1
|
Li YR, Zhou Y, Yu J, Zhu Y, Lee D, Zhu E, Li Z, Kim YJ, Zhou K, Fang Y, Lyu Z, Chen Y, Tian Y, Huang J, Cen X, Husman T, Cho JM, Hsiai T, Zhou JJ, Wang P, Puliafito BR, Larson SM, Yang L. Engineering allorejection-resistant CAR-NKT cells from hematopoietic stem cells for off-the-shelf cancer immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1849-1874. [PMID: 38584391 PMCID: PMC11184334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical potential of current FDA-approved chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cell therapy is encumbered by its autologous nature, which presents notable challenges related to manufacturing complexities, heightened costs, and limitations in patient selection. Therefore, there is a growing demand for off-the-shelf universal cell therapies. In this study, we have generated universal CAR-engineered NKT (UCAR-NKT) cells by integrating iNKT TCR engineering and HLA gene editing on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), along with an ex vivo, feeder-free HSC differentiation culture. The UCAR-NKT cells are produced with high yield, purity, and robustness, and they display a stable HLA-ablated phenotype that enables resistance to host cell-mediated allorejection. These UCAR-NKT cells exhibit potent antitumor efficacy to blood cancers and solid tumors, both in vitro and in vivo, employing a multifaceted array of tumor-targeting mechanisms. These cells are further capable of altering the tumor microenvironment by selectively depleting immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In addition, UCAR-NKT cells demonstrate a favorable safety profile with low risks of graft-versus-host disease and cytokine release syndrome. Collectively, these preclinical studies underscore the feasibility and significant therapeutic potential of UCAR-NKT cell products and lay a foundation for their translational and clinical development.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Animals
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Mice
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Gene Editing
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiaji Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Derek Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Enbo Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kuangyi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zibai Lyu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yanxin Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinjian Cen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tiffany Husman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jae Min Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tzung Hsiai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jin J Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Benjamin R Puliafito
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sarah M Larson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martín-Antonio B, Blanco B, González-Murillo Á, Hidalgo L, Minguillón J, Pérez-Chacón G. Newer generations of multi-target CAR and STAb-T immunotherapeutics: NEXT CART Consortium as a cooperative effort to overcome current limitations. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1386856. [PMID: 38779672 PMCID: PMC11109416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1386856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cellular immunotherapies have emerged as relevant approaches for treating cancer patients who have relapsed or become refractory (R/R) to traditional cancer treatments. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has improved survival in various hematological malignancies. However, significant limitations still impede the widespread adoption of these therapies in most cancers. To advance in this field, six research groups have created the "NEXT Generation CART MAD Consortium" (NEXT CART) in Madrid's Community, which aims to develop novel cell-based immunotherapies for R/R and poor prognosis cancers. At NEXT CART, various basic and translational research groups and hospitals in Madrid concur to share and synergize their basic expertise in immunotherapy, gene therapy, and immunological synapse, and clinical expertise in pediatric and adult oncology. NEXT CART goal is to develop new cell engineering approaches and treatments for R/R adult and pediatric neoplasms to evaluate in multicenter clinical trials. Here, we discuss the current limitations of T cell-based therapies and introduce our perspective on future developments. Advancement opportunities include developing allogeneic products, optimizing CAR signaling domains, combining cellular immunotherapies, multi-targeting strategies, and improving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)/T cell receptor (TCR) therapy. Furthermore, basic studies aim to identify novel tumor targets, tumor molecules in the tumor microenvironment that impact CAR efficacy, and strategies to enhance the efficiency of the immunological synapse between immune and tumor cells. Our perspective of current cellular immunotherapy underscores the potential of these treatments while acknowledging the existing hurdles that demand innovative solutions to develop their potential for cancer treatment fully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martín-Antonio
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Blanco
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - África González-Murillo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Advanced Therapies Unit, Fundación Investigación Biomédica Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Hidalgo
- Cellular Biotechnology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Minguillón
- La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Hospital Universitario La Paz. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Pérez-Chacón
- Immunity, Immunopathology and Emergent Therapies Group. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Sols-Morreale. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Sun S, Zhang W, Liang Z, Fang Y, Sun T, Wan Y, Ma X, Zhang S, Xu Y, Tian R. Identification of genetic modifiers enhancing B7-H3-targeting CAR T cell therapy against glioblastoma through large-scale CRISPRi screening. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:95. [PMID: 38561797 PMCID: PMC10986136 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Current treatment options are limited and often ineffective. CAR T cell therapy has shown success in treating hematologic malignancies, and there is growing interest in its potential application in solid tumors, including GBM. However, current CAR T therapy lacks clinical efficacy against GBM due to tumor-related resistance mechanisms and CAR T cell deficiencies. Therefore, there is a need to improve CAR T cell therapy efficacy in GBM. METHODS We conducted large-scale CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screens in GBM cell line U87 MG cells co-cultured with B7-H3 targeting CAR T cells to identify genetic modifiers that can enhance CAR T cell-mediated tumor killing. Flow cytometry-based tumor killing assay and CAR T cell activation assay were performed to validate screening hits. Bioinformatic analyses on bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data and the TCGA database were employed to elucidate the mechanism underlying enhanced CAR T efficacy upon knocking down the selected screening hits in U87 MG cells. RESULTS We established B7-H3 as a targetable antigen for CAR T therapy in GBM. Through large-scale CRISPRi screening, we discovered genetic modifiers in GBM cells, including ARPC4, PI4KA, ATP6V1A, UBA1, and NDUFV1, that regulated the efficacy of CAR T cell-mediated tumor killing. Furthermore, we discovered that TNFSF15 was upregulated in both ARPC4 and NDUFV1 knockdown GBM cells and revealed an immunostimulatory role of TNFSF15 in modulating tumor-CAR T interaction to enhance CAR T cell efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the power of CRISPR-based genetic screening in investigating tumor-CAR T interaction and identifies potential druggable targets in tumor cells that confer resistance to CAR T cell killing. Furthermore, we devised targeted strategies that synergize with CAR T therapy against GBM. These findings shed light on the development of novel combinatorial strategies for effective immunotherapy of GBM and other solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
| | - Shiyu Sun
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
| | - Wansong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
| | - Ziwei Liang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
| | - Yitong Fang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
| | - Tianhu Sun
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
| | - Xingcong Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China.
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China.
| | - Ruilin Tian
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China.
- Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh RK, Jones RJ, Shirazi F, Qin L, Zou J, Hong S, Wang H, Lee HC, Patel KK, Wan J, Choudhary RK, Kuiatse I, Pahl A, Orlowski RZ. Novel Anti-B-cell Maturation Antigen Alpha-Amanitin Antibody-drug Conjugate HDP-101 Shows Superior Activity to Belantamab Mafodotin and Enhanced Efficacy in Deletion 17p Myeloma Models. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3843028. [PMID: 38260385 PMCID: PMC10802748 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3843028/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) plays a pathobiologic role in myeloma and is a validated target with five BCMA-specific therapeutics having been approved for relapsed/refractory disease. However, these drugs are not curative, and responses are inferior in patients with molecularly-defined high-risk disease, including those with deletion 17p (del17p) involving the tumor suppressor TP53, supporting the need for further drug development. Del17p has been associated with reduced copy number and gene expression of RNA polymerase II subunit alpha (POLR2A) in other tumor types. We therefore studied the possibility that HDP-101, an anti-BCMA antibody drug conjugate (ADC) with the POLR2A poison α-amanitin could be an attractive agent in myeloma, especially with del17p. HDP-101 reduced viability in myeloma cell lines representing different molecular disease subtypes, and overcame adhesion-mediated and both conventional and novel drug resistance. After confirming that del17p is associated with reduced POLR2A levels in publicly available myeloma patient databases, we engineered TP53 wild-type cells with a TP53 knockout (KO), POLR2A knockdown (KD), or both, the latter to mimic del17p. HDP-101 showed potent anti-myeloma activity against all tested cell lines, and exerted enhanced efficacy against POLR2A KD and dual TP53 KO/POLR2A KD cells. Mechanistic studies showed HDP-101 up-regulated the unfolded protein response, activated apoptosis, and induced immunogenic cell death. Notably, HDP-101 impacted CD138-positive but not-negative primary cells, showed potent efficacy against aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive clonogenic cells, and eradicated myeloma in an in vivo cell line-derived xenograft (CDX). Interestingly, in the CDX model, prior treatment with HDP-101 precluded subsequent engraftment on tumor cell line rechallenge in a manner that appeared to be dependent in part on natural killer cells and macrophages. Finally, HDP-101 was superior to the BCMA-targeted ADC belantamab mafodotin against cell lines and primary myeloma cells in vitro, and in an in vivo CDX. Together, the data support the rationale for translation of HDP-101 to the clinic, where it is now undergoing Phase I trials, and suggest that it could emerge as a more potent ADC for myeloma with especially interesting activity against the high-risk del17p myeloma subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Qin
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Jianxuan Zou
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Samuel Hong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Hua Wang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Hans C Lee
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | - Jie Wan
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pun FW, Ozerov IV, Zhavoronkov A. AI-powered therapeutic target discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:561-572. [PMID: 37479540 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Disease modeling and target identification are the most crucial initial steps in drug discovery, and influence the probability of success at every step of drug development. Traditional target identification is a time-consuming process that takes years to decades and usually starts in an academic setting. Given its advantages of analyzing large datasets and intricate biological networks, artificial intelligence (AI) is playing a growing role in modern drug target identification. We review recent advances in target discovery, focusing on breakthroughs in AI-driven therapeutic target exploration. We also discuss the importance of striking a balance between novelty and confidence in target selection. An increasing number of AI-identified targets are being validated through experiments and several AI-derived drugs are entering clinical trials; we highlight current limitations and potential pathways for moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Pun
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ivan V Ozerov
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong; Insilico Medicine MENA, 6F IRENA Building, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kilgour MK, Bastin DJ, Lee SH, Ardolino M, McComb S, Visram A. Advancements in CAR-NK therapy: lessons to be learned from CAR-T therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166038. [PMID: 37205115 PMCID: PMC10187144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in chimeric antigen receptor engineered T-cell (CAR-T) therapy have revolutionized treatment for several cancer types over the past decade. Despite this success, obstacles including the high price tag, manufacturing complexity, and treatment-associated toxicities have limited the broad application of this therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor engineered natural killer cell (CAR-NK) therapy offers a potential opportunity for a simpler and more affordable "off-the-shelf" treatment, likely with fewer toxicities. Unlike CAR-T, CAR-NK therapies are still in early development, with few clinical trials yet reported. Given the challenges experienced through the development of CAR-T therapies, this review explores what lessons we can apply to build better CAR-NK therapies. In particular, we explore the importance of optimizing the immunochemical properties of the CAR construct, understanding factors leading to cell product persistence, enhancing trafficking of transferred cells to the tumor, ensuring the metabolic fitness of the transferred product, and strategies to avoid tumor escape through antigen loss. We also review trogocytosis, an important emerging challenge that likely equally applies to CAR-T and CAR-NK cells. Finally, we discuss how these limitations are already being addressed in CAR-NK therapies, and what future directions may be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K. Kilgour
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Scott McComb
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alissa Visram
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kuehnle N, Osborne SM, Liang Z, Manzano M, Gottwein E. CRISPR screens identify novel regulators of cFLIP dependency and ligand-independent, TRAIL-R1-mediated cell death. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1221-1234. [PMID: 36801923 PMCID: PMC10154404 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). PEL cell lines require expression of the cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (cFLIP) for survival, although KSHV encodes a viral homolog of this protein (vFLIP). Cellular and viral FLIP proteins have several functions, including, most importantly, the inhibition of pro-apoptotic caspase 8 and modulation of NF-κB signaling. To investigate the essential role of cFLIP and its potential redundancy with vFLIP in PEL cells, we first performed rescue experiments with human or viral FLIP proteins known to affect FLIP target pathways differently. The long and short isoforms of cFLIP and molluscum contagiosum virus MC159L, which are all strong caspase 8 inhibitors, efficiently rescued the loss of endogenous cFLIP activity in PEL cells. KSHV vFLIP was unable to fully rescue the loss of endogenous cFLIP and is therefore functionally distinct. Next, we employed genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 synthetic rescue screens to identify loss of function perturbations that can compensate for cFLIP knockout. Results from these screens and our validation experiments implicate the canonical cFLIP target caspase 8 and TRAIL receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1 or TNFRSF10A) in promoting constitutive death signaling in PEL cells. However, this process was independent of TRAIL receptor 2 or TRAIL, the latter of which is not detectable in PEL cell cultures. The requirement for cFLIP is also overcome by inactivation of the ER/Golgi resident chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan synthesis and UFMylation pathways, Jagunal homolog 1 (JAGN1) or CXCR4. UFMylation and JAGN1, but not chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan synthesis or CXCR4, contribute to TRAIL-R1 expression. In sum, our work shows that cFLIP is required in PEL cells to inhibit ligand-independent TRAIL-R1 cell death signaling downstream of a complex set of ER/Golgi-associated processes that have not previously been implicated in cFLIP or TRAIL-R1 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Kuehnle
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 6-735, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Scout Mask Osborne
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 6-735, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ziyan Liang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 6-735, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mark Manzano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Eva Gottwein
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 6-735, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ray U, Orlowski RZ. Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Multiple Myeloma: Just the Beginning, or the Beginning of the End? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040590. [PMID: 37111346 PMCID: PMC10145905 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells that is now often treated in the newly diagnosed and relapsed and/or refractory settings with monoclonal antibodies targeting lineage-specific markers used either alone or in rationally designed combination regimens. Among these are the anti-CD38 antibodies daratumumab and isatuximab, and the anti-Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 7 antibody elotuzumab, all of which are used in their unconjugated formats. Single-chain variable fragments from antibodies also form a key element of the chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in the B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted CAR T-cell products idecabtagene vicleucel and ciltacabtagene autoleucel, which are approved in the advanced setting. Most recently, the bispecific anti-BCMA and T-cell-engaging antibody teclistamab has become available, again for patients with relapsed/refractory disease. Another format into which antibodies can be converted to exert anti-tumor efficacy is as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and belantamab mafodotin, which also targets BCMA, represented the first such agent that gained a foothold in myeloma. Negative results from a recent Phase III study have prompted the initiation of a process for withdrawal of its marketing authorization. However, belantamab remains a drug with some promise, and many other ADCs targeting either BCMA or other plasma cell surface markers are in development and showing potential. This contribution will provide an overview of some of the current data supporting the possibility that ADCs will remain a part of our chemotherapeutic armamentarium against myeloma moving forward, and also highlight areas for future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Ray
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Robert Z Orlowski
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 429, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maity S, Mukherjee R, Banerjee S. Recent Advances and Therapeutic Strategies Using CRISPR Genome Editing Technique for the Treatment of Cancer. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:206-226. [PMID: 35999480 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR genome editing technique has the potential to target cancer cells in a precise manner. The latest advancements have helped to address one of the prominent concerns about this strategy which is the off-target integrations observed with dsDNA and have resulted in more studies being carried out for potentially safer and more targeted gene therapy, so as to make it available for the clinical trials in order to effectively treat cancer. CRISPR screens offer great potential for the high throughput investigation of the gene functionality in various tumors. It extends its capability to identify the tumor growth essential genes, therapeutic resistant genes, and immunotherapeutic responses. CRISPR screens are mostly performed in in vitro models, but latest advancements focus on developing in vivo models to view cancer progression in animal models. It also allows the detection of factors responsible for tumorigenesis. In CRISPR screens key parameters are optimized in order to meet proficient gene targeting efficiencies. It also detects various molecular effectors required for gene regulation in different cancers, essential pathways which modulate cytotoxicity to immunotherapy in cancer cells, important genes which contribute to cancer cell survival in hypoxic states and modulate cancer long non-coding RNAs. The current review focuses on the recent developments in the therapeutic application of CRISPR technology for cancer therapy. Furthermore, the associated challenges and safety concerns along with the various strategies that can be implemented to overcome these drawbacks has been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Maity
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rishyani Mukherjee
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Satarupa Banerjee
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Trezise S, Kong IY, Hawkins ED, Herold MJ, Willis SN, Nutt SL. An arrayed CRISPR screen of primary B cells reveals the essential elements of the antibody secretion pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1089243. [PMID: 36860866 PMCID: PMC9969136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1089243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Humoral immunity depends on the differentiation of B cells into antibody secreting cells (ASCs). Excess or inappropriate ASC differentiation can lead to antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, while impaired differentiation results in immunodeficiency. Methods We have used CRISPR/Cas9 technology in primary B cells to screen for regulators of terminal differentiation and antibody production. Results We identified several new positive (Sec61a1, Hspa5) and negative (Arhgef18, Pold1, Pax5, Ets1) regulators that impacted on the differentiation process. Other genes limited the proliferative capacity of activated B cells (Sumo2, Vcp, Selk). The largest number of genes identified in this screen (35) were required for antibody secretion. These included genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation and the unfolded protein response, as well as post-translational protein modifications. Discussion The genes identified in this study represent weak links in the antibody-secretion pathway that are potential drug targets for antibody-mediated diseases, as well as candidates for genes whose mutation results in primary immune deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Trezise
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Isabella Y Kong
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon N Willis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Integration of CRISPR/Cas9 with artificial intelligence for improved cancer therapeutics. J Transl Med 2022; 20:534. [PMID: 36401282 PMCID: PMC9673220 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing has great potential in treating diseases caused by well-characterized molecular alterations. The introduction of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)–based gene-editing tools has substantially improved the precision and efficiency of gene editing. The CRISPR/Cas9 system offers several advantages over the existing gene-editing approaches, such as its ability to target practically any genomic sequence, enabling the rapid development and deployment of novel CRISPR-mediated knock-out/knock-in methods. CRISPR/Cas9 has been widely used to develop cancer models, validate essential genes as druggable targets, study drug-resistance mechanisms, explore gene non-coding areas, and develop biomarkers. CRISPR gene editing can create more-effective chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells that are durable, cost-effective, and more readily available. However, further research is needed to define the CRISPR/Cas9 system’s pros and cons, establish best practices, and determine social and ethical implications. This review summarizes recent CRISPR/Cas9 developments, particularly in cancer research and immunotherapy, and the potential of CRISPR/Cas9-based screening in developing cancer precision medicine and engineering models for targeted cancer therapy, highlighting the existing challenges and future directions. Lastly, we highlight the role of artificial intelligence in refining the CRISPR system's on-target and off-target effects, a critical factor for the broader application in cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
|
12
|
Watson J, Ferguson HR, Brady RM, Ferguson J, Fullwood P, Mo H, Bexley KH, Knight D, Howell G, Schwartz JM, Smith MP, Francavilla C. Spatially resolved phosphoproteomics reveals fibroblast growth factor receptor recycling-driven regulation of autophagy and survival. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6589. [PMID: 36329028 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.17.427038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) endocytosis-dependent signalling drives cell proliferation and motility during development and adult homeostasis, but is dysregulated in diseases, including cancer. The recruitment of RTK signalling partners during endocytosis, specifically during recycling to the plasma membrane, is still unknown. Focusing on Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2b (FGFR2b) recycling, we reveal FGFR signalling partners proximal to recycling endosomes by developing a Spatially Resolved Phosphoproteomics (SRP) approach based on APEX2-driven biotinylation followed by phosphorylated peptides enrichment. Combining this with traditional phosphoproteomics, bioinformatics, and targeted assays, we uncover that FGFR2b stimulated by its recycling ligand FGF10 activates mTOR-dependent signalling and ULK1 at the recycling endosomes, leading to autophagy suppression and cell survival. This adds to the growing importance of RTK recycling in orchestrating cell fate and suggests a therapeutically targetable vulnerability in ligand-responsive cancer cells. Integrating SRP with other systems biology approaches provides a powerful tool to spatially resolve cellular signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Watson
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Harriet R Ferguson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Rosie M Brady
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Jennifer Ferguson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Fullwood
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Hanyi Mo
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Katherine H Bexley
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - David Knight
- Bio-MS Core Research Facility, FBMH, The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Gareth Howell
- Flow Cytometry Core Research Facility, FBMH, The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Smith
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK.
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, M139PT, Manchester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Witkowski MT, Lee S, Wang E, Lee AK, Talbot A, Ma C, Tsopoulidis N, Brumbaugh J, Zhao Y, Roberts KG, Hogg SJ, Nomikou S, Ghebrechristos YE, Thandapani P, Mullighan CG, Hochedlinger K, Chen W, Abdel-Wahab O, Eyquem J, Aifantis I. NUDT21 limits CD19 levels through alternative mRNA polyadenylation in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1424-1432. [PMID: 36138187 PMCID: PMC9611506 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
B cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) treatment has been revolutionized by T cell-based immunotherapies-including chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T) and the bispecific T cell engager therapeutic, blinatumomab-targeting surface glycoprotein CD19. Unfortunately, many patients with B-ALL will fail immunotherapy due to 'antigen escape'-the loss or absence of leukemic CD19 targeted by anti-leukemic T cells. In the present study, we utilized a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening approach to identify modulators of CD19 abundance on human B-ALL blasts. These studies identified a critical role for the transcriptional activator ZNF143 in CD19 promoter activation. Conversely, the RNA-binding protein, NUDT21, limited expression of CD19 by regulating CD19 messenger RNA polyadenylation and stability. NUDT21 deletion in B-ALL cells increased the expression of CD19 and the sensitivity to CD19-specific CAR-T and blinatumomab. In human B-ALL patients treated with CAR-T and blinatumomab, upregulation of NUDT21 mRNA coincided with CD19 loss at disease relapse. Together, these studies identify new CD19 modulators in human B-ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Witkowski
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
| | - Soobeom Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University (NYU), New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, USA
| | - Anna K Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexis Talbot
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos Tsopoulidis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin Brumbaugh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kathryn G Roberts
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Simon J Hogg
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sofia Nomikou
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yohana E Ghebrechristos
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Palaniraja Thandapani
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Konrad Hochedlinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Eyquem
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology and Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Espie D, Donnadieu E. New insights into CAR T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016208. [PMID: 36189315 PMCID: PMC9521365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has demonstrated striking efficacy for the treatment of several hematological malignancies, including B-cell lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. However, CAR T-cell efficacy has been very limited in most solid tumors. In this context, it is of paramount importance to understand the determinants that condition CAR T-cell success versus failure. To control tumor growth, CAR T cells need to form conjugates with their targets via the assembly of an immunological synapse. Here, we review recent advances showing that the adhesion between CAR T cells and cancer cells from solid tumors strengthens over time in an IFNγ- and ICAM-1-dependent manner, resulting in CAR T cell-mediated killing. We discuss how these findings can be exploited to increase the efficacy of the CAR T-cell strategy against solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Espie
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CAR-T Preclinical Development Department, Invectys, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Emmanuel Donnadieu,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
García-Guerrero E, Rodríguez-Lobato LG, Sierro-Martínez B, Danhof S, Bates S, Frenz S, Haertle L, Götz R, Sauer M, Rasche L, Kortüm KM, Pérez-Simón JA, Einsele H, Hudecek M, Prommersberger SR. All-trans retinoic acid works synergistically with the γ-secretase inhibitor crenigacestat to augment BCMA on multiple myeloma and the efficacy of BCMA-CAR T cells. Haematologica 2022; 108:568-580. [PMID: 36722406 PMCID: PMC9890012 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.281339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is the lead antigen for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma (MM). A challenge is inter- and intra-patient heterogeneity in BCMA expression on MM cells and BCMA downmodulation under therapeutic pressure. Accordingly, there is a desire to augment and sustain BCMA expression on MM cells in patients that receive BCMA-CAR T-cell therapy. We used all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to augment BCMA expression on MM cells and to increase the efficacy of BCMA-CAR T cells in pre-clinical models. We show that ATRA treatment leads to an increase in BCMA transcripts by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and an increase in BCMA protein expression by flow cytometry in MM cell lines and primary MM cells. Analyses with super-resolution microscopy confirmed increased BCMA protein expression and revealed an even distribution of non-clustered BCMA molecules on the MM cell membrane after ATRA treatment. The enhanced BCMA expression on MM cells after ATRA treatment led to enhanced cytolysis, cytokine secretion and proliferation of BCMA-CAR T cells in vitro, and increased efficacy of BCMA-CAR T-cell therapy in a murine xenograft model of MM in vivo (NSG/MM.1S). Combination treatment of MM cells with ATRA and the γ- secretase inhibitor crenigacestat further enhanced BCMA expression and the efficacy of BCMA-CAR T-cell therapy in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, the data show that ATRA treatment leads to enhanced BCMA expression on MM cells and consecutively, enhanced reactivity of BCMA-CAR T cells. The data support the clinical evaluation of ATRA in combination with BCMA-CAR T-cell therapy and potentially, other BCMA-directed immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía García-Guerrero
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis G. Rodríguez-Lobato
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Amyloidosis and Multiple Myeloma Unit, Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Sierro-Martínez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sophia Danhof
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Bates
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Frenz
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Haertle
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Götz
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie und Biophysik, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie und Biophysik, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leo Rasche
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - K. Martin Kortüm
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jose A. Pérez-Simón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hudecek
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina R. Prommersberger
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II and Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,S. Prommersberger
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ferguson ID, Lin YHT, Lam C, Shao H, Tharp KM, Hale M, Kasap C, Mariano MC, Kishishita A, Patiño Escobar B, Mandal K, Steri V, Wang D, Phojanakong P, Tuomivaara ST, Hann B, Driessen C, Van Ness B, Gestwicki JE, Wiita AP. Allosteric HSP70 inhibitors perturb mitochondrial proteostasis and overcome proteasome inhibitor resistance in multiple myeloma. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1288-1302.e7. [PMID: 35853457 PMCID: PMC9434701 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitor (PI) resistance remains a central challenge in multiple myeloma. To identify pathways mediating resistance, we first mapped proteasome-associated genetic co-dependencies. We identified heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) chaperones as potential targets, consistent with proposed mechanisms of myeloma cells overcoming PI-induced stress. We therefore explored allosteric HSP70 inhibitors (JG compounds) as myeloma therapeutics. JG compounds exhibited increased efficacy against acquired and intrinsic PI-resistant myeloma models, unlike HSP90 inhibition. Shotgun and pulsed SILAC mass spectrometry demonstrated that JGs unexpectedly impact myeloma proteostasis by destabilizing the 55S mitoribosome. Our data suggest JGs have the most pronounced anti-myeloma effect not through inhibiting cytosolic HSP70 proteins but instead through mitochondrial-localized HSP70, HSPA9/mortalin. Analysis of myeloma patient data further supports strong effects of global proteostasis capacity, and particularly HSPA9 expression, on PI response. Our results characterize myeloma proteostasis networks under therapeutic pressure while motivating further investigation of HSPA9 as a specific vulnerability in PI-resistant disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Ferguson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Yu-Hsiu T Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Christine Lam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Hao Shao
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevin M Tharp
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Martina Hale
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Corynn Kasap
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology or Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Margarette C Mariano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Audrey Kishishita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA; Graduate Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bonell Patiño Escobar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Kamal Mandal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Veronica Steri
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Donghui Wang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Paul Phojanakong
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sami T Tuomivaara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Byron Hann
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christoph Driessen
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Brian Van Ness
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Arun P Wiita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dräger NM, Sattler SM, Huang CTL, Teter OM, Leng K, Hashemi SH, Hong J, Aviles G, Clelland CD, Zhan L, Udeochu JC, Kodama L, Singleton AB, Nalls MA, Ichida J, Ward ME, Faghri F, Gan L, Kampmann M. A CRISPRi/a platform in human iPSC-derived microglia uncovers regulators of disease states. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1149-1162. [PMID: 35953545 PMCID: PMC9448678 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are emerging as key drivers of neurological diseases. However, we lack a systematic understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Here, we present a screening platform to systematically elucidate functional consequences of genetic perturbations in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia. We developed an efficient 8-day protocol for the generation of microglia-like cells based on the inducible expression of six transcription factors. We established inducible CRISPR interference and activation in this system and conducted three screens targeting the ‘druggable genome’. These screens uncovered genes controlling microglia survival, activation and phagocytosis, including neurodegeneration-associated genes. A screen with single-cell RNA sequencing as the readout revealed that these microglia adopt a spectrum of states mirroring those observed in human brains and identified regulators of these states. A disease-associated state characterized by osteopontin (SPP1) expression was selectively depleted by colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF1R) inhibition. Thus, our platform can systematically uncover regulators of microglial states, enabling their functional characterization and therapeutic targeting. Dräger et al. establish a rapid, scalable platform for iPSC-derived microglia. CRISPRi/a screens uncover roles of disease-associated genes in phagocytosis, and regulators of disease-relevant microglial states that can be targeted pharmacologically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Dräger
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sydney M Sattler
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Olivia M Teter
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kun Leng
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sayed Hadi Hashemi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jason Hong
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Aviles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claire D Clelland
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lihong Zhan
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joe C Udeochu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lay Kodama
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Data Tecnica International, LLC, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Justin Ichida
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael E Ward
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Data Tecnica International, LLC, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Li Gan
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ancos-Pintado R, Bragado-García I, Morales ML, García-Vicente R, Arroyo-Barea A, Rodríguez-García A, Martínez-López J, Linares M, Hernández-Sánchez M. High-Throughput CRISPR Screening in Hematological Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3612. [PMID: 35892871 PMCID: PMC9329962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR is becoming an indispensable tool in biological research, revolutionizing diverse fields of medical research and biotechnology. In the last few years, several CRISPR-based genome-targeting tools have been translated for the study of hematological neoplasms. However, there is a lack of reviews focused on the wide uses of this technology in hematology. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the main CRISPR-based approaches of high throughput screenings applied to this field. Here we explain several libraries and algorithms for analysis of CRISPR screens used in hematology, accompanied by the most relevant databases. Moreover, we focus on (1) the identification of novel modulator genes of drug resistance and efficacy, which could anticipate relapses in patients and (2) new therapeutic targets and synthetic lethal interactions. We also discuss the approaches to uncover novel biomarkers of malignant transformations and immune evasion mechanisms. We explain the current literature in the most common lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms using this tool. Then, we conclude with future directions, highlighting the importance of further gene candidate validation and the integration and harmonization of the data from CRISPR screening approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ancos-Pintado
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H12O-CNIO, CIBERONC, ES 28041 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-P.); (M.L.M.); (R.G.-V.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.-L.); (M.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ES 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.-G.); (A.A.-B.)
| | - Irene Bragado-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ES 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.-G.); (A.A.-B.)
| | - María Luz Morales
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H12O-CNIO, CIBERONC, ES 28041 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-P.); (M.L.M.); (R.G.-V.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.-L.); (M.L.)
| | - Roberto García-Vicente
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H12O-CNIO, CIBERONC, ES 28041 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-P.); (M.L.M.); (R.G.-V.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.-L.); (M.L.)
| | - Andrés Arroyo-Barea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ES 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.-G.); (A.A.-B.)
| | - Alba Rodríguez-García
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H12O-CNIO, CIBERONC, ES 28041 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-P.); (M.L.M.); (R.G.-V.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.-L.); (M.L.)
| | - Joaquín Martínez-López
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H12O-CNIO, CIBERONC, ES 28041 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-P.); (M.L.M.); (R.G.-V.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.-L.); (M.L.)
- Department of Medicine, Medicine School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ES 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Linares
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H12O-CNIO, CIBERONC, ES 28041 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-P.); (M.L.M.); (R.G.-V.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.-L.); (M.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ES 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.-G.); (A.A.-B.)
| | - María Hernández-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ES 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.-G.); (A.A.-B.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ferguson ID, Patiño-Escobar B, Tuomivaara ST, Lin YHT, Nix MA, Leung KK, Kasap C, Ramos E, Nieves Vasquez W, Talbot A, Hale M, Naik A, Kishishita A, Choudhry P, Lopez-Girona A, Miao W, Wong SW, Wolf JL, Martin TG, Shah N, Vandenberg S, Prakash S, Besse L, Driessen C, Posey AD, Mullins RD, Eyquem J, Wells JA, Wiita AP. The surfaceome of multiple myeloma cells suggests potential immunotherapeutic strategies and protein markers of drug resistance. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4121. [PMID: 35840578 PMCID: PMC9287322 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloma surface proteome (surfaceome) determines tumor interaction with the microenvironment and serves as an emerging arena for therapeutic development. Here, we use glycoprotein capture proteomics to define the myeloma surfaceome at baseline, in drug resistance, and in response to acute drug treatment. We provide a scoring system for surface antigens and identify CCR10 as a promising target in this disease expressed widely on malignant plasma cells. We engineer proof-of-principle chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells targeting CCR10 using its natural ligand CCL27. In myeloma models we identify proteins that could serve as markers of resistance to bortezomib and lenalidomide, including CD53, CD10, EVI2B, and CD33. We find that acute lenalidomide treatment increases activity of MUC1-targeting CAR-T cells through antigen upregulation. Finally, we develop a miniaturized surface proteomic protocol for profiling primary plasma cell samples with low inputs. These approaches and datasets may contribute to the biological, therapeutic, and diagnostic understanding of myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Ferguson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sami T Tuomivaara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Hsiu T Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew A Nix
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin K Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Corynn Kasap
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emilio Ramos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Nieves Vasquez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Talbot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- INSERM U976, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Martina Hale
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Akul Naik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Kishishita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priya Choudhry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Weili Miao
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sandy W Wong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Wolf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nina Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott Vandenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sonam Prakash
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lenka Besse
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Driessen
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Avery D Posey
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Justin Eyquem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute for Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arun P Wiita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Immune Checkpoint Proteins, Metabolism and Adhesion Molecules: Overlooked Determinants of CAR T-Cell Migration? Cells 2022; 11:cells11111854. [PMID: 35681548 PMCID: PMC9180731 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has demonstrated striking efficacy for the treatment of several hematological malignancies, including B-cell lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. However, many patients still do not respond to this therapy or eventually relapse after an initial remission. In most solid tumors for which CAR T-cell therapy has been tested, efficacy has been very limited. In this context, it is of paramount importance to understand the mechanisms of tumor resistance to CAR T cells. Possible factors contributing to such resistance have been identified, including inherent CAR T-cell dysfunction, the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and tumor-intrinsic factors. To control tumor growth, CAR T cells have to migrate actively enabling a productive conjugate with their targets. To date, many cells and factors contained within the tumor microenvironment have been reported to negatively control the migration of T cells and their ability to reach cancer cells. Recent evidence suggests that additional determinants, such as immune checkpoint proteins, cellular metabolism, and adhesion molecules, may modulate the motility of CAR T cells in tumors. Here, we review the potential impact of these determinants on CAR T-cell motility, and we discuss possible strategies to restore intratumoral T-cell migration with a special emphasis on approaches targeting these determinants.
Collapse
|
21
|
HDACs and the epigenetic plasticity of cancer cells: Target the complexity. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108190. [PMID: 35430294 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells must adapt to the hostile conditions of the microenvironment in terms of nutrition, space, and immune system attack. Mutations of DNA are the drivers of the tumorigenic process, but mutations must be able to hijack cellular functions to sustain the spread of mutant genomes. Transcriptional control is a key function in this context and is controlled by the rearrangement of the epigenome. Unlike genomic mutations, the epigenome of cancer cells can in principle be reversed. The discovery of the first epigenetic drugs triggered a contaminating enthusiasm. Unfortunately, the complexity of the epigenetic machinery has frustrated this enthusiasm. To develop efficient patient-oriented epigenetic therapies, we need to better understand the nature of this complexity. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding the contribution of HDACs to the maintenance of the transformed state and the rational for their selective targeting.
Collapse
|
22
|
Solayappan M, Azlan A, Khor KZ, Yik MY, Khan M, Yusoff NM, Moses EJ. Utilization of CRISPR-Mediated Tools for Studying Functional Genomics in Hematological Malignancies: An Overview on the Current Perspectives, Challenges, and Clinical Implications. Front Genet 2022; 12:767298. [PMID: 35154242 PMCID: PMC8834884 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.767298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancies (HM) are a group of neoplastic diseases that are usually heterogenous in nature due to the complex underlying genetic aberrations in which collaborating mutations enable cells to evade checkpoints that normally safeguard it against DNA damage and other disruptions of healthy cell growth. Research regarding chromosomal structural rearrangements and alterations, gene mutations, and functionality are currently being carried out to understand the genomics of these abnormalities. It is also becoming more evident that cross talk between the functional changes in transcription and proteins gives the characteristics of the disease although specific mutations may induce unique phenotypes. Functional genomics is vital in this aspect as it measures the complete genetic change in cancerous cells and seeks to integrate the dynamic changes in these networks to elucidate various cancer phenotypes. The advent of CRISPR technology has indeed provided a superfluity of benefits to mankind, as this versatile technology enables DNA editing in the genome. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a precise genome editing tool, and it has revolutionized methodologies in the field of hematology. Currently, there are various CRISPR systems that are used to perform robust site-specific gene editing to study HM. Furthermore, experimental approaches that are based on CRISPR technology have created promising tools for developing effective hematological therapeutics. Therefore, this review will focus on diverse applications of CRISPR-based gene-editing tools in HM and its potential future trajectory. Collectively, this review will demonstrate the key roles of different CRISPR systems that are being used in HM, and the literature will be a representation of a critical step toward further understanding the biology of HM and the development of potential therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maheswaran Solayappan
- Regenerative Medicine Sciences Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Adam Azlan
- Regenerative Medicine Sciences Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Emmanuel Jairaj Moses,
| | - Kang Zi Khor
- Regenerative Medicine Sciences Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mot Yee Yik
- Regenerative Medicine Sciences Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Matiullah Khan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Narazah Mohd Yusoff
- Regenerative Medicine Sciences Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Emmanuel Jairaj Moses
- Regenerative Medicine Sciences Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Emmanuel Jairaj Moses,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Domenger A, Choisy C, Baron L, Mayau V, Perthame E, Deriano L, Arnulf B, Bories JC, Dadaglio G, Demangel C. The Sec61 translocon is a therapeutic vulnerability in multiple myeloma. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14740. [PMID: 35014767 PMCID: PMC8899908 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled expansion of plasma cells in the bone marrow. While proteasome inhibitors like bortezomib efficiently halt MM progression, drug resistance inevitably develop, and novel therapeutic approaches are needed. Here, we used a recently discovered Sec61 inhibitor, mycolactone, to assess the interest of disrupting MM proteostasis via protein translocation blockade. In human MM cell lines, mycolactone caused rapid defects in secretion of immunoglobulins and expression of pro‐survival interleukin (IL)‐6 receptor and CD40, whose activation stimulates IL‐6 production. Mycolactone also triggered pro‐apoptotic endoplasmic reticulum stress responses synergizing with bortezomib for induction of MM cell death and overriding acquired resistance to the proteasome inhibitor. Notably, the mycolactone–bortezomib combination rapidly killed patient‐derived MM cells ex vivo, but not normal mononuclear cells. In immunodeficient mice engrafted with MM cells, it demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy over single drug treatments, without inducing toxic side effects. Collectively, these findings establish Sec61 blockers as novel anti‐MM agents and reveal the interest of targeting both the translocon and the proteasome in proteostasis‐addicted tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Domenger
- Unité d'Immunobiologie de l'Infection, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Choisy
- INSERM U976, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Baron
- Unité d'Immunobiologie de l'Infection, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Mayau
- Unité d'Immunobiologie de l'Infection, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Perthame
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Deriano
- Unité d'Intégrité du Génome, Immunité et Cancer, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Arnulf
- INSERM U976, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,APHP Department of Immuno-Hematology, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | | | - Gilles Dadaglio
- Unité d'Immunobiologie de l'Infection, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Demangel
- Unité d'Immunobiologie de l'Infection, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Replogle JM, Bonnar JL, Pogson AN, Liem CR, Maier NK, Ding Y, Russell BJ, Wang X, Leng K, Guna A, Norman TM, Pak RA, Ramos DM, Ward ME, Gilbert LA, Kampmann M, Weissman JS, Jost M. Maximizing CRISPRi efficacy and accessibility with dual-sgRNA libraries and optimal effectors. eLife 2022; 11:81856. [PMID: 36576240 PMCID: PMC9829409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) enables programmable, reversible, and titratable repression of gene expression (knockdown) in mammalian cells. Initial CRISPRi-mediated genetic screens have showcased the potential to address basic questions in cell biology, genetics, and biotechnology, but wider deployment of CRISPRi screening has been constrained by the large size of single guide RNA (sgRNA) libraries and challenges in generating cell models with consistent CRISPRi-mediated knockdown. Here, we present next-generation CRISPRi sgRNA libraries and effector expression constructs that enable strong and consistent knockdown across mammalian cell models. First, we combine empirical sgRNA selection with a dual-sgRNA library design to generate an ultra-compact (1-3 elements per gene), highly active CRISPRi sgRNA library. Next, we compare CRISPRi effectors to show that the recently published Zim3-dCas9 provides an excellent balance between strong on-target knockdown and minimal non-specific effects on cell growth or the transcriptome. Finally, we engineer a suite of cell lines with stable expression of Zim3-dCas9 and robust on-target knockdown. Our results and publicly available reagents establish best practices for CRISPRi genetic screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Replogle
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
| | - Jessica L Bonnar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
| | - Angela N Pogson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
| | - Christina R Liem
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Nolan K Maier
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Yufang Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Baylee J Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Xingren Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Kun Leng
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States,Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Alina Guna
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
| | - Thomas M Norman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ryan A Pak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Daniel M Ramos
- Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States,National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Michael E Ward
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Luke A Gilbert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States,Department of Urology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States,Arc InstitutePalo AltoUnited States
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Marco Jost
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cheng T, Kiser K, Grasse L, Iles L, Bartholomeusz G, Samaniego F, Orlowski RZ, Chandra J. Expression of histone deacetylase (HDAC) family members in bortezomib-refractory multiple myeloma and modulation by panobinostat. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:888-902. [PMID: 34888496 PMCID: PMC8653980 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy of antibody-producing mature B cells or plasma cells. The proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, was the first-in-class compound to be FDA approved for MM and is frequently utilized in induction therapy. However, bortezomib refractory disease is a major clinical concern, and the efficacy of the pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), panobinostat, in bortezomib refractory disease indicates that HDAC targeting is a viable strategy. Here, we utilized isogenic bortezomib resistant models to profile HDAC expression and define baseline and HDACi-induced expression patterns of individual HDAC family members in sensitive vs. resistant cells to better understanding the potential for targeting these enzymes. METHODS Gene expression of HDAC family members in two sets of isogenic bortezomib sensitive or resistant myeloma cell lines was examined. These cell lines were subsequently treated with HDAC inhibitors: panobinostat or vorinostat, and HDAC expression was evaluated. CRISPR/Cas9 knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of specific HDAC family members were conducted. RESULTS Interestingly, HDAC6 and HDAC7 were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in bortezomib-resistant cells. Panobinostat was effective at inducing cell death in these lines and modulated HDAC expression in cell lines and patient samples. Knockdown of HDAC7 inhibited cell growth while pharmacologically inhibiting HDAC6 augmented cell death by panobinostat. CONCLUSION Our data revealed heterogeneous expression of individual HDACs in bortezomib sensitive vs. resistant isogenic cell lines and patient samples treated with panobinostat. Cumulatively our findings highlight distinct roles for HDAC6 and HDAC7 in regulating cell death in the context of bortezomib resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiewei Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kendall Kiser
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Leslie Grasse
- Department of Pediatrics Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lakesla Iles
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Geoffrey Bartholomeusz
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Felipe Samaniego
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert Z Orlowski
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joya Chandra
- Department of Pediatrics Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang L, Wang Y, Xu KL. [Mechanisms and prevention strategies of relapse and resistance after BCMA-CAR-T cell in multiple myeloma]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2021; 42:778-781. [PMID: 34753237 PMCID: PMC8607042 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Y Wang
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - K L Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou 221002, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
van de Donk NWCJ, Themeli M, Usmani SZ. Determinants of response and mechanisms of resistance of CAR T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 2:302-318. [PMID: 34386775 PMCID: PMC8357299 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BCMA-specific CAR T-cells have substantial therapeutic potential in multiple myeloma (MM), but most patients eventually relapse. Determinants of response and mechanisms of resistance are most likely multifactorial and include MM-related factors, premanufacturing T-cell characteristics, CAR T-cell-related features, and several components of the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Efforts to improve the potency and safety of CAR T-cell therapy include optimizing CAR design, combinatorial approaches to enhance persistence and activity, treatment of less heavily pretreated patients, and dual-antigen targeting to prevent antigen escape. We expect that these rationally designed strategies will contribute to further improvement in the clinical outcome of MM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels W C J van de Donk
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Maria Themeli
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Saad Z Usmani
- Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Semesta KM, Tian R, Kampmann M, von Zastrow M, Tsvetanova NG. A high-throughput CRISPR interference screen for dissecting functional regulators of GPCR/cAMP signaling. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009103. [PMID: 33052901 PMCID: PMC7588078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) allow cells to respond to chemical and sensory stimuli through generation of second messengers, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP), which in turn mediate a myriad of processes, including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. In order to gain deeper insights into the complex biology and physiology of these key cellular pathways, it is critical to be able to globally map the molecular factors that shape cascade function. Yet, to this date, efforts to systematically identify regulators of GPCR/cAMP signaling have been lacking. Here, we combined genome-wide screening based on CRISPR interference with a novel sortable transcriptional reporter that provides robust readout for cAMP signaling, and carried out a functional screen for regulators of the pathway. Due to the sortable nature of the platform, we were able to assay regulators with strong and moderate phenotypes by analyzing sgRNA distribution among three fractions with distinct reporter expression. We identified 45 regulators with strong and 50 regulators with moderate phenotypes not previously known to be involved in cAMP signaling. In follow-up experiments, we validated the functional effects of seven newly discovered mediators (NUP93, PRIM1, RUVBL1, PKMYT1, TP53, SF3A2, and HRAS), and showed that they control distinct steps of the pathway. Thus, our study provides proof of principle that the screening platform can be applied successfully to identify bona fide regulators of GPCR/second messenger cascades in an unbiased and high-throughput manner, and illuminates the remarkable functional diversity among GPCR regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khairunnisa Mentari Semesta
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruilin Tian
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Chen-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Chen-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nikoleta G. Tsvetanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders are among the greatest public health challenges, as many lack disease-modifying treatments. A major reason for the absence of effective therapies is our limited understanding of the causative molecular and cellular mechanisms. Genome-wide association studies are providing a growing catalogue of disease-associated genetic variants, and the next challenge is to elucidate how these variants cause disease and to translate this understanding into therapies. This Review describes how new CRISPR-based functional genomics approaches can uncover disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets in neurological diseases. The bacterial CRISPR system can be used in experimental disease models to edit genomes and to control gene expression levels through CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa). These genetic perturbations can be implemented in massively parallel genetic screens to evaluate the functional consequences for human cells. CRISPR screens are particularly powerful in combination with induced pluripotent stem cell technology, which enables the derivation of differentiated cell types, such as neurons and glia, and brain organoids from cells obtained from patients. Modelling of disease-associated changes in gene expression via CRISPRi and CRISPRa can pinpoint causal changes. In addition, genetic modifier screens can be used to elucidate disease mechanisms and causal determinants of cell type-selective vulnerability and to identify therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|