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Bland WA, Mitra D, Owens S, McEvoy K, Hogan CH, Boccuzzi L, Kirillov V, Meyer TJ, Khairallah C, Sheridan BS, Forrest JC, Krug LT. A replication-deficient gammaherpesvirus vaccine protects mice from lytic disease and reduces latency establishment. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:116. [PMID: 38914546 PMCID: PMC11196663 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are oncogenic viruses that establish lifelong infections and are significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Vaccine strategies to limit gammaherpesvirus infection and disease are in development, but there are no FDA-approved vaccines for Epstein-Barr or Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus. As a new approach to gammaherpesvirus vaccination, we developed and tested a replication-deficient virus (RDV) platform, using murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a well-established mouse model for gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis studies and preclinical therapeutic evaluations. We employed codon-shuffling-based complementation to generate revertant-free RDV lacking expression of the essential replication and transactivator protein encoded by ORF50 to arrest viral gene expression early after de novo infection. Inoculation with RDV-50.stop exposes the host to intact virion particles and leads to limited lytic gene expression in infected cells yet does not produce additional infectious particles. Prime-boost vaccination of mice with RDV-50.stop elicited virus-specific neutralizing antibody and effector T cell responses in the lung and spleen. In contrast to vaccination with heat-inactivated WT MHV68, vaccination with RDV-50.stop resulted in a near complete abolishment of virus replication in the lung 7 days post-challenge and reduction of latency establishment in the spleen 16 days post-challenge with WT MHV68. Ifnar1-/- mice, which lack the type I interferon receptor, exhibit severe disease and high mortality upon infection with WT MHV68. RDV-50.stop vaccination of Ifnar1-/- mice prevented wasting and mortality upon challenge with WT MHV68. These results demonstrate that prime-boost vaccination with a gammaherpesvirus that is unable to undergo lytic replication offers protection against acute replication, impairs the establishment of latency, and prevents severe disease upon the WT virus challenge. Our study also reveals that the ability of a gammaherpesvirus to persist in vivo despite potent pre-existing immunity is an obstacle to obtaining sterilizing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A Bland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Environment, Health and Safety, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dipanwita Mitra
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shana Owens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kyle McEvoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Chad H Hogan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luciarita Boccuzzi
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Doctor of Medicine Program, Rush University Medical Center, 1650, West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - J Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Lurain KA, Ramaswami R, Krug LT, Whitby D, Ziegelbauer JM, Wang HW, Yarchoan R. HIV-associated cancers and lymphoproliferative disorders caused by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024:e0002223. [PMID: 38899877 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00022-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYWithin weeks of the first report of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, it was observed that these patients often had Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a hitherto rarely seen skin tumor in the USA. It soon became apparent that AIDS was also associated with an increased incidence of high-grade lymphomas caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The association of AIDS with KS remained a mystery for more than a decade until Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) was discovered and found to be the cause of KS. KSHV was subsequently found to cause several other diseases associated with AIDS and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. People living with HIV/AIDS continue to have an increased incidence of certain cancers, and many of these cancers are caused by EBV and/or KSHV. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of cancers caused by EBV and KSHV in persons living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Lurain
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramya Ramaswami
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph M Ziegelbauer
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hao-Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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3
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Watanabe T, McGraw A, Narayan K, Tibebe H, Kuriyama K, Nishimura M, Izumi T, Fujimuro M, Ohno S. Conserved cysteine residues in Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus ORF34 are necessary for viral production and viral pre-initiation complex formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.08.531831. [PMID: 36945456 PMCID: PMC10028899 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.08.531831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF34 plays a significant role as a component of the viral pre-initiation complex (vPIC), which is indispensable for late gene expression across beta and gamma herpesviruses. Although the key role of ORF34 within the vPIC and its function as a hub protein have been recognized, further clarification regarding its specific contribution to vPIC functionality and interactions with other components is required. This study employed a deep-learning algorithm-assisted structural model of ORF34, revealing highly conserved amino acid residues across human beta- and gamma-herpesviruses localized in structured domains. Thus, we engineered ORF34 alanine-scanning mutants by substituting conserved residues with alanine. These mutants were evaluated for their ability to interact with other vPIC factors and restore viral production in cells harboring the ORF34-deficient KSHV-BAC. Our experimental results highlight the crucial role of the 4 cysteine residues conserved in ORF34: a tetrahedral arrangement consisting of a pair of C-X n -C consensus motifs. This suggests the potential incorporation of metal cations in interacting with ORF24 and ORF66 vPIC components, facilitating late gene transcription, and promoting overall virus production by capturing metal cations. In summary, our findings underline the essential role of conserved cysteines in KSHV ORF34 for effective vPIC assembly and viral replication, thereby enhancing our understanding of the complex interplay between the vPIC components. IMPORTANCE The initiation of late gene transcription is universally conserved across the gamma- and beta-herpesvirus families. This process employs a viral pre-initiation complex (vPIC), which is analogous to a cellular PIC. Although KSHV ORF34 is a critical factor for viral replication and is a component of the vPIC, the specifics of vPIC formation and the essential domains crucial for its function remain unclear. Structural predictions suggest that the 4 conserved cysteines (C170, C175, C256, and C259) form a tetrahedron that coordinates the metal cation. We further investigated the role of these conserved amino acids in interactions with other vPIC components, late gene expression, and virus production, to demonstrate for the first time that these cysteines are pivotal for these functions. This discovery not only deepens our comprehensive understanding of ORF34 and vPIC dynamics but also lays the groundwork for more detailed studies on herpesvirus replication mechanisms in future research.
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Caduff N, Rieble L, Böni M, McHugh D, Roshan R, Miley W, Labo N, Barman S, Trivett M, Bosma DMT, Rühl J, Goebels N, Whitby D, Münz C. KSHV infection of B cells primes protective T cell responses in humanized mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4841. [PMID: 38844783 PMCID: PMC11156630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with around 1% of all human tumors, including the B cell malignancy primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), in which co-infection with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) can almost always be found in malignant cells. Here, we demonstrate that KSHV/EBV co-infection of mice with reconstituted human immune systems (humanized mice) leads to IgM responses against both latent and lytic KSHV antigens, and expansion of central and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Among these, KSHV/EBV dual-infection allows for the priming of CD8+ T cells that are specific for the lytic KSHV antigen K6 and able to kill KSHV/EBV infected B cells. This suggests that K6 may represent a vaccine antigen for the control of KSHV and its associated pathologies in high seroprevalence regions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Caduff
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lisa Rieble
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Böni
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Donal McHugh
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Pfizer, Medical Department, Schärenmoosstrasse 99, 8052, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Romin Roshan
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sumanta Barman
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthew Trivett
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Douwe M T Bosma
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Julia Rühl
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Goebels
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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5
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Witte H, Künstner A, Gebauer N. Update: The molecular spectrum of virus-associated high-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Blood Rev 2024; 65:101172. [PMID: 38267313 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2024.101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The vast spectrum of aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin neoplasms (B-NHL) encompasses several infrequent entities occurring in association with viral infections, posing diagnostic challenges for practitioners. In the emerging era of precision oncology, the molecular characterization of malignancies has acquired paramount significance. The pathophysiological comprehension of specific entities and the identification of targeted therapeutic options have seen rapid development. However, owing to their rarity, not all entities have undergone exhaustive molecular characterization. Considerable heterogeneity exists in the extant body of work, both in terms of employed methodologies and the scale of cases studied. Presently, therapeutic strategies are predominantly derived from observations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most prevalent subset of aggressive B-NHL. Ongoing investigations into the molecular profiles of these uncommon virus-associated entities are progressively facilitating a clearer distinction from DLBCL, ultimately paving the way towards individualized therapeutic approaches. This review consolidates the current molecular insights into aggressive and virus-associated B-NHL, taking into consideration the recently updated 5th edition of the WHO classification of hematolymphoid tumors (WHO-5HAEM) and the International Consensus Classification (ICC). Additionally, potential therapeutically targetable susceptibilities are highlighted, offering a comprehensive overview of the present scientific landscape in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Witte
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - A Künstner
- University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein (UCCSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; Medical Systems Biology Group, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - N Gebauer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein (UCCSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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6
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Medeiros LJ, Chadburn A, Natkunam Y, Naresh KN. Fifth Edition of the World Health Classification of Tumors of the Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues: B-cell Neoplasms. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100441. [PMID: 38309432 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
We review B-cell neoplasms in the 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of hematolymphoid tumors (WHO-HEM5). The revised classification is based on a multidisciplinary approach including input from pathologists, clinicians, and other experts. The WHO-HEM5 follows a hierarchical structure allowing the use of family (class)-level definitions when defining diagnostic criteria are partially met or a complete investigational workup is not possible. Disease types and subtypes have expanded compared with the WHO revised 4th edition (WHO-HEM4R), mainly because of the expansion in genomic knowledge of these diseases. In this review, we focus on highlighting changes and updates in the classification of B-cell lymphomas, providing a comparison with WHO-HEM4R, and offering guidance on how the new classification can be applied to the diagnosis of B-cell lymphomas in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yasodha Natkunam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kikkeri N Naresh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle; Section of Pathology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle
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7
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Rogges E, Pelliccia S, Savio C, Lopez G, Della Starza I, La Verde G, Di Napoli A. Molecular Features of HHV8 Monoclonal Microlymphoma Associated with Kaposi Sarcoma and Multicentric Castleman Disease in an HIV-Negative Patient. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3775. [PMID: 38612584 PMCID: PMC11011749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-associated diseases include Kaposi sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder (GLPD), Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS), HHV8-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (HHV8+ DLBCL), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and extra-cavitary PEL (ECPEL). We report the case of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative male treated for cutaneous KS, who developed generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, pleural and abdominal effusions, renal insufficiency, and pancytopenia. The excised lymph node showed features of concomitant involvement by micro-KS and MCD, with aggregates of HHV8+, Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-negative, IgM+, and lambda+ plasmablasts reminiscent of microlymphoma. Molecular investigations revealed a somatically hypermutated (SHM) monoclonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH), accounting for 4% of the B-cell population of the lymph node. Mutational analyses identified a pathogenic variant of KMT2D and variants of unknown significance in KMT2D, FOXO1, ARID1A, and KMT2A. The patient died shortly after surgery. The histological features (HHV8+, EBV-, IgM+, Lambda+, MCD+), integrated with the molecular findings (monoclonal IGH, SHM+, KMT2D mutated), supported the diagnosis of a monoclonal HHV8+ microlymphoma, with features intermediate between an incipient HHV8+ DLBCL and an EBV-negative ECPEL highlighting the challenges in the accurate classification of HHV8-driven lymphoid proliferations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Rogges
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, PhD School in Translational Medicine and Oncology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Pelliccia
- Hematology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (G.L.V.)
| | - Camilla Savio
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Lopez
- Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Irene Della Starza
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giacinto La Verde
- Hematology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (G.L.V.)
| | - Arianna Di Napoli
- Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
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8
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Chang LC, Fu PA, Wang SH, Chang KC, Hsu YT. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma characterized by malignant ascites: A case report. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155185. [PMID: 38342036 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a rare case of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV8)-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which is characterized by malignant ascites and complex karyotypes. A 72-year-old male patient who tested negative for human immunodeficiency virus presented with thrombocytopenia and lymphadenopathies. He was diagnosed with KSHV/HHV8-associated multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). After three years, he developed progressive lymphadenopathies and massive ascites. The lymphoma cells in the ascitic fluid presented with characteristic immunophenotype and monoclonality, which support the diagnosis of KSHV/HHV8-positive DLBCL. Lymphadenopathies and massive splenomegaly are common manifestations of KSHV/HHV8-positive DLBCL. Nevertheless, peritoneal involvement, as observed in this case, is a rare presentation. This emphasizes the diagnostic complexities of KSHV/HHV8-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. Within the context of preexisting KSHV/HHV8-associated multicentric Castleman disease, the differential diagnosis of this disorder can be challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chang Chang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
| | - Pei-An Fu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsien Wang
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chao Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Hsu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan.
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9
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Carbone A, Chadburn A, Gloghini A, Vaccher E, Bower M. Immune deficiency/dysregulation -associated lymphoproliferative disorders. Revised classification and management. Blood Rev 2024; 64:101167. [PMID: 38195294 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Significant advances in the field of lymphoma have resulted in two recent classification proposals, the International Consensus Classification (ICC) and the 5th edition WHO. A few entities are categorized differently in the ICC compared to the WHO. Nowhere is this more apparent than the immunodeficiency lymphoproliferative disorders. The three previous versions of the WHO classification (3rd, 4th and revised 4th editions) and the ICC focused on four clinical settings in which these lesions arise for primary categorization. In contrast the 2023 WHO 5th edition includes pathologic characteristics including morphology and viral status, in addition to clinical setting, as important information for lesion classification. In addition, the 2023 WHO recognizes a broader number of clinical scenarios in which these lesions arise, including not only traditional types of immune deficiency but also immune dysregulation. With this classification it is hoped that new treatment strategies will be developed leading to better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Carbone
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America.
| | - Annunziata Gloghini
- Department of Advanced Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Vaccher
- Infectious Diseases and Tumors Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.
| | - Mark Bower
- Department of Oncology and National Centre for HIV Malignancy, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London SW109NH, UK.
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10
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Ren P, Niu D, Chang S, Yu L, Ren J, Ma Y, Lan K. RUNX3 inhibits KSHV lytic replication by binding to the viral genome and repressing transcription. J Virol 2024; 98:e0156723. [PMID: 38197631 PMCID: PMC10878072 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01567-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) belongs to the gamma herpesvirus family, which can cause human malignancies including Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's diseases. KSHV typically maintains a persistent latent infection within the host. However, after exposure to intracellular or extracellular stimuli, KSHV lytic replication can be reactivated. The reactivation process of KSHV triggers the innate immune response to limit viral replication. Here, we found that the transcriptional regulator RUNX3 is transcriptionally upregulated by the NF-κB signaling pathway in KSHV-infected SLK cells and B cells during KSHV reactivation. Notably, knockdown of RUNX3 significantly promotes viral lytic replication as well as the gene transcription of KSHV. Consistent with this finding, overexpression of RUNX3 impairs viral lytic replication. Mechanistically, RUNX3 binds to the KSHV genome and limits viral replication through transcriptional repression, which is related to its DNA- and ATP-binding ability. However, KSHV has also evolved corresponding strategies to antagonize this inhibition by using the viral protein RTA to target RUNX3 for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Altogether, our study suggests that RUNX3, a novel host-restriction factor of KSHV that represses the transcription of viral genes, may serve as a potential target to restrict KSHV transmission and disease development.IMPORTANCEThe reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) from latent infection to lytic replication is important for persistent viral infection and tumorigenicity. However, reactivation is a complex event, and the regulatory mechanisms of this process are not fully elucidated. Our study revealed that the host RUNX3 is upregulated by the NF-κB signaling pathway during KSHV reactivation, which can repress the transcription of KSHV genes. At the late stage of lytic replication, KSHV utilizes a mechanism involving RTA to degrade RUNX3, thus evading host inhibition. This finding helps elucidate the regulatory mechanism of the KSHV life cycle and may provide new clues for the development of therapeutic strategies for KSHV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Danping Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sijia Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junrui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Wu Y, Wang V, Yarchoan R. Pacritinib inhibits proliferation of primary effusion lymphoma cells and production of viral interleukin-6 induced cytokines. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4125. [PMID: 38374336 PMCID: PMC10876599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and a form of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) are both caused by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). There is a critical need for improved therapies for these disorders. The IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of both PEL and KSHV-MCD. We explored the potential of JAK inhibitors for use in PEL and KSHV-MCD, and found that pacritinib was superior to others in inhibiting the growth of PEL cell lines. Pacritinib induced apoptosis in PEL cells and inhibited STAT3 and NF-κB activity as evidenced by reduced amount of phosphorylated moieties. Pacritinib also inhibits FLT3, IRAK1, and ROS1; studies utilizing other inhibitors of these targets revealed that only FLT3 inhibitors exhibited similar cell growth inhibitory effects. FLT3's likely contribution to pacritinib's cell growth inhibition was further demonstrated by siRNA knockdown of FLT3. RNA sequencing and RT-PCR showed that many key host genes including cyclins and IL-6 were downregulated by pacritinib, while KSHV genes were variably altered. Finally, pacritinib suppressed KSHV viral IL-6-induced human IL-6 and IL-10 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which may model an important step in KSHV-MCD pathogenesis. These results suggest that pacritinib warrants testing for the treatment of KSHV-MCD and PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Wu
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Rm. 6N106, MSC 1868, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1868, USA
| | - Victoria Wang
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Rm. 6N106, MSC 1868, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1868, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Rm. 6N106, MSC 1868, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1868, USA.
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12
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Hogan CH, Owens SM, Reynoso GV, Liao Y, Meyer TJ, Zelazowska MA, Liu B, Li X, Grosskopf AK, Khairallah C, Kirillov V, Reich NC, Sheridan BS, McBride KM, Gewurz BE, Hickman HD, Forrest JC, Krug LT. Multifaceted roles for STAT3 in gammaherpesvirus latency revealed through in vivo B cell knockout models. mBio 2024; 15:e0299823. [PMID: 38170993 PMCID: PMC10870824 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02998-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancers associated with the oncogenic gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, are notable for their constitutive activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). To better understand the role of STAT3 during gammaherpesvirus latency and the B cell response to infection, we used the model pathogen murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68). Genetic deletion of STAT3 in B cells of CD19cre/+Stat3f/f mice reduced peak MHV68 latency approximately sevenfold. However, infected CD19cre/+Stat3f/f mice exhibited disordered germinal centers and heightened virus-specific CD8 T cell responses compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. To circumvent the systemic immune alterations observed in the B cell-STAT3 knockout mice and more directly evaluate intrinsic roles for STAT3, we generated mixed bone marrow chimeric mice consisting of WT and STAT3 knockout B cells. We discovered a dramatic reduction in latency in STAT3 knockout B cells compared to their WT B cell counterparts in the same lymphoid organ. RNA sequencing of sorted germinal center B cells revealed that MHV68 infection shifts the gene signature toward proliferation and away from type I and type II IFN responses. Loss of STAT3 largely reversed the virus-driven transcriptional shift without impacting the viral gene expression program. STAT3 promoted B cell processes of the germinal center, including IL-21-stimulated downregulation of surface CD23 on B cells infected with MHV68 or EBV. Together, our data provide mechanistic insights into the role of STAT3 as a latency determinant in B cells for oncogenic gammaherpesviruses.IMPORTANCEThere are no directed therapies to the latency program of the human gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus. Activated host factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a hallmark of cancers caused by these viruses. We applied the murine gammaherpesvirus pathogen system to explore STAT3 function upon primary B cell infection in the host. Since STAT3 deletion in all CD19+ B cells of infected mice led to altered B and T cell responses, we generated chimeric mice with both normal and STAT3-deleted B cells. B cells lacking STAT3 failed to support virus latency compared to normal B cells from the same infected animal. Loss of STAT3 impaired B cell proliferation and differentiation and led to a striking upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes. These findings expand our understanding of STAT3-dependent processes that are key to its function as a pro-viral latency determinant for oncogenic gammaherpesviruses in B cells and may provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad H. Hogan
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shana M. Owens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Glennys V. Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yifei Liao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Monika A. Zelazowska
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaofan Li
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna K. Grosskopf
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Nancy C. Reich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Brian S. Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Kevin M. McBride
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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13
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Münz C. Modulation of Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV)-Associated Cancers by Co-Infections. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5739. [PMID: 38136285 PMCID: PMC10741436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic and persistent Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is carried by more than 95% of the human adult population. While asymptomatic in most of these, EBV can cause a wide variety of malignancies of lymphoid or epithelial cell origin. Some of these are also associated with co-infections that either increase EBV-induced tumorigenesis or weaken its immune control. The respective pathogens include Kaposi-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Plasmodium falciparum and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this review, I will discuss the respective tumor entities and possible mechanisms by which co-infections increase the EBV-associated cancer burden. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms could allow us to identify crucial features of EBV-associated malignancies and defects in their immune control. These could then be explored to develop therapies against the respective cancers by targeting EBV and/or the respective co-infections with pathogen-specific therapies or vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Rambold U, Sperling S, Chew Z, Wang Y, Steer B, Zeller K, Strobl LJ, Zimber-Strobl U, Adler H. A Mouse Model to Study the Pathogenesis of γ-herpesviral Infections in Germinal Center B Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2780. [PMID: 38132100 PMCID: PMC10741729 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CD30-positive germinal center (GC)-derived B cell lymphomas are frequently linked to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. However, a suitable animal model for the investigation of the interplay between γ-herpesvirus and host cells in B cell pathogenesis is currently lacking. Here, we present a novel in vivo model enabling the analysis of genetically modified viruses in combination with genetically modified GC B cells. As a murine γ-herpesvirus, we used MHV-68 closely mirroring the biology of EBV. Our key finding was that Cre-mediated recombination can be successfully induced by an MHV-68 infection in GC B cells from Cγ1-Cre mice allowing for deletion or activation of loxP-flanked cellular genes. The implementation of PrimeFlow RNA assay for MHV-68 demonstrated the enrichment of MHV-68 in GC and isotype-switched B cells. As illustrations of virus and cellular modifications, we inserted the EBV gene LMP2A into the MHV-68 genome and induced constitutively active CD30-signaling in GC B cells through MHV-68 infections, respectively. While the LMP2A-expressing MHV-68 behaved similarly to wildtype MHV-68, virally induced constitutively active CD30-signaling in GC B cells led to the expansion of a pre-plasmablastic population. The findings underscore the potential of our novel tools to address crucial questions about the interaction between herpesviral infections and deregulated cellular gene-expression in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Rambold
- Institute of Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (U.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Stefanie Sperling
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Zakir Chew
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Beatrix Steer
- Institute of Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (U.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Krisztina Zeller
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Lothar J. Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (L.J.S.)
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 81377 Munich, Germany (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (L.J.S.)
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Adler
- Institute of Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (U.R.); (B.S.)
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), 80336 Munich, Germany
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15
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Chen Z, Guan D, Wang Z, Li X, Dong S, Huang J, Zhou W. Microbiota in cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e417. [PMID: 37937304 PMCID: PMC10626288 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The diverse bacterial populations within the symbiotic microbiota play a pivotal role in both health and disease. Microbiota modulates critical aspects of tumor biology including cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. This regulation occurs through mechanisms like enhancing genomic damage, hindering gene repair, activating aberrant cell signaling pathways, influencing tumor cell metabolism, promoting revascularization, and remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment. These microbiota-mediated effects significantly impact overall survival and the recurrence of tumors after surgery by affecting the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy. Moreover, leveraging the microbiota for the development of biovectors, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, in addition to utilizing antibiotics, dietary adjustments, defensins, oncolytic virotherapy, and fecal microbiota transplantation, offers promising alternatives for cancer treatment. Nonetheless, due to the extensive and diverse nature of the microbiota, along with tumor heterogeneity, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of microbiota in cancer remain a subject of intense debate. In this context, we refocus on various cancers, delving into the molecular signaling pathways associated with the microbiota and its derivatives, the reshaping of the tumor microenvironmental matrix, and the impact on tolerance to tumor treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This exploration aims to shed light on novel perspectives and potential applications in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- The First Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Defeng Guan
- The First Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Zhengfeng Wang
- The First Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Xin Li
- The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
- The Department of General SurgeryLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Shi Dong
- The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
- The Department of General SurgeryLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Junjun Huang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Wence Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
- The Department of General SurgeryLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuChina
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16
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Watanabe D, Iida S, Hirota K, Ueji T, Matsumura T, Nishida Y, Uehira T, Katano H, Shirasaka T. Evaluation of human herpesvirus-8 viremia and antibody positivity in patients with HIV infection with human herpesvirus-8-related diseases. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29324. [PMID: 38103015 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) viremia is associated with refractory conditions in patients infected with HIV-1. Therefore, we evaluated the factors related to plasma HHV-8-DNA. Participants included patients infected with HIV-1 who visited our hospital. Plasma HHV-8-DNA levels were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and anti-HHV-8 antibodies were assessed through enzyme immunoassays using multiple antigens (K8.1, ORF59, ORF65, and LANA). Factors related to plasma HHV-8-DNA were examined using Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney U test. The study involved 36 patients infected with HIV-1, of whom 19 were histologically diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), two had multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), and 15 did not exhibit HHV-8-related disease. Before the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), plasma HHV-8-DNA was detected in 44% (7/16) of patients with KS and in 9% (1/11) of patients without HHV-8-related disease. Among patients with KS, elevated plasma HHV-8-DNA levels (≥0.05 copies/µL) correlated with the presence of CDC category C diseases other than KS (p = 0.0337), anti-HHV-8 antibody negativity (p = 0.0337), anemia (p = 0.0474), and thrombocytopenia (p = 0.0146). Following ART initiation, the percentage of patients positive for plasma HHV-8-DNA decreased from 44% (7/16) to 6% (1/17), and the percentage of patients positive for anti-HHV-8 antibodies increased from 44% (7/16) to 88% (15/17). Finally, plasma HHV-8-DNA positivity and anti-HHV-8 antibody negativity were observed in two patients with MCD. Our findings suggest that insufficient production of anti-HHV-8 antibodies was associated with HHV-8 viremia, and that anti-HHV-8 antibody production was recovered with ART; thus, indicating the possibility of involvement of humoral immunity in suppressing HHV-8 viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Watanabe
- AIDS Medical Center, NHO Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Medicine for HIV Infection, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shun Iida
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirota
- AIDS Medical Center, NHO Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueji
- AIDS Medical Center, NHO Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Tomoko Uehira
- AIDS Medical Center, NHO Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Owens SM, Sifford JM, Li G, Murdock SJ, Salinas E, Manzano M, Ghosh D, Stumhofer JS, Forrest JC. Intrinsic p53 Activation Restricts Gammaherpesvirus-Driven Germinal Center B Cell Expansion during Latency Establishment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.31.563188. [PMID: 37961505 PMCID: PMC10634957 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.31.563188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (GHV) are DNA tumor viruses that establish lifelong latent infections in lymphocytes. For viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), this is accomplished through a viral gene-expression program that promotes cellular proliferation and differentiation, especially of germinal center (GC) B cells. Intrinsic host mechanisms that control virus-driven cellular expansion are incompletely defined. Using a small-animal model of GHV pathogenesis, we demonstrate in vivo that tumor suppressor p53 is activated specifically in B cells that are latently infected by MHV68. In the absence of p53, the early expansion of MHV68 latency was greatly increased, especially in GC B cells, a cell-type whose proliferation was conversely restricted by p53. We identify the B cell-specific latency gene M2, a viral promoter of GC B cell differentiation, as a viral protein sufficient to elicit a p53-dependent anti-proliferative response caused by Src-family kinase activation. We further demonstrate that EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) similarly triggers a p53 response in primary B cells. Our data highlight a model in which GHV latency gene-expression programs that promote B cell proliferation and differentiation to facilitate viral colonization of the host trigger aberrant cellular proliferation that is controlled by p53. IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses cause lifelong infections of their hosts, commonly referred to as latency, that can lead to cancer. Latency establishment benefits from the functions of viral proteins that augment and amplify B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation signals. In uninfected cells, off-schedule cellular differentiation would typically trigger anti-proliferative responses by effector proteins known as tumor suppressors. However, tumor suppressor responses to gammaherpesvirus manipulation of cellular processes remain understudied, especially those that occur during latency establishment in a living organism. Here we identify p53, a tumor suppressor commonly mutated in cancer, as a host factor that limits virus-driven B cell proliferation and differentiation, and thus, viral colonization of a host. We demonstrate that p53 activation occurs in response to viral latency proteins that induce B cell activation. This work informs a gap in our understanding of intrinsic cellular defense mechanisms that restrict lifelong GHV infection.
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18
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Bland WA, Owens S, McEvoy K, Hogan CH, Boccuzzi L, Kirillov V, Khairallah C, Sheridan BS, Forrest JC, Krug LT. Replication-dead gammaherpesvirus vaccine protects against acute replication, reactivation from latency, and lethal challenge in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.26.559621. [PMID: 37808844 PMCID: PMC10557649 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.559621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are oncogenic viruses that establish lifelong infections and are significant causes of human morbidity and mortality. While several vaccine strategies to limit GHV infection and disease are in development, there are no FDA-approved vaccines for human GHVs. As a new approach to gammaherpesvirus vaccination, we developed and tested a replication-dead virus (RDV) platform, using murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a well-established mouse model for gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis studies and preclinical therapeutic evaluations. We employed codon-shuffling-based complementation to generate revertant-free RDV lacking expression of the essential replication and transactivator protein (RTA) encoded by ORF50 to arrest viral gene expression early after de novo infection. Inoculation with RDV-50.stop exposes the host to intact virion particles and leads to limited lytic gene expression in infected cells. Prime-boost vaccination of mice with RDV-50.stop elicited virus-specific neutralizing antibody and effector T cell responses in the lung and spleen. Vaccination with RDV-50.stop resulted in a near complete abolishment of virus replication in the lung 7 days post-challenge and virus reactivation from spleen 16 days post-challenge with WT MHV68. Ifnar1-/- mice, which lack the type I interferon receptor, exhibit severe disease upon infection with WT MHV68. RDV-50.stop vaccination of Ifnar1-/- mice prevented wasting and mortality upon challenge with WT MHV68. These results demonstrate that prime-boost vaccination with a GHV that is unable to undergo lytic replication offers protection against acute replication, reactivation, and severe disease upon WT virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A Bland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shana Owens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kyle McEvoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Chad H Hogan
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luciarita Boccuzzi
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - J Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Gorbea C, Elhakiem A, Cazalla D. Shaping the host cell environment with viral noncoding RNAs. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 146:20-30. [PMID: 36581481 PMCID: PMC10101873 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Just like the cells they infect viruses express different classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Viral ncRNAs come in all shapes and forms, and they usually associate with cellular proteins that are important for their functions. Viral ncRNAs have diverse functions, but they all contribute to the viral control of the cellular environment. Viruses utilize ncRNAs to regulate viral replication, to decide whether they should remain latent or reactivate, to evade the host immune responses, or to promote cellular transformation. In this review we describe the diverse functions played by different classes of ncRNAs expressed by adenoviruses and herpesviruses, how they contribute to the viral infection, and how their study led to insights into RNA-based mechanisms at play in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gorbea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Abdalla Elhakiem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Demián Cazalla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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20
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Quintanilla-Martinez L, Laurent C, Soma L, Ng SB, Climent F, Ondrejka SL, Zamo A, Wotherspoon A, de Leval L, Dirnhofer S, Leoncini L. Emerging entities: high-grade/large B-cell lymphoma with 11q aberration, large B-cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangement, and new molecular subgroups in large B-cell lymphomas. A report of the 2022 EA4HP/SH lymphoma workshop. Virchows Arch 2023; 483:281-298. [PMID: 37555980 PMCID: PMC10541818 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Emerging entities and molecular subgroups in large B-cell lymphomas (LBCLs) were discussed during the 2022 European Association for Haematopathology/Society for Hematopathology workshop in Florence, Italy. This session focused on newly recognized diseases and their diagnostic challenges. High-grade/large B-cell lymphoma with 11q aberration (HG/LBCL-11q) is defined by chromosome 11q-gains and telomeric loss. FISH analysis is recommended for the diagnosis. HG/LBCL-11q can occur in the setting of immunodeficiency, including ataxia-telangiectasia, and predominates in children. The morphological spectrum of these cases is broader than previously thought with often Burkitt-like morphology and coarse apoptotic bodies. It has a Burkitt-like immunophenotype (CD10+, BCL6+, BCL2-) but MYC expression is weak or negative, lacks MYC rearrangement, and is in contrast to Burkitt lymphoma 50% of the cases express LMO2. LBCL with IRF4 rearrangement (LBCL-IRF4) occurs mainly in the pediatric population but also in adults. LBCL-IRF4 has an excellent prognosis, with distinguishing molecular findings. IRF4 rearrangements, although characteristic of this entity, are not specific and can be found in association with other chromosomal translocations in other large B-cell lymphomas. Other molecular subgroups discussed included primary bone diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PB-DLBCL), which has distinctive clinical presentation and molecular findings, and B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with IGH::MYC translocation recently segregated from Burkitt lymphoma with TdT expression. This latter disorder has molecular features of precursor B-cells, often tetrasomy 1q and recurrent NRAS and KRAS mutations. In this report, novel findings, recommendations for diagnosis, open questions, and diagnostic challenges raised by the cases submitted to the workshop will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Liebermeisterstrasse 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-guided and functionally Instructed Tumor therapies" Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Camille Laurent
- Department of Pathology, Toulouse University Hospital Center, Cancer Institute, University of Toulouse-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Lorinda Soma
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Siok-Bian Ng
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fina Climent
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah L Ondrejka
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alberto Zamo
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Laurence de Leval
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Dirnhofer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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21
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Di Napoli A, Soma L, Quintanilla-Martinez L, de Leval L, Leoncini L, Zamò A, Ng SB, Ondrejka SL, Climent F, Wotherspoon A, Dirnhofer S. Cavity-based lymphomas: challenges and novel concepts. A report of the 2022 EA4HP/SH lymphoma workshop. Virchows Arch 2023; 483:299-316. [PMID: 37555981 PMCID: PMC10542738 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The 2022 European Association for Haematopathology/Society for Hematopathology lymphoma workshop session on cavity-based lymphomas included sixty-eight cases in seven sections. The disease entities discussed include primary effusion lymphomas (PEL), extracavitary primary effusion lymphomas and confounding entities (ECPEL), HHV8-negative B-lineage lymphomas-effusion based (EBV-negative, EBV-positive, and plasmablastic types), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation, fibrin-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (FA-DLBCL), breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL), and other lymphomas presenting as an effusion. All entities above are discussed; however, three are delved into greater detail given the challenges with classification: ECPEL, HHV8-negative effusion-based lymphomas, and FA-DLBCL. Cases exemplifying the diagnostic difficulty in differentiating ECPEL from HHV8-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder were discussed. The more recently recognized effusion-based HHV8-negative large B-cell lymphoma is explored, with several cases submitted raising the question if this subset should be carved out as a specific entity, and if so, what should be the refining diagnostic criteria. Case submissions to the FA-DLBCL section yielded one of the largest case series to date, including classic cases, cases furthering the discussion on disease sites and prognosis, as well as novel concepts to be considered in this entity. The 2022 EA4HP/SH workshop cases allowed for further confirmation of the characteristics of some of the more historically accepted cavity-based lymphomas, as well as further inquiry and debate on relatively new or evolving entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Di Napoli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Lori Soma
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laurence de Leval
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Zamò
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Siok-Bian Ng
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarah L Ondrejka
- Pathology, and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fina Climent
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet De Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Stefan Dirnhofer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Debordes PA, Hamoudi C, Di Marco A. Metastatic Kaposi sarcoma in a non-HIV patient leading to metacarpal lysis then upper-limb amputation: a case report. Case Reports Plast Surg Hand Surg 2023; 10:2251581. [PMID: 37655127 PMCID: PMC10467514 DOI: 10.1080/23320885.2023.2251581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of a HIV-seronegative 57 year-old man, with known classic Kaposi's disease and in whom a secondary localization in the upper left limb led to carpal and metacarpal lysis in the left hand. This unfavorable local evolution led to left transhumeral amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ceyran Hamoudi
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antonio Di Marco
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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23
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Lan J, Wang Y, Yue S, Xu D, Li Y, Peng X, Hu J, Ju E, He S, Li T. Targeting FoxO proteins induces lytic reactivation of KSHV for treating herpesviral primary effusion lymphoma. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011581. [PMID: 37594999 PMCID: PMC10468091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus consisting of both latent and lytic life cycles. Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive B-cell lineage lymphoma, dominantly latently infected by KSHV. The latent infection of KSHV is persistent and poses an obstacle to killing tumor cells. Like the "shock and kill" strategy designed to eliminate latent HIV reservoir, methods that induce viral lytic reactivation in tumor latently infected by viruses represent a unique antineoplastic strategy, as it could potentially increase the specificity of cytotoxicity in cancer. Inspired by this conception, we proposed that the induction of KSHV lytic reactivation from latency could be a potential therapeutic stratagem for KSHV-associated cancers. Oxidative stress, the clinical hallmark of PEL, is one of the most prominent inducers for KSHV reactivation. Paradoxically, we found that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) triggers robust cytotoxic effects on KSHV-negative rather than KSHV-positive B lymphoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we identified forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) and FoxO3 as irrevocable antioxidant defense genes and both of them are upregulated by KSHV latent infection, which is essential for the promoted ROS scavenging in KSHV-positive B lymphoma cells. Pharmacological inhibition or functional knockdown of either FoxO1 or FoxO3 is sufficient to ablate the antioxidant ability and therefore increases the intracellular ROS level that further reverses KSHV from latency to active lytic replication in PEL cells, resulting in tremendous cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the elevated level of ROS by inhibiting FoxO proteins further sensitizes PEL cells to ROS-induced apoptosis. Our study therefore demonstrated that the lytic reactivation of KSHV by inhibiting FoxO proteins is a promising therapeutic approach for PEL, which could be further extended to other virus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yeqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shusheng Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Duo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yinan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangyu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Enguo Ju
- Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanping He
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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24
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Sausen DG, Shechter O, Gallo ES, Dahari H, Borenstein R. Herpes Simplex Virus, Human Papillomavirus, and Cervical Cancer: Overview, Relationship, and Treatment Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3692. [PMID: 37509353 PMCID: PMC10378257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a significant body of research examining the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer, with a particular emphasis on the oncogenic proteins E5, E6, and E7. What is less well explored, however, is the relationship between cervical cancer and herpes simplex virus (HSV). To date, studies examining the role of HSV in cervical cancer pathogenesis have yielded mixed results. While several experiments have determined that HPV/HSV-2 coinfection results in a higher risk of developing cervical cancer, others have questioned the validity of this association. However, clarifying the potential role of HSV in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer may have significant implications for both the prevention and treatment of this disease. Should this relationship be clarified, treating and preventing HSV could open another avenue with which to prevent cervical cancer. The importance of this is highlighted by the fact that, despite the creation of an effective vaccine against HPV, cervical cancer still impacts 604,000 women and is responsible for 342,000 deaths annually. This review provides an overview of HSV and HPV infections and then delves into the possible links between HPV, HSV, and cervical cancer. It concludes with a summary of preventive measures against and recent treatment advances in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Sausen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA; (D.G.S.); (O.S.)
| | - Oren Shechter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA; (D.G.S.); (O.S.)
| | - Elisa S. Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Harel Dahari
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
| | - Ronen Borenstein
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
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25
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Patel R, Lurain K, Yarchoan R, Ramaswami R. Clinical management of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-associated diseases: an update on disease manifestations and treatment strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:929-941. [PMID: 37578202 PMCID: PMC10529793 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2247161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) is associated with several diseases including Kaposi sarcoma, a form of multicentric Castleman's disease, primary effusion lymphoma, and an inflammatory cytokine syndrome. These KSHV-associated diseases (KAD) can present with heterogenous signs and symptoms that are often associated with cytokine dysregulation that may result in multiorgan dysfunction. The inability to promptly diagnose and treat these conditions can result in long-term complications and mortality. AREAS COVERED Existing epidemiological subtypes of existing KSHV-associated diseases, specifically Kaposi sarcoma as well as the incidence of several KSHV-associated disorders are described. We review the KSHV latent and lytic phases as they correlate with KSHV-associated diseases. Given the complicated presentations, we discuss the clinical manifestations, current diagnostic criteria, existing treatment algorithms for individual KAD, and when they occur concurrently. With emerging evidence on the virus and host interactions, we evaluate novel approaches for the treatment of KAD. An extensive literature search was conducted to support these findings. EXPERT OPINION KSHV leads to complex and concurrent disease processes that are often underdiagnosed both in the United States and worldwide. New therapies that exist for many of these conditions focus on chemotherapy-sparing options that seek to target the underlying viral pathogenesis or immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshani Patel
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kathryn Lurain
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ramya Ramaswami
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Caballero JC, Pardo L, Rodriguez-Pinilla MS, Piris MA, Alvarez B, Solan L, Cornago J, Lopez-Lorenzo JL, Llamas P, Cordoba R, Lopez-Garcia A. Primary Effusion Lymphoma, Multicentric Castleman's Disease, and Kaposi's Sarcoma in an HHV-8 and HIV-Positive Patient: A Case Report. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1049. [PMID: 37374253 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) is an uncommon group of diseases included in the same spectrum with related characteristics. The coexistence of all of them in the same individual is a rare occurrence. We present the case of a 25-year-old patient diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the development of all these related pathologies. Despite the use of intensive treatment according to the latest recommendations, the evolution was unfavorable. This case reflects the need for new therapies and research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Caballero
- Department of Hematology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Pardo
- Department of Hematology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Angel Piris
- Department of Pathology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Solan
- Department of Hematology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Cornago
- Department of Hematology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Llamas
- Department of Hematology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Cordoba
- Department of Hematology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lopez-Garcia
- Department of Hematology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Alotaibi F, Thakral B, Wang W, Medeiros LJ. From the archives of MD Anderson Cancer Center: Primary effusion lymphoma with simultaneous involvement of the retroperitoneum and pleural cavity. Ann Diagn Pathol 2023; 63:152084. [PMID: 36577188 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.152084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare neoplasm that arises in the context of severe immunosuppression. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as a result of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in patients who develop PEL. These neoplasms usually involve one or more body cavities, so-called classic PEL. The pleural cavity is most often involved, followed by the peritoneal and pericardial cavities. Involvement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and meninges is rare. A subset of patients can present with a tissue-based mass, known as the extracavitary variant. We encountered a patient with HIV infection and severe immunosuppression who presented initially with mediastinal, retroperitoneal mass and bilateral pleural effusions. He subsequently developed CSF involvement. Despite therapy, the patient relapsed with chest wall disease 6 months later and died shortly thereafter. Our literature review yielded about 400 cases of PEL reported previously. About 65 % of PEL patients have had AIDS, but a subset of patients had immunosuppression attributable to organ transplantation or physiological immunosenescence. CSF involvement has been reported in ~2 % of patients, and about 10 % of patients had both body cavity and extracavitary disease. The pathologic findings in this case were typical of extracavitary PEL. The neoplastic cells had features of plasmablasts and were positive for HHV-8, Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA (EBER) and plasma cell associated markers, and were negative for B-cell antigens. The prognosis of patients with PEL is usually poor with a median survival less than one year in most studies. We use this patient's case as an illustration of PEL and we review the clinicopathologic findings and differential diagnosis of PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadhel Alotaibi
- Department of Pathology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Beenu Thakral
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America.
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SahBandar IN, Sy CB, van den Akker T, Kim D, Geyer JT, Chadburn A, Cesarman E, Inghirami G, Allan JN, Siddiqui MT, Ouseph MM. Primary Effusion Lymphoma in an HIV-Negative Patient with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treated with Dasatinib. Pathobiology 2023; 90:356-364. [PMID: 36996787 PMCID: PMC10614567 DOI: 10.1159/000530429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a malignant lymphomatous effusion, which by definition is Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8-positive. PEL typically occurs in HIV-infected patients but can also occur in HIV-negative individuals, including in organ transplant recipients. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are currently the standard of care for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), BCR::ABL1-positive. Although TKIs are extremely effective in treating CML, they alter T-cell function by inhibiting peripheral T-cell migration and altering T-cell trafficking and have been associated with the development of pleural effusions. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of PEL in a young, relatively immunocompetent patient with no history of organ transplant receiving dasatinib for CML, BCR::ABL1-positive. DISCUSSION We hypothesize that the loss of T-cell function secondary to TKI therapy (dasatinib) may have resulted in the unchecked cellular proliferation of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected cells, leading to the emergence of a PEL. We recommend cytologic investigation and KSHV testing in patients being treated with dasatinib for CML who present with persistent or recurrent effusions.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Dasatinib/adverse effects
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/chemically induced
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/chemically induced
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/complications
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/chemically induced
- Herpesvirus 8, Human
- HIV Infections/complications
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo N SahBandar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA,
| | - Chandler B Sy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tayler van den Akker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia T Geyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - John N Allan
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Momin T Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Madhu M Ouseph
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Hogan CH, Owens SM, Reynoso GV, Kirillov V, Meyer TJ, Zelazowska MA, Liu B, Li X, Chikhalya A, Dong Q, Khairallah C, Reich NC, Sheridan B, McBride KM, Hearing P, Hickman HD, Forrest JC, Krug LT. B cell-intrinsic STAT3-mediated support of latency and interferon suppression during murine gammaherpesvirus 68 infection revealed through an in vivo competition model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.22.533727. [PMID: 36993230 PMCID: PMC10055336 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.22.533727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Cancers associated with the oncogenic gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, are notable for their constitutive activation of the transcription factor STAT3. To better understand the role of STAT3 during gammaherpesvirus latency and immune control, we utilized murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) infection. Genetic deletion of STAT3 in B cells of CD19cre/+Stat3f/f mice reduced peak latency approximately 7-fold. However, infected CD19cre/+Stat3f/f mice exhibited disordered germinal centers and heightened virus-specific CD8 T cell responses compared to WT littermates. To circumvent the systemic immune alterations observed in the B cell-STAT3 knockout mice and more directly evaluate intrinsic roles for STAT3, we generated mixed bone marrow chimeras consisting of WT and STAT3-knockout B cells. Using a competitive model of infection, we discovered a dramatic reduction in latency in STAT3-knockout B cells compared to their WT B cell counterparts in the same lymphoid organ. RNA sequencing of sorted germinal center B cells revealed that STAT3 promotes proliferation and B cell processes of the germinal center but does not directly regulate viral gene expression. Last, this analysis uncovered a STAT3-dependent role for dampening type I IFN responses in newly infected B cells. Together, our data provide mechanistic insight into the role of STAT3 as a latency determinant in B cells for oncogenic gammaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad H. Hogan
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shana M. Owens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Glennys V. Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Monika A. Zelazowska
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofan Li
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aniska Chikhalya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Qiwen Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Graduate Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Nancy C. Reich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Brian Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Kevin M. McBride
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Hearing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J. Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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30
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Heller T, Taccari F, Rambiki K, Kumwenda T, Brunetti E, Wallrauch C. "Sponge pattern" of the spleen: a rarely described high-frequency ultrasound pattern in HIV-positive patients. Ultrasound J 2023; 15:6. [PMID: 36735108 PMCID: PMC9898479 DOI: 10.1186/s13089-022-00297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spleen is frequently scanned in workup of infections. Hypoechoic splenic micro-abscesses are known signs of disseminated tuberculosis in HIV co-infected patients. The spleen of HIV patients is thus often scanned using high-frequency transducers. METHODS AND FINDINGS We describe a reticulo-nodular "sponge pattern" in the spleen of an HIV-positive patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Disseminated throughout the spleen, very small (1.5-2.0 mm) hypoechoic lesions having a branching reticulo-nodular distribution were seen. The lesions partly, but not entirely, follow splenic vasculature. Review of stored images of other patients identified 15 more cases showing a similar pattern. All patients were HIV positive, almost all with CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm3. Seven (44%) were additionally diagnosed with HHV-8-associated diseases, but the pattern was seen with various underlying opportunistic infections. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION After comparison with spleen microscopic anatomy, we hypothesize that the white pulp of spleens in our patients is hyperplastic or otherwise changed in consistency to be better visible by high-frequency ultrasound. Concomitant human herpesvirus-8 infection may be another cause of this visible white pulp. While we can only speculate about the etiology of the splenic "sponge pattern," it needs to be recognized as it may be misinterpreted as splenic micro-abscesses of disseminated infections, like tuberculosis in severely immune-compromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Heller
- grid.414941.d0000 0004 0521 7778Lighthouse Clinic, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Area 33, Mzimba Street, P.O. Box 106, Lilongwe, Malawi ,grid.34477.330000000122986657International Training and Education Center for Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Francesco Taccari
- grid.414603.4Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Kelvin Rambiki
- grid.414941.d0000 0004 0521 7778Lighthouse Clinic, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Area 33, Mzimba Street, P.O. Box 106, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Tapiwa Kumwenda
- grid.414941.d0000 0004 0521 7778Lighthouse Clinic, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Area 33, Mzimba Street, P.O. Box 106, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- grid.8982.b0000 0004 1762 5736Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS S. Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Wallrauch
- grid.414941.d0000 0004 0521 7778Lighthouse Clinic, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Area 33, Mzimba Street, P.O. Box 106, Lilongwe, Malawi
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31
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Yang Y, Tan S, Han Y, Huang L, Yang R, Hu Z, Tao Y, Oyang L, Lin J, Peng Q, Jiang X, Xu X, Xia L, Peng M, Wu N, Tang Y, Li X, Liao Q, Zhou Y. The role of tripartite motif-containing 28 in cancer progression and its therapeutic potentials. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1100134. [PMID: 36756159 PMCID: PMC9899900 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing 28 (TRIM28) belongs to tripartite motif (TRIM) family. TRIM28 not only binds and degrades its downstream target, but also acts as a transcription co-factor to inhibit gene expression. More and more studies have shown that TRIM28 plays a vital role in tumor genesis and progression. Here, we reviewed the role of TRIM28 in tumor proliferation, migration, invasion and cell death. Moreover, we also summarized the important role of TRIM28 in tumor stemness sustainability and immune regulation. Because of the importance of TRIM28 in tumors, TIRM28 may be a candidate target for anti-tumor therapy and play an important role in tumor diagnosis and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaqian Han
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lisheng Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ruiqian Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zifan Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Tao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiu Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xianjie Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuemeng Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingjing Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nayiyuan Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Yujuan Zhou, ; Qianjin Liao, ; Xiaoling Li,
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Yujuan Zhou, ; Qianjin Liao, ; Xiaoling Li,
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Yujuan Zhou, ; Qianjin Liao, ; Xiaoling Li,
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Pereira LJ, Mohrbacher S, Neves PDMDM, Zacchi FFS, Medeiros IUD, Sato VAH, Oliveira ÉS, Pereira LVB, Cuvello-Neto AL, Baiocchi O, Chocair PR. Primary Effusion Lymphoma: A Rare and Challenging Diagnosis for Recurrent Pleural Effusion. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030370. [PMID: 36766474 PMCID: PMC9914331 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Effusion Lymphoma is an extremely rare and aggressive subtype of B-cell lymphoma, accounting for only <1% of all cases of this neoplasm. It has a unique clinical presentation because it has a predilection for appearing in body cavities, such as the pleural space, pericardium and peritoneum. It mainly affects immunocompromised individuals and may also affect individuals in the Mediterranean region and in areas endemic for human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Herein, we report the case of an 83-year-old immunocompetent male complaining of coughing, fever and progressive dyspnea for 3 days. His past medical history revealed a recurrent pleural effusion for the last three years, as well as losing weight and malaise. A subsequent investigation revealed a PEL diagnosis of the pleura.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Mohrbacher
- Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo 01323-020, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Érico Souza Oliveira
- Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo 01323-020, Brazil
| | | | | | - Otávio Baiocchi
- Oncology Center, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo 01323-020, Brazil
| | - Pedro Renato Chocair
- Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo 01323-020, Brazil
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Chen J, Wang Z, Phuc T, Xu Z, Yang D, Chen Z, Lin Z, Kendrick S, Dai L, Li HY, Qin Z. Oncolytic strategy using new bifunctional HDACs/BRD4 inhibitors against virus-associated lymphomas. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011089. [PMID: 36638143 PMCID: PMC9879403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) caused by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis even under chemotherapy. Currently, there is no specific treatment for PEL therefore requiring new therapies. Both histone deacetylases (HDACs) and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) have been found as therapeutic targets for PEL through inducing viral lytic reactivation. However, the strategy of dual targeting with one agent and potential synergistic effects have never been explored. In the current study, we first demonstrated the synergistic effect of concurrently targeting HDACs and BRD4 on KSHV reactivation by using SAHA or entinostat (HDACs inhibitors) and (+)-JQ1 (BRD4 inhibitor), which indicated dual blockage of HDACs/BRD4 is a viable therapeutic approach. We were then able to rationally design and synthesize a series of new small-molecule inhibitors targeting HDACs and BRD4 with a balanced activity profile by generating a hybrid of the key binding motifs between (+)-JQ1 and entinostat or SAHA. Upon two iterative screenings of optimized compounds, a pair of epimers, 009P1 and 009P2, were identified to better inhibit the growth of KSHV positive lymphomas compared to (+)-JQ1 or SAHA alone at low nanomolar concentrations, but not KSHV negative control cells or normal cells. Mechanistic studies of 009P1 and 009P2 demonstrated significantly enhanced viral reactivation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in KSHV+ lymphomas through dually targeting HDACs and BRD4 signaling activities. Importantly, in vivo preclinical studies showed that 009P1 and 009P2 dramatically suppressed KSHV+ lymphoma progression with oral bioavailability and minimal visible toxicity. These data together provide a novel strategy for the development of agents for inducing lytic activation-based therapies against these viruses-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Zhengyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Tran Phuc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Zhigang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Donglin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengzhu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Samantha Kendrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Hong-yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HL); (ZQ)
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HL); (ZQ)
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Classification of B-Cell Lymphomas and Immunodeficiency-Related Lymphoproliferations: What’s New? HEMATO 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/hemato4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
New insights from genomic studies have had an impact on the definition and the diagnosis of several lymphoid tumors including follicular B-cell lymphomas, aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, and lymphoproliferations associated with acquired and posttransplant immunodeficiencies. Follicular lymphoma (FL) includes tumors whose behavior varies widely from indolent/early lesions to aggressive/transformed lymphomas. Although some large B-cell lymphomas can be subclassified as specific entities, the majority lack the characteristics necessary for subclassification and, thus, are termed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, NOS. There have been, however, some changes in the classification of specific subtypes of large B-cell lymphoma as well as the addition of new entities, a few of which are highlighted in this article. The immunodeficiency-related lymphoproliferative disorders are currently divided into four major categories based on the clinical setting in which they arose: primary immune deficiency, post-transplant, HIV infection, and iatrogenic immunosuppression. In the two upcoming classifications systems for hematolymphoid neoplasms, International Consensus Classification (ICC) and WHO-HAEM-5, there is a divergence in the approach to categorize these lesions. Furthermore, whereas the WHO-HAEM-5 confirms the ability to classify a spectrum of EBV+ lesions as EBV+ DLBCL, NOS, the ICC has separated out lesions that are composed of a heterogenous cellular infiltrate into a new separate category, “EBV-positive polymorphic B cell lymphoproliferative disorder, NOS”. Both WHO-HAEM-5 and ICC recognize a number of KSHV/HHV8-associated lymphoid lesions and acknowledge that there is significant overlap among the different lesions. In the future, translation of these innovations in general practice requires further validation.
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35
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Song JY, Dirnhofer S, Piris MA, Quintanilla-Martínez L, Pileri S, Campo E. Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified, and emerging entities. Virchows Arch 2023; 482:179-192. [PMID: 36459219 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive and heterogenous group of diseases and the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In the past decade, there has been an explosion in molecular profiling that has helped to identify subgroups and shared oncogenic driving mechanisms. Since the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification, additional studies investigating these genomic abnormalities and phenotypic findings have been reported. Here we review these findings in DLBCL and address the proposed changes by the 2022 International Consensus Classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Y Song
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Stefan Dirnhofer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A Piris
- Servicio de Anatomia Patologica, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martínez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT, Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapy, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefano Pileri
- Division of Hematopathology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elias Campo
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Münz C. Immune checkpoints in T cells during oncogenic γ-herpesvirus infections. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e27840. [PMID: 35524342 PMCID: PMC9790391 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are two persistent oncogenic γ-herpesviruses with an exclusive tropism for humans. They cause cancers of lymphocyte, epithelial and endothelial cell origin, such as Burkitt's and Hodgkin's lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Kaposi sarcoma. Mutations in immune-related genes but also adverse events during immune checkpoint inhibition in cancer patients have revealed molecular requirements for immune control of EBV and KSHV. These include costimulatory and coinhibitory receptors on T cells that are currently explored or already therapeutically targeted in tumor patients. This review discusses these co-receptors and their influence on EBV- and KSHV-associated diseases. The respective studies reveal surprising specificities of some of these receptors for immunity to these tumor viruses, benefits of their blockade for some but not other virus-associated diseases, and that EBV- and KSHV-specific immune control should be monitored during immune checkpoint inhibition to prevent adverse events that might be associated with their reactivation during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology Department, Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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37
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Co-Infection of the Epstein-Barr Virus and the Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122709. [PMID: 36560713 PMCID: PMC9782805 DOI: 10.3390/v14122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The two human tumor viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), have been mostly studied in isolation. Recent studies suggest that co-infection with both viruses as observed in one of their associated malignancies, namely primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), might also be required for KSHV persistence. In this review, we discuss how EBV and KSHV might support each other for persistence and lymphomagenesis. Moreover, we summarize what is known about their innate and adaptive immune control which both seem to be required to ensure asymptomatic persistent co-infection with these two human tumor viruses. A better understanding of this immune control might allow us to prepare for vaccination against EBV and KSHV in the future.
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Meignin V, Parrens M. La maladie de Castleman : aspects anatomopathologiques. Rev Med Interne 2022; 43:10S10-10S16. [PMID: 36657938 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(23)00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Histologically, Castleman's disease associates three subtypes: 1-the vascular hyaline (HV) subtype more often seen in unicentric forms; 2-the plasmacytic (PV) subtype, more frequently associated with the HHV8+ and idiopathic multicentric form; 3-the mixed subtype associating both HV and PV aspects that may be encountered in any type of Castleman's disease. If the diagnosis of unicentric (isolated mass) and multicentric HHV8+ Castleman's disease is easy, the diagnosis of the idiopathic multicentric form remains particularly difficult because it is at the crossroads of many other pathologies (infectious, tumoral and dysimmune), making an anatomoclinical comparison necessary. The role of the pathologist, in the context of disseminated lesions (polyadenopathy and splenomegaly), is to identify lesions that may be part of Castleman's disease, to systematically perform HHV8 testing and to perform complete phenotyping associated with molecular analysis (B and T-cell clonality) in order to rule out a lymphomatous process and certain infectious etilogies. In all cases, its role will be a warning bell and the diagnosis of Castleman's disease will be retained only after a rigorous anatomic and clinical confrontation. © 2022 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Société nationale française de médecine interne (SNFMI).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Meignin
- Département de pathologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - M Parrens
- Service de pathologie, hôpital Haut-Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Wu Q, Qian W, Sun X, Jiang S. Small-molecule inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and more: FDA-approved novel therapeutic drugs for solid tumors from 1991 to 2021. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:143. [PMID: 36209184 PMCID: PMC9548212 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has always been a forerunner in drug evaluation and supervision. Over the past 31 years, 1050 drugs (excluding vaccines, cell-based therapies, and gene therapy products) have been approved as new molecular entities (NMEs) or biologics license applications (BLAs). A total of 228 of these 1050 drugs were identified as cancer therapeutics or cancer-related drugs, and 120 of them were classified as therapeutic drugs for solid tumors according to their initial indications. These drugs have evolved from small molecules with broad-spectrum antitumor properties in the early stage to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) with a more precise targeting effect during the most recent decade. These drugs have extended indications for other malignancies, constituting a cancer treatment system for monotherapy or combined therapy. However, the available targets are still mainly limited to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), restricting the development of antitumor drugs. In this review, these 120 drugs are summarized and classified according to the initial indications, characteristics, or functions. Additionally, RTK-targeted therapies and immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies are also discussed. Our analysis of existing challenges and potential opportunities in drug development may advance solid tumor treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
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Kuehnle N, Gottwein E. Druggable host gene dependencies in primary effusion lymphoma. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 56:101270. [PMID: 36182745 PMCID: PMC10043043 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Here, we review what is known about human gene essentiality in PEL-derived cell lines. We provide an updated list of PEL-specific human gene dependencies, based on the improved definition of core essential genes across human cancer types. The requirements of PEL cell lines for interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), basic leukine zipper ATF-like transcription factor (BATF), G1/S cyclin D2 (CCND2), CASP8 and FADD like apoptosis regulator (CFLAR), MCL1 apoptosis regulator (MCL1), and murine double minute 2 (MDM2) have been confirmed experimentally. KSHV co-opts IRF4 and BATF to drive superenhancer (SE)-mediated expression of IRF4 itself, MYC, and CCND2. IRF4 dependency of SE-mediated gene expression is shared with Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-transformed adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) cell lines, as well as several B-cell lymphomas of nonviral etiology. LCLs and ATLL cell lines similarly share dependencies on CCND2 and CFLAR with PEL, but also have distinct gene dependencies. Genetic dependencies could be exploited for therapeutic intervention in PEL and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Kuehnle
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eva Gottwein
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Lurain K, Ramaswami R, Yarchoan R. The role of viruses in HIV-associated lymphomas. Semin Hematol 2022; 59:183-191. [PMID: 36805886 PMCID: PMC9971650 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Lymphomas are among the most common cancers in people with HIV (PWH). The lymphoma subtypes and pathogenesis of lymphoma in PWH are different from the immunocompetent population. It is well-known that HIV causes severe CD4+ T cell lymphopenia in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART); however, the risk of developing certain subtypes of lymphoma remains elevated even in people receiving ART with preserved CD4+ T cells. HIV contributes to lymphomagenesis and causes decreased immune surveillance via T cell depletion and dysregulation, B cell dysregulation, and the potential contribution of HIV-encoded proteins. The oncogenic gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8), are the causative agents in the majority of HIV-associated lymphomas. HIV-associated T cell depletion and dysregulation allows EBV and KSHV to proliferate in infected B cells. Specific EBV- and KSHV-encoded proteins participate in B cell activation, and proliferation leading to B cell transformation. Understanding the distinct pathogenesis of HIV-associated lymphomas affords opportunities to develop therapies that specifically target these unique aspects and improve lymphoma outcomes in PWH. Agents being studied that target the specific roles of HIV, EBV, and KSHV in lymphomagenesis include immunotherapies, targeted agents, and cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Lurain
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Ramya Ramaswami
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV & AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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42
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Campo E, Jaffe ES, Cook JR, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Swerdlow SH, Anderson KC, Brousset P, Cerroni L, de Leval L, Dirnhofer S, Dogan A, Feldman AL, Fend F, Friedberg JW, Gaulard P, Ghia P, Horwitz SM, King RL, Salles G, San-Miguel J, Seymour JF, Treon SP, Vose JM, Zucca E, Advani R, Ansell S, Au WY, Barrionuevo C, Bergsagel L, Chan WC, Cohen JI, d'Amore F, Davies A, Falini B, Ghobrial IM, Goodlad JR, Gribben JG, Hsi ED, Kahl BS, Kim WS, Kumar S, LaCasce AS, Laurent C, Lenz G, Leonard JP, Link MP, Lopez-Guillermo A, Mateos MV, Macintyre E, Melnick AM, Morschhauser F, Nakamura S, Narbaitz M, Pavlovsky A, Pileri SA, Piris M, Pro B, Rajkumar V, Rosen ST, Sander B, Sehn L, Shipp MA, Smith SM, Staudt LM, Thieblemont C, Tousseyn T, Wilson WH, Yoshino T, Zinzani PL, Dreyling M, Scott DW, Winter JN, Zelenetz AD. The International Consensus Classification of Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms: a report from the Clinical Advisory Committee. Blood 2022; 140:1229-1253. [PMID: 35653592 PMCID: PMC9479027 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022015851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 251.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the publication of the Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms in 1994, subsequent updates of the classification of lymphoid neoplasms have been generated through iterative international efforts to achieve broad consensus among hematopathologists, geneticists, molecular scientists, and clinicians. Significant progress has recently been made in the characterization of malignancies of the immune system, with many new insights provided by genomic studies. They have led to this proposal. We have followed the same process that was successfully used for the third and fourth editions of the World Health Organization Classification of Hematologic Neoplasms. The definition, recommended studies, and criteria for the diagnosis of many entities have been extensively refined. Some categories considered provisional have now been upgraded to definite entities. Terminology for some diseases has been revised to adapt nomenclature to the current knowledge of their biology, but these modifications have been restricted to well-justified situations. Major findings from recent genomic studies have impacted the conceptual framework and diagnostic criteria for many disease entities. These changes will have an impact on optimal clinical management. The conclusions of this work are summarized in this report as the proposed International Consensus Classification of mature lymphoid, histiocytic, and dendritic cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Campo
- Haematopathology Section, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigaciones Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elaine S Jaffe
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - James R Cook
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steven H Swerdlow
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Pierre Brousset
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Laurence de Leval
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Dirnhofer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Laboratory of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Philippe Gaulard
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France
- Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Strategic Research Program on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Steven M Horwitz
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Rebecca L King
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Gilles Salles
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jesus San-Miguel
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - John F Seymour
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Julie M Vose
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE
| | - Emanuele Zucca
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, and Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ranjana Advani
- Stanford Cancer Center, Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Stephen Ansell
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Wing-Yan Au
- Blood-Med Clinic, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Carlos Barrionuevo
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Leif Bergsagel
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Wing C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Francesco d'Amore
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrew Davies
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Brunangelo Falini
- Institute of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, Hospital of Perugia, University of Perugia , Perugia, Italy
| | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - John R Goodlad
- National Health Service Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John G Gribben
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric D Hsi
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Brad S Kahl
- Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Won-Seog Kim
- Hematology and Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shaji Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Camille Laurent
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - John P Leonard
- Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Michael P Link
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Armando Lopez-Guillermo
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Victoria Mateos
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Centro de Investigación del Cancer, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Macintyre
- Laboratoire d'Onco-Hématologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université de Paris Cité and Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Franck Morschhauser
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Marina Narbaitz
- Department of Pathology, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina and Fundacion para combatir la leucemia (FUNDALEU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Astrid Pavlovsky
- Fundación para Combatir la Leucemia (FUNDALEU), Centro de Hematología Pavlovsky, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stefano A Pileri
- Haematopathology Division, IRCCS, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Miguel Piris
- Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Pro
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Vincent Rajkumar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Steven T Rosen
- Beckman Research Institute, and Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Birgitta Sander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurie Sehn
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Sonali M Smith
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Catherine Thieblemont
- Service Hémato-Oncologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
- DMU-DHI, Université de Paris-Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Tousseyn
- Department of Pathology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wyndham H Wilson
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Pier-Luigi Zinzani
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia "Seragnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin Dreyling
- Department of Medicine III, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - David W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jane N Winter
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Andrew D Zelenetz
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The discovery of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) / human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) led to recognition of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) as a distinct lymphoproliferative disorder. Subsequently, two other types of lymphoma have been shown to be associated with HHV-8 : HHV-8 positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma not otherwise specified and germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder.The pathogenesis of PEL is unique as in most cases the HHV-8+ tumoral cells are coinfected with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), suggesting an interplay between these two herpesviruses. This article reviews advances in the field of characterization of the lymphomatous cells, pathogenesis, and targeted therapies. RECENT FINDINGS The gene expression profile analysis of PEL cells and the experimental coinfection of peripheral B cells with HHV-8 and EBV allow dissection of the mechanisms of lymphomagenesis and of the relative contribution of both viruses. Systemic chemotherapy regimen remains poorly effective but new therapeutic perspectives are open with the use of monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulatory drugs, and immunotherapy. SUMMARY HHV-8 associated lymphoma is a model for studying virus-induced lymphoproliferation and its relation with host immune response and PEL is a unique model to study the relative contribution of two herpesviruses to lymphomagenesis in coinfected cells.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent evidence on the pathology, current standard of care and recent advances in the treatment of HIV-related lymphomas. RECENT FINDINGS Lymphomas remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV, even in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, treatment outcomes for these malignancies have improved in recent decades, due to full-dose chemotherapy, effective cART and supportive care. Recent advances include the identification of novel driving signaling pathways as promising molecular targets to improve lymphoma outcomes. SUMMARY Patients with HIV-related lymphomas who receive effective cART should be treated like the general population.
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The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Lymphoid Neoplasms. Leukemia 2022; 36:1720-1748. [PMID: 35732829 PMCID: PMC9214472 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1023] [Impact Index Per Article: 511.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We herein present an overview of the upcoming 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours focussing on lymphoid neoplasms. Myeloid and histiocytic neoplasms will be presented in a separate accompanying article. Besides listing the entities of the classification, we highlight and explain changes from the revised 4th edition. These include reorganization of entities by a hierarchical system as is adopted throughout the 5th edition of the WHO classification of tumours of all organ systems, modification of nomenclature for some entities, revision of diagnostic criteria or subtypes, deletion of certain entities, and introduction of new entities, as well as inclusion of tumour-like lesions, mesenchymal lesions specific to lymph node and spleen, and germline predisposition syndromes associated with the lymphoid neoplasms.
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Henry DH, Maki RG. Lenalidomide and the expanding toolkit to manage Kaposi sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:2485-2487. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lenalidomide recently was shown to have clinical activity in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated Kaposi sarcoma. Immunomodulatory imine drugs thus provide another tool in the treatment of this challenging neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Henry
- University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Robert G. Maki
- University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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47
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Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma without Respiratory Symptoms and Skin Lesions in an HIV-Naïve Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:228-242. [PMID: 35447880 PMCID: PMC9025598 DOI: 10.3390/idr14020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal lympho-angioproliferative, mesenchymal low-grade tumor associated with a γ2-herpesvirus, named Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus or human herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8). The lung is considered a usual anatomical location of KS, despite being infrequent, often in association with extensive mucocutaneous lesions and very uncommonly as an isolated event. We report a case of a pulmonary KS (pKS) in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) naïve patient, which was atypical due to a lack of cutaneous involvement and an absence of respiratory symptoms. The pKS was initially identified as a tumoral suspected nodular lesion and only after immunohistochemical analysis was it characterized as KS. Furthermore, the diagnosis of pKS led to the discovery of the HIV-seropositive status of the patient, previously unknown. Our report underlines the importance of considering pKS even without skin lesions and as a first manifestation of HIV infection. We also reviewed literature on the current knowledge about pKS in people living with HIV (PLWH) to underline how one of the most common HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated tumors can have a challenging localization and be difficult to recognize.
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Epigenetics of Cutaneous Sarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010422. [PMID: 35008848 PMCID: PMC8745302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes influence various physiological and pathological conditions in the human body. Recent advances in epigenetic studies of the skin have led to an appreciation of the importance of epigenetic modifications in skin diseases. Cutaneous sarcomas are intractable skin cancers, and there are no curative therapeutic options for the advanced forms of cutaneous sarcomas. In this review, we discuss the detailed molecular effects of epigenetic modifications on skin sarcomas, such as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, angiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and liposarcoma. We also discuss the application of epigenetic-targeted therapy for skin sarcomas.
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