1
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Wasik MA, Kim PM, Nejati R. Diverse and reprogrammable mechanisms of malignant cell transformation in lymphocytes: pathogenetic insights and translational implications. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1383741. [PMID: 38638855 PMCID: PMC11024630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1383741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
While normal B- and T-lymphocytes require antigenic ligands to become activated via their B- and T-cell receptors (BCR and TCR, respectively), B- and T-cell lymphomas show the broad spectrum of cell activation mechanisms regarding their dependence on BCR or TCR signaling, including loss of such dependence. These mechanisms are generally better understood and characterized for B-cell than for T-cell lymphomas. While some lymphomas, particularly the indolent, low-grade ones remain antigen-driven, other retain dependence on activation of their antigen receptors seemingly in an antigen-independent manner with activating mutations of the receptors playing a role. A large group of lymphomas, however, displays complete antigen receptor independence, which can develop gradually, in a stepwise manner or abruptly, through involvement of powerful oncogenes. Whereas some of the lymphomas undergo activating mutations of genes encoding proteins involved in signaling cascades downstream of the antigen-receptors, others employ activation mechanisms capable of substituting for these BCR- or TCR-dependent signaling pathways, including reliance on signaling pathways physiologically activated by cytokines. Finally, lymphomas can develop cell-lineage infidelity and in the extreme cases drastically rewire their cell activation mechanisms and engage receptors and signaling pathways physiologically active in hematopoietic stem cells or non-lymphoid cells. Such profound reprograming may involve partial cell dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation towards histocytes, dendritic, or mesodermal cells with various degree of cell maturation along these lineages. In this review, we elaborate on these diverse pathogenic mechanisms underlying cell plasticity and signaling reprogramming as well as discuss the related diagnostic and therapeutic implications and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz A. Wasik
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patricia M. Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Reza Nejati
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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2
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Zhang Q, Basappa J, Wang HY, Nunez-Cruz S, Lobello C, Wang S, Liu X, Chekol S, Guo L, Ziober A, Nejati R, Shestov A, Feldman M, Glickson JD, Turner SD, Blair IA, Van Dang C, Wasik MA. Chimeric kinase ALK induces expression of NAMPT and selectively depends on this metabolic enzyme to sustain its own oncogenic function. Leukemia 2023; 37:2436-2447. [PMID: 37773266 PMCID: PMC11152057 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
As we show in this study, NAMPT, the key rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway, one of the three known pathways involved in NAD synthesis, is selectively over-expressed in anaplastic T-cell lymphoma carrying oncogenic kinase NPM1::ALK (ALK + ALCL). NPM1::ALK induces expression of the NAMPT-encoding gene with STAT3 acting as transcriptional activator of the gene. Inhibition of NAMPT affects ALK + ALCL cells expression of numerous genes, many from the cell-signaling, metabolic, and apoptotic pathways. NAMPT inhibition also functionally impairs the key metabolic and signaling pathways, strikingly including enzymatic activity and, hence, oncogenic function of NPM1::ALK itself. Consequently, NAMPT inhibition induces cell death in vitro and suppresses ALK + ALCL tumor growth in vivo. These results indicate that NAMPT is a novel therapeutic target in ALK + ALCL and, possibly, other similar malignancies. Targeting metabolic pathways selectively activated by oncogenic kinases to which malignant cells become "addicted" may become a novel therapeutic approach to cancer, alternative or, more likely, complementary to direct inhibition of the kinase enzymatic domain. This potential therapy to simultaneously inhibit and metabolically "starve" oncogenic kinases may not only lead to higher response rates but also delay, or even prevent, development of drug resistance, frequently seen when kinase inhibitors are used as single agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Johnvesly Basappa
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hong Y Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Selene Nunez-Cruz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cosimo Lobello
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shengchun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seble Chekol
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lili Guo
- Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy Ziober
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reza Nejati
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alex Shestov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jerry D Glickson
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ian A Blair
- Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chi Van Dang
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Shang C, Lai J, Haque M, Chen W, Wang P, Lai R. Nuclear NPM-ALK Protects Myc from Proteasomal Degradation and Contributes to Its High Expression in Cancer Stem-Like Cells in ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14337. [PMID: 37762644 PMCID: PMC10531997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ALCL), a small subset of cancer stem-like (or RR) cells characterized by high Myc expression have been identified. We hypothesize that NPM-ALK contributes to their high Myc expression. While transfection of NPM-ALK into HEK293 cells effectively increased Myc by inhibiting its proteosomal degradation (PD-Myc), this effect was dramatically attenuated when the full-length NPM1 (FL-NPM1) was downregulated using shRNA, highlighting the importance of the NPM-ALK:FL-ALK heterodimers in this context. Consistent with this concept, immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the heterodimers are abundant only in RR cells, in which the half-life of Myc is substantially longer than the bulk cells. Fbw7γ, a key player in PD-Myc, is sequestered by the heterodimers in RR cells, and this finding correlates with a Myc phosphorylation pattern indicative of ineffective PD-Myc. Using confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence staining, we found that the fusion signal between ALK and FL-NPM1, characteristic of the heterodimers, correlates with the Myc level in ALK+ALCL cells from cell lines and patient samples. To conclude, our findings have revealed a novel oncogenic function of NPM-ALK in the nucleus. Specifically, the NPM-ALK:FL-NPM1 heterodimers increase cancer stemness by blocking PD-Myc and promoting Myc accumulation in the cancer stem-like cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuquan Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.S.); (M.H.); (W.C.)
| | - Justine Lai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (J.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Moinul Haque
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.S.); (M.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Will Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.S.); (M.H.); (W.C.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (J.L.); (P.W.)
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.S.); (M.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
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4
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Drieux F, Lemonnier F, Gaulard P. How molecular advances may improve the diagnosis and management of PTCL patients. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202964. [PMID: 37427095 PMCID: PMC10328093 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) comprised more than 30 rare heterogeneous entities, representing 10 to 15% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Although their diagnosis is still mainly based on clinical, pathological, and phenotypic features, molecular studies have allowed for a better understanding of the oncogenic mechanisms involved and the refinement of many PTCL entities in the recently updated classifications. The prognosis remains poor for most entities (5-year overall survival < 30%), with current conventional therapies based on anthracyclin-based polychemotherapy regimen, despite many years of clinical trials. The recent use of new targeted therapies appears to be promising for relapsed/refractory patients, such as demethylating agents in T-follicular helper (TFH) PTCL. However further studies are needed to evaluate the proper combination of these drugs in the setting of front-line therapy. In this review, we will summarize the oncogenic events for the main PTCL entities and report the molecular targets that have led to the development of new therapies. We will also discuss the development of innovative high throughput technologies that aid the routine workflow for the histopathological diagnosis and management of PTCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Drieux
- Service d’Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, INSERM U1245, Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France
| | - François Lemonnier
- Unité hémopathies Lymphoïdes, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Philippe Gaulard
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
- Département de Pathologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
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5
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An update on genetic aberrations in T-cell neoplasms. Pathology 2023; 55:287-301. [PMID: 36801152 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.12.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T-cell neoplasms are a highly heterogeneous group of leukaemias and lymphomas that represent 10-15% of all lymphoid neoplasms. Traditionally, our understanding of T-cell leukaemias and lymphomas has lagged behind that of B-cell neoplasms, in part due to their rarity. However, recent advances in our understanding of T-cell differentiation, based on gene expression and mutation profiling and other high throughput methods, have better elucidated the pathogenetic mechanisms of T-cell leukaemias and lymphomas. In this review, we provide an overview of many of the molecular abnormalities that occur in various types of T-cell leukaemia and lymphoma. Much of this knowledge has been used to refine diagnostic criteria that has been included in the fifth edition of the World Health Organization. This knowledge is also being used to improve prognostication and identify novel therapeutic targets, and we expect this progress will continue, eventually resulting in improved outcomes for patients with T-cell leukaemias and lymphomas.
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6
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Huni KC, Cheung J, Sullivan M, Robison WT, Howard KM, Kingsley K. Chemotherapeutic Drug Resistance Associated with Differential miRNA Expression of miR-375 and miR-27 among Oral Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021244. [PMID: 36674758 PMCID: PMC9865318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have suggested that non-coding miRNAs (such as miR-21, miR-27, miR-145, miR-155, miR-365, miR-375 and miR-494) may be involved in multiple aspects of oral cancer chemotherapeutic responsiveness. This study evaluated whether these specific miRNAs are correlated with oral cancer responsiveness to chemotherapies, including Paclitaxel, Cisplatin and Fluorouracil (5FU). Commercially available and well-characterized oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (SCC4, SCC9, SCC15, SCC25 and CAL27) revealed differing resistance and chemosensitivity to these agents-with SCC9 and SCC25 demonstrating the most resistance to all chemotherapeutic agents. SCC9 and SCC25 were also the only cell lines that expressed miR-375, and were the only cell lines that did not express miR-27. In addition, the expression of miR-375 was associated with the upregulation of Rearranged L-myc fusion (RLF) and the downregulation of Centriolar protein B (POC1), whereas lack of miR-27 expression was associated with Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) expression. These data have revealed important regulatory pathways and mechanisms associated with oral cancer proliferation and resistance that must be explored in future studies of potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Caberto Huni
- Department of Advanced Education in Orthodontic Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Jacky Cheung
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Madeline Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - William Taylor Robison
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Katherine M. Howard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-702-774-2623
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7
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Zain J, Kallam A. Challenges in nodal peripheral T-cell lymphomas: from biological advances to clinical applicability. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1150715. [PMID: 37188189 PMCID: PMC10175673 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1150715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell lymphomas are a heterogenous group with varying biological and clinical features that tend to have poor outcomes with a few exceptions. They account for 10-15% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), and 20% of aggressive NHL. There has been little change in the overall prognosis of T cell lymphomas over the last 2 decades. Most subtypes carry an inferior prognosis when compared to the B cell lymphomas, with a 5-year OS of 30%. Gene expression profiling and other molecular techniques has enabled a deeper understanding of these differences in the various subtypes as reflected in the latest 5th WHO and ICC classification of T cell lymphomas. It is becoming increasingly clear that therapeutic approaches that target specific cellular pathways are needed to improve the clinical outcomes of T cell lymphomas. This review will focus on nodal T cell lymphomas and describe novel treatments and their applicability to the various subtypes.
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8
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Sakthivel D, Brown-Suedel A, Bouchier-Hayes L. The role of the nucleolus in regulating the cell cycle and the DNA damage response. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 135:203-241. [PMID: 37061332 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The nucleolus has long been perceived as the site for ribosome biogenesis, but numerous studies suggest that the nucleolus carefully sequesters crucial proteins involved in multiple cellular functions. Among these, the role of nucleolus in cell cycle regulation is the most evident. The nucleolus is the first responder of growth-related signals to mediate normal cell cycle progression. The nucleolus also senses different cellular stress insults by activating diverse pathways that arrest the cell cycle, promote DNA repair, or initiate apoptosis. Here, we review the emerging concepts on how the ribosomal and nonribosomal nucleolar proteins mediate such cellular effects.
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9
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Zhang Q, Wang HY, Nayak A, Nunez-Cruz S, Slupianek A, Liu X, Basappa J, Fan JS, Chekol S, Nejati R, Bogusz AM, Turner SD, Swaminathan K, Wasik MA. Induction of Transcriptional Inhibitor HES1 and the Related Repression of Tumor-Suppressor TXNIP Are Important Components of Cell-Transformation Program Imposed by Oncogenic Kinase NPM-ALK. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1186-1198. [PMID: 35640677 PMCID: PMC9379685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study reports that hairy and enhancer of split homolog-1 (HES1), known to repress gene transcription in progenitor cells of several cell lineages, was strongly expressed in cells and tissues of T-cell lymphoma expressing the oncogenic chimeric tyrosine kinase nucleophosmin (NPM)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase [ALK; ALK+ T-cell lymphoma (TCL)]. The structural analysis of the Orange domain of HES1 indicated that HES1 formed a highly stable homodimer. Of note, repression of HES1 expression led to inhibition of ALK+ TCL cell growth in vivo. The expression of the HES1 gene was induced by NPM-ALK through activation of STAT3, which bound to the gene's promoter and induced the gene's transcription. NPM-ALK also directly phosphorylated HES1 protein. In turn, HES1 up-regulated and down-regulated in ALK+ TCL cells, the expression of numerous genes, protein products of which are involved in key cell functions, such as cell proliferation and viability. Among the genes inhibited by HES1 was thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), encoding a protein implicated in promotion of cell death in various types of cells. Accordingly, ALK+ TCL cells and tissues lacked expression of TXNIP, and its transcription was co-inhibited by HES1 and STAT3 in an NPM-ALK-dependent manner. Finally, the induced expression of TXNIP induced massive apoptotic cell death of ALK+ TCL cells. The results reveal a novel NPM-ALK-controlled pro-oncogenic regulatory network and document an important role of HES and TXNIP in the NPM-ALK-driven oncogenesis, with the former protein displaying oncogenic and the latter tumor suppressor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hong Y Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anindita Nayak
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Selene Nunez-Cruz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Artur Slupianek
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Johnvesly Basappa
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing-Song Fan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seble Chekol
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Reza Nejati
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Agata M Bogusz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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10
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Kreutmair S, Lippert LJ, Klingeberg C, Albers-Leischner C, Yacob S, Shlyakhto V, Mueller T, Mueller-Rudorf A, Yu C, Gorantla SP, Miething C, Duyster J, Illert AL. NIPA (Nuclear Interaction Partner of ALK) Is Crucial for Effective NPM-ALK Mediated Lymphomagenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:875117. [PMID: 35646639 PMCID: PMC9137267 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.875117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The NPM-ALK fusion kinase is expressed in 60% of systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCL). A Nuclear Interaction Partner of ALK (NIPA) was identified as a binding partner of NPM-ALK. To identify the precise role of NIPA for NPM-ALK-driven lymphomagenesis, we investigated various NPM-ALK+ cell lines and mouse models. Nipa deletion in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts resulted in reduced transformation ability and colony formation upon NPM-ALK expression. Downregulating NIPA in murine NPM-ALK+ Ba/F3 and human ALCL cells decreased their proliferation ability and demonstrated synergistic effects of ALK inhibition and NIPA knockdown. Comprehensive in vivo analyses using short- and long-latency transplantation mouse models with NPM-ALK+ bone marrow (BM) revealed that Nipa deletion inhibited NPM-ALK-induced tumorigenesis with prolonged survival and reduced spleen colonies. To avoid off-target effects, we combined Nipa deletion and NPM-ALK expression exclusively in T cells using a lineage-restricted murine ALCL-like model resembling human disease: control mice died from neoplastic T-cell infiltration, whereas mice transplanted with Lck-CreTG/wtNipaflox/flox NPM-ALK+ BM showed significantly prolonged survival. Immunophenotypic analyses indicated a characteristic ALCL-like phenotype in all recipients but revealed fewer “stem-cell-like” features of Nipa-deficient lymphomas compared to controls. Our results identify NIPA as a crucial player in effective NPM-ALK-driven ALCL-like disease in clinically relevant murine and cell-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kreutmair
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Johanna Lippert
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cathrin Klingeberg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Albers-Leischner
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salome Yacob
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Shlyakhto
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tony Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alina Mueller-Rudorf
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chuanjiang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sivahari Prasad Gorantla
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cornelius Miething
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Illert
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anna Lena Illert,
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11
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Zhou W, Yan LD, Yu ZQ, Li N, Yang YH, Wang M, Chen YY, Mao MX, Peng XC, Cai J. Role of STK11 in ALK‑positive non‑small cell lung cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:181. [PMID: 35527776 PMCID: PMC9073580 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors have been shown to be effective in treating patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and crizotinib, ceritinib and alectinib have been approved as clinical first-line therapeutic agents. The availability of these inhibitors has also largely changed the treatment strategy for advanced ALK-positive NSCLC. However, patients still inevitably develop resistance to ALK inhibitors, leading to tumor recurrence or metastasis. The most critical issues that need to be addressed in the current treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC include the high cost of targeted inhibitors and the potential for increased toxicity and resistance to combination therapy. Recently, it has been suggested that the serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) mutation may serve as one of the biomarkers for immunotherapy in NSCLC. Therefore, the main purpose of this review was to summarize the role of STK11 in ALK-positive NSCLC. The present review also summarizes the treatment and drug resistance studies in ALK-positive NSCLC and the current status of STK11 research in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Da Yan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiong Yu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Hua Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Xia Mao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
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12
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Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: Molecular Pathogenesis and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071650. [PMID: 35406421 PMCID: PMC8997054 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a rare type of disease that occurs throughout the world and has four subtypes. A summary and comparison of these subtypes can assist with advancing our knowledge of the mechanism and treatment of ALCL, which is helpful in making progress in this field. Abstract Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an uncommon type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), as well as one of the subtypes of T cell lymphoma, accounting for 1 to 3% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas and around 15% of T cell lymphomas. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified anaplastic large cell lymphoma into four categories: ALK-positive ALCL (ALK+ALCL), ALK-negative ALCL (ALK−ALCL), primary cutaneous ALCL (pcALCL), and breast-implant-associated ALCL (BIA-ALCL), respectively. Clinical symptoms, gene changes, prognoses, and therapy differ among the four types. Large lymphoid cells with copious cytoplasm and pleomorphic characteristics with horseshoe-shaped or reniform nuclei, for example, are found in both ALK+ and ALK−ALCL. However, their epidemiology and pathogenetic origins are distinct. BIA-ALCL is currently recognized as a new provisional entity, which is a noninvasive disease with favorable results. In this review, we focus on molecular pathogenesis and management of anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
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13
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Genetic profiling and biomarkers in peripheral T-cell lymphomas: current role in the diagnostic work-up. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:306-318. [PMID: 34584212 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are a heterogeneous, and usually aggressive, group of mature T-cell neoplasms with overlapping clinical, morphologic and immunologic features. A large subset of these neoplasms remains unclassifiable with current diagnostic methods ("not otherwise specified"). Genetic profiling and other molecular tools have emerged as widely applied and transformative technologies for discerning the biology of lymphomas and other hematopoietic neoplasms. Although the application of these technologies to peripheral T-cell lymphomas has lagged behind B-cell lymphomas and other cancers, molecular profiling has provided novel prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as an opportunity to understand the biologic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms. Some biomarkers are more prevalent in specific T-cell lymphoma subsets and are being used currently in the diagnosis and/or risk stratification of patients with peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Other biomarkers, while promising, need to be validated in larger clinical studies. In this review, we present a summary of our current understanding of the molecular profiles of the major types of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. We particularly focus on the use of biomarkers, including those that can be detected by conventional immunohistochemical studies and those that contribute to the diagnosis, classification, or risk stratification of these neoplasms.
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14
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Karaca Atabay E, Mecca C, Wang Q, Ambrogio C, Mota I, Prokoph N, Mura G, Martinengo C, Patrucco E, Leonardi G, Hossa J, Pich A, Mologni L, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Brugières L, Geoerger B, Turner SD, Voena C, Cheong TC, Chiarle R. Tyrosine phosphatases regulate resistance to ALK inhibitors in ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 2022; 139:717-731. [PMID: 34657149 PMCID: PMC8814675 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) frequently carry oncogenic fusions involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. Targeting ALK using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is a therapeutic option in cases relapsed after chemotherapy, but TKI resistance may develop. By applying genomic loss-of-function screens, we identified PTPN1 and PTPN2 phosphatases as consistent top hits driving resistance to ALK TKIs in ALK+ ALCL. Loss of either PTPN1 or PTPN2 induced resistance to ALK TKIs in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that PTPN1 and PTPN2 are phosphatases that bind to and regulate ALK phosphorylation and activity. In turn, oncogenic ALK and STAT3 repress PTPN1 transcription. We found that PTPN1 is also a phosphatase for SHP2, a key mediator of oncogenic ALK signaling. Downstream signaling analysis showed that deletion of PTPN1 or PTPN2 induces resistance to crizotinib by hyperactivating SHP2, the MAPK, and JAK/STAT pathways. RNA sequencing of patient samples that developed resistance to ALK TKIs showed downregulation of PTPN1 and PTPN2 associated with upregulation of SHP2 expression. Combination of crizotinib with a SHP2 inhibitor synergistically inhibited the growth of wild-type or PTPN1/PTPN2 knock-out ALCL, where it reverted TKI resistance. Thus, we identified PTPN1 and PTPN2 as ALK phosphatases that control sensitivity to ALK TKIs in ALCL and demonstrated that a combined blockade of SHP2 potentiates the efficacy of ALK inhibition in TKI-sensitive and -resistant ALK+ ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Karaca Atabay
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Carmen Mecca
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ines Mota
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nina Prokoph
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Mura
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cinzia Martinengo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Patrucco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Leonardi
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica Hossa
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Achille Pich
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Mologni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Laurence Brugières
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- Department of Oncology for Children and Adolescents, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8203, Villejuif, France; and
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Voena
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Taek-Chin Cheong
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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15
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Resistance to Targeted Agents Used to Treat Paediatric ALK-Positive ALCL. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236003. [PMID: 34885113 PMCID: PMC8656581 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In general, the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) diagnosed in childhood has a good survival outcome when treated with multi-agent chemotherapy. However, side effects of treatment are common, and outcomes are poorer after relapse, which occurs in up to 30% of cases. New drugs are required that are more effective and have fewer side effects. Targeted therapies are potential solutions to these problems, however, the development of resistance may limit their impact. This review summarises the potential resistance mechanisms to these targeted therapies. Abstract Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the third most common malignancy diagnosed in children. The vast majority of paediatric NHL are either Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), or lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL). Multi-agent chemotherapy is used to treat all of these types of NHL, and survival is over 90% but the chemotherapy regimens are intensive, and outcomes are generally poor if relapse occurs. Therefore, targeted therapies are of interest as potential solutions to these problems. However, the major problem with all targeted agents is the development of resistance. Mechanisms of resistance are not well understood, but increased knowledge will facilitate optimal management strategies through improving our understanding of when to select each targeted agent, and when a combinatorial approach may be helpful. This review summarises currently available knowledge regarding resistance to targeted therapies used in paediatric anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive ALCL. Specifically, we outline where gaps in knowledge exist, and further investigation is required in order to find a solution to the clinical problem of drug resistance in ALCL.
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16
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The Dual Role of Autophagy in Crizotinib-Treated ALK + ALCL: From the Lymphoma Cells Drug Resistance to Their Demise. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102517. [PMID: 34685497 PMCID: PMC8533885 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been described as harboring a dual role in cancer development and therapy. Depending on the context, it can exert either pro-survival or pro-death functions. Here, we review what is known about autophagy in crizotinib-treated ALK+ ALCL. We first present our main findings on the role and regulation of autophagy in these cells. Then, we provide literature-driven hypotheses that could explain mechanistically the pro-survival properties of autophagy in crizotinib-treated bulk and stem-like ALK+ ALCL cells. Finally, we discuss how the potentiation of autophagy, which occurs with combined therapies (ALK and BCL2 or ALK and RAF1 co-inhibition), could convert it from a survival mechanism to a pro-death process.
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17
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Merlio JP, Kadin ME. Cytokines, Genetic Lesions and Signaling Pathways in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4256. [PMID: 34503066 PMCID: PMC8428234 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ALCL is a tumor of activated T cells and possibly innate lymphoid cells with several subtypes according to clinical presentation and genetic lesions. On one hand, the expression of transcription factors and cytokine receptors triggers signaling pathways. On the other hand, ALCL tumor cells also produce many proteins including chemokines, cytokines and growth factors that affect patient symptoms. Examples are accumulation of granulocytes stimulated by IL-8, IL-17, IL-9 and IL-13; epidermal hyperplasia and psoriasis-like skin lesions due to IL-22; and fever and weight loss in response to IL-6 and IFN-γ. In this review, we focus on the biology of the main ALCL subtypes as the identification of signaling pathways and ALCL-derived cytokines offers opportunities for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Merlio
- Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
- INSERM U1053, University Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marshall E. Kadin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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18
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Iwafuchi H, Nakazawa A, Sekimizu M, Mori T, Osumi T, Iijima-Yamashita Y, Ohki K, Kiyokawa N, Fukano R, Saito AM, Horibe K, Kobayashi R. Clinicopathological features and prognostic significance of programmed death ligand 1 in pediatric ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma: results of the ALCL99 treatment in Japan. Hum Pathol 2021; 116:112-121. [PMID: 34363798 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade is a promising therapy for hematological malignancies. However, the association of PD-L1 expression with the clinicopathological features and prognosis in pediatric ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) remains unclear. Using PD-L1/ALK immunofluorescence double staining, we evaluated the PD-L1 expression on tumor cells/tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and the quantity of TIICs in 54 children with ALK-positive ALCL treated with the ALCL99 protocol. The percentages of PD-L1-positive tumor cells were significantly lower in patients with skin/mediastinum involvement, clinical high-risk group, present minimal disseminated disease (MDD), and a low ALK-antibody titer. The percentages of PD-L1-positive TIICs were significantly higher in patients with absent MDD. The percentages of TIICs were significantly lower in patients with absent MDD and a common morphological pattern. We classified patients according to the PD-L1 expression on tumor cells (Tumor-PD-L1), PD-L1 expression on TIICs (TIIC-PD-L1), and quantity of TIICs (TIIC-quantity). The progression-free survival (PFS) did not differ between Tumor-PD-L1high and Tumor-PD-L1low ALCL; TIIC-PD-L1high and TIIC-PD-L1low ALCL; and TIIC-quantityhigh and TIIC-quantitylow ALCL. According to the combined parameters of Tumor-PD-L1 and TIIC-quantity, Tumor-PD-L1high/TIIC-quantityhigh ALCL had a worse 5-year PFS than other ALCL (50% versus 83%; P = .009). Tumor-PD-L1high/TIIC-quantityhigh ALCL remained a significant prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (P = .044). This is the first study to demonstrate that a high tumoral PD-L1 expression with a high quantity of TIICs was associated with a poor prognosis in pediatric ALK-positive ALCL. The tumor microenvironment of ALK-positive ALCL may be relevant to the clinicopathological features and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Iwafuchi
- Department of Pathology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, 420-8660, Japan; Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Nakazawa
- Department of Clinical Research, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, 330-8777, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sekimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan; Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoo Osumi
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yuka Iijima-Yamashita
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ohki
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kiyokawa
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Reiji Fukano
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Akiko M Saito
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan
| | - Keizo Horibe
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan; Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Sapporo, 003-0006, Japan
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19
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Pawlicki JM, Cookmeyer DL, Maseda D, Everett JK, Wei F, Kong H, Zhang Q, Wang HY, Tobias JW, Walter DM, Zullo KM, Javaid S, Watkins A, Wasik MA, Bushman FD, Riley JL. NPM-ALK-Induced Reprogramming of Mature TCR-Stimulated T Cells Results in Dedifferentiation and Malignant Transformation. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3241-3254. [PMID: 33619116 PMCID: PMC8260452 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fusion genes including NPM-ALK can promote T-cell transformation, but the signals required to drive a healthy T cell to become malignant remain undefined. In this study, we introduce NPM-ALK into primary human T cells and demonstrate induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program, attenuation of most T-cell effector programs, reemergence of an immature epigenomic profile, and dynamic regulation of c-Myc, E2F, and PI3K/mTOR signaling pathways early during transformation. A mutant of NPM-ALK failed to bind several signaling complexes including GRB2/SOS, SHC1, SHC4, and UBASH3B and was unable to transform T cells. Finally, T-cell receptor (TCR)-generated signals were required to achieve T-cell transformation, explaining how healthy individuals can harbor T cells with NPM-ALK translocations. These findings describe the fundamental mechanisms of NPM-ALK-mediated oncogenesis and may serve as a model to better understand factors that regulate tumor formation. SIGNIFICANCE: This investigation into malignant transformation of T cells uncovers a requirement for TCR triggering, elucidates integral signaling complexes nucleated by NPM-ALK, and delineates dynamic transcriptional changes as a T cell transforms.See related commentary by Spasevska and Myklebust, p. 3160.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Cell Dedifferentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cellular Reprogramming
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Pawlicki
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David L Cookmeyer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Damian Maseda
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John K Everett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qian Zhang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hong Y Wang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W Tobias
- Penn Genomic Analysis Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly M Zullo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Javaid
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James L Riley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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20
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Spasevska I, Myklebust JH. What It Takes to Transform a T Cell. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3160-3161. [PMID: 34224376 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of fusion genes and cancer driver genes in malignant transformation has traditionally been explored using transgenic or chimeric mouse models. It has been challenging to develop models that fully resemble the characteristics and morphology of human cancers. This applies to anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), a malignancy classified as a peripheral T-cell lymphoma. It is still unclear at which stage of T-cell development ALCL can occur, as well as the early molecular events required for malignant transformation. In this issue of Cancer Research, Pawlicki and colleagues introduced the NPM-ALK fusion gene and mutant variants into primary T cells from healthy donors. By monitoring transduced T-cell clones over time, they demonstrated that transformed T cells undergo a progressive loss of T-cell identity accompanied with upregulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program and reemergence of an immature, thymic profile. Introduction of NPM-ALK was, however, not sufficient to convert healthy T cells to malignant clones, as this process required activation of T-cell receptor signaling. The study sets the stage for modeling early genetic changes in human tumors.See related article by Pawlicki et al., p. 3241.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Spasevska
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H Myklebust
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Jiang JH, Zhang CL, Wu QL, Liu YH, Wang XQ, Wang XL, Fang BM. Rapidly progressing primary pulmonary lymphoma masquerading as lung infectious disease: A case report and review of the literature. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:4016-4023. [PMID: 34141761 PMCID: PMC8180211 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i16.4016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the lung represents a diagnostic challenge due to diverse manifestations and non-specific radiological findings, particularly in cases that lack extra-pulmonary manifestations and lung biopsy. CASE SUMMARY A 40-year-old woman presented with a 6-d history of fever, dry coughing, and dyspnea. Her white blood cell count was 20100/mm3 with 90% neutrophils. PaO2 was 60 mmHg and SaO2 was 90% when breathing ambient air. Chest computed tomography (CT) identified a solid nodule, 15 mm in diameter, with a poorly defined boundary in the upper right lung, and several smaller solid nodules throughout both lungs. Pulmonary artery CT and subsequent bedside X-ray showed diffuse patchy shadows throughout both lungs. Repeated cultures of blood samples and alveolar lavage failed to identify any pathogen. Due to the mismatch between clinical and imaging features, we conducted a bone marrow biopsy, and the results showed proliferation along all three lineages but no atypical or malignant cells. The patient received empirical antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal treatments, as well as corticosteroids. The patient's condition deteriorated rapidly despite treatment. The patient died 6 d after hospitalization due to respiratory failure. Post-mortem lung biopsy failed to show inflammation but identified widespread infiltration of alveolar septum by anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic cells. CONCLUSION ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma could present as a primary pulmonary disease without extra-pulmonary manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Lishui City People's Hospital, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Lai Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Lishui City People's Hospital, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qin-Li Wu
- Department of Pathology, Lishui City People's Hospital, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yong-Hua Liu
- Department of Hematology, Lishui City People's Hospital, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Wang
- Department of Hematology, Lishui City People's Hospital, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Department of Hematology, Lishui City People's Hospital, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bing-Mu Fang
- Department of Hematology, Lishui City People's Hospital, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
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22
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Fragliasso V, Tameni A, Inghirami G, Mularoni V, Ciarrocchi A. Cytoskeleton Dynamics in Peripheral T Cell Lymphomas: An Intricate Network Sustaining Lymphomagenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:643620. [PMID: 33928032 PMCID: PMC8076600 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.643620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in cytoskeleton functions support tumorigenesis fostering an aberrant proliferation and promoting inappropriate migratory and invasive features. The link between cytoskeleton and tumor features has been extensively investigated in solid tumors. However, the emerging genetic and molecular landscape of peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCL) has unveiled several alterations targeting structure and function of the cytoskeleton, highlighting its role in cell shape changes and the aberrant cell division of malignant T cells. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidence about the role of cytoskeleton in PTCLs development and progression. We also discuss how aberrant signaling pathways, like JAK/STAT3, NPM-ALK, RhoGTPase, and Aurora Kinase, can contribute to lymphomagenesis by modifying the structure and the signaling properties of cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fragliasso
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tameni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Valentina Mularoni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Zhong Y, Yin B, Ye Y, Dekhel OYAT, Xiong X, Jian Z, Gu L. The bidirectional role of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and related mechanisms in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113690. [PMID: 33798563 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway, a well-conserved and basic intracellular signaling cascade, is mostly inactivated under basal conditions, although it can be phosphorylated under extracellular stimulation; in addition, it can influence the transcription and expression of multiple genes involved in biological processes such as cellular growth, metabolism, differentiation, degradation and angiogenesis. The inflammatory response, apoptosis, oxidative stress and angiogenesis are the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Numerous studies have confirmed that the JAK2/STAT3 axis can be activated rapidly by ischemic stress, which is closely related to the regulation of these important pathological processes. However, different opinions on the specific role of this signaling pathway remain. In this paper, we review and summarize previous studies on the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Omar Y A T Dekhel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Yu T, Nie W, Hong Z, He Y, Chen J, Mi X, Yang S, Li X, Wang B, Lin Y, Gao X. Synergy of Immunostimulatory Genetherapy with Immune Checkpoint Blockade Motivates Immune Response to Eliminate Cancer. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and cancer center West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Wen Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and cancer center West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Zehua Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and cancer center West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Yihong He
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and cancer center West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and cancer center West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Xue Mi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and cancer center West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Shuping Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and cancer center West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and cancer center West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Bilan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Yunzhu Lin
- Department of Pharmacy West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and cancer center West China Hospital West China Medical School Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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Crizotinib Resistance Mediated by Autophagy Is Higher in the Stem-Like Cell Subset in ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, and This Effect Is MYC-Dependent. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020181. [PMID: 33430343 PMCID: PMC7825760 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously it was shown that autophagy contributes to crizotinib resistance in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK + ALCL). We asked if autophagy is equally important in two distinct subsets of ALK + ALCL, namely Reporter Unresponsive (RU) and Reporter Responsive (RR), of which RR cells display stem-like properties. Autophagic flux was assessed with a fluorescence tagged LC3 reporter and immunoblots to detect endogenous LC3 alongside chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor. The stem-like RR cells displayed significantly higher autophagic response upon crizotinib treatment. Their exaggerated autophagic response is cytoprotective against crizotinib, as inhibition of autophagy using chloroquine or shRNA against BECN1 or ATG7 led to a decrease in their viability. In contrast, autophagy inhibition in RU resulted in minimal changes. Since the differential protein expression of MYC is a regulator of the RU/RR dichotomy and is higher in RR cells, we asked if MYC regulates the autophagy-mediated cytoprotective effect. Inhibition of MYC in RR cells using shRNA significantly blunted crizotinib-induced autophagic response and effectively suppressed this cytoprotective effect. In conclusion, stem-like RR cells respond with rapid and intense autophagic flux which manifests with crizotinib resistance. For the first time, we have highlighted the direct role of MYC in regulating autophagy and its associated chemoresistance phenotype in ALK + ALCL stem-like cells.
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Zhang P, Zhang M. Epigenetic alterations and advancement of treatment in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:169. [PMID: 33160401 PMCID: PMC7648940 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a rare and heterogeneous group of clinically aggressive diseases associated with poor prognosis. Except for ALK + anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), most peripheral T-cell lymphomas are highly malignant and have an aggressive disease course and poor clinical outcomes, with a poor remission rate and frequent relapse after first-line treatment. Aberrant epigenetic alterations play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of specific types of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, including the regulation of the expression of genes and signal transduction. The most common epigenetic alterations are DNA methylation and histone modification. Histone modification alters the level of gene expression by regulating the acetylation status of lysine residues on the promoter surrounding histones, often leading to the silencing of tumour suppressor genes or the overexpression of proto-oncogenes in lymphoma. DNA methylation refers to CpG islands, generally leading to tumour suppressor gene transcriptional silencing. Genetic studies have also shown that some recurrent mutations in genes involved in the epigenetic machinery, including TET2, IDH2-R172, DNMT3A, RHOA, CD28, IDH2, TET2, MLL2, KMT2A, KDM6A, CREBBP, and EP300, have been observed in cases of PTCL. The aberrant expression of miRNAs has also gradually become a diagnostic biomarker. These provide a reasonable molecular mechanism for epigenetic modifying drugs in the treatment of PTCL. As epigenetic drugs implicated in lymphoma have been continually reported in recent years, many new ideas for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of PTCL originate from epigenetics in recent years. Novel epigenetic-targeted drugs have shown good tolerance and therapeutic effects in the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma as monotherapy or combination therapy. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines also recommended epigenetic drugs for PTCL subtypes as second-line therapy. Epigenetic mechanisms provide new directions and therapeutic strategies for the research and treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Therefore, this paper mainly reviews the epigenetic changes in the pathogenesis of peripheral T-cell lymphoma and the advancement of epigenetic-targeted drugs in the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, 450052, Henan Province, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, 450052, Henan Province, China. .,Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, 450052, Henan Province, China.
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27
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Zhou X, Zhang X, Wu Z, Xu X, Guo M, Zhai X, Zuo D, Wu Y. The novel ALK inhibitor ZX-29 induces apoptosis through inhibiting ALK and inducing ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in Karpas299 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22666. [PMID: 33140567 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is a well-known fact that 60%-85% of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is mainly driven by the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion protein. Although ALK-positive ALCL patients respond significantly to ALK inhibitors, the development of resistance is inevitable, which requires the development of new therapeutic strategies for ALK-positive ALCL. Here, we investigated the anticancer activities of N-(2((5-chloro-2-((2-methoxy-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)methanesulfonamide (ZX-29), a newly synthesized ALK inhibitor, against nucleophosmin-ALK-positive cell line Karpas299. We demonstrated that ZX-29 decreased Karpas299 cells growth and had better cytotoxicity than ceritinib, which was mediated through downregulating the expression of ALK and related proteins, inducing cell cycle arrest, and promoting cell apoptosis. Moreover, ZX-29-induced cell apoptosis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). In addition, ZX-29 increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cells pretreatment with N-acetyl- l-cysteine could attenuate ZX-29-induced cell apoptosis and ERS. Taken together, ZX-29 inhibited Karpas299 cell proliferation and induced apoptosis through inhibiting ALK and its downstream protein expression and inducing ROS-mediated ERS. Therefore, our results provide evidence for a novel antitumor candidate for the further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuzhu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Daiying Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingliang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Sorrentino D, Frentzel J, Mitou G, Blasco RB, Torossian A, Hoareau-Aveilla C, Pighi C, Farcé M, Meggetto F, Manenti S, Espinos E, Chiarle R, Giuriato S. High Levels of miR-7-5p Potentiate Crizotinib-Induced Cytokilling and Autophagic Flux by Targeting RAF1 in NPM-ALK Positive Lymphoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102951. [PMID: 33066037 PMCID: PMC7650725 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas are a pediatric disease, which still needs treatment improvement. Crizotinib was the first ALK-targeted inhibitor used in clinics, but relapses are now known to occur. Current research efforts indicate that combined therapies could represent a superior strategy to eradicate malignant cells and prevent tumor recurrence. Autophagy is a self-digestion cellular process, known to be induced upon diverse cancer therapies. Our present work demonstrates that the potentiation of the crizotinib-induced autophagy flux, through the serine/threonine kinase RAF1 downregulation, drives ALK+ ALCL cells to death. These results should encourage further investigations on the therapeutic modulation of autophagy in this particular cancer settings and other ALK-related malignancies. Abstract Anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALK+ ALCL) are an aggressive pediatric disease. The therapeutic options comprise chemotherapy, which is efficient in approximately 70% of patients, and targeted therapies, such as crizotinib (an ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)), used in refractory/relapsed cases. Research efforts have also converged toward the development of combined therapies to improve treatment. In this context, we studied whether autophagy could be modulated to improve crizotinib therapy. Autophagy is a vesicular recycling pathway, known to be associated with either cell survival or cell death depending on the cancer and therapy. We previously demonstrated that crizotinib induced cytoprotective autophagy in ALK+ lymphoma cells and that its further intensification was associated with cell death. In line with these results, we show here that combined ALK and Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma 1 (RAF1) inhibition, using pharmacological (vemurafenib) or molecular (small interfering RNA targeting RAF1 (siRAF1) or microRNA-7-5p (miR-7-5p) mimics) strategies, also triggered autophagy and potentiated the toxicity of TKI. Mechanistically, we found that this combined therapy resulted in the decrease of the inhibitory phosphorylation on Unc-51-like kinase-1 (ULK1) (a key protein in autophagy initiation), which may account for the enforced autophagy and cytokilling effect. Altogether, our results support the development of ALK and RAF1 combined inhibition as a new therapeutic approach in ALK+ ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sorrentino
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.B.B.); (C.P.); (R.C.)
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée 2016, F-31037 Toulouse, France
- European Research Initiative on ALK-related malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Julie Frentzel
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
- Merck Serono S.A., Department of Biotechnology Process Sciences, Route de Fenil 25, Z.I. B, 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Mitou
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
| | - Rafael B. Blasco
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.B.B.); (C.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Avédis Torossian
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
| | - Coralie Hoareau-Aveilla
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
| | - Chiara Pighi
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.B.B.); (C.P.); (R.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Manon Farcé
- Pôle Technologique du CRCT—Plateau de Cytométrie et Tri cellulaire—INSERM U1037, F-31037 Toulouse, France;
| | - Fabienne Meggetto
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
- European Research Initiative on ALK-related malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stéphane Manenti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée 2016, F-31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Espinos
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
- European Research Initiative on ALK-related malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.B.B.); (C.P.); (R.C.)
- European Research Initiative on ALK-related malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Sylvie Giuriato
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037—Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier—CNRS ERL5294, F-31037 Toulouse, France; (D.S.); (J.F.); (G.M.); (A.T.); (C.H.-A.); (F.M.); (S.M.); (E.E.)
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (R.B.B.); (C.P.); (R.C.)
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, équipe labellisée 2016, F-31037 Toulouse, France
- European Research Initiative on ALK-related malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(5)-82-74-16-35
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XPO1E571K Mutation Modifies Exportin 1 Localisation and Interactome in B-cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102829. [PMID: 33007990 PMCID: PMC7600770 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Almost 25% of patients with either primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) or classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) possess a recurrent mutation of the XPO1 gene encoding the major nuclear export protein. The aim of our study was to assess the molecular function of the mutant XPO1 protein. Using several cell models (including CRISPR–Cas9 edited cells) and high throughput techniques, we determined that the export capacity of the mutant XPO1 was not altered. However, mutant XPO1 accumulated in the cytoplasm due to its binding to importin β1 (or IPO1). The targeting of XPO1 is largely efficient for fighting haemopathies. The inhibition of IPO1 could open new therapeutic perspectives for B-cell lymphomas. Abstract The XPO1 gene encodes exportin 1 (XPO1) that controls the nuclear export of cargo proteins and RNAs. Almost 25% of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) cases harboured a recurrent XPO1 point mutation (NM_003400, chr2:g61718472C>T) resulting in the E571K substitution within the hydrophobic groove of the protein, the site of cargo binding. We investigated the impact of the XPO1E571K mutation using PMBL/cHL cells having various XPO1 statuses and CRISPR–Cas9-edited cells in which the E571K mutation was either introduced or knocked-out. We first confirmed that the mutation was present in both XPO1 mRNA and protein. We observed that the mutation did not modify the export capacity but rather the subcellular localisation of XPO1 itself. In particular, mutant XPO1 bound to importin β1 modified the nuclear export/import dynamics of relevant cargoes.
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Identification of the Wallenda JNKKK as an Alk suppressor reveals increased competitiveness of Alk-expressing cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14954. [PMID: 32917927 PMCID: PMC7486895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk) is a receptor tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor super-family that functions as oncogenic driver in a range of human cancers such as neuroblastoma. In order to investigate mechanisms underlying Alk oncogenic signaling, we conducted a genetic suppressor screen in Drosophila melanogaster. Our screen identified multiple loci important for Alk signaling, including members of Ras/Raf/ERK-, Pi3K-, and STAT-pathways as well as tailless (tll) and foxo whose orthologues NR2E1/TLX and FOXO3 are transcription factors implicated in human neuroblastoma. Many of the identified suppressors were also able to modulate signaling output from activated oncogenic variants of human ALK, suggesting that our screen identified targets likely relevant in a wide range of contexts. Interestingly, two misexpression alleles of wallenda (wnd, encoding a leucine zipper bearing kinase similar to human DLK and LZK) were among the strongest suppressors. We show that Alk expression leads to a growth advantage and induces cell death in surrounding cells. Our results suggest that Alk activity conveys a competitive advantage to cells, which can be reversed by over-expression of the JNK kinase kinase Wnd.
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31
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Eisfeld H, Kircher S, Rosenwald A, Anagnostopoulos I, Werner M, Gaßler N, Wolf G, Lehmkuhl L, Teichgräber U, Gühne F, Darr A, Freesmeyer M, Weschenfelder W, Hofmann G, Dalkilic R, Kalff R, Hochhaus A, Schrenk KG. Revealing the true face behind the mask of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Ann Hematol 2020; 100:1107-1109. [PMID: 32895754 PMCID: PMC7960597 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Eisfeld
- Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ioannis Anagnostopoulos
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Werner
- Institut für Pathologie, Vivantes Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Berlin, Fröbelstraße 15, 10405, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Gaßler
- Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Sektion Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Gunter Wolf
- Abteilung Nephrologie, Rheumatologie/Osteologie und Endokrinologie/Stoffwechselerkrankungen, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Lukas Lehmkuhl
- Klinik für Diagnostische Radiologie, Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Von-Guttenberg-Str. 11, 97616, Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale, Germany
| | - Ulf Teichgräber
- Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Gühne
- Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Darr
- Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Freesmeyer
- Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfram Weschenfelder
- Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Gunther Hofmann
- Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Ramazan Dalkilic
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Kalff
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Hochhaus
- Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Karin G Schrenk
- Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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Controversies in the Treatment of Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma. Hemasphere 2020; 4:e461. [PMID: 33062943 PMCID: PMC7469987 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases with an aggressive behavior and dismal prognosis. Their classification is complex and still evolving, and several biomolecular markers now help refine the prognosis of specific disease entities, although still have limited impact in tailoring the treatment. First-line treatment strategies can cure only a minority of patients and relapsed-refractory disease still represents the major cause of failure. Frontline autologous transplantation may have an impact in the consolidation of response; however, its role is still questioned as far as complete responses obtained after induction chemotherapy are concerned. Newer drugs are now being evaluated in clinical trials, but effective salvage strategies for those who experience treatment failures are lacking. Here we review and discuss the most controversial aspects of diagnosis and treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphomas.
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Human MYC G-quadruplex: From discovery to a cancer therapeutic target. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188410. [PMID: 32827579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the MYC oncogene is a molecular hallmark of both cancer initiation and progression. Targeting MYC is a logical and effective cancer therapeutic strategy. A special DNA secondary structure, the G-quadruplex (G4), is formed within the nuclease hypersensitivity element III1 (NHE III1) region, located upstream of the MYC gene's P1 promoter that drives the majority of its transcription. Targeting such G4 structures has been a focus of anticancer therapies in recent decades. Thus, a comprehensive review of the MYC G4 structure and its role as a potential therapeutic target is timely. In this review, we first outline the discovery of the MYC G4 structure and evidence of its formation in vitro and in cells. Then, we describe the functional role of G4 in regulating MYC gene expression. We also summarize three types of MYC G4-interacting proteins that can promote, stabilize and unwind G4 structures. Finally, we discuss G4-binding molecules and the anticancer activities of G4-stabilizing ligands, including small molecular compounds and peptides, and assess their potential as novel anticancer therapeutics.
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34
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Cela I, Di Matteo A, Federici L. Nucleophosmin in Its Interaction with Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4885. [PMID: 32664415 PMCID: PMC7402337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a mainly nucleolar protein that shuttles between nucleoli, nucleoplasm and cytoplasm to fulfill its many functions. It is a chaperone of both nucleic acids and proteins and plays a role in cell cycle control, centrosome duplication, ribosome maturation and export, as well as the cellular response to a variety of stress stimuli. NPM1 is a hub protein in nucleoli where it contributes to nucleolar organization through heterotypic and homotypic interactions. Furthermore, several alterations, including overexpression, chromosomal translocations and mutations are present in solid and hematological cancers. Recently, novel germline mutations that cause dyskeratosis congenita have also been described. This review focuses on NPM1 interactions and inhibition. Indeed, the list of NPM1 binding partners is ever-growing and, in recent years, many studies contributed to clarifying the structural basis for NPM1 recognition of both nucleic acids and several proteins. Intriguingly, a number of natural and synthetic ligands that interfere with NPM1 interactions have also been reported. The possible role of NPM1 inhibitors in the treatment of multiple cancers and other pathologies is emerging as a new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cela
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, Via Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Adele Di Matteo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the CNR, c/o “Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Luca Federici
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, Via Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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35
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Pouliquen DL, Boissard A, Coqueret O, Guette C. Biomarkers of tumor invasiveness in proteomics (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 57:409-432. [PMID: 32468071 PMCID: PMC7307599 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, quantitative proteomics has emerged as an important tool for deciphering the complex molecular events involved in cancers. The number of references involving studies on the cancer metastatic process has doubled since 2010, while the last 5 years have seen the development of novel technologies combining deep proteome coverage capabilities with quantitative consistency and accuracy. To highlight key findings within this huge amount of information, the present review identified a list of tumor invasive biomarkers based on both the literature and data collected on a biocollection of experimental cell lines, tumor models of increasing invasiveness and tumor samples from patients with colorectal or breast cancer. Crossing these different data sources led to 76 proteins of interest out of 1,245 mentioned in the literature. Information on these proteins can potentially be translated into clinical prospects, since they represent potential targets for the development and evaluation of innovative therapies, alone or in combination. Herein, a systematical review of the biology of each of these proteins, including their specific subcellular/extracellular or multiple localizations is presented. Finally, as an important advantage of quantitative proteomics is the ability to provide data on all these molecules simultaneously in cell pellets, body fluids or paraffin‑embedded sections of tumors/invaded tissues, the significance of some of their interconnections is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Boissard
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, F‑44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Catherine Guette
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, F‑44000 Nantes, France
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36
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Abend M, Pfeiffer RM, Port M, Hatch M, Bogdanova T, Tronko MD, Mabuchi K, Azizova T, Unger K, Braselmann H, Ostheim P, Brenner AV. Utility of gene expression studies in relation to radiation exposure and clinical outcomes: thyroid cancer in the Ukrainian-American cohort and late health effects in a MAYAK worker cohort. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:12-18. [PMID: 32310011 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1748739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We herein report on changes in gene expression after radiation exposure to iodine-131 from the Chernobyl accident in the Ukrainian-American thyroid cohort and to external gamma ray or internal plutonium exposure in the Mayak Production Association radiation workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Taking advantage of access to tissue samples from the thyroid cancer cases in the Ukrainian-American cohort, our group tried to identify candidate genes to discriminate spontaneously occurring thyroid cancers from thyroid cancers caused by radiation exposure. We also examined gene expression changes in normal and cancerous thyroid tissue in relation to iodine-131 dose separately. Gene expression changes in the peripheral blood of radiation exposed Mayak workers were examined to elucidate the dose-to-gene and gene-to-health (e.g. cardiovascular disease) relationships. CONCLUSIONS Results of both projects are discussed under the aspect of dose-response relationships (dose-to-gene) and clinical outcome relationships (gene-to-effect) in light of how mechanistic data can be translated into actionable knowledge for radiation protection or clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tamara Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Braselmann
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
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37
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Kreutmair S, Klingeberg C, Poggio T, Andrieux G, Keller A, Miething C, Follo M, Pfeifer D, Shoumariyeh K, Lengerke C, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Fend F, Zeiser R, Turner SD, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Boerries M, Duyster J, Illert AL. Existence of reprogrammed lymphoma stem cells in a murine ALCL-like model. Leukemia 2020; 34:3242-3255. [PMID: 32203142 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While cancer stem cells are well established in certain hematologic and solid malignancies, their existence in T cell lymphoma is unclear and the origin of disease is not fully understood. To examine the existence of lymphoma stem cells, we utilized a mouse model of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Established NPM-ALK+ lymphomas contained heterogeneous cell populations ranging from mature T cells to undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells. Interestingly, CD4-/CD8- double negative (DN) lymphoma cells aberrantly expressed the T cell receptor α/β chain. Serial transplantation of sorted CD4/CD8 and DN lymphoma subpopulations identified lymphoma stem cells within the DN3/DN4 T cell population, whereas all other subpopulations failed to establish serial lymphomas. Moreover, transplanted lymphoma DN3/DN4 T cells were able to differentiate and gave rise to mature lymphoma T cells. Gene expression analyses unmasked stem-cell-like transcriptional regulation of the identified lymphoma stem cell population. Furthermore, these lymphoma stem cells are characterized by low CD30 expression levels, which might contribute to limited long-term therapeutic success in patients treated with anti-CD30-targeted therapies. In summary, our results highlight the existence of a lymphoma stem cell population in a NPM-ALK-driven CD30+ mouse model, thereby giving the opportunity to test innovative treatment strategies developed to eradicate the origin of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kreutmair
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cathrin Klingeberg
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Poggio
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Keller
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Miething
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Khalid Shoumariyeh
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB20QQ, UK
| | | | - Melanie Boerries
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna L Illert
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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38
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Rao C, Liu B, Huang D, Chen R, Huang K, Li F, Dong N. Nucleophosmin contributes to vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis progression. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 161:e377-e393. [PMID: 32007256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.10.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unclear whether nucleophosmin (NPM) participates in cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of NPM in atherosclerosis. METHODS Levels and location of NPM in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques and healthy controls were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblots, and immunofluorescence. Atherosclerotic prone ApoE-/- mice were fed with a Western diet for 16 weeks as an in vivo model. Human primary umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured as an in vitro model. RESULTS Compared with controls, we found that NPM levels in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques were more than twice as high as in normal arteries, which mainly localized in endothelial cells. In vivo, adenovirus-containing NPM small hairpin RNA attenuated atherosclerotic lesion and promoted plaque stabilization in ApoE-/- mice fed a Western diet by reducing vascular inflammation, maintaining endothelial function, and decreasing macrophage infiltration. Furthermore, NPM knockdown decreased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 phosphorylation. In cultured HUVECs, palmitic acid increased the protein levels of NPM and induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines and monocyte adhesion, whereas NPM knockdown attenuated this effect. In HUVECs, NPM protein physically interacted with NF-κB p65 subunit and promoted its nuclear transposition. NPM also increased the transcriptional activity of NF-κB p65 promoter and enhance its binding to target genes, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin. CONCLUSIONS These data provide novel evidence that NPM promotes atherosclerosis by inducing vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction through the NF-κB signaling pathway and suggest that NPM may be a promising target for atherosclerosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijun Rao
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoqing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ru Chen
- Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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39
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Matsuyama H, Suzuki HI. Systems and Synthetic microRNA Biology: From Biogenesis to Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010132. [PMID: 31878193 PMCID: PMC6981965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22-nucleotide-long, small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. The biogenesis of miRNAs involves multiple steps, including the transcription of primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs), nuclear Drosha-mediated processing, cytoplasmic Dicer-mediated processing, and loading onto Argonaute (Ago) proteins. Further, miRNAs control diverse biological and pathological processes via the silencing of target mRNAs. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the quantitative aspects of miRNA homeostasis, including Drosha-mediated pri-miRNA processing, Ago-mediated asymmetric miRNA strand selection, and modifications of miRNA pathway components, as well as the roles of RNA modifications (epitranscriptomics), epigenetics, transcription factor circuits, and super-enhancers in miRNA regulation. These recent advances have facilitated a system-level understanding of miRNA networks, as well as the improvement of RNAi performance for both gene-specific targeting and genome-wide screening. The comprehensive understanding and modeling of miRNA biogenesis and function have been applied to the design of synthetic gene circuits. In addition, the relationships between miRNA genes and super-enhancers provide the molecular basis for the highly biased cell type-specific expression patterns of miRNAs and the evolution of miRNA–target connections, while highlighting the importance of alterations of super-enhancer-associated miRNAs in a variety of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Matsuyama
- Fujii Memorial Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-11-1 Karasaki, Otsu-shi, Shiga 520-0106, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi I. Suzuki
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-6172-536-457
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40
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Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) represent a heterogeneous group of uncommon malignancies derived from mature T cells and usually characterised by an aggressive clinical course. Their clinical presentation, localisation and pattern of dissemination are highly variable, but the majority of cases present as nodal diseases. The recently revised classification of lymphomas has incorporated many new molecular genetic data derived from gene expression profiling and next generation sequencing studies, which refine the definition and diagnostic criteria of several entities. Nevertheless, the distinction of PTCL from various reactive conditions, and the diagnosis of PTCL subtypes remains notably challenging. Here, an updated summary of the clinicopathological and molecular features of the most common nodal-based PTCLs (angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and other nodal lymphomas derived from follicular T helper cells, anaplastic large cell lymphomas and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified) is presented. Practical recommendations in the diagnostic approach to nodal T-cell lymphoproliferations are presented, including indications for the appropriate use and interpretation of ancillary studies. Finally, we discuss commonly encountered diagnostic problems, including pitfalls and mimics in the differential diagnosis with various reactive conditions, and the criteria that allow proper identification of distinct PTCL entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence de Leval
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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41
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Maurer B, Kollmann S, Pickem J, Hoelbl-Kovacic A, Sexl V. STAT5A and STAT5B-Twins with Different Personalities in Hematopoiesis and Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1726. [PMID: 31690038 PMCID: PMC6895831 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors STAT5A and STAT5B have essential roles in survival and proliferation of hematopoietic cells-which have been considered largely redundant. Mutations of upstream kinases, copy number gains, or activating mutations in STAT5A, or more frequently in STAT5B, cause altered hematopoiesis and cancer. Interfering with their activity by pharmacological intervention is an up-and-coming therapeutic avenue. Precision medicine requests detailed knowledge of STAT5A's and STAT5B's individual functions. Recent evidence highlights the privileged role for STAT5B over STAT5A in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Here, we provide an overview on their individual functions within the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Maurer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sebastian Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Pickem
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Hoelbl-Kovacic
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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42
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Gengenbacher A, Müller-Rudorf A, Poggio T, Gräßel L, Dumit VI, Kreutmair S, Lippert LJ, Duyster J, Illert AL. Proteomic Phosphosite Analysis Identified Crucial NPM-ALK-Mediated NIPA Serine and Threonine Residues. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164060. [PMID: 31434245 PMCID: PMC6721280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that shows in 60% of cases a translocation t(2;5)(p23;q35), which leads to the expression of the oncogenic kinase NPM-ALK. The nuclear interaction partner of ALK (NIPA) defines an E3-SCF ligase that contributes to the timing of mitotic entry. It has been shown that co-expression of NIPA and NPM-ALK results in constitutive NIPA phosphorylation. By mass spectrometry-based proteomics we identified nine serine/threonine residues to be significantly upregulated in NIPA upon NPM-ALK expression. Generation of phospho-deficient mutants of the respective phospho-residues specified five serine/threonine residues (Ser-338, Ser-344, Ser-370, Ser-381 and Thr-387) as key phosphorylation sites involved in NPM-ALK-directed phosphorylation of NIPA. Analysis of the biological impact of NIPA phosphorylation by NPM-ALK demonstrated that the ALK-induced phosphorylation does not change the SCFNIPA-complex formation but may influence the localization of NIPA and NPM-ALK. Biochemical analyses with phospho-deficient mutants elucidated the importance of NIPA phosphorylation by NPM-ALK for the interaction of the two proteins and proliferation potential of respective cells: Silencing of the five crucial NIPA serine/threonine residues led to a highly enhanced NIPA-NPM-ALK binding capacity as well as a slightly reduced proliferation in Ba/F3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anina Gengenbacher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alina Müller-Rudorf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teresa Poggio
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Linda Gräßel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Veronica I Dumit
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kreutmair
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena J Lippert
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna L Illert
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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43
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Haque M, Li J, Huang YH, Almowaled M, Barger CJ, Karpf AR, Wang P, Chen W, Turner SD, Lai R. NPM-ALK Is a Key Regulator of the Oncoprotein FOXM1 in ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1119. [PMID: 31390744 PMCID: PMC6721812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) is an oncogenic transcription factor implicated in the pathogenesis of solid and hematologic cancers. In this study, we examined the significance of FOXM1 in NPM-ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (NPM-ALK + ALCL), with a focus on how it interacts with NPM-ALK, which is a key oncogenic driver in these tumors. FOXM1 was expressed in NPM-ALK + ALCL cell lines (5/5), patient samples (21/21), and tumors arising in NPM-ALK transgenic mice (4/4). FOXM1 was localized in the nuclei and confirmed to be transcriptionally active. Inhibition of FOXM1 in two NPM-ALK + ALCL cells using shRNA and pharmalogic agent (thiostrepton) resulted in reductions in cell growth and soft-agar colony formation, which were associated with apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. FOXM1 is functionally linked to NPM-ALK, as FOXM1 enhanced phosphorylation of the NPM-ALK/STAT3 axis. Conversely, DNA binding and transcriptional activity of FOXM1 was dependent on the expression of NPM-ALK. Further studies showed that this dependency hinges on the binding of FOXM1 to NPM1 that heterodimerizes with NPM-ALK, and the phosphorylation status of NPM-ALK. In conclusion, we identified FOXM1 as an important oncogenic protein in NPM-ALK+ ALCL. Our results exemplified that NPM-ALK exerts oncogenic effects in the nuclei and illustrated a novel role of NPM1 in NPM-ALK pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moinul Haque
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2R3, Canada
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2R3, Canada
- Electron Microscopy Center, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yung-Hsing Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2R3, Canada
| | - Meaad Almowaled
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2R3, Canada
| | - Carter J Barger
- Eppley Institute and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Adam R Karpf
- Eppley Institute and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Hematology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2R3, Canada
| | - Will Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2R3, Canada
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2R3, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2R3, Canada.
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44
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Lim MS, Bailey NG, King RL, Piris M. Molecular Genetics in the Diagnosis and Biology of Lymphoid Neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol 2019; 152:277-301. [PMID: 31278738 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The 2017 Workshop of the Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology reviewed the role of molecular genetics in the diagnosis and biology of lymphoid neoplasms. METHODS The Workshop Panel reviewed 82 cases. RESULTS Molecular genetic testing reveals alterations that expand the spectrum of diseases such as DUSP22 rearrangement in ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma, large B-cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangement, MYD88 mutations in B-cell lymphomas, Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberrations, and diagnostic criteria for high-grade B-cell lymphomas. Therapeutic agents and natural tumor progression may be associated with transcriptional reprogramming that lead to transdifferentiation and lineage switch. CONCLUSIONS Application of emerging technical advances has revealed the complexity of genetic events in lymphomagenesis, progression, and acquired resistance to therapies. They also contribute to enhanced understanding of the biology of indolent vs aggressive behavior, clonal evolution, tumor progression, and transcriptional reprogramming associated with transdifferentiation events that may occur subsequent to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | | | - Miguel Piris
- Department of Pathology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
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45
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Dang Q, Chen L, Xu M, You X, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Shi W. The γ-secretase inhibitor GSI-I interacts synergistically with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib to induce ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell apoptosis. Cell Signal 2019; 59:76-84. [PMID: 30878517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Single agent treatment of the γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI-I) or proteasome inhibitor in anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL) shows limited response and considerable toxicity. Here, we examined the effects of the combination of low dose GSI-I and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) in ALK+ ALCL cells in vivo and in vitro. We found that ALK+ ALCL cells treated with the BTZ and GSI-I combination treatment showed elevated apoptosis, consistent with increased caspase activation, compared with BTZ or GSI-I alone. The combination treatment also inhibited AKT and extracellular signal-related kinase pathways, as well as stress-related cascades, including the c-jun N-terminal kinase and stress-activated kinases. Moreover, combined treatment in a murine xenograft model resulted in increased apoptosis in tumor tissues and reduced tumor growth. Our results reveal the synergistic anti-tumor effects of low dose inhibitors against γ-secretase and the proteasome and suggest the potential application of the tolerable BTZ/GSI-I combined agents in treating ALK+ ALCL in future clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiu Dang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengqi Xu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuefen You
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenyu Shi
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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46
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Singh VK, Werner S, Schwalm S, Lennerz V, Ruf S, Stadler S, Hackstein H, Reiter A, Wölfel T, Damm-Welk C, Woessmann W. NPM-ALK-reactive T-cell responses in children and adolescents with NPM-ALK positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1625688. [PMID: 31428523 PMCID: PMC6685518 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1625688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncoantigen nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) induces cellular and humoral immune responses in patients with NPM-ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). We characterize the NPM-ALK-specific T-cell responses in a cohort of pediatric and adolescent ALCL-patients in remission without Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA)-preselection. First, we assessed NPM-ALK-reactive T-cell responses and their HLA-class I restriction in patients by using dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with in vitro transcribed (IVT) NPM-ALK-RNA for CD8 (n = 20) or CD3 (n = 9) T-cell stimulation. NPM-ALK-specific T-cells were detected in twelve of 29 patients (nine of 20 with CD8-selected and three of nine with CD3-selected cells). Recognition of NPM-ALK was restricted by HLA-C alleles in six of eight, and by HLA-B alleles in four of eight analyzed patients. No NPM-ALK-reactivity was detected in 20 healthy individuals. Second, in order to define possible immunogenic NPM-ALK-epitope regions, DCs pulsed with pools of overlapping long NPM-ALK-peptides were used to stimulate T-cells in further 22 patients and ten controls. Responsive T-cells were detected in 15 patients and in five controls. A peptide pool located in the middle of the kinase domain induced ALK-reactive T-cells in 14 of 15 responsive patients. We could narrow to single peptides between p327-p370 of NPM-ALK in four patients. In conclusion, using IVT-RNA, 40% of NPM-ALK-positive ALCL-patients in remission had detectable NPM-ALK-specific T-cell responses which were mainly restricted by HLA-B and -C alleles. Peptide stimulation of T-cells revealed responses in almost 70% of patients and allowed describing an immunogenic region located in the ALK-kinase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Singh
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Werner
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Simone Schwalm
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Volker Lennerz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Serena Stadler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haemostaseology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alfred Reiter
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wölfel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christine Damm-Welk
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Woessmann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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47
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Non-Coding RNA Networks in ALK-Positive Anaplastic-Large Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092150. [PMID: 31052302 PMCID: PMC6539248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression. In recent years, it has become more and more evident that the different classes of ncRNAs, such as micro RNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs are organized in tightly controlled networks. It has been suggested that deregulation of these networks can lead to disease. Several studies show a contribution of these so-called competing-endogenous RNA networks in various cancer entities. In this review, we highlight the involvement of ncRNA networks in anaplastic-large cell lymphoma (ALCL), a T-cell neoplasia. A majority of ALCL cases harbor the molecular hallmark of this disease, a fusion of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene with the nucleophosmin (NPM, NPM1) gene leading to a permanently active kinase that promotes the malignant phenotype. We have focused especially on ncRNAs that are regulated by the NPM-ALK fusion gene and illustrate how their deregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of ALCL. Lastly, we summarize the findings and point out potential therapeutic implications.
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48
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CDC37 as a novel target for the treatment of NPM1-ALK expressing anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Blood Cancer J 2019; 9:14. [PMID: 30696805 PMCID: PMC6351628 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-019-0171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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49
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Gambi G, Di Simone E, Basso V, Ricci L, Wang R, Verma A, Elemento O, Ponzoni M, Inghirami G, Icardi L, Mondino A. The Transcriptional Regulator Sin3A Contributes to the Oncogenic Potential of STAT3. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3076-3087. [PMID: 30692217 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of promoter and enhancer regions is a common phenomenon in malignant cells. The transcription factor STAT3 is aberrantly activated in several tumors, where its constitutive acetylation accounts for the transcriptional repression of a number of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) via molecular mechanisms that remain to be understood. Using nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (NPM-ALK+) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) as model system, we found in cells and patient-derived tumor xenografts that STAT3 is constitutively acetylated as a result of ALK activity. STAT3 acetylation relied on intact ALK-induced PI3K- and mTORC1-dependent signaling and was sensitive to resveratrol. Resveratrol lowered STAT3 acetylation, rescued TSG expression, and induced ALCL apoptotic cell death. STAT3 constitutively bound the Sin3A transcriptional repressor complex, and both STAT3 and Sin3A bound the promoter region of silenced TSG via a resveratrol-sensitive mechanism. Silencing SIN3A caused reexpression of TSG, induced ALCL apoptotic cell death in vitro, and hindered ALCL tumorigenic potential in vivo. A constitutive STAT3-Sin3A interaction was also found in breast adenocarcinoma cells and proved critical for TSG silencing and cell survival. Collectively, these results suggest that oncogene-driven STAT3 acetylation and its constitutive association with Sin3A represent novel and concomitant events contributing to STAT3 oncogenic potential. SIGNIFICANCE: This study delineates the transcriptional regulatory complex Sin3A as a mediator of STAT3 transcriptional repressor activity and identifies the STAT3/Sin3A axis as a druggable target to antagonize STAT3-addicted tumors. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/12/3076/F1.large.jpg.See related commentary by Monteleone and Poli, p. 3031.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gambi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Simone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Basso
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ricci
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Akanksha Verma
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Laura Icardi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Mondino
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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50
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Torossian A, Broin N, Frentzel J, Daugrois C, Gandarillas S, Saati TA, Lamant L, Brousset P, Giuriato S, Espinos E. Blockade of crizotinib-induced BCL2 elevation in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma triggers autophagy associated with cell death. Haematologica 2019; 104:1428-1439. [PMID: 30679328 PMCID: PMC6601090 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.181966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas are tumors that carry translocations involving the ALK gene at the 2p23 locus, leading to the expression of ALK tyrosine kinase fusion oncoproteins. Amongst hematologic malignancies, these lymphomas are particular in that they express very low levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), a recognized inhibitor of apoptosis and autophagy, two processes that share complex interconnections. We have previously shown that treatment of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma cells with the ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib induces autophagy as a pro-survival response. Here, we observed that crizotinib-mediated inactivation of ALK caused an increase in BCL2 levels that restrained the cytotoxic effects of the drug. BCL2 downregulation in combination with crizotinib treatment potentiated loss of cell viability through both an increase in autophagic flux and cell death, including apoptosis. More importantly, our data revealed that the blockade of autophagic flux completely reversed impaired cell viability, which demonstrates that excessive autophagy is associated with cell death. We propose that the downregulation of BCL2 protein, which plays a central role in the autophagic and apoptotic machinery, combined with crizotinib treatment may represent a promising therapeutic alternative to current ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avedis Torossian
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Broin
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Frentzel
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Daugrois
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse-Cancer-TOUCAN, F-31024 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Talal Al Saati
- Inserm/UPS, US006/CREFRE, Service d'Histopathologie, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Lamant
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse-Cancer-TOUCAN, F-31024 Toulouse, France.,Département de Pathologie, IUCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,European Research Initiative on ALK-related Malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre Brousset
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse-Cancer-TOUCAN, F-31024 Toulouse, France.,Département de Pathologie, IUCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,European Research Initiative on ALK-related Malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge, UK
| | - Sylvie Giuriato
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France .,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France.,European Research Initiative on ALK-related Malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge, UK.,Transautophagy: European network for multidisciplinary research and translation of autophagy knowledge, COST Action CA15138, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Estelle Espinos
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France .,Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, ERL5294 UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse-Cancer-TOUCAN, F-31024 Toulouse, France.,European Research Initiative on ALK-related Malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge, UK
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