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The IRE1α-XBP1s Arm of the Unfolded Protein Response Activates N-Glycosylation to Remodel the Subepithelial Basement Membrane in Paramyxovirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169000. [PMID: 36012265 PMCID: PMC9408905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) associated with decreased pulmonary function, asthma, and allergy. Recently, we demonstrated that RSV induces the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway via the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is a pathway controlling protein glycosylation and secretion of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Because the presence of matrix metalloproteinases and matricellular growth factors (TGF) is associated with severe LRTI, we studied the effect of RSV on ECM remodeling and found that RSV enhances the deposition of fibronectin-rich ECM by small airway epithelial cells in a manner highly dependent on the inositol requiring kinase (IRE1α)–XBP1 arm of the UPR. To understand this effect comprehensively, we applied pharmacoproteomics to understand the effect of the UPR on N-glycosylation and ECM secretion in RSV infection. We observe that RSV induces N-glycosylation and the secretion of proteins related to ECM organization, secretion, or proteins integral to plasma membranes, such as integrins, laminins, collagens, and ECM-modifying enzymes, in an IRE1α–XBP1 dependent manner. Using a murine paramyxovirus model that activates the UPR in vivo, we validate the IRE1α–XBP1-dependent secretion of ECM to alveolar space. This study extends understanding of the IRE1α–XBP1 pathway in regulating N-glycosylation coupled to structural remodeling of the epithelial basement membrane in RSV infection.
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Lopes BRP, da Silva GS, de Lima Menezes G, de Oliveira J, Watanabe ASA, Porto BN, da Silva RA, Toledo KA. Serine proteases in neutrophil extracellular traps exhibit anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 106:108573. [PMID: 35183035 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is an infectious agent in infants and young children which there are no vaccines or drugs for treatment. Neutrophils are recruited for airway, where they are stimulated by hRSV to release large amounts of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are compound by DNA and proteins, including microbicidal enzymes. They constitute a large part of the mucus accumulated in the lung of patients, compromising their breathing capacity. In contrast, NETs can capture/inactivate hRSV, but the molecules responsible for this effect are unknown. OBJECTIVES We selected microbicidal NET enzymes (elastase, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin-G, and proteinase-3) to assess their anti-hRSV role. METHODS AND RESULTS Through in vitro assays using HEp-2 cells, we observed that elastase, proteinase-3, and cathepsin-G, but not myeloperoxidase, showed virucidal effects even at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Elastase and proteinase-3, but not cathepsin-G, cleaved viral F-protein, which is responsible for viral adhesion and fusion with the target cells. Molecular docking analysis indicated the interaction of these macromolecules in the antigenic regions of F-protein through the active regions of the enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Serine proteases from NETs interact and inactive hRSV. These results contribute to the understanding the role of NETs in hRSV infection and to designing treatment strategies for the inflammatory process during respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rafael Pereira Lopes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Soares da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Lima Menezes
- Biosystems Collaborative Nucleus, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Jatai, Jatai-GO, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, Brazil; Graduate Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics - PGMAC - State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Aripuanã Sakurada Aranha Watanabe
- Virology Laboratory, Center for Microbiology Studies, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Nery Porto
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Roosevelt Alves da Silva
- Biosystems Collaborative Nucleus, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Jatai, Jatai-GO, Brazil
| | - Karina Alves Toledo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, Brazil.
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3
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Rayavara K, Kurosky A, Hosakote YM. Respiratory syncytial virus infection induces the release of transglutaminase 2 from human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L1-L12. [PMID: 34704843 PMCID: PMC8721898 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen that causes severe lower respiratory tract infections in young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised, yet no effective treatments or vaccines are available. The precise mechanism underlying RSV-induced acute airway disease and associated sequelae are not fully understood; however, early lung inflammatory and immune events are thought to play a major role in the outcome of the disease. Moreover, oxidative stress responses in the airways play a key role in the pathogenesis of RSV. Oxidative stress has been shown to elevate cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) levels, which in turn activate Ca2+-dependent enzymes, including transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Transglutaminase 2 is a multifunctional cross-linking enzyme implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions; however, its involvement in respiratory virus-induced airway inflammation is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that RSV-induced oxidative stress promotes enhanced activation and release of TG2 from human lung epithelial cells as a result of its translocation from the cytoplasm and subsequent release into the extracellular space, which was mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and NF-κB pathways. Antioxidant treatment significantly inhibited RSV-induced TG2 extracellular release and activation via blocking viral replication. Also, treatment of RSV-infected lung epithelial cells with TG2 inhibitor significantly reduced RSV-induced matrix metalloprotease activities. These results suggested that RSV-induced oxidative stress activates innate immune receptors in the airways, such as TLRs, that can activate TG2 via the NF-κB pathway to promote cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in enhanced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kempaiah Rayavara
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Alexander Kurosky
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yashoda M. Hosakote
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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4
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Liu Z, Huo JH, Dong WT, Sun GD, Li FJ, Zhang YN, Qin ZW, Pengna J, Wang WM. A Study Based on Metabolomics, Network Pharmacology, and Experimental Verification to Explore the Mechanism of Qinbaiqingfei Concentrated Pills in the treatment of Mycoplasma Pneumonia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:761883. [PMID: 34803705 PMCID: PMC8599429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.761883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Qinbaiqingfei concentrated pills (QB) are a commonly used medicine for the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in China, and the mechanism of action of QB needs to be studied further. Therefore, we use a combination of metabolomics and network pharmacology to clarify the mechanism of QB. Nontarget metabolomics studies were performed on rat serum, urine, and lung tissues, and 56 therapeutic biomarkers were found. Subsequently, the components of QB absorbed into the blood and lung tissues were clarified, and based on this finding, the core target of network pharmacology was predicted. The enrichment analysis of biomarkers–genes finally confirmed their close relationship with the NF-κB signaling pathway. By western blotting expression of the proteins in the lung tissue–related signaling pathways, it is finally confirmed that QB inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway through SIRT1, IL-10 and MMP9, CTNNB1, EGFR, and other targets. It plays a role in regulating immunity, regulating metabolism, and treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Jin-Hai Huo
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-Ting Dong
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Guo-Dong Sun
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Feng-Jin Li
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Qin
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
| | - Jiang Pengna
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wei-Ming Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China
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5
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Sarkar S, Ratho RK, Singh M, Singh MP, Singh A, Sharma M. Comparative analysis of epidemiology, clinical features and cytokine response of Respiratory Syncytial and Human Metapneumovirus infected children with acute lower respiratory infections. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:56-62. [PMID: 34193665 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Both Human Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) cause immune-mediated under-five acute respiratory infections (ARI), but differences in their disease pathogenesis, if any, are not well-known. This study was undertaken to analyze the epidemio-clinico-immunological features of RSV and hMPV infections. Naso-pharyngeal aspirates from children (aged two months to five years) with ARI presenting to our tertiary care center between December 2013 to March 2016 were subjected to real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of RSV and hMPV. Positive samples were analyzed for co-infections and levels of cytokines. Of 349 naso-pharyngeal aspirates, RSV was detected in 40.68% (142/349), hMPV in 6.59% (23/349) and both in 1.4% (5/349). Co-infections were common, rhinovirus being the commonest co-offender. The demographical and clinical parameters of RSV- and hMPV-infected children were comparable. MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was significantly higher in RSV-mediated ARI and IFN-γ in hMPV-mediated ARI. Both RSV and hMPV are common among north Indian children with ARI and coinfections are not uncommon. Their clinical features being non-discriminatory, molecular diagnosis should be utilized to ascertain their individual epidemiology. The differences in their immune-pathogenesis (MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in RSV and IFN-γ in hMPV) could serve as useful tools for developing newer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Sarkar
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
| | - Radha Kanta Ratho
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
| | - Meenu Singh
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
| | - Mini Pritam Singh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- School and Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
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Xu X, Qiao D, Dong C, Mann M, Garofalo RP, Keles S, Brasier AR. The SWI/SNF-Related, Matrix Associated, Actin-Dependent Regulator of Chromatin A4 Core Complex Represses Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Syncytia Formation and Subepithelial Myofibroblast Transition. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633654. [PMID: 33732255 PMCID: PMC7957062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics plays an important role in the priming the dynamic response of airway epithelial cells to infectious and environmental stressors. Here, we examine the epigenetic role of the SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator of Chromatin A4 (SMARCA4) in the epithelial response to RSV infection. Depletion of SMARCA4 destabilized the abundance of the SMARCE1/ARID1A SWI/SNF subunits, disrupting the innate response and triggering a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) state. Assaying SMARCA4 complex-regulated open chromatin domains by transposase cleavage -next generation sequencing (ATAC-Seq), we observed that the majority of cleavage sites in uninfected cells have reduced chromatin accessibility. Paradoxically, SMARCA4 complex-depleted cells showed enhanced RSV-inducible chromatin opening and gene expression in the EMT pathway genes, MMP9, SNAI1/2, VIM, and CDH2. Focusing on the key MMP9, we observed that SMARCA4 complex depletion reduced basal BRD4 and RNA Polymerase II binding, but enhanced BRD4/Pol II binding in response to RSV infection. In addition, we observed that MMP9 secretion in SMARCA4 complex deficient cells contributes to mesenchymal transition, cellular fusion (syncytia) and subepithelial myofibroblast transition. We conclude the SMARCA4 complex is a transcriptional repressor of epithelial plasticity, whose depletion triggers a hybrid E/M state that affects the dynamic response of the small airway epithelial cell in mucosal remodeling via paracrine MMP9 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Chenyang Dong
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Morgan Mann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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7
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Sebina I, Phipps S. The Contribution of Neutrophils to the Pathogenesis of RSV Bronchiolitis. Viruses 2020; 12:E808. [PMID: 32726921 PMCID: PMC7472258 DOI: 10.3390/v12080808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute viral bronchiolitis causes significant mortality in the developing world, is the number one cause of infant hospitalisation in the developed world, and is associated with the later development of chronic lung diseases such as asthma. A vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the leading cause of viral bronchiolitis in infancy, remains elusive, and hence new therapeutic modalities are needed to limit disease severity. However, much remains unknown about the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Neutrophilic inflammation is the predominant phenotype observed in infants with both mild and severe disease, however, a clear understanding of the beneficial and deleterious effects of neutrophils is lacking. In this review, we describe the multifaceted roles of neutrophils in host defence and antiviral immunity, consider their contribution to bronchiolitis pathogenesis, and discuss whether new approaches that target neutrophil effector functions will be suitable for treating severe RSV bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sebina
- Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Australia;
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8
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Kong M, Zhang WW, Sewell K, Gorman G, Kuo HC, Aban I, Ambalavanan N, Whitley RJ. Azithromycin Treatment vs Placebo in Children With Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Respiratory Failure: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e203482. [PMID: 32324238 PMCID: PMC7180420 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite a high disease burden, there is no effective treatment for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. OBJECTIVES To determine whether administration of azithromycin (AZM) to children with RSV-induced respiratory failure is safe and to define the effect of AZM therapy on nasal matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) levels. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial was conducted at a single tertiary pediatric intensive care unit from February 2016 to February 2019. The study included children with RSV infection who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and required respiratory support via positive pressure ventilation (invasive and noninvasive). A total of 147 children were screened; 90 were excluded for not meeting inclusion criteria, having an absent legal guardian, lacking pharmacy support, or having a language barrier and 9 declined participation, resulting in 48 patients enrolled in the study. INTERVENTION Receipt of standard dose AZM (10 mg/kg/d), high-dose AZM (20 mg/kg/d), or a matching placebo of normal saline intravenously for 3 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Nasal and endotracheal samples were collected at baseline as well as at 24 hours and 48 hours after start of treatment. The secondary outcome was to determine treatment effect on clinical outcome measures, including days of positive pressure ventilation and length of hospital stay. RESULTS A total of 48 patients were enrolled in the trial, with a median (range) age at randomization of 12 (1 to 125) months; 36 participants (75.0%) were younger than 2 years. Overall, 26 participants (54.2%) were boys, and 29 (60.4%) had a comorbidity. A total of 16 patients were randomized into each trial group (ie, placebo, standard-dose AZM, and high-dose AZM). Baseline demographic characteristics were comparable among the 3 groups. Both doses of AZM were safe, with no adverse events observed. No difference in nasal MMP-9 levels were observed between treatment groups. Among those who required mechanical ventilation and received high-dose AZM, endotracheal active and total MMP-9 levels were lower on day 3. Compared with baseline, active and total MMP-9 levels in endotracheal aspirates were 1.0 log lower in the high-dose AZM group (active MMP-9: 99.8% CI, -1.28 to -0.64; P < .001; total MMP-9: 99.8% CI, -1.37 to -0.57; P < .001). Patients who received high-dose AZM had fewer median (interquartile range) hospital days compared with those receiving the placebo (8 [6-14] days vs 11 [8-20] days; mean ratio estimate, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38-0.87; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this phase 2 randomized clinical trial, both doses of AZM were safe. While nasal MMP-9 levels were unchanged among treatment groups, endotracheal MMP-9 levels were lower among those who received high-dose AZM. The positive secondary clinical outcome, while exploratory, provides insight for end points in a multicenter randomized trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02707523.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Wei Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Kate Sewell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Gregory Gorman
- McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hui-Chien Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Inmaculada Aban
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Yan Y, Jiang L, Li M, Zhang H, Shen Y, Zhang W, Zhang W. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 are related to cardiopulmonary injury in fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e2049. [PMID: 33263620 PMCID: PMC7654901 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic value of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS), and determine a possible association with the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and myocardial injury. METHODS Overall, 61 cases of preterm infants with FIRS were divided into the FIRS group 1 (≤32 weeks) and FIRS group 2 (32 to 37 weeks). Similarly, 57 cases of normal preterm infants were divided into Control group 1 and Control group 2. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), MMP-9, and TIMP-1 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spearman's linear correlation was used to analyze the relationship between dependent variables. Pathological changes were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and in amniotic fluid smears. RESULTS Levels of IL-6, MMP-9, and TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were significantly higher in the FIRS group than in the Control groups. IL-6 was positively correlated with MMP-9, TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio. Areas under the curve (AUC) of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were 0.92, 0.90, and 0.95, respectively. HE staining and amniotic fluid smears showed the aggregation of inflammatory cells. MMP-9, TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were closely related to the incidence of BPD (≤32 weeks) and myocardial injury (<37 weeks) in preterm infants. CONCLUSION MMP-9, TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio revealed a certain diagnostic value for FIRS; combined with gestational age, these parameters were effective for predicting cardiopulmonary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lian Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huifen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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11
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Leeman KT, Pessina P, Lee JH, Kim CF. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Increase Alveolar Differentiation in Lung Progenitor Organoid Cultures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6479. [PMID: 31015509 PMCID: PMC6478947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung epithelial cell damage and dysfunctional repair play a role in the development of lung disease. Effective repair likely requires the normal functioning of alveolar stem/progenitor cells. For example, we have shown in a mouse model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) protect against hyperoxic lung injury at least in part by increasing the number of Epcam+ Sca-1+ distal lung epithelial cells. These cells are capable of differentiating into both small airway (CCSP+) and alveolar (SPC+) epithelial cells in three-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures. To further understand the interactions between MSC and distal lung epithelial cells, we added MSC to lung progenitor 3D cultures. MSC stimulated Epcam+ Sca-1+ derived organoid formation, increased alveolar differentiation and decreased self-renewal. MSC-conditioned media was sufficient to promote alveolar organoid formation, demonstrating that soluble factors secreted by MSC are likely responsible for the response. This work provides strong evidence of a direct effect of MSC-secreted factors on lung progenitor cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen T Leeman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Patrizia Pessina
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stem Cell Program; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stem Cell Program; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Carla F Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stem Cell Program; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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An Interaction of LPS and RSV Infection in Augmenting the AHR and Airway Inflammation in Mice. Inflammation 2018; 40:1643-1653. [PMID: 28695368 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0604-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children under 5 years of age, especially infants with severe bronchiolitis. Our preliminary clinical experiments showed that bacterial colonization was commonly observed in children with virus-induced wheezing, particularly in those with recurrent wheezing, suggesting that bacterial colonization with an accompanying viral infection may contribute to disease severity. In most cases, RSV-infected infants were colonized with pathogenic bacteria (mainly Gram-negative bacteria). LPS is the main component of Gram-negative bacteria and acts as a ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Relevant studies have reported that the TLR family is crucial in mediating the link between viral components and immunologic responses to infection. Of note, TLR4 activation has been associated with disease severity during RSV infection. In the present study, we identified that LPS aggravated RSV-induced AHR and airway inflammation in BALB/c mice using an RSV coinfection model. We found that the airway inflammatory cells and cytokines present in BALF and TRIF in lung tissue play a role in inducing AHR and airway inflammation upon RSV and bacteria coinfection, which might occur through the TRIF-MMP-9-neutrophil-MMP-9 signalling pathway. These results may aid in the development of novel treatments and improve vaccine design.
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13
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Spann K, Snape N, Baturcam E, Fantino E. The Impact of Early-Life Exposure to Air-borne Environmental Insults on the Function of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma. Ann Glob Health 2018; 82:28-40. [PMID: 27325066 DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is both a physical barrier protecting the airways from environmental insults and a significant component of the innate immune response. There is growing evidence that exposure of the airway epithelium to environmental insults in early life may lead to permanent changes in structure and function that underlie the development of asthma. Here we review the current published evidence concerning the link between asthma and epithelial damage within the airways and identify gaps in knowledge for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Spann
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Natale Snape
- Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Engin Baturcam
- Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Fantino
- Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Lee YH, Huang JH, Chang TH, Yang HC, Wu-Hsieh BA. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation Protein 1 Positively Modulates Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Production in Alveolar Macrophages upon Toll-Like Receptor 7 Signaling and Influenza Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1177. [PMID: 29018444 PMCID: PMC5614920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) degrades extracellular matrix and is involved in the pathology of influenza. It has been reported that MMP-9 mediates neutrophil migration in IAV infection. Whether alveolar macrophages, the first immune cells that encounter IAV, produce MMP-9, and the mechanism of its regulation have never been investigated. As Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is one of the receptors in innate immune cells that recognize IAV, we used TLR7 agonists and IAV to stimulate alveolar macrophage MH-S cells, primary macrophages, and bone marrow neutrophils. Results showed that MMP-9 expression in macrophages is inducible by TLR7 agonists and IAV, yet, MMP-9 production by neutrophils is not inducible by either one of them. We hypothesized that MMP-9 production in macrophages is mediated through TLR7-NF-κB pathway and used microarray to analyze TLR7 agonist-induced NF-κB-related genes. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT1), a positive regulator of NF-κB, is amongst the top highly induced genes. By use of MALT1 inhibitor (z-VRPR-fmk) and alveolar macrophages from MALT1-deficient mice, we found that MMP-9 production is MALT1-dependent. While MALT1 can act as a paracaspase in lymphocytes through degrading various signaling proteins, we discovered that MALT1 functions to reduce a negative regulator of NF-κB, cylindromatosis (CYLD), in alveolar macrophages. IAV-induced MMP-9, TNF, and IL-6 in lungs of MALT1-deficient mice are significantly lower than in wild-type mice after intratracheal infection. MALT1-deficient mice also have less body weight loss and longer survival after infection. Taken together, we demonstrated a novel role of MALT1 in regulating alveolar macrophage MMP-9 production whose presence exacerbates the severity of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Lee
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juin-Hua Huang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Yang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Betty A Wu-Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Weiss G, Lai C, Fife ME, Grabiec AM, Tildy B, Snelgrove RJ, Xin G, Lloyd CM, Hussell T. Reversal of TREM-1 ectodomain shedding and improved bacterial clearance by intranasal metalloproteinase inhibitors. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1021-1030. [PMID: 27966555 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is expressed on neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages and amplifies Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammation during infection. TREM-1 also exists in an antagonistic soluble form (sTREM-1) that has been used as a peripheral biomarker in sepsis, though the mechanisms of its release are not entirely clear. The requirement of TREM-1 in single microbial infections is controversial, with some studies showing a protective role and others a contribution to immunopathology. Furthermore, the role of membrane-bound and sTREM-1 in polygenic infections is currently unknown. In a mouse co-infection model where preceding viral infection greatly enhances bacteria co-infection, we now determine a mechanisms for the striking increase in sTREM-1 and the loss of TREM-1 on surface of neutrophils. We identified a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 cleavage site in TREM-1 and that the increase of MMP-9 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid mirrors sTREM-1 release. In vitro studies with neutrophils and MMP-9 and the reduction of sTREM-1 in vivo after MMP-9 inhibition verifies that this enzyme cleaves TREM-1. Intriguingly, MMP-9 inhibition significantly reduces bacterial load and ensuing immunopathology in a co-infection model. This highlights MMP-9 inhibition as a potential therapeutic via blocking cleavage of TREM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weiss
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Inflammation, Development &Repair, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Lai
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Inflammation, Development &Repair, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M E Fife
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Manchester, UK
| | - A M Grabiec
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Manchester, UK
| | - B Tildy
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Inflammation, Development &Repair, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R J Snelgrove
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Inflammation, Development &Repair, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - G Xin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Inflammation, Development &Repair, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Inflammation, Development &Repair, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - T Hussell
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Inflammation, Development &Repair, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), Manchester, UK
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16
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Rath B, Conrad T, Myles P, Alchikh M, Ma X, Hoppe C, Tief F, Chen X, Obermeier P, Kisler B, Schweiger B. Influenza and other respiratory viruses: standardizing disease severity in surveillance and clinical trials. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15:545-568. [PMID: 28277820 PMCID: PMC7103706 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1295847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza-Like Illness is a leading cause of hospitalization in children. Disease burden due to influenza and other respiratory viral infections is reported on a population level, but clinical scores measuring individual changes in disease severity are urgently needed. Areas covered: We present a composite clinical score allowing individual patient data analyses of disease severity based on systematic literature review and WHO-criteria for uncomplicated and complicated disease. The 22-item ViVI Disease Severity Score showed a normal distribution in a pediatric cohort of 6073 children aged 0-18 years (mean age 3.13; S.D. 3.89; range: 0 to 18.79). Expert commentary: The ViVI Score was correlated with risk of antibiotic use as well as need for hospitalization and intensive care. The ViVI Score was used to track children with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human rhinovirus, and adenovirus infections and is fully compliant with regulatory data standards. The ViVI Disease Severity Score mobile application allows physicians to measure disease severity at the point-of care thereby taking clinical trials to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rath
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Pediatrics , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany.,c Division of Epidemiology and Public Health , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Tim Conrad
- d Department of Mathematics and Computer Science , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Puja Myles
- c Division of Epidemiology and Public Health , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Maren Alchikh
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Pediatrics , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany
| | - Xiaolin Ma
- b Department of Pediatrics , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany.,e National Reference Centre for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses , Robert Koch Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian Hoppe
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative , Berlin , Germany.,d Department of Mathematics and Computer Science , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Franziska Tief
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Pediatrics , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany
| | - Xi Chen
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Pediatrics , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany
| | - Patrick Obermeier
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Pediatrics , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany
| | - Bron Kisler
- f Clinical Data Standards Interchange Consortium (CDISC) , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- e National Reference Centre for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses , Robert Koch Institute , Berlin , Germany
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17
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Russell CD, Unger SA, Walton M, Schwarze J. The Human Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:481-502. [PMID: 28179378 PMCID: PMC5355638 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00090-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important etiological agent of respiratory infections, particularly in children. Much information regarding the immune response to RSV comes from animal models and in vitro studies. Here, we provide a comprehensive description of the human immune response to RSV infection, based on a systematic literature review of research on infected humans. There is an initial strong neutrophil response to RSV infection in humans, which is positively correlated with disease severity and mediated by interleukin-8 (IL-8). Dendritic cells migrate to the lungs as the primary antigen-presenting cell. An initial systemic T-cell lymphopenia is followed by a pulmonary CD8+ T-cell response, mediating viral clearance. Humoral immunity to reinfection is incomplete, but RSV IgG and IgA are protective. B-cell-stimulating factors derived from airway epithelium play a major role in protective antibody generation. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) has a strongly protective role, and a Th2-biased response may be deleterious. Other cytokines (particularly IL-17A), chemokines (particularly CCL-5 and CCL-3), and local innate immune factors (including cathelicidins and IFN-λ) contribute to pathogenesis. In summary, neutrophilic inflammation is incriminated as a harmful response, whereas CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ have protective roles. These may represent important therapeutic targets to modulate the immunopathogenesis of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark D Russell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stefan A Unger
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marc Walton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jürgen Schwarze
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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18
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Vissers M, Ahout IM, van den Kieboom CH, van der Gaast-de Jongh CE, Groh L, Cremers AJ, de Groot R, de Jonge MI, Ferwerda G. High pneumococcal density correlates with more mucosal inflammation and reduced respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in infants. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:129. [PMID: 26983753 PMCID: PMC4794819 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants. A small percentage of the infected infants develops a severe infection, while most of these severely ill patients were previously healthy. It remains unclear why these children develop severe RSV infections. In this study, we investigate whether pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage patterns correlate with mucosal inflammation and severity of disease. Methods In total, 105 infants hospitalized with RSV infection were included and recovery samples were taken from 42 patients. The presence and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae was determined by RT qPCR to study its relation to viral load, inflammation (MMP-9 and IL-6) and severity of RSV disease. Results We show that pneumococcal presence or absence in the nasopharynx does not correlate with viral load, inflammation or severity of disease. However, when pneumococcus is present in patients, a higher nasopharyngeal pneumococcal density was correlated with a higher RSV load, higher MMP-9 levels and a less severe course of disease. Conclusions Our results show correlations between S. pneumoniae density and viral load, inflammation and disease severity, suggesting that pneumococcal density may be an indicator for severity in paediatric RSV disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1454-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Vissers
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M Ahout
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corné H van den Kieboom
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christa E van der Gaast-de Jongh
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laszlo Groh
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amelieke J Cremers
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Dabo AJ, Cummins N, Eden E, Geraghty P. Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Exerts Antiviral Activity against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135970. [PMID: 26284919 PMCID: PMC4540458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased lung levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) are frequently observed during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and elevated MMP9 concentrations are associated with severe disease. However little is known of the functional role of MMP9 during lung infection with RSV. To determine whether MMP9 exerted direct antiviral potential, active MMP9 was incubated with RSV, which showed that MMP9 directly prevented RSV infectivity to airway epithelial cells. Using knockout mice the effect of the loss of Mmp9 expression was examined during RSV infection to demonstrate MMP9’s role in viral clearance and disease progression. Seven days following RSV infection, Mmp9-/- mice displayed substantial weight loss, increased RSV-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and reduced clearance of RSV from the lungs compared to wild type mice. Although total bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts were similar in both groups, neutrophil recruitment to the lungs during RSV infection was significantly reduced in Mmp9-/- mice. Reduced neutrophil recruitment coincided with diminished RANTES, IL-1β, SCF, G-CSF expression and p38 phosphorylation. Induction of p38 signaling was required for RANTES and G-CSF expression during RSV infection in airway epithelial cells. Therefore, MMP9 in RSV lung infection significantly enhances neutrophil recruitment, cytokine production and viral clearance while reducing AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye J. Dabo
- Mount Sinai St. Luke’s Medical Center, Mount Sinai Health System, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Neville Cummins
- Mount Sinai St. Luke’s Medical Center, Mount Sinai Health System, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Edward Eden
- Mount Sinai St. Luke’s Medical Center, Mount Sinai Health System, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Mount Sinai St. Luke’s Medical Center, Mount Sinai Health System, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Mediates RSV Infection in Vitro and in Vivo. Viruses 2015; 7:4230-53. [PMID: 26264019 PMCID: PMC4576178 DOI: 10.3390/v7082817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The present study tested the hypothesis that RSV infection would increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression, and that MMP-9 inhibition would decrease RSV replication both in vitro and in vivo. RSV A2 infection of human bronchial epithelial cells increased MMP-9 mRNA and protein release. Cells transfected with siRNA against MMP-9 following RSV infection had lower viral titers. In RSV infected wild-type (WT) mice, MMP-9, airway resistance and viral load peaked at day 2 post infection, and remained elevated on days 4 and 7. RSV infected MMP-9 knockout (KO) mice had decreased lung inflammation. On days 2 and 4 post inoculation, the RSV burden was lower in the MMP-9 KO mice compared to WT controls. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that RSV infection is a potent stimulus of MMP-9 expression both in vitro and in vivo. Reduction of MMP-9 (via siRNA knockdown, and in MMP-9 KO mice) resulted in decreased viral replication. Our findings suggest MMP-9 is a potential therapeutic target for RSV disease.
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21
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Linder R, Rönmark E, Pourazar J, Behndig A, Blomberg A, Lindberg A. Serum metalloproteinase-9 is related to COPD severity and symptoms - cross-sectional data from a population based cohort-study. Respir Res 2015; 16:28. [PMID: 25849664 PMCID: PMC4337188 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD, is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and an imbalance between proteases and antiproteases has been implicated to play a role in COPD pathogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are important proteases that along with their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP), affect homeostasis of elastin and collagen, of importance for the structural integrity of human airways. Small observational studies indicate that these biomarkers are involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. The aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in a large Swedish population-based cohort, and their association with disease severity and important clinical symptoms of COPD such as productive cough. METHODS Spirometry was performed and peripheral blood samples were collected in a populations-based cohort (median age 67 years) comprising subjects with COPD (n = 594) and without COPD (n = 948), in total 1542 individuals. Serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 concentrations were measured with enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and related to lung function data and symptoms. RESULTS Median serum MMP-9 values were significantly higher in COPD compared with non-COPD 535 vs. 505 ng/ml (P = 0.017), without any significant differences in serum TIMP-1-levels or MMP-9/TIMP-1-ratio. In univariate analysis, productive cough and decreasing FEV1% predicted correlated significantly with increased MMP-9 among subjects with COPD (P = 0.004 and P = 0.001 respectively), and FEV1% predicted remained significantly associated to MMP-9 in a multivariate model adjusting for age, sex, pack years and productive cough (P = 0.033). CONCLUSION Productive cough and decreasing FEV1 were each associated with MMP-9 in COPD, and decreasing FEV1 remained significantly associated with MMP-9 also after adjustment for common confounders in this population-based COPD cohort. The increased serum MMP-9 concentrations in COPD indicate an enhanced proteolytic activity that is related to disease severity, and further longitudinal studies are important for the understanding of MMP-9 in relation to the disease process and the pathogenesis of different COPD phenotypes.
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