteria for early diagnosis and intervention in MPN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Kjær
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Vibe Skov
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Tobias Idor Boklund
- Centre for Mathematical Modeling - Human Health and Disease, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Morten Andersen
- Centre for Mathematical Modeling - Human Health and Disease, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Maria Kefala
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Trine A. Knudsen
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Stiehl
- Centre for Mathematical Modeling - Human Health and Disease, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine – Disease Modeling, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johanne Gudmand-Høyer
- Centre for Mathematical Modeling - Human Health and Disease, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jordan Snyder
- Centre for Mathematical Modeling - Human Health and Disease, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Morten Holmström
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mads H. Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Johnny T. Ottesen
- Centre for Mathematical Modeling - Human Health and Disease, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
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19
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Papadopoulos N, Nédélec A, Derenne A, Şulea TA, Pecquet C, Chachoua I, Vertenoeil G, Tilmant T, Petrescu AJ, Mazzucchelli G, Iorga BI, Vertommen D, Constantinescu SN. Oncogenic CALR mutant C-terminus mediates dual binding to the thrombopoietin receptor triggering complex dimerization and activation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1881. [PMID: 37019903 PMCID: PMC10076285 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) frameshift mutations represent the second cause of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). In healthy cells, CALR transiently and non-specifically interacts with immature N-glycosylated proteins through its N-terminal domain. Conversely, CALR frameshift mutants turn into rogue cytokines by stably and specifically interacting with the Thrombopoietin Receptor (TpoR), inducing its constitutive activation. Here, we identify the basis of the acquired specificity of CALR mutants for TpoR and define the mechanisms by which complex formation triggers TpoR dimerization and activation. Our work reveals that CALR mutant C-terminus unmasks CALR N-terminal domain, rendering it more accessible to bind immature N-glycans on TpoR. We further find that the basic mutant C-terminus is partially α-helical and define how its α-helical segment concomitantly binds acidic patches of TpoR extracellular domain and induces dimerization of both CALR mutant and TpoR. Finally, we propose a model of the tetrameric TpoR-CALR mutant complex and identify potentially targetable sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Papadopoulos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Université catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Nédélec
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Université catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Allison Derenne
- Spectralys Biotech SRL, rue Auguste Piccard 48, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Teodor Asvadur Şulea
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Christian Pecquet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Université catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilyas Chachoua
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Université catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gaëlle Vertenoeil
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Université catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Tilmant
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Universiy of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Andrei-Jose Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Universiy of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Didier Vertommen
- Université catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute and MASSPROT platform, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
- Université catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium.
- Walloon Excelence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, WELBIO, avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300, Wavre, Belgium.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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20
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Desikan H, Kaur A, Pogozheva ID, Raghavan M. Effects of calreticulin mutations on cell transformation and immunity. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:1032-1044. [PMID: 36916035 PMCID: PMC10098294 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are cancers involving dysregulated production and function of myeloid lineage hematopoietic cells. Among MPNs, Essential thrombocythemia (ET), Polycythemia Vera (PV) and Myelofibrosis (MF), are driven by mutations that activate the JAK-STAT signalling pathway. Somatic mutations of calreticulin (CRT), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized lectin chaperone, are driver mutations in approximately 25% of ET and 35% of MF patients. The MPN-linked mutant CRT proteins have novel frameshifted carboxy-domain sequences and lack an ER retention motif, resulting in their secretion. Wild type CRT is a regulator of ER calcium homeostasis and plays a key role in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which are the ligands for antigen receptors of CD8+ T cells. Mutant CRT-linked oncogenesis results from the dysregulation of calcium signalling in cells and the formation of stable complexes of mutant CRT with myeloproliferative leukemia (MPL) protein, followed by downstream activation of the JAK-STAT signalling pathway. The intricate participation of CRT in ER protein folding, calcium homeostasis and immunity suggests the involvement of multiple mechanisms of mutant CRT-linked oncogenesis. In this review, we highlight recent findings related to the role of MPN-linked CRT mutations in the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, MPL activation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Desikan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Irina D. Pogozheva
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryCollege of Pharmacy, University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Malini Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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21
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Pecquet C, Papadopoulos N, Balligand T, Chachoua I, Tisserand A, Vertenoeil G, Nédélec A, Vertommen D, Roy A, Marty C, Nivarthi H, Defour JP, El-Khoury M, Hug E, Majoros A, Xu E, Zagrijtschuk O, Fertig TE, Marta DS, Gisslinger H, Gisslinger B, Schalling M, Casetti I, Rumi E, Pietra D, Cavalloni C, Arcaini L, Cazzola M, Komatsu N, Kihara Y, Sunami Y, Edahiro Y, Araki M, Lesyk R, Buxhofer-Ausch V, Heibl S, Pasquier F, Havelange V, Plo I, Vainchenker W, Kralovics R, Constantinescu SN. Secreted mutant calreticulins as rogue cytokines in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 2023; 141:917-929. [PMID: 36356299 PMCID: PMC10651872 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant calreticulin (CALR) proteins resulting from a -1/+2 frameshifting mutation of the CALR exon 9 carry a novel C-terminal amino acid sequence and drive the development of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Mutant CALRs were shown to interact with and activate the thrombopoietin receptor (TpoR/MPL) in the same cell. We report that mutant CALR proteins are secreted and can be found in patient plasma at levels up to 160 ng/mL, with a mean of 25.64 ng/mL. Plasma mutant CALR is found in complex with soluble transferrin receptor 1 (sTFR1) that acts as a carrier protein and increases mutant CALR half-life. Recombinant mutant CALR proteins bound and activated the TpoR in cell lines and primary megakaryocytic progenitors from patients with mutated CALR in which they drive thrombopoietin-independent colony formation. Importantly, the CALR-sTFR1 complex remains functional for TpoR activation. By bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assay, we show that mutant CALR proteins produced in 1 cell can specifically interact in trans with the TpoR on a target cell. In comparison with cells that only carry TpoR, cells that carry both TpoR and mutant CALR are hypersensitive to exogenous mutant CALR proteins and respond to levels of mutant CALR proteins similar to those in patient plasma. This is consistent with CALR-mutated cells that expose TpoR carrying immature N-linked sugars at the cell surface. Thus, secreted mutant CALR proteins will act more specifically on the MPN clone. In conclusion, a chaperone, CALR, can turn into a rogue cytokine through somatic mutation of its encoding gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pecquet
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, SIGN Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Papadopoulos
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, SIGN Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Balligand
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, SIGN Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilyas Chachoua
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, SIGN Unit, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Amandine Tisserand
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Cité, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gaëlle Vertenoeil
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, SIGN Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Nédélec
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, SIGN Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Vertommen
- Université Catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, SIGN Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anita Roy
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, SIGN Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Marty
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Harini Nivarthi
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Philippe Defour
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, SIGN Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mira El-Khoury
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Eva Hug
- MyeloPro Diagnostics and Research GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Erica Xu
- MyeloPro Diagnostics and Research GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Daciana S. Marta
- Ultrastructural Pathology Lab and Bioimaging, Institute of Pathology Victor Babeș, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Heinz Gisslinger
- Division of Hematology and Blood Coagulation, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Blood Coagulation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Gisslinger
- Division of Hematology and Blood Coagulation, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Blood Coagulation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Schalling
- Division of Hematology and Blood Coagulation, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Blood Coagulation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilaria Casetti
- Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Rumi
- Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Pietra
- Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavalloni
- Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Arcaini
- Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kihara
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sunami
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Edahiro
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marito Araki
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Veronika Buxhofer-Ausch
- Department of Internal Medicine I with Hematology, Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Stem Cell Transplantation Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Linz, Austria
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Sonja Heibl
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria
| | - Florence Pasquier
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Cité, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Hematology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Violaine Havelange
- Université Catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, SIGN Unit, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Hematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Plo
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - William Vainchenker
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Robert Kralovics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan N. Constantinescu
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, SIGN Unit, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Foßelteder J, Pabst G, Sconocchia T, Schlacher A, Auinger L, Kashofer K, Beham-Schmid C, Trajanoski S, Waskow C, Schöll W, Sill H, Zebisch A, Wölfler A, Thomas D, Reinisch A. Human gene-engineered calreticulin mutant stem cells recapitulate MPN hallmarks and identify targetable vulnerabilities. Leukemia 2023; 37:843-853. [PMID: 36813992 PMCID: PMC10079532 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) mutations present the main oncogenic drivers in JAK2 wildtype (WT) myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), including essential thrombocythemia and myelofibrosis, where mutant (MUT) CALR is increasingly recognized as a suitable mutation-specific drug target. However, our current understanding of its mechanism-of-action is derived from mouse models or immortalized cell lines, where cross-species differences, ectopic over-expression and lack of disease penetrance are hampering translational research. Here, we describe the first human gene-engineered model of CALR MUT MPN using a CRISPR/Cas9 and adeno-associated viral vector-mediated knock-in strategy in primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to establish a reproducible and trackable phenotype in vitro and in xenografted mice. Our humanized model recapitulates many disease hallmarks: thrombopoietin-independent megakaryopoiesis, myeloid-lineage skewing, splenomegaly, bone marrow fibrosis, and expansion of megakaryocyte-primed CD41+ progenitors. Strikingly, introduction of CALR mutations enforced early reprogramming of human HSPCs and the induction of an endoplasmic reticulum stress response. The observed compensatory upregulation of chaperones revealed novel mutation-specific vulnerabilities with preferential sensitivity of CALR mutant cells to inhibition of the BiP chaperone and the proteasome. Overall, our humanized model improves purely murine models and provides a readily usable basis for testing of novel therapeutic strategies in a human setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Foßelteder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriel Pabst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tommaso Sconocchia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angelika Schlacher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa Auinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Kashofer
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Slave Trajanoski
- Core Facility Computational Bioanalytics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schöll
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Sill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Zebisch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Wölfler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andreas Reinisch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. .,Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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23
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Guy A, Helzy K, Mansier O, Bordet JC, Rivière E, Fiore M, James C. Platelet function studies in myeloproliferative neoplasms patients with Calreticulin or JAK2 V617F mutation. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100060. [PMID: 36908768 PMCID: PMC9992751 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background JAK2 V617F and Calreticulin (CALR) mutations are the most frequent molecular causes of Phi-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Patients with CALR mutations are at lower risk of thrombosis than patients with JAK2 V617F. We hypothesized that CALR-mutated blood platelets would have platelet function defects that might explain why these patients are at lower risk of thrombosis. Objectives Our main objective was to explore and compare platelet function depending on the MPN molecular marker. Methods We analyzed platelet function in 16 patients with MPN with CALR mutations and 17 patients with JAK2 V617F mutation and compared them with healthy controls. None of these patients was taking antiplatelet therapy. We performed an extensive analysis of platelet function and measured plasmatic soluble P-selectin and CD40L levels. Results We observed significant defects in platelet aggregation, surface glycoprotein expression, fibrinogen binding, and granule content in platelets from patients with MPN compared with that in controls. Moreover, soluble CD40L and P-selectin levels were elevated in patients with MPN compared with that in controls, suggesting an in vivo platelet preactivation. Comparison of platelet function between patients with CALR and JAK2 V617F MPN revealed only minor differences in platelets from patients with CALR. However, these results need to be interpreted within the context of absence of an inflammatory environment that could impact platelet function during MPN. Conclusions These results do not support the hypothesis that calreticulin-mutated platelets have platelet function defects that could explain the lower thrombotic risk of patients with CALR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Guy
- Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, INSERM UMR 1034, "Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases", Pessac, France
| | - Khalil Helzy
- Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Mansier
- Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, INSERM UMR 1034, "Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases", Pessac, France
| | | | - Etienne Rivière
- Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Fiore
- Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Chloe James
- Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, INSERM UMR 1034, "Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases", Pessac, France
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24
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Eggleton P, De Alba J, Weinreich M, Calias P, Foulkes R, Corrigall VM. The therapeutic mavericks: Potent immunomodulating chaperones capable of treating human diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:322-339. [PMID: 36651415 PMCID: PMC9889696 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Two major chaperones, calreticulin (CRT) and binding immunoglobulin protein (GRP78/BiP) dependent on their location, have immunoregulatory or anti-inflammatory functions respectively. CRT induces pro-inflammatory cytokines, dendritic cell (DC) maturation and activates cytotoxic T cells against tumours. By contrast, GRP78/BiP induces anti-inflammatory cytokines, inhibits DC maturation and heightens T-regulatory cell responses. These latter functions rebalance immune homeostasis in inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Both chaperones are therapeutically relevant agents acting primarily on monocytes/DCs. Endogenous exposure of CRT on cancer cell surfaces acts as an 'eat-me' signal and facilitates improved elimination of stressed and dying tumour cells by DCs. Therefore, therapeutics that promote endogenous CRT translocation to the cell surface can improve the removal of cancer cells. However, infused recombinant CRT dampens this cancer cell eradication by binding directly to the DCs. Low levels of endogenous BiP appear as a surface biomarker of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in some types of tumour cells, a reflection of cells undergoing proliferation, in which resulting hypoxia and nutrient deprivation perturb ER homeostasis triggering the unfolded protein response, leading to increased expression of GRP78/BiP and altered cellular location. Conversely, infusion of an analogue of GRP78/BiP (IRL201805) can lead to long-term immune resetting and restoration of immune homeostasis. The therapeutic potential of both chaperones relies on them being relocated from their intracellular ER environment. Ongoing clinical trials are employing therapeutic interventions to either enhance endogenous cell surface CRT or infuse IRL201805, thereby triggering several disease-relevant immune responses leading to a beneficial clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Eggleton
- Revolo BiotherapeuticsNew OrleansLouisianaUSA,University of Exeter Medical SchoolExeterUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Valerie M. Corrigall
- Revolo BiotherapeuticsNew OrleansLouisianaUSA,Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, New Hunts HouseGuy' HospitalLondonUK
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25
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Pan Y, Wang X, Wen S, Liu X, Yang L, Luo J. The different variant allele frequencies of type I/type II mutations and the distinct molecular landscapes in CALR-mutant essential thrombocythaemia and primary myelofibrosis. HEMATOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 27:902-908. [PMID: 36000955 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2022.2107888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calreticulin (CALR) mutations have been identified as driver mutations in a quarter of patients with essential thrombocythaemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), which are subgroups of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). A 52-bp deletion (type I mutation) and a 5-bp insertion (type II mutation) are the most frequent variants. To better understand the impact of different CALR mutant variants, with or without nondriver mutations, on the clinical subtypes of MPN needs further investigation. METHODS The clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters and genetic mutation statuses were analysed in a cohort of 77 MPN patients with CALR mutations (ET = 24, prePMF = 33, and overt PMF = 20). Targeted NGS using a 38-gene panel was performed to evaluate the variant allele frequency (VAF) of CALR type I/type II mutations and assess the molecular landscape of nondriver gene mutations. RESULTS A lower VAF of type I vs. type II was observed in CALR-mutant ET, prePMF and overt PMF, and a higher frequency of type I vs. type II was found in CALR-mutant overt PMF. Additional somatic mutations were indicated to be useful in understanding the pathogenesis of MPN. In this study, the mutation landscape was more complex in overt PMF than in ET or in prePMF. Mutations in epigenetic regulators (ASXL1, EZH2 and TET2) were more common in overt PMF. CONCLUSIONS The two different subtypes of CALR mutations may have different impacts on MPN. A lower VAF of CALR type I indicates a greater contribution to disease progression in MPN, and increased nondriver mutations may be important in myelofibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Pan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hematology, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhe Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hematology, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shupeng Wen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hematology, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hematology, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hematology, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Luo
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hematology, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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26
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Watari H, Kageyama H, Masubuchi N, Nakajima H, Onodera K, Focia PJ, Oshiro T, Matsui T, Kodera Y, Ogawa T, Yokoyama T, Hirayama M, Hori K, Freymann DM, Imai M, Komatsu N, Araki M, Tanaka Y, Sakai R. A marine sponge-derived lectin reveals hidden pathway for thrombopoietin receptor activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7262. [PMID: 36433967 PMCID: PMC9700728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycan-mediated activation of the thrombopoietin receptor (MPL) under pathological conditions has been implicated in myeloproliferative neoplasms induced by mutant calreticulin, which forms an endogenous receptor-agonist complex that traffics to the cell surface and constitutively activates the receptor. However, the molecular basis for this mechanism is elusive because oncogenic activation occurs only in the cell-intrinsic complex and is thus cannot be replicated with external agonists. Here, we describe the structure and function of a marine sponge-derived MPL agonist, thrombocorticin (ThC), a homodimerized lectin with calcium-dependent fucose-binding properties. In-depth characterization of lectin-induced activation showed that, similar to oncogenic activation, sugar chain-mediated activation persists due to limited receptor internalization. The strong synergy between ThC and thrombopoietin suggests that ThC catalyzes the formation of receptor dimers on the cell surface. Overall, the existence of sugar-mediated MPL activation, in which the mode of activation is different from the original ligand, suggests that receptor activation is unpredictably diverse in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Watari
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Hiromu Kageyama
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nami Masubuchi
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Laboratory for the Development of Therapies against MPN, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Nakajima
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Kako Onodera
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Pamela J. Focia
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Takumi Oshiro
- grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan ,grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Center for Disease Proteomics, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kodera
- grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Department of Physics, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan ,grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Center for Disease Proteomics, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ogawa
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yokoyama
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirayama
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kanji Hori
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Douglas M. Freymann
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Misa Imai
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Laboratory for the Development of Therapies against MPN, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Komatsu
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Laboratory for the Development of Therapies against MPN, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Advanced Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marito Araki
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Laboratory for the Development of Therapies against MPN, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Advanced Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sakai
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
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27
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Calreticulin mutations affect its chaperone function and perturb the glycoproteome. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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28
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Wang J, Zhang J, Huang J, Mei Y, Hong Z. The differences of hemogram, myelogram, and driver gene mutations in classic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2022; 97:102698. [PMID: 35914897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2022.102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore and compare routine blood features and pathological characteristics of bone marrow tissues in essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), primary myelofibrosis, prefibrotic stage (prePMF) and overt fibrotic stage (overtPMF), and the correlation between common driver gene mutations and clinical manifestations of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Methods: We analyzed 259 MPN patients treated at Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January 2016 to December 2020. Results: Among ET, PV, prePMF, and overtPMF, the median leukocyte counts of PV and prePMF were significantly higher than those of ET. The average hemoglobin level of overtPMF was significantly lower than that of ET, PV, and prePMF. ET and prePMF had higher platelet counts than PV and overtPMF, whereas ET had the lowest platelet distribution width. Regarding hematopoietic tissues in the bone marrow, enlarged megakaryocytes were easily found in ET, PV, and prePMF, whereas the average diameter of megakaryocytes in prePMF was smaller than in ET, and PV showed various sizes of megakaryocytes. An increased M/E ratio and dilation of sinus were seen more frequently in PMF. Additionally, JAK2-positive patients tended to have significantly higher leukocyte counts than CALR-positive patients in ET and PMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinjin Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Mei
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenya Hong
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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29
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Jutzi JS, Marneth AE, Ciboddo M, Guerra-Moreno A, Jiménez-Santos MJ, Kosmidou A, Dressman JW, Liang H, Hamel R, Lozano P, Rumi E, Doench JG, Gotlib J, Krishnan A, Elf S, Al-Shahrour F, Mullally A. Whole-genome CRISPR screening identifies N-glycosylation as a genetic and therapeutic vulnerability in CALR-mutant MPNs. Blood 2022; 140:1291-1304. [PMID: 35763665 PMCID: PMC9479036 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022015629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) mutations are frequent, disease-initiating events in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Although the biological mechanism by which CALR mutations cause MPNs has been elucidated, there currently are no clonally selective therapies for CALR-mutant MPNs. To identify unique genetic dependencies in CALR-mutant MPNs, we performed a whole-genome clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) knockout depletion screen in mutant CALR-transformed hematopoietic cells. We found that genes in the N-glycosylation pathway (among others) were differentially depleted in mutant CALR-transformed cells as compared with control cells. Using a focused pharmacological in vitro screen targeting unique vulnerabilities uncovered in the CRISPR screen, we found that chemical inhibition of N-glycosylation impaired the growth of mutant CALR-transformed cells, through a reduction in MPL cell surface expression. We treated Calr-mutant knockin mice with the N-glycosylation inhibitor 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG) and found a preferential sensitivity of Calr-mutant cells to 2-DG as compared with wild-type cells and normalization of key MPNs disease features. To validate our findings in primary human cells, we performed megakaryocyte colony-forming unit (CFU-MK) assays. We found that N-glycosylation inhibition significantly reduced CFU-MK formation in patient-derived CALR-mutant bone marrow as compared with bone marrow derived from healthy donors. In aggregate, our findings advance the development of clonally selective treatments for CALR-mutant MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas S Jutzi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anna E Marneth
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michele Ciboddo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Angel Guerra-Moreno
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - María José Jiménez-Santos
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anastasia Kosmidou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - James W Dressman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Hongyan Liang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Rebecca Hamel
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Lozano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elisa Rumi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Hematology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Jason Gotlib
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Anandi Krishnan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; and
| | - Shannon Elf
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Fátima Al-Shahrour
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ann Mullally
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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30
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Ibarra J, Elbanna YA, Kurylowicz K, Ciboddo M, Greenbaum HS, Arellano NS, Rodriguez D, Evers M, Bock-Hughes A, Liu C, Smith Q, Lutze J, Baumeister J, Kalmer M, Olschok K, Nicholson B, Silva D, Maxwell L, Dowgielewicz J, Rumi E, Pietra D, Casetti IC, Catricala S, Koschmieder S, Gurbuxani S, Schneider RK, Oakes SA, Elf SE. Type I but Not Type II Calreticulin Mutations Activate the IRE1α/XBP1 Pathway of the Unfolded Protein Response to Drive Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Blood Cancer Discov 2022; 3:298-315. [PMID: 35405004 PMCID: PMC9338758 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) harbor mutations in the gene calreticulin (CALR), with 80% of those mutations classified as either type I or type II. While type II CALR-mutant proteins retain many of the Ca2+ binding sites present in the wild-type protein, type I CALR-mutant proteins lose these residues. The functional consequences of this differential loss of Ca2+ binding sites remain unexplored. Here, we show that the loss of Ca2+ binding residues in the type I mutant CALR protein directly impairs its Ca2+ binding ability, which in turn leads to depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ and subsequent activation of the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway of the unfolded protein response. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of IRE1α/XBP1 signaling induces cell death in type I mutant but not type II mutant or wild-type CALR-expressing cells, and abrogates type I mutant CALR-driven MPN disease progression in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE Current targeted therapies for CALR-mutated MPNs are not curative and fail to differentiate between type I- versus type II-driven disease. To improve treatment strategies, it is critical to identify CALR mutation type-specific vulnerabilities. Here we show that IRE1α/XBP1 represents a unique, targetable dependency specific to type I CALR-mutated MPNs. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 265.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ibarra
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yassmin A. Elbanna
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Katarzyna Kurylowicz
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michele Ciboddo
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Harrison S. Greenbaum
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicole S. Arellano
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Deborah Rodriguez
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Evers
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Althea Bock-Hughes
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chenyu Liu
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Quinn Smith
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Julian Lutze
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Julian Baumeister
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University and Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Milena Kalmer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University and Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Olschok
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University and Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Nicholson
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Diane Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Luke Maxwell
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jonathan Dowgielewicz
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elisa Rumi
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Pietra
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Catricala
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University and Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rebekka K. Schneider
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Scott A. Oakes
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shannon E. Elf
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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31
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Abdelghani M, Hammami H, Zidi W, Amouri H, Othmen HBH, Farrah A, Menif S. Hematological relevance of JAK2 V617F and calreticulin mutations in Tunisian patients with essential thrombocythemia. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24522. [PMID: 35754115 PMCID: PMC9396186 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic investigation of essential thrombocythemia(ET) has highlighted the presence of driver mutations in ET. Janus kinase JAK2V617F and calreticulin(CALR) mutations are the most frequent driver mutations and have significantly improved the molecular diagnosis of ET. The impact of genetic heterogeneity on clinical features has not been fully elucidated. This is the first study which aimed to determine the frequency of JAK2V617F and CALR exon9 mutations in Tunisian ET patients and to establish the correlation between hematological characteristics and mutational status. Methods This study included Tunisian patients suspected with ET and was conducted between September 2017 and March 2021. Genomic DNA of patients was isolated from peripheral blood samples. JAK2V617F was detected by AS‐PCR and CALR mutations were detected by PCR/direct sequencing. Clinical and hematological characteristics were also analyzed. Results Two hundred and fifty ET patients were enrolled in this study. JAK2V617F mutation was found in 166/250 (66.4%) of patients, whereas CALR mutations were detected in 27/84 (32.1%) patients without JAK2V617F. Compared with JAK2V617F‐positive patients, those with CALR mutations showed lower hemoglobin level and lower leucocytes count (p = 0.007 and p = 0.004,respectively). CALR type 2 was the most frequent mutation of CALR detected in 55.55% of CALR mutated. Six of seven patients with thrombotic events harbored JAK2V617F mutation. Conclusion The prevalence of driver mutations JAK2V617F or CALR mutations was 77.2% in Tunisian ET patients. Moreover, patients with JAK2 V617F mutation had a higher risk of thrombosis. The mutational status is necessary to improve the diagnosis and contribute to the therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Abdelghani
- LR16IPT07, Molecular and Cellular Hematology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Hammami
- LR16IPT07, Molecular and Cellular Hematology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wiem Zidi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hassiba Amouri
- LR16IPT07, Molecular and Cellular Hematology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hind Ben Hadj Othmen
- LR16IPT07, Molecular and Cellular Hematology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Farrah
- LR16IPT07, Molecular and Cellular Hematology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samia Menif
- LR16IPT07, Molecular and Cellular Hematology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Gigoux M, Holmström MO, Zappasodi R, Park JJ, Pourpe S, Bozkus CC, Mangarin LMB, Redmond D, Verma S, Schad S, George MM, Venkatesh D, Ghosh A, Hoyos D, Molvi Z, Kamaz B, Marneth AE, Duke W, Leventhal MJ, Jan M, Ho VT, Hobbs GS, Knudsen TA, Skov V, Kjær L, Larsen TS, Hansen DL, Lindsley RC, Hasselbalch H, Grauslund JH, Lisle TL, Met Ö, Wilkinson P, Greenbaum B, Sepulveda MA, Chan T, Rampal R, Andersen MH, Abdel-Wahab O, Bhardwaj N, Wolchok JD, Mullally A, Merghoub T. Calreticulin mutant myeloproliferative neoplasms induce MHC-I skewing, which can be overcome by an optimized peptide cancer vaccine. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eaba4380. [PMID: 35704596 PMCID: PMC11182673 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The majority of JAK2V617F-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) have disease-initiating frameshift mutations in calreticulin (CALR), resulting in a common carboxyl-terminal mutant fragment (CALRMUT), representing an attractive source of neoantigens for cancer vaccines. However, studies have shown that CALRMUT-specific T cells are rare in patients with CALRMUT MPN for unknown reasons. We examined class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) allele frequencies in patients with CALRMUT MPN from two independent cohorts. We observed that MHC-I alleles that present CALRMUT neoepitopes with high affinity are underrepresented in patients with CALRMUT MPN. We speculated that this was due to an increased chance of immune-mediated tumor rejection by individuals expressing one of these MHC-I alleles such that the disease never clinically manifested. As a consequence of this MHC-I allele restriction, we reasoned that patients with CALRMUT MPN would not efficiently respond to a CALRMUT fragment cancer vaccine but would when immunized with a modified CALRMUT heteroclitic peptide vaccine approach. We found that heteroclitic CALRMUT peptides specifically designed for the MHC-I alleles of patients with CALRMUT MPN efficiently elicited a CALRMUT cross-reactive CD8+ T cell response in human peripheral blood samples but not to the matched weakly immunogenic CALRMUT native peptides. We corroborated this effect in vivo in mice and observed that C57BL/6J mice can mount a CD8+ T cell response to the CALRMUT fragment upon immunization with a CALRMUT heteroclitic, but not native, peptide. Together, our data emphasize the therapeutic potential of heteroclitic peptide-based cancer vaccines in patients with CALRMUT MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gigoux
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Morten O. Holmström
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Roberta Zappasodi
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Joseph J. Park
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephane Pourpe
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Levi M. B. Mangarin
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Redmond
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Svena Verma
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sara Schad
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mariam M. George
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Divya Venkatesh
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Hoyos
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zaki Molvi
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Baransel Kamaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna E. Marneth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Duke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Max Jan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vincent T. Ho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gabriela S. Hobbs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Trine Alma Knudsen
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Vibe Skov
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Lasse Kjær
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | | | - Dennis Lund Hansen
- Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - R. Coleman Lindsley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hans Hasselbalch
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Jacob H. Grauslund
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Lisle
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Patrick Wilkinson
- Janssen Oncology Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA 19002, USA
| | - Benjamin Greenbaum
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Manuel A. Sepulveda
- Janssen Oncology Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA 19002, USA
| | - Timothy Chan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Immunogenomics and Precision Oncology Platform, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Raajit Rampal
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mads H. Andersen
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ann Mullally
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Hippo pathway-related genes expression is deregulated in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Med Oncol 2022; 39:97. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pasca S, Chifotides HT, Verstovsek S, Bose P. Mutational landscape of blast phase myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN-BP) and antecedent MPN. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 366:83-124. [PMID: 35153007 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) have an inherent tendency to evolve to the blast phase (BP), characterized by ≥20% myeloblasts in the blood or bone marrow. MPN-BP portends a dismal prognosis and currently, effective treatment modalities are scarce, except for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in selected patients, particularly those who achieve complete/partial remission. The mutational landscape of MPN-BP differs from de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in several key aspects, such as significantly lower frequencies of FLT3 and DNMT3A mutations, and higher incidence of IDH1/2 and TP53 in MPN-BP. Herein, we comprehensively review the impact of the three signaling driver mutations (JAK2 V617F, CALR exon 9 indels, MPL W515K/L) that constitutively activate the JAK/STAT pathway, and of the other somatic non-driver mutations (epigenetic, mRNA splicing, transcriptional regulators, and mutations in signal transduction genes) that cooperatively or independently promote MPN progression and leukemic transformation. The MPN subtype, harboring two or more high-molecular risk (HMR) mutations (epigenetic regulators and mRNA splicing factors) and "triple-negative" PMF are among the critical factors that increase risk of leukemic transformation and shorten survival. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is the most aggressive MPN; and polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) are relatively indolent subtypes. In PV and ET, mutations in splicing factor genes are associated with progression to myelofibrosis (MF), and in ET, TP53 mutations predict risk for leukemic transformation. The advent of targeted next-generation sequencing and improved prognostic scoring systems for PMF inform decisions regarding allo-HSCT. The emergence of treatments targeting mutant enzymes (e.g., IDH1/2 inhibitors) or epigenetic pathways (BET and LSD1 inhibitors) along with new insights into the mechanisms of leukemogenesis will hopefully lead the way to superior management strategies and outcomes of MPN-BP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Pasca
- Leukemia Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Helen T Chifotides
- Leukemia Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Leukemia Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Prithviraj Bose
- Leukemia Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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Levy G, Guglielmelli P, Langmuir P, Constantinescu S. JAK inhibitors and COVID-19. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-002838. [PMID: 35459733 PMCID: PMC9035837 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the innate immune response can be inhibited or delayed, and the subsequent persistent viral replication can induce emergency signals that may culminate in a cytokine storm contributing to the severe evolution of COVID-19. Cytokines are key regulators of the immune response and virus clearance, and, as such, are linked to the—possibly altered—response to the SARS-CoV-2. They act via a family of more than 40 transmembrane receptors that are coupled to one or several of the 4 Janus kinases (JAKs) coded by the human genome, namely JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. Once activated, JAKs act on pathways for either survival, proliferation, differentiation, immune regulation or, in the case of type I interferons, antiviral and antiproliferative effects. Studies of graft-versus-host and systemic rheumatic diseases indicated that JAK inhibitors (JAKi) exert immunosuppressive effects that are non-redundant with those of corticotherapy. Therefore, they hold the potential to cut-off pathological reactions in COVID-19. Significant clinical experience already exists with several JAKi in COVID-19, such as baricitinib, ruxolitinib, tofacitinib, and nezulcitinib, which were suggested by a meta-analysis (Patoulias et al.) to exert a benefit in terms of risk reduction concerning major outcomes when added to standard of care in patients with COVID-19. Yet, only baricitinib is recommended in first line for severe COVID-19 treatment by the WHO, as it is the only JAKi that has proven efficient to reduce mortality in individual randomized clinical trials (RCT), especially the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT-2) and COV-BARRIER phase 3 trials. As for secondary effects of JAKi treatment, the main caution with baricitinib consists in the induced immunosuppression as long-term side effects should not be an issue in patients treated for COVID-19. We discuss whether a class effect of JAKi may be emerging in COVID-19 treatment, although at the moment the convincing data are for baricitinib only. Given the key role of JAK1 in both type I IFN action and signaling by cytokines involved in pathogenic effects, establishing the precise timing of treatment will be very important in future trials, along with the control of viral replication by associating antiviral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levy
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Hematology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Signal Transduction on Molecular Hematology, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,WELBIO, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paola Guglielmelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy.,Center of Research and Innovation for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (CRIMM), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Peter Langmuir
- Oncology Targeted Therapeutics, Incyte Corp, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Stefan Constantinescu
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Hematology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium .,Signal Transduction on Molecular Hematology, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,WELBIO, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford, UK
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36
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Molecular Pathogenesis of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: From Molecular Landscape to Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094573. [PMID: 35562964 PMCID: PMC9100530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite distinct clinical entities, the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) share morphological similarities, propensity to thrombotic events and leukemic evolution, and a complex molecular pathogenesis. Well-known driver mutations, JAK2, MPL and CALR, determining constitutive activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway are the hallmark of MPN pathogenesis. Recent data in MPN patients identified the presence of co-occurrence somatic mutations associated with epigenetic regulation, messenger RNA splicing, transcriptional mechanism, signal transduction, and DNA repair mechanism. The integration of genetic information within clinical setting is already improving patient management in terms of disease monitoring and prognostic information on disease progression. Even the current therapeutic approaches are limited in disease-modifying activity, the expanding insight into the genetic basis of MPN poses novel candidates for targeted therapeutic approaches. This review aims to explore the molecular landscape of MPN, providing a comprehensive overview of the role of drive mutations and additional mutations, their impact on pathogenesis as well as their prognostic value, and how they may have future implications in therapeutic management.
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Tvorogov D, Thompson-Peach CAL, Foßelteder J, Dottore M, Stomski F, Onnesha SA, Lim K, Moretti PAB, Pitson SM, Ross DM, Reinisch A, Thomas D, Lopez AF. Targeting human CALR-mutated MPN progenitors with a neoepitope-directed monoclonal antibody. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e52904. [PMID: 35156745 PMCID: PMC8982588 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is recurrently mutated in myelofibrosis via a frameshift that removes an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal, creating a neoepitope potentially targetable by immunotherapeutic approaches. We developed a specific rat monoclonal IgG2α antibody, 4D7, directed against the common sequence encoded by both insertion and deletion mutations. 4D7 selectively bound to cells co‐expressing mutant CALR and thrombopoietin receptor (TpoR) and blocked JAK‐STAT signalling, TPO‐independent proliferation and megakaryocyte differentiation of mutant CALR myelofibrosis progenitors by disrupting the binding of CALR dimers to TpoR. Importantly, 4D7 inhibited proliferation of patient samples with both insertion and deletion CALR mutations but not JAK2 V617F and prolonged survival in xenografted bone marrow models of mutant CALR‐dependent myeloproliferation. Together, our data demonstrate a novel therapeutic approach to target a problematic disease driven by a recurrent somatic mutation that would normally be considered undruggable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Tvorogov
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chloe A L Thompson-Peach
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Johannes Foßelteder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Haematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mara Dottore
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Frank Stomski
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Suraiya A Onnesha
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kelly Lim
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul A B Moretti
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David M Ross
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Haematology, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andreas Reinisch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Haematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Angel F Lopez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Bader MS, Meyer SC. JAK2 in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Still a Protagonist. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020160. [PMID: 35215273 PMCID: PMC8874480 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the activating V617F mutation in Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) has been decisive for the understanding of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Activated JAK2 signaling by JAK2, CALR, and MPL mutations has become a focus for the development of targeted therapies for patients with MPN. JAK2 inhibitors now represent a standard of clinical care for certain forms of MPN and offer important benefits for MPN patients. However, several key aspects remain unsolved regarding the targeted therapy of MPN with JAK2 inhibitors, such as reducing the MPN clone and how to avoid or overcome a loss of response. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the structure and signaling of JAK2 as central elements of MPN pathogenesis and feature benefits and limitations of therapeutic JAK2 targeting in MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Christina Meyer
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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39
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Calabresi L, Balliu M, Bartalucci N. Immunoblotting-assisted assessment of JAK/STAT and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in myeloproliferative neoplasms CD34+ stem cells. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 171:81-109. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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40
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Olschok K, Han L, de Toledo MAS, Böhnke J, Graßhoff M, Costa IG, Theocharides A, Maurer A, Schüler HM, Buhl EM, Pannen K, Baumeister J, Kalmer M, Gupta S, Boor P, Gezer D, Brümmendorf TH, Zenke M, Chatain N, Koschmieder S. CALR frameshift mutations in MPN patient-derived iPSCs accelerate maturation of megakaryocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2768-2783. [PMID: 34678208 PMCID: PMC8581168 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) mutations are driver mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), leading to activation of the thrombopoietin receptor and causing abnormal megakaryopoiesis. Here, we generated patient-derived CALRins5- or CALRdel52-positive induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to establish an MPN disease model for molecular and mechanistic studies. We demonstrated myeloperoxidase deficiency in granulocytic cells derived from homozygous CALR mutant iPSCs, rescued by repairing the mutation using CRISPR/Cas9. iPSC-derived megakaryocytes showed characteristics of primary megakaryocytes such as formation of demarcation membrane system and cytoplasmic pro-platelet protrusions. Importantly, CALR mutations led to enhanced megakaryopoiesis and accelerated megakaryocytic development in a thrombopoietin-independent manner. Mechanistically, our study identified differentially regulated pathways in mutated versus unmutated megakaryocytes, such as hypoxia signaling, which represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Altogether, we demonstrate key aspects of mutated CALR-driven pathogenesis dependent on its zygosity, and found novel therapeutic targets, making our model a valuable tool for clinical drug screening in MPNs. CALR-mutated iPSCs allow efficient modeling of human MPN disease CRISPR-mediated repair of CALR mutations rescues normal iPSC function Megakaryopoiesis in CALR-mutated iPSCs is hyperplastic and accelerated Transcriptome screen of mutated megakaryocytes identifies novel therapeutic options
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Olschok
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Lijuan Han
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Marcelo A S de Toledo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Janik Böhnke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Graßhoff
- Institute for Computational Genomics Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ivan G Costa
- Institute for Computational Genomics Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexandre Theocharides
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Maurer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Herdit M Schüler
- Institute for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- Institute for Pathology, Electron Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristina Pannen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Baumeister
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Milena Kalmer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Siddharth Gupta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute for Pathology, Electron Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Deniz Gezer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Chatain
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany.
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From Metcalf to myeloproliferative neoplasms - a personal journey. Exp Hematol 2021; 105:2-9. [PMID: 34706253 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The human myeloproliferative neoplasms constitute a biologically fascinating group of chronic myeloid malignancies. This perspective outlines how a postdoctoral fellowship working in Don Metcalf's unit proved a formative and immensely enjoyable experience for my family and me. It laid the foundation for a subsequent body of work over three decades that revealed the genetic basis of these diseases, defined how these genetic alterations subvert normal hematopoiesis, altered clinical practice, and provided insights of broad biological relevance for cancer and cytokine signaling.
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Campanelli R, Massa M, Rosti V, Barosi G. New Markers of Disease Progression in Myelofibrosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5324. [PMID: 34771488 PMCID: PMC8582535 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm due to the clonal proliferation of a hematopoietic stem cell. The vast majority of patients harbor a somatic gain of function mutation either of JAK2 or MPL or CALR genes in their hematopoietic cells, resulting in the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Patients display variable clinical and laboratoristic features, including anemia, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, thrombotic complications, systemic symptoms, and curtailed survival due to infections, thrombo-hemorrhagic events, or progression to leukemic transformation. New drugs have been developed in the last decade for the treatment of PMF-associated symptoms; however, the only curative option is currently represented by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, which can only be offered to a small percentage of patients. Disease prognosis is based at diagnosis on the classical International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) and Dynamic-IPSS (during disease course), which comprehend clinical parameters; recently, new prognostic scoring systems, including genetic and molecular parameters, have been proposed as meaningful tools for a better patient stratification. Moreover, new biological markers predicting clinical evolution and patient survival have been associated with the disease. This review summarizes basic concepts of PMF pathogenesis, clinics, and therapy, focusing on classical prognostic scoring systems and new biological markers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Campanelli
- Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, General Medicine 2—Center for Systemic Amyloidosis and High-Complexity Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Margherita Massa
- General Medicine 2—Center for Systemic Amyloidosis and High-Complexity Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Rosti
- Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, General Medicine 2—Center for Systemic Amyloidosis and High-Complexity Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanni Barosi
- Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, General Medicine 2—Center for Systemic Amyloidosis and High-Complexity Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.R.); (G.B.)
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Wang C, Hu X, Wan Y, Wang S, Qi K, Li Y, Qiao J, Zeng L, Li Z, Fu C, Xu K. The Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Combining MK-2206 and AZD 6244 in MARIMO Cells Harboring a Calreticulin Gene Mutation. Chemotherapy 2021; 66:169-178. [PMID: 34666331 DOI: 10.1159/000518921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Somatic mutations in the calreticulin (CALR) gene occur in most myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients who lack Janus kinase 2 or thrombopoietin receptor (MPL) mutations, but the molecular pathogenesis of MPN with mutated CALR is unclear, which limited the further treatment for CALR gene mutant patients. OBJECTIVES Previous studies showed that CALR mutations not only activated serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT) in primary mouse bone marrow cells but also mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in MARIMO cells harboring a heterozygous 61-bp deletion in CALR exon 9, which were responsible for mutant CALR cell survival, respectively. Hence, we aimed to initially explore the mechanism of AKT activation and observe the synergistic inhibitory effect of combining AKT (MK-2206) and MAPK kinase (AZD 6244) inhibitors in MARIMO cells. METHODS We detected the expression of phosphorylated AKT in MARIMO cells treated with inhibitors for 24 or 48 h by western blotting and analyzed cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis by flow cytometry. We further examined the synergistic inhibitory effect of combining MK-2206 and AZD 6244 in MARIMO cells using the median effect principle of Chou and Talalay. RESULTS We found that the AKT was activated in MARIMO cells, and blocking its activity significantly inhibited MARIMO cell growth with downregulation of cyclin D and E, and accelerated cell apoptosis by decreasing Bcl-2 but increasing Bax and cleaved caspase-3 levels in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis showed that AKT activation was dependent on mammalian target of rapamycin but not on the JAK signaling pathway in MARIMO cells, displaying that inhibition of JAK activity by ruxolitinib (RUX) did not decrease the AKT phosphorylation. Furthermore, the combination of MK-2206 and AZD 6244 produced a significantly synergistic inhibitory effect on MARIMO cells. CONCLUSIONS AKT activation is a feature of MARIMO cells and co-targeting of AKT and MAPKs signaling pathways synergistically inhibits MARIMO cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Wang
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xueting Hu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan Wan
- The affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and the Second People's Hospital Huai'an, Huai'an, China
| | - Shujin Wang
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kunming Qi
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Qiao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chunling Fu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Stivala S, Meyer SC. Recent Advances in Molecular Diagnostics and Targeted Therapy of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205035. [PMID: 34680185 PMCID: PMC8534234 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are clonal hematologic malignancies with dysregulated myeloid blood cell production driven by JAK2, calreticulin, and MPL gene mutations. Technological advances have revealed a heterogeneous genomic landscape with additional mutations mainly in epigenetic regulators and splicing factors, which are of diagnostic and prognostic value and may inform treatment decisions. Thus, genetic testing has become an integral part of the state-of-the-art work-up for MPN. The finding that JAK2, CALR, and MPL mutations activate JAK2 signaling has promoted the development of targeted JAK2 inhibitor therapies. However, their disease-modifying potential remains limited and investigations of additional molecular vulnerabilities in MPN are imperative to advance the development of new therapeutic options. Here, we summarize the current insights into the genetic basis of MPN, its use as diagnostic and prognostic tool in clinical settings, and recent advances in targeted therapies for MPN. Abstract Somatic mutations in JAK2, calreticulin, and MPL genes drive myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and recent technological advances have revealed a heterogeneous genomic landscape with additional mutations in MPN. These mainly affect genes involved in epigenetic regulation and splicing and are of diagnostic and prognostic value, predicting the risk of progression and informing decisions on therapeutic management. Thus, genetic testing has become an integral part of the current state-of-the-art laboratory work-up for MPN patients and has been implemented in current guidelines for disease classification, tools for prognostic risk assessment, and recommendations for therapy. The finding that JAK2, CALR, and MPL driver mutations activate JAK2 signaling has provided a rational basis for the development of targeted JAK2 inhibitor therapies and has fueled their translation into clinical practice. However, the disease-modifying potential of JAK2 inhibitors remains limited and is further impeded by loss of therapeutic responses in a substantial proportion of patients over time. Therefore, the investigation of additional molecular vulnerabilities involved in MPN pathogenesis is imperative to advance the development of new therapeutic options. Combination of novel compounds with JAK2 inhibitors are of specific interest to enhance therapeutic efficacy of molecularly targeted treatment approaches. Here, we summarize the current insights into the genetic basis of MPN, its use as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in clinical settings, and the most recent advances in targeted therapies for MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Stivala
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Sara C. Meyer
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-61-556-5965; Fax: +41-61-265-4568
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Lim KH, Matsuura S, Xu B. Editorial: Novel Treatment Strategies for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Front Oncol 2021; 11:762928. [PMID: 34604100 PMCID: PMC8479092 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.762928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Hong Lim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shinobu Matsuura
- Department of Medicine-Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, Xiamen, China
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46
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Increased levels of NETosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms are not linked to thrombotic events. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3515-3527. [PMID: 34464975 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020004061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality of Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are mainly determined by thromboembolic complications. Thrombus formation is facilitated by a neutrophil-specific form of cell death linked to neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation (NETosis). Preclinical and clinical data suggested a potential link between NETosis and thrombosis in MPNs. In this study, we aimed to define the impact of NETosis on clinical end points in a large MPN cohort. NETosis was induced in vitro by ionomycin and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based nucleosome release assays as well as fluorescent staining of free DNA in samples from 103 MPN patients and 28 healthy donors. NETosis rate was correlated with a broad set of clinical data, such as MPN subtype, mutational status, laboratory variables, history of thrombotic events, and treatment types. Triggered NETosis levels were clearly higher in MPN patients than in healthy donors. Positivity for JAK2 V617F or exon 12 as well as CALR mutations correlate with increased NET formation. However, neither JAK2 allelic burden nor history of thromboembolic complication nor the presence of other risk factors for thrombosis (eg, leukocytosis) were associated with the rate of NETosis. In addition, none of the analyzed laboratory parameters nor the type of treatment significantly impacted the rate of NETosis formation. The biology of MPNs has an impact on NET formation because genetic driver mutations favor induction of NETosis, but this does not seems to translate into important clinical end points such as thromboembolic complications. Therefore, NETosis may play a role in facilitating thrombosis, but it is not a sole causative determinant in MPN-associated thrombophilia.
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Coltro G, Loscocco GG, Vannucchi AM. Classical Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs): A continuum of different disease entities. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 365:1-69. [PMID: 34756241 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Classical Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell-derived disorders characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of differentiated myeloid cells and close pathobiologic and clinical features. According to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification, MPNs include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The 2016 revision aimed in particular at strengthening the distinction between masked PV and JAK2-mutated ET, and between prefibrotic/early (pre-PMF) and overt PMF. Clinical manifestations in MPNs include constitutional symptoms, microvascular disorders, thrombosis and bleeding, splenomegaly secondary to extramedullary hematopoiesis, cytopenia-related symptoms, and progression to overt MF and acute leukemia. A dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway is the unifying mechanistic hallmark of MPNs, and is guided by somatic mutations in driver genes including JAK2, CALR and MPL. Additional mutations in myeloid neoplasm-associated genes have been also identified, with established prognostic relevance, particularly in PMF. Prognostication of MPN patients relies on disease-specific clinical models. The increasing knowledge of MPN biology led to the development of integrated clinical and molecular prognostic scores that allow a more refined stratification. Recently, the therapeutic landscape of MPNs has been revolutionized by the introduction of potent, selective JAK inhibitors (ruxolitinib, fedratinib), that proved effective in controlling disease-related symptoms and splenomegaly, yet leaving unmet critical needs, owing the lack of disease-modifying activity. In this review, we will deal with molecular, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of the three classical MPNs aiming at highlighting either shared characteristics, that overall define a continuum within a single disease family, and uniqueness, at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Coltro
- CRIMM, Center for Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe G Loscocco
- CRIMM, Center for Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro M Vannucchi
- CRIMM, Center for Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Levy G, Mambet C, Pecquet C, Bailly S, Havelange V, Diaconu CC, Constantinescu SN. Targets in MPNs and potential therapeutics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 366:41-81. [PMID: 35153006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Philadelphia-negative classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs), including Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), are clonal hemopathies that emerge in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment. MPN driver mutations are restricted to specific exons (14 and 12) of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), thrombopoietin receptor (MPL/TPOR) and calreticulin (CALR) genes, are involved directly in clonal myeloproliferation and generate the MPN phenotype. As a result, an increased number of fully functional erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes is observed in the peripheral blood. Nevertheless, the complexity and heterogeneity of MPN clinical phenotypes cannot be solely explained by the type of driver mutation. Other factors, such as additional somatic mutations affecting epigenetic regulators or spliceosomes components, mutant allele burdens and modifiers of signaling by driver mutants, clonal architecture and the order of mutation acquisition, signaling events that occur downstream of a driver mutation, the presence of specific germ-line variants, the interaction of the neoplastic clone with bone marrow microenvironment and chronic inflammation, all can modulate the disease phenotype, influence the MPN clinical course and therefore, might be useful therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cristina Mambet
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Christian Pecquet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Bailly
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violaine Havelange
- SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carmen C Diaconu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Roy A, Shrivastva S, Naseer S. In and out: Traffic and dynamics of thrombopoietin receptor. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9073-9083. [PMID: 34448528 PMCID: PMC8500957 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombopoiesis had long been a challenging area of study due to the rarity of megakaryocyte precursors in the bone marrow and the incomplete understanding of its regulatory cytokines. A breakthrough was achieved in the early 1990s with the discovery of the thrombopoietin receptor (TpoR) and its ligand thrombopoietin (TPO). This accelerated research in thrombopoiesis, including the uncovering of the molecular basis of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and the advent of drugs to treat thrombocytopenic purpura. TpoR mutations affecting its membrane dynamics or transport were increasingly associated with pathologies such as MPN and thrombocytosis. It also became apparent that TpoR affected hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence while priming hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) towards the megakaryocyte lineage. Thorough knowledge of TpoR surface localization, dimerization, dynamics and stability is therefore crucial to understanding thrombopoiesis and related pathologies. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms of TpoR traffic. We will focus on the recent progress in TpoR membrane dynamics and highlight the areas that remain unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Roy
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Shrivastva
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Saadia Naseer
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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Impact of Calreticulin and Its Mutants on Endoplasmic Reticulum Function in Health and Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34050866 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) performs key cellular functions including protein synthesis, lipid metabolism and signaling. While these functions are spatially isolated in structurally distinct regions of the ER, there is cross-talk between the pathways. One vital player that is involved in ER function is the ER-resident protein calreticulin (CALR). It is a calcium ion-dependent lectin chaperone that primarily assists in glycoprotein synthesis in the ER as part of the protein quality control machinery. CALR also buffers calcium ion release and mediates other glycan-independent protein interactions. Mutations in CALR have been reported in a subset of chronic blood tumors called myeloproliferative neoplasms. The mutations consist of insertions or deletions in the CALR gene that all cause a + 1 bp shift in the reading frame and lead to a dramatic alteration of the amino acid sequence of the C-terminal domain of CALR. This alters CALR function and affects cell homeostasis. This chapter will discuss how CALR and mutant CALR affect ER health and disease.
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