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Maarouf M, Patel SR, Baldwin WH, Zerra PE, Cox C, Parker ET, Stowell SR, Meeks SL. Marginal Zone B Cells Represent a Conserved Initiating Player in the Immune Response to Factor VIII in Hemophilia A Mice. Thromb Haemost 2024. [PMID: 39013441 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Maarouf
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Seema R Patel
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Wallace Hunter Baldwin
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Patricia E Zerra
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Courtney Cox
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Ernest T Parker
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Shannon L Meeks
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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2
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Kallarakal MA, Cohen G, Ibukun FI, Krummey SM. Marginal Zone B Cells Are Necessary for the Formation of Anti-donor IgG After Allogeneic Sensitization. Transplantation 2024; 108:1357-1367. [PMID: 38361235 PMCID: PMC11136604 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antibodies is a significant barrier for many patients awaiting organ transplantation. Patients with preformed anti-MHC antibodies have limited options for suitable donors, and the formation of donor-specific anti-MHC antibodies after transplantation is a harbinger of graft rejection. Despite the recognized importance of anti-MHC antibodies, the mechanisms responsible for the differentiation of B cells after exposure to allogeneic antigens are poorly understood. METHODS To evaluate the differentiation of B cells in response to allogeneic antigen, we used a model of H-2 b C57Bl/6 sensitization with H-2 d antigen. We used a class I MHC tetramer-based approach to identify allogeneic B cells and flow cytometric crossmatch to identify allogeneic IgM and IgG. RESULTS We found that although the formation of anti-H-2 d IgG was robust, few class-switched B cells and germinal center B cells were formed. Antigen-specific B cells did not express classical memory B-cell markers after sensitization but had an IgM + CD21 + marginal zone B-cell phenotype. The frequency of marginal zone B cells increased after sensitization. Depletion of marginal zone B cells before sensitization or skin grafting resulted in a significant diminution of anti-H-2 d IgG and fewer germinal center B cells. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that marginal zone B cells more efficiently differentiated into germinal center B cells and anti-donor IgG-producing cells than follicular B cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate an important role for marginal zone B cells as a reservoir of alloreactive B cells that are activated by allogeneic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Francis I. Ibukun
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Scott M. Krummey
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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3
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Steines L. Not so Marginal...the Unexpected Role of Marginal Zone B Cells in Alloantibody Formation. Transplantation 2024; 108:1277-1278. [PMID: 38514470 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Steines
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Tubman VN, Maysonet D, Estrada N, Halder T, Ramos L, Bhamidipati S, Carisey AF, Minard CG, Allen CE. Unswitched memory B cell deficiency in children with sickle cell disease and response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Am J Hematol 2024; 99:1084-1094. [PMID: 38708915 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Early mortality in sickle cell disease (SCD) is attributed to increased infections due to loss of splenic function. Marginal zone B cells are important for initial opsonization of pathogens and can be absent in spleen histopathology in SCD. The frequency of unswitched memory B cells (UMBC), the circulating correlate of marginal zone B cells, reflects the immunologic function of the spleen. We hypothesized that asplenia in SCD is associated with alterations in the peripheral blood lymphocyte population and explored whether UMBC deficiency was associated with a clinical phenotype. We analyzed B cell subsets and clinical history for 238 children with SCD and 63 controls. The median proportion of UMBCs was lower in children with SCD compared with controls (4.7% vs. 6.6%, p < .001). Naïve B cells were higher in SCD compared with controls (80.6 vs. 76.3%, respectively, p = .02). UMBC frequency declined by 3.4% per year increase in age in SCD (95% CI: 2%, 4.7%, p < .001), but not in controls. A majority of children in all cohorts had an IgM concentration in the normal range for age and there were no differences between groups (p = .13). Subjects developed titers adequate for long-term protection to fewer serotypes in the polysaccharide vaccine than controls (14.7 vs. 19.4, p < .001). In this cohort, bacteremia was rare and specific clinical complications were not associated with UMBC proportion. In summary, UMBC deficiency occurs in SCD and is associated with age. Future studies should investigate B cell subsets prospectively and identify the mechanism of B cell loss in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venée N Tubman
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- The William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Maysonet
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Norma Estrada
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tripti Halder
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey Ramos
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Alexandre F Carisey
- The William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles G Minard
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carl E Allen
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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5
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Jan HM, Wu SC, Stowell CJ, Vallecillo-Zúniga ML, Paul A, Patel KR, Muthusamy S, Lin HY, Ayona D, Jajosky RP, Varadkar SP, Nakahara H, Chan R, Bhave D, Lane WJ, Yeung MY, Hollenhorst MA, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Cummings RD, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. Galectin-4 Antimicrobial Activity Primarily Occurs Through its C-Terminal Domain. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100747. [PMID: 38490531 PMCID: PMC11097083 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Although immune tolerance evolved to reduce reactivity with self, it creates a gap in the adaptive immune response against microbes that decorate themselves in self-like antigens. This is particularly apparent with carbohydrate-based blood group antigens, wherein microbes can envelope themselves in blood group structures similar to human cells. In this study, we demonstrate that the innate immune lectin, galectin-4 (Gal-4), exhibits strain-specific binding and killing behavior towards microbes that display blood group-like antigens. Examination of binding preferences using a combination of microarrays populated with ABO(H) glycans and a variety of microbial strains, including those that express blood group-like antigens, demonstrated that Gal-4 binds mammalian and microbial antigens that have features of blood group and mammalian-like structures. Although Gal-4 was thought to exist as a monomer that achieves functional bivalency through its two linked carbohydrate recognition domains, our data demonstrate that Gal-4 forms dimers and that differences in the intrinsic ability of each domain to dimerize likely influences binding affinity. While each Gal-4 domain exhibited blood group-binding activity, the C-terminal domain (Gal-4C) exhibited dimeric properties, while the N-terminal domain (Gal-4N) failed to similarly display dimeric activity. Gal-4C not only exhibited the ability to dimerize but also possessed higher affinity toward ABO(H) blood group antigens and microbes expressing glycans with blood group-like features. Furthermore, when compared to Gal-4N, Gal-4C exhibited more potent antimicrobial activity. Even in the context of the full-length protein, where Gal-4N is functionally bivalent by virtue of Gal-4C dimerization, Gal-4C continued to display higher antimicrobial activity. These results demonstrate that Gal-4 exists as a dimer and exhibits its antimicrobial activity primarily through its C-terminal domain. In doing so, these data provide important insight into key features of Gal-4 responsible for its innate immune activity against molecular mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau-Ming Jan
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carter J Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary L Vallecillo-Zúniga
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anu Paul
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kashyap R Patel
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sasikala Muthusamy
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsien-Ya Lin
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diyoly Ayona
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samata P Varadkar
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hirotomo Nakahara
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rita Chan
- Infectious Disease Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Devika Bhave
- Infectious Disease Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William J Lane
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Y Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marie A Hollenhorst
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Infectious Disease Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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6
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Yee MEM, Zerra PE, McCoy JW, Covington ML, Stowell SR, Joiner CH, Lough CM, Delvadia BB, Josephson CD, Roback JD, Fasano RM. Post-transfusion biotin-labeled red blood cell survival studies in pediatric sickle cell disease with antibodies of uncertain significance. Transfusion 2024; 64:800-807. [PMID: 38506450 PMCID: PMC11088511 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell (RBC) antibodies are common in multiply transfused patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Unlike RBC alloantibodies, the potential of autoantibodies to cause post-transfusion hemolysis may be uncertain. Biotin-labeling provides a direct measurement of red cell survival (RCS) over time, thus can be used to assess the clinical significance of RBC antibodies. Antibodies to biotinylated RBC (B-RBC) occasionally are detected after exposure, which may impact B-RBC survival in subsequent RCS studies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Pediatric patients with SCD receiving monthly chronic transfusions underwent RCS studies, receiving aliquots of allogeneic RBC labeled at distinct densities of biotin (2-18 μg/mL). B-RBC survival was followed for 4 months post-transfusion, and B-RBC antibody screening for 6 months. Patients with warm autoantibodies (WAA) or B-RBC antibodies are reported here. RESULTS RBC antibodies were detected during RCS in four patients: one with WAA, one with WAA followed by B-RBC-specific antibodies, and two with transient B-RBC antibodies within the first 5 weeks of exposure. B-RBC half-lives (T50) ranged 37.6-61.7 days (mean 47.8 days). There was no evidence of increased hemolysis or accelerated B-RBC clearance in the presence of WAA or B-RBC antibodies. DISCUSSION Biotinylation of allogenic RBC can be used to assess the possible effects of RBC antibodies on transfusion survival in individual cases, particularly when it is uncertain if the detected antibodies may result in hemolysis. In the cases presented here, neither WAA nor B-RBC antibodies were associated with significant shortening of B-RBC survival in individuals with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E M Yee
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Patricia E Zerra
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James W McCoy
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mischa L Covington
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clinton H Joiner
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher M Lough
- Medical Services, Lifesouth Community Blood Centers, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John D Roback
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ross M Fasano
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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7
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Jash A, Pridmore T, Collins JB, Hay AM, Hudson KE, Luckey CJ, Zimring JC. Complement C3 and marginal zone B cells promote IgG-mediated enhancement of RBC alloimmunization in mice. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e167665. [PMID: 38618959 PMCID: PMC11014669 DOI: 10.1172/jci167665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Administration of anti-RhD immunoglobulin (Ig) to decrease maternal alloimmunization (antibody-mediated immune suppression [AMIS]) was a landmark clinical development. However, IgG has potent immune-stimulatory effects in other settings (antibody-mediated immune enhancement [AMIE]). The dominant thinking has been that IgG causes AMIS for antigens on RBCs but AMIE for soluble antigens. However, we have recently reported that IgG against RBC antigens can cause either AMIS or AMIE as a function of an IgG subclass. Recent advances in mechanistic understanding have demonstrated that RBC alloimmunization requires the IFN-α/-β receptor (IFNAR) and is inhibited by the complement C3 protein. Here, we demonstrate the opposite for AMIE of an RBC alloantigen (IFNAR is not required and C3 enhances). RBC clearance, C3 deposition, and antigen modulation all preceded AMIE, and both CD4+ T cells and marginal zone B cells were required. We detected no significant increase in antigen-specific germinal center B cells, consistent with other studies of RBC alloimmunization that show extrafollicular-like responses. To the best of our knowledge, these findings provide the first evidence of an RBC alloimmunization pathway which is IFNAR independent and C3 dependent, thus further advancing our understanding of RBCs as an immunogen and AMIE as a phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijita Jash
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Virginia, USA
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Pridmore
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Virginia, USA
| | - James B. Collins
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Virginia, USA
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ariel M. Hay
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Virginia, USA
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Krystalyn E. Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chance John Luckey
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Virginia, USA
| | - James C. Zimring
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Virginia, USA
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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8
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Carpenter MC, Souter SC, Zipkin RJ, Ackerman ME. Current Insights Into K-associated Fetal Anemia and Potential Treatment Strategies for Sensitized Pregnancies. Transfus Med Rev 2024; 38:150779. [PMID: 37926651 PMCID: PMC10856777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2023.150779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
K-associated anemic disease of the fetus and newborn (K-ADFN) is a rare but life-threatening disease in which maternal alloantibodies cross the placenta and can mediate an immune attack on fetal red blood cells expressing the K antigen. A considerably more common disease, D-associated hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (D-HDFN), can be prophylactically treated using polyclonal α-D antibody preparations. Currently, no such prophylactic treatment exists for K-associated fetal anemia, and disease is usually treated with intrauterine blood transfusions. Here we review current understanding of the biology of K-associated fetal anemia, how the maternal immune system is sensitized to fetal red blood cells, and what is understood about potential mechanisms of prophylactic HDFN interventions. Given the apparent challenges associated with preventing alloimmunization, we highlight novel strategies for treating sensitized mothers to prevent fetal anemia that may hold promise not only for K-mediated disease, but also for other pathogenic alloantibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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Hale RC, Morais D, Chou J, Stowell SR. The role of glycosylation in clinical allergy and immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:55-66. [PMID: 37717626 PMCID: PMC10872775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
While glycans are among the most abundant macromolecules on the cell with widespread functions, their role in immunity has historically been challenging to study. This is in part due to difficulties assimilating glycan analysis into routine approaches used to interrogate immune cell function. Despite this, recent developments have illuminated fundamental roles for glycans in host immunity. The growing field of glycoimmunology continues to leverage new tools and approaches to uncover the function of glycans and glycan-binding proteins in immunity. Here we utilize clinical vignettes to examine key roles of glycosylation in allergy, inborn errors of immunity, and autoimmunity. We will discuss the diverse functions of glycans as epitopes, as modulators of antibody function, and as regulators of immune cell function. Finally, we will highlight immune modulatory therapies that harness the critical role of glycans in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Hale
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Dominique Morais
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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10
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Tran JQ, Muench MO, Gaillard B, Darst O, Tomayko MM, Jackman RP. Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid induced inflammation enhances while lipopolysaccharide diminishes alloimmunity to platelet transfusion in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281130. [PMID: 38146372 PMCID: PMC10749330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alloimmune responses against platelet antigens, which dominantly target the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), can cause adverse reactions to subsequent platelet transfusions, platelet refractoriness, or rejection of future transplants. Platelet transfusion recipients include individuals experiencing severe bacterial or viral infections, and how their underlying health modulates platelet alloimmunity is not well understood. Methods This study investigated the effect of underlying inflammation on platelet alloimmunization by modelling viral-like inflammation with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) or gram-negative bacterial infection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), hypothesizing that underlying inflammation enhances alloimmunization. Mice were pretreated with poly(I:C), LPS, or nothing, then transfused with non-leukoreduced or leukoreduced platelets. Alloantibodies and allogeneic MHC-specific B cell (allo-B cell) responses were evaluated two weeks later. Rare populations of allo-B cells were identified using MHC tetramers. Results Relative to platelet transfusion alone, prior exposure to poly(I:C) increased the alloantibody response to allogeneic platelet transfusion whereas prior exposure to LPS diminished responses. Prior exposure to poly(I:C) had equivalent, if not moderately diminished, allo-B cell responses relative to platelet transfusion alone and exhibited more robust allo-B cell memory development. Conversely, prior exposure to LPS resulted in diminished allo-B cell frequency, activation, antigen experience, and germinal center formation and altered memory B cell responses. Discussion In conclusion, not all inflammatory environments enhance bystander responses and prior inflammation mediated by LPS on gram-negative bacteria may in fact curtail platelet alloimmunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Q. Tran
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Betty Gaillard
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Orsolya Darst
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mary M. Tomayko
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rachael P. Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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11
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Chang DY, Wankier Z, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. The ongoing challenge of RBC alloimmunization in the management of patients with sickle cell disease. Presse Med 2023; 52:104211. [PMID: 37981194 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2023.104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RBC transfusion remains a cornerstone in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). However, as with many interventions, transfusion of RBCs is not without risk. Allogeneic RBC exposure can result in the development of alloantibodies, which can make it difficult to find compatible RBCs for future transfusion and increases the likelihood of life-threatening complications. The development of RBC alloantibodies occurs when a patient's immune system produces alloantibodies against foreign alloantigens present on RBCs. Despite its longstanding recognition, RBC alloimmunization has increasingly become a challenge when caring for patients with SCD. The growing prominence of alloimmunization can be attributed to several factors, including expanded indications for transfusions, increased lifespan of patients with SCD, and inadequate approaches to prevent alloimmunization. Recognizing these challenges, recent observational studies and preclinical models have begun to elucidate the immune pathways that underpin RBC alloimmunization. These emerging data hold promise in paving the way for innovative prevention strategies, with the goal of increasing the safety and efficacy of RBC transfusion in patients with SCD who are most vulnerable to alloimmunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Chang
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zakary Wankier
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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12
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Jajosky RP, Wu SC, Jajosky PG, Stowell SR. Plasmodium knowlesi ( Pk) Malaria: A Review & Proposal of Therapeutically Rational Exchange (T-REX) of Pk-Resistant Red Blood Cells. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:478. [PMID: 37888606 PMCID: PMC10610852 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk) causes zoonotic malaria and is known as the "fifth human malaria parasite". Pk malaria is an emerging threat because infections are increasing and can be fatal. While most infections are in Southeast Asia (SEA), especially Malaysia, travelers frequently visit this region and can present with Pk malaria around the world. So, clinicians need to know (1) patients who present with fever after recent travel to SEA might be infected with Pk and (2) Pk is often misdiagnosed as P. malariae (which typically causes less severe malaria). Here we review the history, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Pk malaria. Severe disease is most common in adults. Signs and symptoms can include fever, abdominal pain, jaundice, acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hyponatremia, hyperparasitemia, and thrombocytopenia. Dengue is one of the diseases to be considered in the differential. Regarding pathophysiologic mechanisms, when Pk parasites invade mature red blood cells (RBCs, i.e., normocytes) and reticulocytes, changes in the red blood cell (RBC) surface can result in life-threatening cytoadherence, sequestration, and reduced RBC deformability. Since molecular mechanisms involving the erythrocytic stage are responsible for onset of severe disease and lethal outcomes, it is biologically plausible that manual exchange transfusion (ET) or automated RBC exchange (RBCX) could be highly beneficial by replacing "sticky" parasitized RBCs with uninfected, deformable, healthy donor RBCs. Here we suggest use of special Pk-resistant donor RBCs to optimize adjunctive manual ET/RBCX for malaria. "Therapeutically-rational exchange transfusion" (T-REX) is proposed in which Pk-resistant RBCs are transfused (instead of disease-promoting RBCs). Because expression of the Duffy antigen on the surface of human RBCs is essential for parasite invasion, T-REX of Duffy-negative RBCs-also known as Fy(a-b-) RBCs-could replace the majority of the patient's circulating normocytes with Pk invasion-resistant RBCs (in a single procedure lasting about 2 h). When sequestered or non-sequestered iRBCs rupture-in a 24 h Pk asexual life cycle-the released merozoites cannot invade Fy(a-b-) RBCs. When Fy(a-b-) RBC units are scarce (e.g., in Malaysia), clinicians can consider the risks and benefits of transfusing plausibly Pk-resistant RBCs, such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient (G6PDd) RBCs and Southeast Asian ovalocytes (SAO). Patients typically require a very short recovery time (<1 h) after the procedure. Fy(a-b-) RBCs should have a normal lifespan, while SAO and G6PDd RBCs may have mildly reduced half-lives. Because SAO and G6PDd RBCs come from screened blood donors who are healthy and not anemic, these RBCs have a low-risk for hemolysis and do not need to be removed after the patient recovers from malaria. T-REX could be especially useful if (1) antimalarial medications are not readily available, (2) patients are likely to progress to severe disease, or (3) drug-resistant strains emerge. In conclusion, T-REX is a proposed optimization of manual ET/RBCX that has not yet been utilized but can be considered by physicians to treat Pk malaria patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.-C.W.)
- Biconcavity Inc., Lilburn, GA 30047, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.-C.W.)
| | | | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.-C.W.)
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13
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Fasano RM, Doctor A, Stowell SR, Spinella PC, Carson JL, Maier CL, Josephson CD, Triulzi DJ. Optimizing RBC Transfusion Outcomes in Patients with Acute Illness and in the Chronic Transfusion Setting. Transfus Med Rev 2023; 37:150758. [PMID: 37743191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2023.150758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is a common clinical intervention used to treat patients with acute and chronic anemia. The decision to transfuse RBCs in the acute setting is based on several factors but current clinical studies informing optimal RBC transfusion decision making (TDM) are largely based upon hemoglobin (Hb) level. In contrast to transfusion in acute settings, chronic RBC transfusion therapy has several different purposes and is associated with distinct transfusion risks such as iron overload and RBC alloimmunization. Consequently, RBC TDM in the chronic setting requires optimizing the survival of transfused RBCs in order to reduce transfusion exposure over the lifespan of an individual and the associated transfusion complications mentioned. This review summarizes the current medical literature addressing optimal RBC-TDM in the acute and chronic transfusion settings and discusses the current gaps in knowledge which need to be prioritized in future national and international research initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Fasano
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Allan Doctor
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine and Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip C Spinella
- Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Carson
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cheryl L Maier
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Darrell J Triulzi
- Vitalant and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Jajosky RP, Patel KR, Allen JWL, Zerra PE, Chonat S, Ayona D, Maier CL, Morais D, Wu SC, Luckey CJ, Eisenbarth SC, Roback JD, Fasano RM, Josephson CD, Manis JP, Chai L, Hendrickson JE, Hudson KE, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. Antibody-mediated antigen loss switches augmented immunity to antibody-mediated immunosuppression. Blood 2023; 142:1082-1098. [PMID: 37363865 PMCID: PMC10541552 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against fetal red blood cell (RBC) antigens can cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Reductions in HDFN due to anti-RhD antibodies have been achieved through use of Rh immune globulin (RhIg), a polyclonal antibody preparation that causes antibody-mediated immunosuppression (AMIS), thereby preventing maternal immune responses against fetal RBCs. Despite the success of RhIg, it is only effective against 1 alloantigen. The lack of similar interventions that mitigate immune responses toward other RBC alloantigens reflects an incomplete understanding of AMIS mechanisms. AMIS has been previously attributed to rapid antibody-mediated RBC removal, resulting in B-cell ignorance of the RBC alloantigen. However, our data demonstrate that antibody-mediated RBC removal can enhance de novo alloimmunization. In contrast, inclusion of antibodies that possess the ability to rapidly remove the target antigen in the absence of detectable RBC clearance can convert an augmented antibody response to AMIS. These results suggest that the ability of antibodies to remove target antigens from the RBC surface can trigger AMIS in situations in which enhanced immunity may otherwise occur. In doing so, these results hold promise in identifying key antibody characteristics that can drive AMIS, thereby facilitating the design of AMIS approaches toward other RBC antigens to eliminate all forms of HDFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Jajosky
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kashyap R. Patel
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jerry William L. Allen
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Patricia E. Zerra
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Satheesh Chonat
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Diyoly Ayona
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Cheryl L. Maier
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dominique Morais
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - C. John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Stephanie C. Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - John D. Roback
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ross M. Fasano
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - John P. Manis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Li Chai
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jeanne E. Hendrickson
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Krystalyn E. Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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15
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Chornenkyy Y, Yamamoto T, Hara H, Stowell SR, Ghiran I, Robson SC, Cooper DKC. Future prospects for the clinical transfusion of pig red blood cells. Blood Rev 2023; 61:101113. [PMID: 37474379 PMCID: PMC10968389 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Transfusion of allogeneic human red blood cell (hRBCs) is limited by supply and compatibility between individual donors and recipients. In situations where the blood supply is constrained or when no compatible RBCs are available, patients suffer. As a result, alternatives to hRBCs that complement existing RBC transfusion strategies are needed. Pig RBCs (pRBCs) could provide an alternative because of their abundant supply, and functional similarities to hRBCs. The ability to genetically modify pigs to limit pRBC immunogenicity and augment expression of human 'protective' proteins has provided major boosts to this research and opens up new therapeutic avenues. Although deletion of expression of xenoantigens has been achieved in genetically-engineered pigs, novel genetic methods are needed to introduce human 'protective' transgenes into pRBCs at the high levels required to prevent hemolysis and extend RBC survival in vivo. This review addresses recent progress and examines future prospects for clinical xenogeneic pRBC transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Chornenkyy
- Department of Pathology, McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Takayuki Yamamoto
- Center for Transplantation Science, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ionita Ghiran
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David K C Cooper
- Center for Transplantation Science, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Aboderin FI, Oduola T, Davison GM, Oguntibeju OO. A Review of the Relationship between the Immune Response, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and the Pathogenesis of Sickle Cell Anaemia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2413. [PMID: 37760854 PMCID: PMC10525295 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell anaemia (SCD) is a life-threatening haematological disorder which is predominant in sub-Saharan Africa and is triggered by a genetic mutation of the β-chain haemoglobin gene resulting in the substitution of glutamic acid with valine. This mutation leads to the production of an abnormal haemoglobin molecule called haemoglobin S (HbS). When deoxygenated, haemoglobin S (HbS) polymerises and results in a sickle-shaped red blood cell which is rigid and has a significantly shortened life span. Various reports have shown a strong link between oxidative stress, inflammation, the immune response, and the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease. The consequence of these processes leads to the development of vasculopathy (disease of the blood vessels) and several other complications. The role of the immune system, particularly the innate immune system, in the pathogenesis of SCD has become increasingly clear in recent years of research; however, little is known about the roles of the adaptive immune system in this disease. This review examines the interaction between the immune system, inflammation, oxidative stress, blood transfusion, and their effects on the pathogenesis of sickle cell anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Ifechukwude Aboderin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Taofeeq Oduola
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 840004, Nigeria;
| | - Glenda Mary Davison
- SAMRC/CPUT Cardiometabolic Health Research Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
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17
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Hayes BH, Zhu H, Andrechak JC, Dooling LJ, Discher DE. Titrating CD47 by mismatch CRISPR-interference reveals incomplete repression can eliminate IgG-opsonized tumors but limits induction of antitumor IgG. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad243. [PMID: 37593202 PMCID: PMC10427748 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytic elimination of solid tumors by innate immune cells seems attractive for immunotherapy, particularly because of the possibilities for acquired immunity. However, the approach remains challenging, with blockade of the macrophage checkpoint CD47 working in immunodeficient mice and against highly immunogenic tumors but not in the clinic where tumors are poorly immunogenic. Even when mouse tumors of poorly immunogenic B16F10 melanoma are opsonized to drive engulfment with a suitable monoclonal antibody (mAb), anti-CD47 blockade remains insufficient. Using both in vitro immuno-tumoroids and in vivo mouse models, we show with CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) that a relatively uniform minimum repression of CD47 by 80% is needed for phagocytosis to dominate net growth when combined with an otherwise ineffective mAb (anti-Tyrp1). Heterogeneity enriches for CD47-high cells, but mice that eliminate tumors generate prophagocytic IgGs that increase in titer with CD47 repression and with tumor accumulation of macrophages, although deeper repression does not improve survival. Given well-known limitations of antibody permeation into solid tumors, our studies clarify benchmarks for CD47 disruption that should be more clinically feasible and safer but just as effective as complete ablation. Additionally, safe but ineffective opsonization in human melanoma trials suggests that combinations with deep repression of CD47 could prove effective and initiate durable immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H Hayes
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hui Zhu
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason C Andrechak
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lawrence J Dooling
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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18
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Jajosky R, Patel SR, Wu SC, Patel K, Covington M, Vallecillo-Zúniga M, Ayona D, Bennett A, Luckey CJ, Hudson KE, Hendrickson JE, Eisenbarth SC, Josephson CD, Zerra PE, Stowell SR, Arthur CM. Prior immunization against an intracellular antigen enhances subsequent red blood cell alloimmunization in mice. Blood 2023; 141:2642-2653. [PMID: 36638335 PMCID: PMC10356576 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against red blood cell (RBC) alloantigens can increase morbidity and mortality among transfusion recipients. However, alloimmunization rates can vary dramatically, as some patients never generate alloantibodies after transfusion, whereas others not only become alloimmunized but may also be prone to generating additional alloantibodies after subsequent transfusion. Previous studies suggested that CD4 T-cell responses that drive alloantibody formation recognize the same alloantigen engaged by B cells. However, because RBCs express numerous antigens, both internally and externally, it is possible that CD4 T-cell responses directed against intracellular antigens may facilitate subsequent alloimmunization against a surface RBC antigen. Here, we show that B cells can acquire intracellular antigens from RBCs. Using a mouse model of donor RBCs expressing 2 distinct alloantigens, we demonstrate that immune priming to an intracellular antigen, which would not be detected by any currently used RBC compatibility assays, can directly influence alloantibody formation after exposure to a subsequent distinct surface RBC alloantigen. These findings suggest a previously underappreciated mechanism whereby transfusion recipient responders may exhibit an increased rate of alloimmunization because of prior immune priming toward intracellular antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Seema R. Patel
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Kashyap Patel
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Mischa Covington
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Mary Vallecillo-Zúniga
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Diyoly Ayona
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Ashley Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - C. John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Krystalyn E. Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | | | - Stephanie C. Eisenbarth
- Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Blood Bank/Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Patricia E. Zerra
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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19
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Wu SC, Jan HM, Vallecillo-Zúniga ML, Rathgeber MF, Stowell CS, Murdock KL, Patel KR, Nakahara H, Stowell CJ, Nahm MH, Arthur CM, Cummings RD, Stowell SR. Whole microbe arrays accurately predict interactions and overall antimicrobial activity of galectin-8 toward distinct strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5324. [PMID: 37005394 PMCID: PMC10067959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial glycan microarrays (MGMs) populated with purified microbial glycans have been used to define the specificity of host immune factors toward microbes in a high throughput manner. However, a limitation of such arrays is that glycan presentation may not fully recapitulate the natural presentation that exists on microbes. This raises the possibility that interactions observed on the array, while often helpful in predicting actual interactions with intact microbes, may not always accurately ascertain the overall affinity of a host immune factor for a given microbe. Using galectin-8 (Gal-8) as a probe, we compared the specificity and overall affinity observed using a MGM populated with glycans harvested from various strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae to an intact microbe microarray (MMA). Our results demonstrate that while similarities in binding specificity between the MGM and MMA are apparent, Gal-8 binding toward the MMA more accurately predicted interactions with strains of S. pneumoniae, including the overall specificity of Gal-8 antimicrobial activity. Taken together, these results not only demonstrate that Gal-8 possesses antimicrobial activity against distinct strains of S. pneumoniae that utilize molecular mimicry, but that microarray platforms populated with intact microbes present an advantageous strategy when exploring host interactions with microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hau-Ming Jan
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mary L Vallecillo-Zúniga
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew F Rathgeber
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Caleb S Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kaleb L Murdock
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kashyap R Patel
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hirotomo Nakahara
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carter J Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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20
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Arthur CM, Stowell SR. The Development and Consequences of Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:537-564. [PMID: 36351365 PMCID: PMC10414795 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-110411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
While red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is the most common medical intervention in hospitalized patients, as with any therapeutic, it is not without risk. Allogeneic RBC exposure can result in recipient alloimmunization, which can limit the availability of compatible RBCs for future transfusions and increase the risk of transfusion complications. Despite these challenges and the discovery of RBC alloantigens more than a century ago, relatively little has historically been known regarding the immune factors that regulate RBC alloantibody formation. Through recent epidemiological approaches, in vitro-based translational studies, and newly developed preclinical models, the processes that govern RBC alloimmunization have emerged as more complex and intriguing than previously appreciated. Although common alloimmunization mechanisms exist, distinct immune pathways can be engaged, depending on the target alloantigen involved. Despite this complexity, key themes are beginning to emerge that may provide promising approaches to not only actively prevent but also possibly alleviate the most severe complications of RBC alloimmunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, ,
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, ,
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21
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Jajosky RP, Wu SC, Zheng L, Jajosky AN, Jajosky PG, Josephson CD, Hollenhorst MA, Sackstein R, Cummings RD, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. ABO blood group antigens and differential glycan expression: Perspective on the evolution of common human enzyme deficiencies. iScience 2023; 26:105798. [PMID: 36691627 PMCID: PMC9860303 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions and play critical roles in human health and disease. Enzyme variants and deficiencies can lead to variable expression of glycans, which can affect physiology, influence predilection for disease, and/or directly contribute to disease pathogenesis. Although certain well-characterized enzyme deficiencies result in overt disease, some of the most common enzyme deficiencies in humans form the basis of blood groups. These carbohydrate blood groups impact fundamental areas of clinical medicine, including the risk of infection and severity of infectious disease, bleeding risk, transfusion medicine, and tissue/organ transplantation. In this review, we examine the enzymes responsible for carbohydrate-based blood group antigen biosynthesis and their expression within the human population. We also consider the evolutionary selective pressures, e.g. malaria, that may account for the variation in carbohydrate structures and the implications of this biology for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Biconcavity Inc, Lilburn, GA, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leon Zheng
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Audrey N. Jajosky
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, West Henrietta, NY, USA
| | | | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Blood Bank/Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marie A. Hollenhorst
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Epigenetic regulation of B cells and its role in autoimmune pathogenesis. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1215-1234. [PMID: 36220996 PMCID: PMC9622816 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Although previous studies have shown many genetic polymorphisms associated with B-cell activation in patients with various autoimmune disorders, progress in epigenetic research has revealed new mechanisms leading to B-cell hyperactivation. Epigenetic mechanisms, including those involving histone modifications, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNAs, regulate B-cell responses, and their dysregulation can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Patients with autoimmune diseases show epigenetic alterations that lead to the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune inflammation. Moreover, many clinical and animal model studies have shown the promising potential of epigenetic therapies for patients. In this review, we present an up-to-date overview of epigenetic mechanisms with a focus on their roles in regulating functional B-cell subsets. Furthermore, we discuss epigenetic dysregulation in B cells and highlight its contribution to the development of autoimmune diseases. Based on clinical and preclinical evidence, we discuss novel epigenetic biomarkers and therapies for patients with autoimmune disorders.
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23
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Zerra PE, Parker ET, Baldwin WH, Healey JF, Patel SR, McCoy JW, Cox C, Stowell SR, Meeks SL. Engineering a Therapeutic Protein to Enhance the Study of Anti-Drug Immunity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1724. [PMID: 35885029 PMCID: PMC9313379 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of anti-drug antibodies represents a significant barrier to the utilization of protein-based therapies for a wide variety of diseases. While the rate of antibody formation can vary depending on the therapeutic employed and the target patient population receiving the drug, the antigen-specific immune response underlying the development of anti-drug antibodies often remains difficult to define. This is especially true for patients with hemophilia A who, following exposure, develop antibodies against the coagulation factor, factor VIII (FVIII). Models capable of studying this response in an antigen-specific manner have been lacking. To overcome this challenge, we engineered FVIII to contain a peptide (323-339) from the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA), a very common tool used to study antigen-specific immunity. FVIII with an OVA peptide (FVIII-OVA) retained clotting activity and possessed the ability to activate CD4 T cells specific to OVA323-339 in vitro. When compared to FVIII alone, FVIII-OVA also exhibited a similar level of immunogenicity, suggesting that the presence of OVA323-339 does not substantially alter the anti-FVIII immune response. Intriguingly, while little CD4 T cell response could be observed following exposure to FVIII-OVA alone, inclusion of anti-FVIII antibodies, recently shown to favorably modulate anti-FVIII immune responses, significantly enhanced CD4 T cell activation following FVIII-OVA exposure. These results demonstrate that model antigens can be incorporated into a therapeutic protein to study antigen-specific responses and more specifically that the CD4 T cell response to FVIII-OVA can be augmented by pre-existing anti-FVIII antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E. Zerra
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (P.E.Z.); (J.W.M.)
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.T.P.); (W.H.B.); (J.F.H.); (S.R.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Ernest T. Parker
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.T.P.); (W.H.B.); (J.F.H.); (S.R.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Wallace Hunter Baldwin
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.T.P.); (W.H.B.); (J.F.H.); (S.R.P.); (C.C.)
| | - John F. Healey
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.T.P.); (W.H.B.); (J.F.H.); (S.R.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Seema R. Patel
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.T.P.); (W.H.B.); (J.F.H.); (S.R.P.); (C.C.)
| | - James W. McCoy
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (P.E.Z.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Courtney Cox
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.T.P.); (W.H.B.); (J.F.H.); (S.R.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shannon L. Meeks
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.T.P.); (W.H.B.); (J.F.H.); (S.R.P.); (C.C.)
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24
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Covington ML, Cone-Sullivan JK, Andrzejewski C, Lu W, Thomasson RR, O'Brien K, Brunker PAR, Stowell SR. Unmasking delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions in patients with sickle-cell disease: Challenges and opportunities for improvement. Transfusion 2022; 62:1662-1670. [PMID: 35778994 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mischa L Covington
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jensyn K Cone-Sullivan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chester Andrzejewski
- Transfusion Medicine Service, Baystate Medical Center, Baystate Health, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reggie R Thomasson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerry O'Brien
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia A R Brunker
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Patel SR, Lundgren TS, Baldwin WH, Cox C, Parker ET, Healey JF, Jajosky RP, Zerra PE, Josephson CD, Doering CB, Stowell SR, Meeks SL. Neutralizing Antibodies Against Factor VIII Can Occur Through a Non-Germinal Center Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880829. [PMID: 35634288 PMCID: PMC9132091 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity to factor VIII (FVIII) represents a significant challenge for the treatment of patients with hemophilia A. Current paradigms indicate that neutralizing antibodies against FVIII (inhibitors) occur through a classical CD4 T cell, germinal center (GC) dependent process. However, clinical observations suggest that the nature of the immune response to FVIII may differ between patients. While some patients produce persistent low or high inhibitor titers, others generate a transient response. Moreover, FVIII reactive memory B cells are only detectable in some patients with sustained inhibitor titers. The determinants regulating the type of immune response a patient develops, let alone how the immune response differs in these patients remains incompletely understood. One hypothesis is that polymorphisms within immunoregulatory genes alter the underlying immune response to FVIII, and thereby the inhibitor response. Consistent with this, studies report that inhibitor titers to FVIII differ in animals with the same F8 pathogenic variant but completely distinct backgrounds; though, how these genetic disparities affect the immune response to FVIII remains to be investigated. Given this, we sought to mechanistically dissect how genetics impact the underlying immune response to FVIII. In particular, as the risk of producing inhibitors is weakly associated with differences in HLA, we hypothesized that genetic factors other than HLA influence the immune response to FVIII and downstream inhibitor formation. Our data demonstrate that FVIII deficient mice encoding the same MHC and F8 variant produce disparate inhibitor titers, and that the type of inhibitor response formed associates with the ability to generate GCs. Interestingly, the formation of antibodies through a GC or non-GC pathway does not appear to be due to differences in CD4 T cell immunity, as the CD4 T cell response to an immunodominant epitope in FVIII was similar in these mice. These results indicate that genetics can impact the process by which inhibitors develop and may in part explain the apparent propensity of patients to form distinct inhibitor responses. Moreover, these data highlight an underappreciated immunological pathway of humoral immunity to FVIII and lay the groundwork for identification of biomarkers for the development of approaches to tolerize against FVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema R Patel
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Taran S Lundgren
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wallace Hunter Baldwin
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Courtney Cox
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ernest T Parker
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John F Healey
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ryan P Jajosky
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patricia E Zerra
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher B Doering
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shannon L Meeks
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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26
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Arthur CM, Patel SR, Sharma A, Zerra PE, Chonat S, Jajosky RP, Fasano RM, Patel R, Bennett A, Zhou X, Luckey CJ, Hudson KE, Eisenbarth SC, Josephson CD, Roback JD, Hendrickson JE, Stowell SR. Clodronate inhibits alloimmunization against distinct red blood cell alloantigens in mice. Transfusion 2022; 62:948-953. [PMID: 35470900 PMCID: PMC9491148 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloimmunization can be a significant barrier to red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. While alloantigen matching protocols hold promise in reducing alloantibody formation, transfusion-dependent patients can still experience RBC alloimmunization and associated complications even when matching protocols are employed. As a result, complementary strategies capable of actively preventing alloantibody formation following alloantigen exposure are warranted. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We examined whether pharmacological removal of macrophages using clodronate may provide an additional strategy to actively inhibit RBC alloimmunization using two preclinical models of RBC alloimmunization. To accomplish this, mice were treated with clodronate, followed by transfusion of RBCs expressing the HOD (HEL, OVA, and Duffy) or KEL antigens. On days 5 and 14 post transfusion, anti-HOD or anti-KEL IgM and IgG antibodies were evaluated. RESULTS Low dose clodronate effectively eliminated key marginal zone macrophage populations from the marginal sinus. Prior treatment with clodronate, but not empty liposomes, also significantly inhibited IgM and IgG anti-HOD alloantibody formation following transfusion of HOD RBCs. Similar exposure to clodronate inhibited IgM and IgG antibody formation following KEL RBC transfusion. CONCLUSIONS Clodronate can inhibit anti-HOD and anti-KEL antibody formation following RBC transfusion in preclinical models. These results suggest that clodronate may provide an alternative approach to actively inhibit or prevent the development of alloantibodies following RBC transfusion, although future studies will certainly be needed to fully explore this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Arthur
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seema R Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Asish Sharma
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia E Zerra
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Satheesh Chonat
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ryan P Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ross M Fasano
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | | | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John D Roback
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Blenda AV, Kamili NA, Wu SC, Abel WF, Ayona D, Gerner-Smidt C, Ho AD, Benian GM, Cummings RD, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. Galectin-9 recognizes and exhibits antimicrobial activity toward microbes expressing blood group-like antigens. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101704. [PMID: 35148986 PMCID: PMC9019251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While adaptive immunity recognizes a nearly infinite range of antigenic determinants, immune tolerance renders adaptive immunity vulnerable to microbes decorated in self-like antigens. Recent studies suggest that sugar-binding proteins galectin-4 and galectin-8 bind microbes expressing blood group antigens. However, the binding profile and potential antimicrobial activity of other galectins, particularly galectin-9 (Gal-9), has remained incompletely defined. Here, we demonstrate that while Gal-9 possesses strong binding preference for ABO(H) blood group antigens, each domain exhibits distinct binding patterns, with the C-terminal domain (Gal-9C) exhibiting higher binding to blood group B than the N-terminal domain (Gal-9N). Despite this binding preference, Gal-9 readily killed blood group B–positive Escherichia coli, whereas Gal-9N displayed higher killing activity against this microbe than Gal-9C. Utilization of microarrays populated with blood group O antigens from a diverse array of microbes revealed that Gal-9 can bind various microbial glycans, whereas Gal-9N and Gal-9C displayed distinct and overlapping binding preferences. Flow cytometric examination of intact microbes corroborated the microbial glycan microarray findings, demonstrating that Gal-9, Gal-9N, and Gal-9C also possess the capacity to recognize distinct strains of Providencia alcalifaciens and Klebsiella pneumoniae that express mammalian blood group–like antigens while failing to bind related strains that do not express mammalian-like glycans. In each case of microbial binding, Gal-9, Gal-9N, and Gal-9C induced microbial death. In contrast, while Gal-9, Gal-9N, and Gal-9C engaged red blood cells, each failed to induce hemolysis. These data suggest that Gal-9 recognition of distinct microbial strains may provide antimicrobial activity against molecular mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Blenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, South Carolina, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nourine A Kamili
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William F Abel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Diyoly Ayona
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Gerner-Smidt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alex D Ho
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guy M Benian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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28
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Soldatenko A, Hoyt LR, Xu L, Calabro S, Lewis SM, Gallman AE, Hudson KE, Stowell SR, Luckey CJ, Zimring JC, Liu D, Santhanakrishnan M, Hendrickson JE, Eisenbarth SC. Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Transfused Allogeneic RBCs in Mice Requires MyD88. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:991-997. [PMID: 35039331 PMCID: PMC10107373 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RBC transfusion therapy is essential for the treatment of anemia. A serious complication of transfusion is the development of non-ABO alloantibodies to polymorphic RBC Ags; yet, mechanisms of alloantibody formation remain unclear. Storage of mouse RBCs before transfusion increases RBC immunogenicity through an unknown mechanism. We previously reported that sterile, stored mouse RBCs activate splenic dendritic cells (DCs), which are required for alloimmunization. Here we transfused mice with allogeneic RBCs to test whether stored RBCs activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on recipient DCs to induce adaptive immunity. TLRs are a class of PRRs that regulate DC activation, which signal through two adapter molecules: MyD88 and TRIF. We show that the inflammatory cytokine response, DC activation and migration, and the subsequent alloantibody response to transfused RBCs require MyD88 but not TRIF, suggesting that a restricted set of PRRs are responsible for sensing RBCs and triggering alloimmunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Soldatenko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Laura R Hoyt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Samuele Calabro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Steven M Lewis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Antonia E Gallman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Chance J Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Manjula Santhanakrishnan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Kamili NA, Paul A, Wu SC, Dias-Baruffi M, Cummings RD, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. Evaluation of the Bactericidal Activity of Galectins. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2442:517-531. [PMID: 35320543 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2055-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over a century ago, Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood group antigens could predict the immunological outcome of red blood cell transfusion. While the discovery of ABO(H) blood group antigens revolutionized transfusion medicine, many questions remain regarding the development and regulation of naturally occurring anti-blood group antibody formation. Early studies suggested that blood group antibodies develop following stimulation by bacteria that express blood group antigens. While this may explain the development of anti-blood group antibodies in blood group-negative individuals, how blood group-positive individuals protect themselves against blood group-positive microbes remained unknown. Recent studies suggest that several members of the galectin family specifically target blood group-positive microbes, thereby providing innate immune protection against blood group antigen-positive microbes regardless of the blood group status of an individual. Importantly, subsequent studies suggest that this unique form of immunity may not be limited to blood group expressing microbes, but may reflect a more generalized form of innate immunity against molecular mimicry. As this form of antimicrobial activity represents a unique and unprecedented form of immunity, we will examine important considerations and methodological approaches that can be used when seeking to ascertain the potential antimicrobial activity of various members of the galectin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourine A Kamili
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anu Paul
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicological and Bromatological, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Leppänen A, Arthur CM, Stowell SR, Cummings RD. Examination of Whole-Cell Galectin Binding by Solid Phase and Flow Cytometric Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2442:187-203. [PMID: 35320527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2055-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have utilized simple flow cytometric and fluorescence-based solid phase assays to study the interaction of glycan binding proteins (GBP) to cell surface glycoconjugates. These methods utilize commonly employed flow cytometry techniques and commercially available streptavidin-coated microplates to immobilize various biotinylated ligands, such as glycopeptides, oligosaccharides, and whole cells. Using this approach, fluorescently labeled GBPs, in particular, members of the galectin family, can be interrogated for potential interactions with cell surface carbohydrates, including elucidation of the potential impact of alterations in glycosylation on carbohydrate recognition. Using these approaches, we present examples of flow cytometric and fluorescence-based solid phase assays to study galectin-carbohydrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Lee ES, Hendrickson JE, Tormey CA. RBC alloimmunization and daratumumab: Are efforts to eliminate interferences and prevent new antibodies necessary? Transfusion 2021; 61:3283-3285. [PMID: 34767268 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher A Tormey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Wu SC, Ho AD, Kamili NA, Wang J, Murdock KL, Cummings RD, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. Full-Length Galectin-3 Is Required for High Affinity Microbial Interactions and Antimicrobial Activity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:731026. [PMID: 34690972 PMCID: PMC8531552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.731026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While adaptive immunity enables the recognition of a wide range of microbial antigens, immunological tolerance limits reactively toward self to reduce autoimmunity. Some bacteria decorate themselves with self-like antigens as a form of molecular mimicry to limit recognition by adaptive immunity. Recent studies suggest that galectin-4 (Gal-4) and galectin-8 (Gal-8) may provide a unique form of innate immunity against molecular mimicry by specifically targeting microbes that decorate themselves in self-like antigens. However, the binding specificity and antimicrobial activity of many human galectins remain incompletely explored. In this study, we defined the binding specificity of galectin-3 (Gal-3), the first galectin shown to engage microbial glycans. Gal-3 exhibited high binding toward mammalian blood group A, B, and αGal antigens in a glycan microarray format. In the absence of the N-terminal domain, the C-terminal domain of Gal-3 (Gal-3C) alone exhibited a similar overall binding pattern, but failed to display the same level of binding for glycans over a range of concentrations. Similar to the recognition of mammalian glycans, Gal-3 and Gal-3C also specifically engaged distinct microbial glycans isolated and printed in a microarray format, with Gal-3 exhibiting higher binding at lower concentrations toward microbial glycans than Gal-3C. Importantly, Gal-3 and Gal-3C interactions on the microbial microarray accurately predicted actual interactions toward intact microbes, with Gal-3 and Gal-3C displaying carbohydrate-dependent binding toward distinct strains of Providentia alcalifaciens and Klebsiella pneumoniae that express mammalian-like antigens, while failing to recognize similar strains that express unrelated antigens. While both Gal-3 and Gal-3C recognized specific strains of P. alcalifaciens and K. pneumoniae, only Gal-3 was able to exhibit antimicrobial activity even when evaluated at higher concentrations. These results demonstrate that while Gal-3 and Gal-3C specifically engage distinct mammalian and microbial glycans, Gal-3C alone does not possess antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alex D Ho
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nourine A Kamili
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kaleb L Murdock
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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33
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"Allo" from the (marginal) zone. Blood 2021; 138:595-596. [PMID: 34436531 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ejaz K, Roback JD, Stowell SR, Sullivan HC. Daratumumab: Beyond Multiple Myeloma. Transfus Med Rev 2021; 35:36-43. [PMID: 34312046 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Daratumumab (DARA) is the biological name of an Immunoglobulin G1k human monoclonal antibody. DARA the first-in-class therapy targeting CD38 expressing- plasma cells (PC) and plasma blasts. It has been approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma. It is also being examined in the setting of other hematologic malignancies. As DARA targets PCs, it could potentially be used to treat many other disease processes that are antibody mediated. In fact, several case reports and case series report experiences of using DARA to treat a variety of antibody-mediated disorderss. The aim of this review is to present a summary of the literature thus far regarding the application of DARA beyond its uses in multiple myeloma and other hematologic diseases. Specifically, we address uses of DARA as an immunologic modulator in various antibody mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Ejaz
- Department of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John D Roback
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Harold C Sullivan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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35
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Escamilla-Rivera V, Santhanakrishnan M, Liu J, Gibb DR, Forsmo JE, Foxman EF, Eisenbarth SC, Luckey CJ, Zimring JC, Hudson KE, Stowell SR, Hendrickson JE. Complement Plays a Critical Role in Inflammation-Induced Immunoprophylaxis Failure in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704072. [PMID: 34249009 PMCID: PMC8270673 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement impacts innate and adaptive immunity. Using a model in which the human KEL glycoprotein is expressed on murine red blood cells (RBCs), we have shown that polyclonal immunoprophylaxis (KELIg) prevents alloimmunization to transfused RBCs when a recipient is in their baseline state of heath but with immunoprophylaxis failure occurring in the presence of a viral-like stimulus. As complement can be detected on antibody coated KEL RBCs following transfusion, we hypothesized that recipient complement synergizes with viral-like inflammation to reduce immunoprophylaxis efficacy. Indeed, we found recipient C3 and C1q were critical to immunoprophylaxis failure in the setting of a viral-like stimulus, with no anti-KEL IgG alloantibodies generated in C3-/- or C1q-/- mice following KELIg treatment and KEL RBC transfusion. Differences in RBC uptake were noted in mice lacking C3, with lower consumption by splenic and peripheral blood inflammatory monocytes. Finally, no alloantibodies were detected in the setting of a viral-like stimulus following KELIg treatment and KEL RBC transfusion in mice lacking complement receptors (CR1/2-/-), narrowing key cells for immunoprophylaxis failure to those expressing these complement receptors. In-vitro studies showed complement fixed opsonized RBCs were significantly less likely to bind to B-cells from CR1/2-/- than wild type mice, potentially implicating lowered B-cell activation threshold in the presence of complement as being responsible for these findings. We thus propose a two-hit model for inflammation-induced immunoprophylaxis failure, where the first “hit” is recipient inflammation and the second “hit” is complement production/sensing. These results may have translational relevance to antigen-antibody interactions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Escamilla-Rivera
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Manjula Santhanakrishnan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - David R Gibb
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James E Forsmo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ellen F Foxman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - C John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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