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Benoit L, Jornod F, Zgheib E, Tomkiewicz C, Koual M, Coustillet T, Barouki R, Audouze K, Vinken M, Coumoul X. Adverse outcome pathway from activation of the AhR to breast cancer-related death. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107323. [PMID: 35660951 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are formalized and structured linear concepts that connect one molecular initiating event (MIE) to an adverse outcome (AO) via different key events (KE) through key event relationships (KER). They are mainly used in eco-toxicology toxicology, and regulatory health issues. AOPs must respond to specific guidelines from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to weight the evidence between each KE. Breast cancer is the deadliest cancer in women with a poor prognosis in case of metastatic breast cancer. The role of the environments in the formation of metastasis has been suggested. We hypothesized that activation of the AhR (MIE), a xenobiotic receptor, could lead to breast cancer related death (AO), through different KEs, constituting a new AOP. An artificial intelligence tool (AOP-helpfinder), which screens the available literature, was used to collect all existing scientific abstracts to build a novel AOP, using a list of key words. Four hundred and seven abstracts were found containing at least a word from our MIE list and either one word from our AO or KE list. A manual curation retained 113 pertinent articles, which were also screened using PubTator. From these analyses, an AOP was created linking the activation of the AhR to breast cancer related death through decreased apoptosis, inflammation, endothelial cell migration, angiogenesis, and invasion. These KEs promote an increased tumor growth, angiogenesis and migration which leads to breast cancer metastasis and breast cancer related death. The evidence of the proposed AOP was weighted using the tailored Bradford Hill criteria and the OECD guidelines. The confidence in our AOP was considered strong. An in vitro validation must be carried out, but our review proposes a strong relationship between AhR activation and breast cancer-related death with an innovative use of an artificial intelligence literature search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Benoit
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Hospital Georges-Pompidou, Gynecologic and Breast Oncologic Surgery Department, Paris, France.
| | - Florence Jornod
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France
| | - Elias Zgheib
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France
| | - Celine Tomkiewicz
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Koual
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Hospital Georges-Pompidou, Gynecologic and Breast Oncologic Surgery Department, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Coustillet
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Hospital Georges-Pompidou, Gynecologic and Breast Oncologic Surgery Department, Paris, France
| | - Karine Audouze
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France
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Modulatory Effects of Estradiol and Its Mixtures with Ligands of GPER and PPAR on MAPK and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways and Tumorigenic Factors in Mouse Testis Explants and Mouse Tumor Leydig Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061390. [PMID: 35740412 PMCID: PMC9219706 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate how estradiol alone or in combination with G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) agonists and GPER and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) antagonists alter the expression of tumor growth factor β (TGF-β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mouse testis explants and MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig cells. In order to define the hormone-associated signaling pathway, the expression of MAPK and PI3K/Akt was also examined. Tissue explants and cells were treated with estradiol as well as GPER agonist (ICI 182,780), GPER antagonist (G-15), PPARα antagonist (GW6471), and PPARγ antagonist (T00709072) in various combinations. First, we showed that in testis explants GPER and PPARα expressions were activated by the GPER agonist and estradiol (either alone or in mixtures), whereas PPARγ expression was activated only by GPER agonist. Second, increased TGF-β expression and decreased COX-2 expression were found in all experimental groups of testicular explants and MA-10 cells, except for up-regulated COX-2 expression in estradiol-treated cells, compared to respective controls. Third, estradiol treatment led to elevated expression of HIF-1α and VEGF, while their lower levels versus control were noted in the remaining groups of explants. Finally, we demonstrated the up-regulation of MAPK and PI3Kp85/Akt expressions in estradiol-treated groups of both ex vivo and in vitro models, whereas estradiol in mixtures with compounds of agonistic or antagonistic properties either up-regulated or down-regulated signaling kinase expression levels. Our results suggest that a balanced estrogen level and its action together with proper GPER and PPAR signaling play a key role in the maintenance of testis homeostasis. Moreover, changes in TGF-β and COX-2 expressions (that disrupted estrogen pathway) as well as disturbed GPER-PPAR signaling observed after estradiol treatment may be involved in testicular tumorigenesis.
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Safarpour S, Safarpour S, Moghadamnia AA, Kazemi S, Ebrahimpour A, Shirafkan F, Golchoobian R. Cardioprotective effect of silymarin nanoemulsion on 5-fluorouracil-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200060. [PMID: 35411625 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-associated cardiotoxicity has been ranked as the second most common cause of cardiotoxicity induced by chemotherapeutic drugs after anthracyclines. In the present study, we investigated the protective impacts of silymarin (SIL) and silymarin nanoemulsion (SLN) against cardiotoxicity caused by 5-FU in rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups as follows: control, SLN (5 mg/kg), SIL (5 mg/kg), 5-FU + SLN, 5-FU + SIL, and 5-FU. Cardiotoxicity was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU (100 mg/kg). The control group received an intraperitoneal injection (ip) of normal saline and the treatment groups received ips of SIL and SLN for 14 days. 5-FU resulted in significant cardiotoxicity, represented by an increase in the serum levels of cardiac enzymes and malondialdehyde, as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression, and histopathological degeneration. 5-FU treatment also induced a decrease in body weight, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and catalase values. Evaluation of electrocardiographic parameters in 5-FU-treated rats showed increases in the ST segment, QRS duration, and RR interval. Treatment with SIL and SLN reduced oxidative stress, cardiac enzymes, histopathological degeneration, and the expression of TNF-α and COX-2 in cardiac tissue. Our results demonstrated that treatment with SIL and SLN significantly improved cardiotoxicity induced by 5-FU in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Safarpour
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Samaneh Safarpour
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali A Moghadamnia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sohrab Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Anahita Ebrahimpour
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shirafkan
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ravieh Golchoobian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Colchicine Ameliorates 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6194532. [PMID: 35126817 PMCID: PMC8816577 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6194532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective. 5-Fluorouracil is one of the most common chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of solid tumors. 5-Fluorouracil-associated cardiotoxicity is the second cause of cardiotoxicity induced by chemotherapeutic drugs after anthracyclines. Colchicine is a strong anti-inflammatory drug used to prevent and treat acute gout and treat familial Mediterranean fever. And also, its protective effects on cardiovascular disease have been reported in various studies. The current study is aimed at appraising the effect of colchicine on 5-fluorouracil-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Methods. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows: control, 5-fluorouracil, colchicine (5 mg/kg), and 5-fluorouracil+5 mg/kg colchicine. Cardiotoxicity was induced with an intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 5-fluorouracil (100 mg/kg). The control group received normal saline, and the treatment groups received colchicine with an intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. Findings. 5-Fluorouracil resulted in significant cardiotoxicity represented by an increase in cardiac enzymes, malondialdehyde levels, cyclooxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression, cardiac enzymes, and histopathological degenerations. 5-Fluorouracil treatment also decreased body weight, total antioxidant capacity and catalase values, blood cells, and hemoglobin levels. In addition, 5-fluorouracil disrupted electrocardiographic parameters, including increased elevation in the ST segment and increased QRS duration. Treatment with colchicine reduced oxidative stress, cardiac enzymes, histopathological degenerations, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cardiac tissue, improved electrocardiographic disorders, and enhanced the number of blood cells and total antioxidant capacity levels. Moreover, body weight loss was hampered after treatment with colchicine. Our results demonstrated that treatment with colchicine significantly improved cardiotoxicity induced by 5-fluorouracil in rats.
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Safarpour S, Pirzadeh M, Ebrahimpour A, Shirafkan F, Madani F, Hosseini M, Moghadamnia AA, Kazemi S. Protective Effect of Kaempferol and Its Nanoparticles on 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2273000. [PMID: 35198633 PMCID: PMC8858719 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2273000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the third most common chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of solid tumors. 5-FU-associated cardiotoxicity ranks the second causes of cardiotoxicity induced by chemotherapeutic drugs after anthracyclines. Kaempferol (KPF), a common flavonoid, possessing anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antioxidative properties, and its protective effects on cardiovascular disease has been reported in various studies. The current study is aimed at appraising the effect of KPF and KPF nanoparticles (NPs) on 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. METHODS Thirty Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups as follows: control, 5-FU, 5-FU+10 mg/kg vitamin C, 5-FU+ 1 mg/kg KPF, and 5-FU+ 1 mg/kg KPF-NPs. Cardiotoxicity was induced with an intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 5-FU (100 mg/kg). The control group received normal saline, and the treatment groups received KPF and KPF-NPs with an intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. Each heart histopathological lesions were given a score of 0 to 3 in compliance with the articles for statistical analysis. RESULTS 5-FU resulted in a significant cardiotoxicity represented by an increase in cardiac enzymes, MDA (malondialdehyde) levels, COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) expression, and histopathological degenerations. 5-FU treatment also decreased body weight, TAC (total antioxidant capacity) values, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) expression, blood cells, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels. Treatment with KPF and KPF-NPs reduced oxidative stress, cardiac enzymes, COX-2 expression, and VEGF expression. The number of blood cells, Hb levels, and histopathological degenerations, in cardiac tissue also body weight of animals, increased, followed by treatment with KPF and KPF-NPs. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that treatment with KPF and KPF-NPs significantly improved cardiotoxicity induced by 5-FU in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Safarpour
- 1Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Marzieh Pirzadeh
- 1Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Anahita Ebrahimpour
- 3Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shirafkan
- 3Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fateme Madani
- 1Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosseini
- 4Department of Veterinary Pathology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
- 3Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sohrab Kazemi
- 3Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Silveira TL, Veloso ES, Gonçalves INN, Costa RF, Rodrigues MA, Cassali GD, Del Puerto HL, Pang LY, Argyle DJ, Ferreira E. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells in oral and skin canine melanomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:727-738. [PMID: 32323423 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a fast-growing tumour in dogs and represents 7% of the total malignant neoplasms from the skin and is the most common tumour found in the oral cavity. In these tumours, high expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is associated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to verify if the overexpression of COX-2 is related to the modulation of lymphocytes and if it is associated with the angiogenic and proliferative capacity of the melanoma. Canine melanoma samples (n = 85) were analysed by immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of S-100, Melan-A, PNL-2, COX-2, Factor VIII, Ki-67 and immune cells markers (CD3, CD4, FOXP3 and MAC387); and expression levels of MAC387, NOS and CD206 were determined by immunofluorescence. Our study showed a concurrent difference between the expression of COX-2 and inflammatory cell infiltration: Oral melanomas showed positivity for COX-2 in 34% of the cases and this expression was associated with CD3 positivity in the inflammatory infiltrate and angiogenesis; whereas cutaneous melanomas presented positivity for COX-2 in 42% of the cases and this expression was associated with positive staining for CD3, CD4, FOXP3 and MAC387. These markers are associated with inflammatory cells, angiogenesis and proliferation. Interestingly, melanomas were highly infiltrated by FOXP3+ cells, this is related to angiogenesis, whereas CD3, CD4 and MAC387 expression was only associated with cutaneous melanomas. The macrophage profile analysis showed that both oral and cutaneous melanomas with low COX-2 expression have an M1 phenoptype, whereas the cases with high COX-2 expression demonstrate a hybrid M1/M2 profile pattern. We concluded that the COX-2 is overexpressed in 42% of cutaneous melanomas and in 34% of oral melanomas, with a direct association with angiogenesis, proliferation, and intratumoral lymphocyte infiltration. We propose that COX-2 is a key regulator of immune cell infiltration and may drive tumour associated macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiany L Silveira
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Veloso
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ivy N N Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato F Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michele A Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helen L Del Puerto
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lisa Y Pang
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - David J Argyle
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Enio Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Alwhaibi A, Verma A, Adil MS, Somanath PR. The unconventional role of Akt1 in the advanced cancers and in diabetes-promoted carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104270. [PMID: 31078742 PMCID: PMC6659399 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research have elucidated the critical role of Akt isoforms in cancer as pro-tumorigenic and metastatic regulators through their specific effects on the cancer cells, tumor endothelial cells and the stromal cells. The pro-cancerous role of Akt isoforms through enhanced cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis in cancer cells and the cells in the tumor microenvironment is considered a dogma. Intriguingly, studies also indicate that the Akt pathway is essential to protect the endothelial-barrier and prevent aberrant vascular permeability, which is also integral to tumor perfusion and metastasis. To complicate this further, a flurry of recent reports strongly indicates the metastasis suppressive role of Akt, Akt1 in particular in various cancer types. These reports emanated from different laboratories have elegantly demonstrated the paradoxical effect of Akt1 on cancer cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, tumor endothelial-barrier disruption, and cancer metastasis. Here, we emphasize on the specific role of Akt1 in mediating tumor cell-vasculature reciprocity during the advanced stages of cancers and discuss how Akt1 differentially regulates cancer metastasis through mechanisms distinct from its pro-tumorigenic effects. Since Akt is integral for insulin signaling, endothelial function, and metabolic regulation, we also attempt to shed some light on the specific effects of diabetes in modulating Akt pathway in the promotion of tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Alwhaibi
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and the Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Arti Verma
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and the Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mir S Adil
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and the Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and the Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center and Cancer Center, Augusta University, USA.
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Li X, Li L, Liang F, Liu G, Zhao G. Anesthetic drug propofol inhibits the expression of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and cyclooxygenase-2, a potential mechanism for propofol in suppressing tumor development and metastasis. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9523-9528. [PMID: 29805673 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that anesthesia-associated drugs may directly inhibit cellular immunity and humoral immunity, which may be associated with tumor recurrence. The present study demonstrated that propofol may suppress the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and inhibit the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. Subsequent to treatment with propofol, MCF-7 cells demonstrated downregulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression and decreased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and prostaglandin E2 in the supernatant. Therefore, the mechanism of propofol in suppressing tumor development and metastasis may be associated with the inhibition of IL-6, IL-8 and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Longyun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Guifeng Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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Tury S, Becette V, Assayag F, Vacher S, Benoist C, Kamal M, Marangoni E, Bièche I, Lerebours F, Callens C. Combination of COX-2 expression and PIK3CA mutation as prognostic and predictive markers for celecoxib treatment in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85124-85141. [PMID: 27835884 PMCID: PMC5356723 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COX-2 expression level and prognostic value are still a matter of debate in breast cancer (BC). We addressed these points in the context of PIK3CA mutational status. Based on an interesting study of aspirin efficacy in colorectal cancer, we hypothesized that celecoxib antitumoral activity may be restricted to PIK3CA mutated BC. COX-2 mRNA expression was analyzed in 446 BC samples and in 61 BC patient-derived xenografts (PDX) using quantitative RT-PCR. The prognostic impact of COX-2 expression level was assessed independently and according to PIK3CA mutational status in our cohort and in a validation set of 817 BC. The antitumoral activity of celecoxib was tested in two triple-negative (TN) PDX with a PIK3CA wild-type (wt) or mutated genotype. COX-2 mRNA was overexpressed in 2% of BC and significantly associated with TN subtype. Metastasis-free survival (MFS) was significantly better in patients with high COX-2 expression level, the prognosis of whom was similar to patients with PIK3CA mutations. TCGA validation cohort confirmed that patients with low COX-2 expression PIK3CA wt tumors had the worse disease-free survival (DFS) compared to all other subgroups. Celecoxib had a significant antitumoral effect in PIK3CA mutated PDX only. Celecoxib antitumoral activity involved S6 ribosomal protein and AKT phosphorylation. Low expression of COX-2 has a significant negative impact on the MFS/DFS of BC patients. Antitumoral effect of celecoxib is restricted to PIK3CA mutated PDX. These results suggest that PIK3CA mutation may be a new predictive biomarker for celecoxib efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Tury
- Pharmacogenomic Unit, Genetics Laboratory, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Becette
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, Hôpital René Huguenin, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Franck Assayag
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigations, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Pharmacogenomic Unit, Genetics Laboratory, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Camille Benoist
- Pharmacogenomic Unit, Genetics Laboratory, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Maud Kamal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris and Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigations, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Pharmacogenomic Unit, Genetics Laboratory, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Florence Lerebours
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris and Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Céline Callens
- Pharmacogenomic Unit, Genetics Laboratory, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Li Y, Wang J, Lin F, Yang Y, Chen SS. A Methodology for Cancer Therapeutics by Systems Pharmacology-Based Analysis: A Case Study on Breast Cancer-Related Traditional Chinese Medicines. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169363. [PMID: 28068355 PMCID: PMC5222515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common carcinoma in women. Comprehensive therapy on breast cancer including surgical operation, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrinotherapy, etc. could help, but still has serious side effect and resistance against anticancer drugs. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) may avoid these problems, in which traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been highlighted. In this section, to analyze the mechanism through which TCM act on breast cancer, we have built a virtual model consisting of the construction of database, oral bioavailability prediction, drug-likeness evaluation, target prediction, network construction. The 20 commonly employed herbs for the treatment of breast cancer were used as a database to carry out research. As a result, 150 ingredient compounds were screened out as active molecules for the herbs, with 33 target proteins predicted. Our analysis indicates that these herbs 1) takes a 'Jun-Chen-Zuo-Shi" as rule of prescription, 2) which function mainly through perturbing three pathways involving the epidermal growth factor receptor, estrogen receptor, and inflammatory pathways, to 3) display the breast cancer-related anti-estrogen, anti-inflammatory, regulation of cell metabolism and proliferation activities. To sum it up, by providing a novel in silico strategy for investigation of the botanical drugs, this work may be of some help for understanding the action mechanisms of herbal medicines and for discovery of new drugs from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Computer Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, P R China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Computer Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, P R China
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, P R China
| | - Yinfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, P R China
| | - Su-Shing Chen
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Computer Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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11
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Liang Z, Bian X, Shim H. Downregulation of microRNA-206 promotes invasion and angiogenesis of triple negative breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:461-6. [PMID: 27318091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast tumors don't respond to Tamoxifen and Herceptin, two of the most effective medications for treating breast cancer. Additionally, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) intrinsically resists or will eventually acquire resistance to chemotherapy. The purpose of this study is to understand better the molecular basis of TNBC as well as develop new therapeutic strategies against it. Here, we analyzed miRNA-206 expression levels in breast cancer cell lines and tissues. In addition, we investigated whether miR-206 mimics inhibited TNBC tumor invasion and angiogenesis. The results showed that miR-206 was downregulated in TNBC compared to non-TNBC cell lines and tissues. Additionally, the decreased levels of miR-206 were inversely consistent with expression levels of VEGF. Furthermore, the forced expression of miR-206 in the mimic-transfected TNBC cells downregulated VEGF, MAPK3, and SOX9 expression levels. The miR-206 mimics inhibited TNBC breast cell invasion and angiogenesis. These findings demonstrate for the first time the involvement of miRNA-206 in TNBC invasion and angiogenesis and suggest that miR-206 may be an efficient agent for therapy of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Xuehai Bian
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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12
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Brunelle M, Sartin EA, Wolfe LG, Sirois J, Doré M. Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Canine Mammary Cell Lines. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:656-66. [PMID: 16966442 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammary cancer is the most common cancer in female dogs. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in prostaglandins (PGs) biosynthesis, has been demonstrated in various cancers in humans and dogs, including mammary cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and regulation of COX-2 in canine mammary epithelial cells. Cell lines derived from normal and neoplastic canine mammary glands were cultured in the absence or presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and immunoblots, immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassays, and a cell proliferation assay were used to study COX-2 expression and PGs production. Results showed that the neoplastic cell line CMT12 constitutively overexpressed COX-2 protein whereas other mammary cell lines expressed low to undetectable basal levels of COX-2 protein. Basal PGE2 production was significantly higher ( P < .05) in CMT12 compared to other cell lines. Levels of COX-2 protein in CMT12 decreased in a time-dependent manner with serum starvation, and PMA stimulation induced a strong time-dependent increase in COX-2 protein. Treatment of CMT12 cells with NS-398 (a specific COX-2 inhibitor) significantly blocked PGE2 synthesis and reduced cell proliferation ( P < .05). These results indicate that some neoplastic canine mammary cell lines constitutively overexpress COX-2, and that COX-2 inhibition decreases PGE2 production and cell proliferation, supporting a role for COX-2 and PGs in canine mammary oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brunelle
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
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13
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Carvalho MI, Pires I, Prada J, Raposo TP, Gregório H, Lobo L, Queiroga FL. High COX-2 expression is associated with increased angiogenesis, proliferation and tumoural inflammatory infiltrate in canine malignant mammary tumours: a multivariate survival study. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:619-631. [PMID: 26792550 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
COX-2 expression affects mammary tumourigenesis by promoting angiogenesis and cell proliferation, encouraging metastatic spread and tumour-associated inflammation. Samples of canine mammary tumours (n = 109) were submitted to immunohistochemistry to detect COX-2, CD31, VEGF, Ki-67, CD3 and MAC387 expression. Concurrent high expression of COX-2/CD31, COX-2/VEGF, COX-2/Ki-67, COX-2/CD3 and COX-2/MAC was associated with elevated grade of malignancy, presence of intravascular emboli and presence of lymph node metastasis. Tumours with high COX-2 (P < 0.001) and tumours with concurrent expression of high COX-2 and high CD31 (P = 0.008); high VEGF (P < 0.001); high Ki-67 (P < 0.001); high CD3+ T-lymphocytes (P = 0.002) and elevated MAC387 macrophages (P = 0.024) were associated with shorter overall survival (OS) time. Interestingly the groups with high COX-2/CD31 and high COX-2/VEGF retained their significance after multivariate analysis arising as independent predictors of OS. Present data highlight the importance of COX-2 in canine mammary tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Carvalho
- CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - I Pires
- CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - J Prada
- CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - T P Raposo
- CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - H Gregório
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar Veterinário, Rua Manuel Pinto de Azevedo, 118, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Lobo
- Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Hospital Veterinário do Porto, Travessa de Silva Porto, 174, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F L Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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14
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Raposo TP, Pires I, Prada J, Queiroga FL, Argyle DJ. Exploring new biomarkers in the tumour microenvironment of canine inflammatory mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:655-666. [PMID: 26778136 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and canine inflammatory mammary cancer (CIMC) are the most aggressive forms of mammary cancer. Current research aims to identify new therapeutic targets. Here, we investigated gene expression levels of biomarkers associated with the inflammatory microenvironment. A total of 32 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of canine mammary carcinoma (CIMC = 26; non-CIMC = 6) were used and their cDNA subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to establish gene expression levels for mediators commonly implicated in linking carcinogenesis with inflammation. Gene expression differences between CIMC and non-CIMC types were obtained for cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) (P = 0.004), synuclein gamma (SNCG) (P = 0.006), tribbles 1 (P = 0.025), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (P = 0.017) and CSF1R (P = 0.045). Among these biomarkers correlations were found, particularly between SNCG and tribbles 1 (r = 0.512, P = 0.001). The efficient metastasis of CIMC is intimately linked to components in the tumour microenvironment. This study suggests that upregulation and correlation of SNCG and tribbles 1 deserves to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Raposo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - J Prada
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - F L Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - D J Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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15
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ZHU YANYAN, GUO MEIYAN, ZHANG LINGYUN, XU TAO, WANG LI, XU GUOXIONG. Biomarker triplet NAMPT/VEGF/HER2 as a de novo detection panel for the diagnosis and prognosis of human breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:454-62. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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16
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Hypoxia promotes 786-O cells invasiveness and resistance to sorafenib via HIF-2α/COX-2. Med Oncol 2014; 32:419. [PMID: 25487445 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences indicated that hypoxia-induced factors and COX-2 play a important role in tumorigenesis in various human cancer. Yet, the relationship between HIFs and COX-2 in human renal cancer remains unclear. The present study was to examine the role of HIFs and COX-2 in the invasiveness and the resistance to target agent in renal cancer cell line (786-O). In 786-O cells, hypoxia induced the increase in the protein expression of HIF1 and HIF2. We also demonstrate that hypoxia up-regulated the protein expression of COX-2 and Snail, but down-regulation of E-cadherin expression in 786-O cells promoted the invasiveness of 786-O cells and enhanced the resistance of 786-O cells to sorafenib. siRNA target to HIF1α, HIF2α and NS398, a selective inhibitor of COX-2, were used in this study. Only siRNA-HIF2α significantly suppressed the protein expression of HIF2 and COX-2, then decreased the invasive ability and resistance of 786-O cells to sorafenib under hypoxia. NS398 attenuated the increase in invasive cells number and the IC50 value of sorafenib induced by hypoxia. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that hypoxia promoted the invasiveness and resistance of 786-O cells to sorafenib via HIF2 and COX-2 and induced the activation of Snail/E-cadherin, suggesting that a signalling mechanism involving HIF2/COX2 modulates invasiveness and resistance to sorafenib in 786-O cells under hypoxia.
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17
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Harris RE, Casto BC, Harris ZM. Cyclooxygenase-2 and the inflammogenesis of breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:677-692. [PMID: 25302170 PMCID: PMC4129532 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i4.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohesive scientific evidence from molecular, animal, and human investigations supports the hypothesis that constitutive overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a ubiquitous driver of mammary carcinogenesis, and reciprocally, that COX-2 blockade has strong potential for breast cancer prevention and therapy. Key findings include the following: (1) COX-2 is constitutively expressed throughout breast cancer development and expression intensifies with stage at detection, cancer progression and metastasis; (2) essential features of mammary carcinogenesis (mutagenesis, mitogenesis, angiogenesis, reduced apoptosis, metastasis and immunosuppression) are linked to COX-2-driven prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) biosynthesis; (3) upregulation of COX-2 and PGE-2 expression induces transcription of CYP-19 and aromatase-catalyzed estrogen biosynthesis which stimulates unbridled mitogenesis; (4) extrahepatic CYP-1B1 in mammary adipose tissue converts paracrine estrogen to carcinogenic quinones with mutagenic impact; and (5) agents that inhibit COX-2 reduce the risk of breast cancer in women without disease and reduce recurrence risk and mortality in women with breast cancer. Recent sharp increases in global breast cancer incidence and mortality are likely driven by chronic inflammation of mammary adipose and upregulation of COX-2 associated with the obesity pandemic. The totality of evidence clearly supports the supposition that mammary carcinogenesis often evolves as a progressive series of highly specific cellular and molecular changes in response to induction of constitutive over-expression of COX-2 and the prostaglandin cascade in the “inflammogenesis of breast cancer”.
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18
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Maturu P, Overwijk WW, Hicks J, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm EA, Huff V. Characterization of the inflammatory microenvironment and identification of potential therapeutic targets in wilms tumors. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:484-92. [PMID: 24969538 PMCID: PMC4202801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in cancer has been reported in various adult malignant neoplasms. By contrast, its role in pediatric tumors has not been as well studied. In this study, we have identified and characterized the infiltration of various inflammatory immune cells as well as inflammatory markers in Wilms tumor (WT), the most common renal malignancy in children. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks from tumors and autologous normal kidneys were immunostained for inflammatory immune cells (T cells, B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells) and inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, phosphorylated STAT3, phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Overall, we found that there was predominant infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor stroma where COX-2 was robustly expressed. The other tumor-associated inflammatory markers were also mostly localized to tumor stroma. Hence, we speculate that COX-2-mediated inflammatory microenvironment may be important in WT growth and potential therapies targeting this pathway may be beneficial and should be tested in clinical settings for the treatment of WTs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramahamsa Maturu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vicki Huff
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Genes and Development and Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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19
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ZHANG HONG, LI ZHIHONG, WANG KAIZHONG. Combining sorafenib with celecoxib synergistically inhibits tumor growth of non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1954-60. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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20
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Zhang Q, Meng X, Zheng G, Chen G, Pang R, Hua T, Yang S. Antitumor activity of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:768-72. [PMID: 24346019 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of the antitumor effect of celecoxib (CXB) in the treatment of human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Human MTC TT cells were cultured with different concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60 µmol/l) of CXB following 0-72 h in vitro. An MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to determine the growth inhibition of MTC in vitro. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle of TT cells. Levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The expression profile of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured by western blot analysis. In the present study, it was identified that CXB inhibited TT cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 and the percentage of cells in S phase was markedly decreased. The expression levels of PGE2 were inhibited by CXB. CXB effectively downregulated the expression of COX-2 and VEGF in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These data demonstrated that CXB inhibited the proliferation of MTC TT cells in vitro and thus may be effective as an antitumor therapy for human MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xianying Meng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guibin Zheng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Renzhu Pang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Tebo Hua
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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21
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Kumar BNP, Rajput S, Dey KK, Parekh A, Das S, Mazumdar A, Mandal M. Celecoxib alleviates tamoxifen-instigated angiogenic effects by ROS-dependent VEGF/VEGFR2 autocrine signaling. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:273. [PMID: 23731702 PMCID: PMC3681557 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen (TAM) is widely used in the chemotherapy of breast cancer and as a preventive agent against recurrence after surgery. However, extended TAM administration for breast cancer induces increased VEGF levels in patients, promoting new blood vessel formation and thereby limiting its efficacy. Celecoxib (CXB), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, suppresses VEGF gene expression by targeting the VEGF promoter responsible for its inhibitory effect. For this study, we had selected CXB as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in combination with TAM for suppressing VEGF expression and simultaneously reducing doses of both the drugs. METHODS The effects of CXB combined with TAM were examined in two human breast cancer cell lines in culture, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231. Assays of proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, cell cycle distribution, and receptor signaling were performed. RESULTS Here, we elucidated how the combination of TAM and CXB at nontoxic doses exerts anti-angiogenic effects by specifically targeting VEGF/VEGFR2 autocrine signaling through ROS generation. At the molecular level, TAM-CXB suppresses VHL-mediated HIF-1α activation, responsible for expression of COX-2, MMP-2 and VEGF. Besides low VEGF levels, TAM-CXB also suppresses VEGFR2 expression, confirmed through quantifying secreted VEGF levels, luciferase and RT-PCR studies. Interestingly, we observed that TAM-CXB was effective in blocking VEGFR2 promoter induced expression and further 2 fold decrease in VEGF levels was observed in combination than TAM alone in both cell lines. Secondly, TAM-CXB regulated VEGFR2 inhibits Src expression, responsible for tumor progression and metastasis. FACS and in vivo enzymatic studies showed significant increase in the reactive oxygen species upon TAM-CXB treatment. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our experimental results indicate that this additive combination shows promising outcome in anti-metastatic and apoptotic studies. In a line, our preclinical studies evidenced that this additive combination of TAM and CXB is a potential drug candidate for treatment of breast tumors expressing high levels of VEGF and VEGFR2. This ingenious combination might be a better tailored clinical regimen than TAM alone for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Prashanth Kumar
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal PIN-721302, India
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22
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Abrahão AC, Giudice FS, Sperandio FF, Pinto Junior DDS. Effects of celecoxib treatment over the AKT pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 42:793-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Corrêa Abrahão
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Oral Diagnosis; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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23
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Clemente M, Sánchez-Archidona AR, Sardón D, Díez L, Martín-Ruiz A, Caceres S, Sassi F, Dolores Pérez-Alenza M, Illera JC, Dunner S, Peña L. Different role of COX-2 and angiogenesis in canine inflammatory and non-inflammatory mammary cancer. Vet J 2013; 197:427-32. [PMID: 23489848 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and canine inflammatory mammary cancer (IMC) are the most aggressive and fatal types of mammary cancer, and both have a very poor prognosis and low survival rate. Human IBC is characterised by exacerbated angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and lymphangiotropism. Lymphangiotropism is also characteristic of IMC, but microvascular density (MVD) and lymphangiogenesis have not been previously studied in canine IMC. In this study immunohistochemical expression of several angiogenesis-related factors (cyclooxygenase [COX]-2, vascular endothelial growth factors A and D [VEGF-A, VEGF-D], and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 [VEGFR-3]), MVD, lymphatic proliferation index (LPI), and Ki-67 tumour proliferation index (PI) were studied in 21 canine IMC samples, 20 canine high-grade malignant non-IMC mammary tumours (MMTs), and four normal mammary gland samples (NMGs). All mammary neoplasms were histologically categorised as grade III. COX-2 values were also analysed by RT-PCR in seven IMCs, six MMTs and four NMGs. The expressions of COX-2, VEGF-A, and VEGF-D were significantly higher in IMC, MVD and LPI tumours, but not PI. In MMTs, COX-2 immunoexpression was significantly associated with VEGF-A, while in IMCs COX-2 was associated with VEGF-D (lymphangiogenic factor), its receptor VEGFR-3, and LPI. These results suggested that lymphangiogenic pathway stimulation isa specific role of COX-2 in IMC angiogenesis, which justifies the use of COX-2-based targeted palliative therapies in dogs. The exacerbated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and the increased expression of angiogenesis-related factors further support canine IMC as a natural model for the study of human IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Clemente
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology. Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor as biomarkers for lymph node metastasis and poor cancer-specific survival in prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol 2011; 31:312-7. [PMID: 21367627 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to analyze the clinicopathologic significance of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in human prostate cancer (CaP), and their involvement in the prognosis of CaP. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of SDF-1, VEGF, and MMP-9 were measured using immunohistochemistry in 148 CaP patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease and in 10 samples of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). RESULTS In the CaP group, VEGF and MMP-9 were more strongly expressed in the tumor cells compared with the BPH group. High intensity SDF-1, VEGF, and MMP-9 stains in tumor areas strongly correlated with lymph node metastasis, pathologic stage, and differentiation. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that SDF-1, VEGF, and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors for prostate cancer-specific survival. High levels of MMP-9, pathologic stage, and differentiation were associated with prostate cancer-specific survival in univariate analysis but the risk estimate was not significant in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS High expression levels of SDF-1, VEGF, and MMP-9 are more correlated with lymph node metastatic prostate carcinoma compared with non-lymph-node metastatic cancer. High expression levels of SDF-1 and VEGF strongly predict the biochemical progression in CaP patients after radical prostatectomy.
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25
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Queiroga FL, Pires I, Parente M, Gregório H, Lopes CS. COX-2 over-expression correlates with VEGF and tumour angiogenesis in canine mammary cancer. Vet J 2010; 189:77-82. [PMID: 20675158 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the possible roles of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in canine mammary cancer angiogenesis. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 70 tumours (28 benign and 42 malignant) in order to detect COX-2 and VEGF expression. Microvessel density (MVD) was determined by CD31 immunolabelling to assess tumour angiogenesis. There was a significantly higher expression of COX-2 (P<0.001), VEGF (P<0.001) and MVD (P<0.001) in malignant compared to benign tumours. In the malignant group, the MVD of COX-2 positive tumours was significantly higher than that of COX-2 negative tumours (P=0.026). A similar association was observed for VEGF (P<0.001) positive tumours. The results from this study suggested that over-expression of COX-2 and VEGF may contribute to increased angiogenesis and aggression in malignant tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felisbina L Queiroga
- CECAV, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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Machado DE, Berardo PT, Landgraf RG, Fernandes PD, Palmero C, Alves LM, Abrao MS, Nasciutti LE. A selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor suppresses the growth of endometriosis with an antiangiogenic effect in a rat model. Fertil Steril 2010; 93:2674-9. [PMID: 20056215 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the antiangiogenic effects of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor parecoxib on the growth of endometrial implants in a rat model of peritoneal endometriosis. DESIGN Pharmacologic interventions in an experimental model of peritoneal endometriosis. SETTING Research laboratory in the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. ANIMAL(S) Twenty female Sprague-Dawley rats with experimentally induced endometriosis. INTERVENTION(S) After implantation and establishment of autologous endometrium onto the peritoneum abdominal wall, rats were randomized into groups and treated with parecoxib or the vehicle by IM injection for 30 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Vascular density, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor Flk-1, the distribution of activated macrophages, the expression of COX-2, and the prostaglandin concentration in the endometriotic lesions treated with parecoxib were analyzed. RESULT(S) The treatment significantly decreased the implant size, and histologic examination indicated mostly atrophy and regression. A reduction in microvessel density and in the number of macrophages, associated with decreased expression of VEGF and Flk-1, also were observed. The treatment group showed a low concentration of prostaglandin E(2). CONCLUSION(S) These results suggest that the use of COX-2 selective inhibitors could be effective to suppress the establishment and growth of endometriosis, partially through their antiangiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Escorsim Machado
- Programa de Pesquisa em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária-Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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You J, Mi D, Zhou X, Qiao L, Zhang H, Zhang X, Ye L. A positive feedback between activated extracellularly regulated kinase and cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase maintains proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 2009; 150:1607-17. [PMID: 19008312 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis of breast cancer cells is the leading cause of death in breast cancer patients. Why do breast cancer cells with high metastatic potential always keep in high proliferation and migration? The endogenous signaling pathways associated with tumor metastasis remain unclear. In the present study, we address whether a link between ERK and the enzymes associated with arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism contributes to the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. To identify endogenous signaling pathways involved in sustaining proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells, we performed parallel studies of human breast cancer cell lines that differ in their metastatic potential. Our data showed that cell lines with high metastatic potential, including LM-MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, exhibited significantly high, sustained levels of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) 1/2 relative to MCF-7 cells. Our findings showed that beta-catenin, cyclin D1, and survivin serve downstream effectors of pERK1/2, whereas Gi/o proteins, phospholipase C, and protein kinase C serve upstream activators of pERK1/2. In addition, AA metabolites were able to activate Gi/o proteins, phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and pERK1/2 cascades through cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. In contrast, activated ERK1/2 promoted AA metabolism through a positive feedback loop, which conduces to a high proliferative potential and the migration of the breast cancer cells. Together, our data provide new mechanistic insights into possible endogenous signaling metastatic signaling pathways involved in maintaining proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacong You
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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28
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Chin YR, Toker A. Function of Akt/PKB signaling to cell motility, invasion and the tumor stroma in cancer. Cell Signal 2008; 21:470-6. [PMID: 19110052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase Akt is a major signal transducer of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K) pathway in all cells and tissues and plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation, survival and metabolism. The frequent aberrant activation of the PI 3-K/Akt pathway in human cancer has made it an attractive therapeutic target. Numerous studies have provided a comprehensive understanding of the specific functions of Akt signaling in cancer cells as well as the surrounding tumor microenvironment and this has informed and enabled the development of therapeutic drugs to target both PI 3-K and Akt. However, recent studies have provided evidence for distinct functions of the three mammalian Akt isoforms, particularly with respect to the regulation of cell motility and metastasis of breast cancer. Here we discuss the mechanisms by which Akt signaling contributes to invasive migration and tumor metastasis, and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the contribution of the Akt pathway in the tumor-associated stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Rebecca Chin
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, EC/CLS-528, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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29
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Ceyhan ST, Onguru O, Baser İ, Gunhan O. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in ovarian endometriotic cysts and their relationship with angiogenesis. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:988-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Salhab M, Singh-Ranger G, Mokbel R, Jouhra F, Jiang WG, Mokbel K. Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression correlates with aromatase expression in human breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 2007; 96:424-8. [PMID: 17657731 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin (PG) E2, is known to increase intracellular cAMP and estrogen production in malignant breast tissue. The aromatase enzyme complex is responsible for local production of estrogens in breast cancer. Increasing evidence supports a role for COX-2 in upregulation of aromatase activity. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between COX-2 and aromatase mRNA expression in human breast cancer. METHODS A total of 160 breast samples (127 tumor tissues and 33 normal tissues) were analyzed. Levels of transcription were determined using real-time quantitative PCR. COX-2 and aromatase mRNA expression were normalized against CK19. Levels of expression of COX-2 were correlated with those of aromatase using Pearson's correlation method. RESULTS Levels of expression of COX-2/CK19 of both benign and malignant tissues were positively correlated with aromatase/CK19 transcript levels (correlation coefficient = +0.536, P < 0.0001). When we compared levels of expression of both genes in malignant samples only, there was a highly significant positive correlation (r = +0.611, P < 0.00001). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a strong positive relationship between COX-2 and aromatase mRNA expression, and lends further support to the hypothesis that COX-2 is an upregulator of aromatase in breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salhab
- St. George's University of London, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Li Y, Brown PH. Translational approaches for the prevention of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2007; 16:203-15. [PMID: 17415091 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e328011ed98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer prevention has focused heavily on endocrine interventions using selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors. Tamoxifen, the stereotypical selective estrogen receptor modulator, significantly reduces the breast cancer incidence in high-risk women. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors, however, only prevent the development of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer and have no effect in reducing the risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, which has poor prognosis. Thus, preventive therapies for estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer are clearly needed. Recently, a number of novel chemopreventive agents targeting nonendocrine pathways have been developed and shown to prevent estrogen receptor-negative mammary tumorigenesis in animal models. These agents include rexinoids, selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and others. In this review, we discuss the effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors, as well as novel agents targeting nonendocrine pathways. We also discuss the promise of combining these agents for the effective prevention of all forms of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Li
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Nahleh Z, Namakydoust A, Bakkar R, Bishop J. Trastuzumab not for ductal carcinoma in situ? Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:1231-5. [PMID: 17893526 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3282a4a61c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a preinvasive breast lesion accounting for approximately 30% of all newly detected breast cancers in the US. DCIS has been separated into two groups by architecture (comedo versus noncomedo) and nuclear grade. The expression of biological markers in DCIS, however, would reflect the true biologic potential of the lesion. Patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER-2)-positive DCIS pose a treatment challenge. They are not candidates for tamoxifen; trastuzumab has an undetermined role in DCIS. In this report, we present a case of a 45-year-old woman diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and ER-negative/HER-2-positive DCIS who developed recurrence and progression of DCIS as manifested by a new palpable mass while receiving trastuzumab as part of adjuvant treatment for invasive breast cancer. The potential clinical implications are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Trastuzumab
- Treatment Failure
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Nahleh
- Karmanos Cancer Institute/Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan ,College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Liang Z, Brooks J, Willard M, Liang K, Yoon Y, Kang S, Shim H. CXCR4/CXCL12 axis promotes VEGF-mediated tumor angiogenesis through Akt signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:716-22. [PMID: 17559806 PMCID: PMC1986788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been shown to play a critical role in chemotaxis and homing, which are key steps in cancer metastasis. There is also increasing evidence that links this receptor to angiogenesis; however, its molecular basis remains elusive. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the major angiogenic factors, promotes the formation of leaky tumor vasculatures that are the hallmarks of tumor progression. Here, we investigated whether CXCR4 induces the expression of VEGF through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Our results showed that CXCR4/CXCL12 induced Akt phosphorylation, which resulted in upregulation of VEGF at both the mRNA and protein levels. Conversely, blocking the activation of Akt signaling led to a decrease in VEGF protein levels; blocking CXCR4/CXCL12 interaction with a CXCR4 antagonist suppressed tumor angiogenesis and growth in vivo. Furthermore, VEGF mRNA levels correlated well with CXCR4 mRNA levels in patient tumor samples. In summary, our study demonstrates that the CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling axis can induce angiogenesis and progression of tumors by increasing expression of VEGF through the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Our findings suggest that targeting CXCR4 could provide a potential new anti-angiogenic therapy to suppress the formation of both primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgina 30322
| | - Joann Brooks
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgina 30322
| | - Margaret Willard
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgina 30322
| | - Ke Liang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgina 30322
| | - Younghyoun Yoon
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgina 30322
| | - Seunghee Kang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgina 30322
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgina 30322
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgina 30322
- *To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Winship Cancer Institute, 1365C Clifton Road, N.E., Clinic C5008, Atlanta, GA 30322. Phone: 404-778-4564, Fax: 404-778-5550, E-mail:
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Bock JM, Menon SG, Sinclair LL, Bedford NS, Goswami PC, Domann FE, Trask DK. Celecoxib Toxicity Is Cell Cycle Phase Specific. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3801-8. [PMID: 17440094 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Celecoxib inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human tumors, but the molecular mechanisms for these processes are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the ability of celecoxib to induce toxicity in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and explored the relationships between celecoxib-induced cell cycle inhibition and toxicity in HNSCC. Celecoxib inhibited the proliferation of UM-SCC-1 and UM-SCC-17B cells both in vitro and in vivo, accompanied by G(1) phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Celecoxib induced p21(waf1/cip1) at the transcriptional level independent of wild-type p53 function, leading to decreased expression of cyclin D1 and hypophosphorylation of Rb, with subsequent marked downstream decreases in nuclear E2F-1 protein expression and E2F transactivating activity by luciferase reporter assay. Cell cycle phase-specific cytometric sorting showed that celecoxib induced clonogenic toxicity preferentially to cells within the S phase greater than G(1) and G(2) phases. Levels of p21(waf1/cip1) and cyclin D1 protein were reduced in the S phase compared with the G(1) and G(2) phases, suggesting a possible protective role for p21(waf1/cip1) expression in celecoxib toxicity. In conclusion, we show that celecoxib has marked antiproliferative activity against head and neck cancer cells through transcriptional induction of p21(waf1/cip1) and G(1) phase accumulation leading to S phase-specific clonogenic toxicity. We additionally show that a profound inhibition of nuclear E2F function provides a possible mechanism for this S phase-specific toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Bock
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Queiroga FL, Alves A, Pires I, Lopes C. Expression of Cox-1 and Cox-2 in Canine Mammary Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2007; 136:177-85. [PMID: 17416236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate immunohistochemically the expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) in canine mammary tumours of different histological types. Cox-1 and Cox-2 enzyme expression was evaluated in 70 mammary samples (four normal, six hyperplastic, 60 neoplastic [21 benign and 39 malignant]). Cox-1 expression was identified in all the samples, and Cox-2 in all the mammary lesions except ductal hyperplasia. Two of the four normal mammary gland samples showed focal immunoreactivity for Cox-2. Cox-1 immunoexpression did not differ significantly between benign and malignant lesions (P=0.272). Cox-2 immunoexpression was higher in malignant tumours than in benign counterparts (P<0.001). Of the malignant tumours, carcinosarcomas and tubulopapillary and squamous cell carcinomas had the highest Cox-2 scores. The study showed that malignant tumours had the highest values of Cox-2 expression, and Cox-2 immunolabelling was particularly intense in histological types classically associated with high malignancy. This suggests that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly Cox-2 inhibitors, may have a useful role to play in the treatment of canine malignant mammary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal.
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36
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von Rahden BHA, Brücher BLDM, Langner C, Siewert JR, Stein HJ, Sarbia M. Expression of cyclo-oxygenase 1 and 2, prostaglandin E synthase and transforming growth factor beta1, and their relationship with vascular endothelial growth factors A and C, in primary adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Br J Surg 2006; 93:1424-32. [PMID: 17022010 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary adenocarcinomas of the small intestine are rare. The prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway plays a major role in carcinogenesis and is linked with angiogenesis in various tumours. Promotion of tumour growth by transforming growth factor (TGF) beta may be mediated through the prostaglandin pathway. METHODS Expression of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) 1 and 2, prostaglandin E synthase (PGES), TGF-beta1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A and C genes was analysed in 54 primary adenocarcinomas of the small intestine and corresponding normal intestinal mucosa. All patients had undergone surgical resection without previous antineoplastic therapy. Target gene expression was analysed at the mRNA level by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and correlated with clinicopathological parameters as well as survival. COX-2 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Expression of COX-2 protein was detected immunohistochemically in 98 per cent of the carcinomas. COX-1, COX-2, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, PGES and TGF-beta1 mRNA expression varied markedly in different tumours, but all were overexpressed compared with levels in normal intestinal mucosa. There were significant associations between levels of COX-1, COX-2, TGF-beta1 and PGES mRNAs and those of VEGF-A and VEGF-C. CONCLUSION Correlations between levels of mRNA for COX-1, COX-2, TGF-beta1 and PGES and those for proangiogenic factors VEGF-A and VEGF-C suggest a role for these factors in the propagation of primary adenocarcinomas of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H A von Rahden
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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37
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Timoshenko AV, Chakraborty C, Wagner GF, Lala PK. COX-2-mediated stimulation of the lymphangiogenic factor VEGF-C in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1154-63. [PMID: 16570043 PMCID: PMC2361247 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of COX-2 or VEGF-C has been correlated with progressive disease in certain cancers. Present study utilized several human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T-47D, Hs578T and MDA-MB-231, varying in COX-2 expression) as well as 10 human breast cancer specimens to examine the roles of COX-2 and prostaglandin E (EP) receptors in VEGF-C expression or secretion, and the relationship of COX-2 or VEGF-C expression to lymphangiogenesis. We found a strong correlation between COX-2 mRNA expression and VEGF-C expression or secretion levels in breast cancer cell lines and VEGF-C expression in breast cancer tissues. Expression of LYVE-1, a selective marker for lymphatic endothelium, was also positively correlated with COX-2 or VEGF-C expression in breast cancer tissues. Inhibition of VEGF-C expression and secretion in the presence of COX-1/2 or COX-2 inhibitors or following downregulation of COX-2 with COX-2 siRNA established a stimulatory role COX-2 in VEGF-C synthesis by breast cancer cells. EP1 as well as EP4 receptor antagonists inhibited VEGF-C production indicating the roles of EP1 and EP4 in VEGF-C upregulation by endogenous PGE2. Finally, VEGF-C secretion by MDA-MB-231 cells was inhibited in the presence of kinase inhibitors for Her-2/neu, Src and p38 MAPK, indicating a requirement of these kinases for VEGF-C synthesis. These results, for the first time, demonstrate a regulatory role of COX-2 in VEGF-C synthesis (and thereby lymphangiogenesis) in human breast cancer, which is mediated at least in part by EP1/EP4 receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclooxygenase 2/biosynthesis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/drug effects
- Cyclooxygenase 2/physiology
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/physiology
- Female
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Lymphangiogenesis/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Quinazolines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/metabolism
- Vesicular Transport Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Timoshenko
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5C1
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5B7
| | - C Chakraborty
- Department of Pathology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5C1
| | - G F Wagner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5C1
| | - P K Lala
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5C1
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5C1. E-mail:
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Mihalyi A, Simsa P, Mutinda KC, Meuleman C, Mwenda JM, D'Hooghe TM. Emerging drugs in endometriosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2006; 11:503-24. [PMID: 16939388 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.11.3.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common, estrogen-dependent, gynaecological disease, defined as the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus. Although several medications are used for treatment of the disease, they are associated with high recurrence rates, considerable side effects and limited duration of application. Due to these limitations and to the impact of endometriosis on the quality of life of affected women, their environment and the society, there is a great need for new drugs able to abolish endometriosis and its symptoms. Studies in recent years investigating the (patho)physiological mechanisms involved in disease aetiology have fostered the development of novel therapeutic concepts for endometriosis, by targeting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, by selective modulation of estrogenic and progestogenic pathways, by inhibiting angiogenesis or by interfering with inflammatory and immunological factors. This article presents a brief summary of the currently available medications and an overview regarding the development of some of the most interesting and/or most promising novel drug candidates for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Mihalyi
- Leuven University Fertility Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Chi-Man Tang T, Tung-Ping Poon R, Fan ST. The significance of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 59 Suppl 2:S311-6. [PMID: 16507400 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(05)80053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the five most common malignancies in the world and is the second leading cause of death in Hong Kong. Previous studies have shown increased levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a variety of human malignancies including HCC, suggesting that abnormal COX-2 expression plays an important role in carcinogenesis. In addition, some evidence suggests that selective COX-2 inhibitors suppress the formation of tumors in experimental models. However, there are no data in the literature on using COX-2 as an inhibitor target in HCC. The main objective of this article was to give a brief summary of the recent findings of the role of COX-2 in HCC. We briefly reviewed the significance of COX-2 in varies cancers, and then focused on the recent findings of the significance of COX-2 in HCC. Finally, we further evaluated the possibility of using COX-2 as a therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chi-Man Tang
- Center for the Study of Liver Disease, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, China
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Millanta F, Citi S, Della Santa D, Porciani M, Poli A. COX-2 expression in canine and feline invasive mammary carcinomas: correlation with clinicopathological features and prognostic fmolecular markers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 98:115-20. [PMID: 16538539 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-9138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an inducible enzyme linked to tumor growth and angiogenesis. Its expression occurs in a wide range of preneoplastic and neoplastic conditions in humans, including colon and breast carcinomas. We evaluated the role of COX-2 as a mediator of angiogenesis in feline and canine invasive carcinomas (IMCs) and its role as a prognostic indicator. COX-2 expression was assessed in neoplastic samples and healthy mammary glands by immunohistochemistry, and related to the following clinicopathological parameters: age, tumor size, histologic type, tumor grading, vessel invasion, estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, Ki-67, HER-2 overexpression, microvessel density (MVD), VEGF expression and overall survival (OS). In both species, COX-2 immunoreactivity was not observed in healthy tissues, whereas 96% of feline and 100% of canine invasive carcinomas scored positive. In queens, COX-2 overexpression was significantly correlated to ER-negative status (p=0.04) and to increased PR (p=0.038) expression, and angiogenesis assessed by VEGF expression (p=0.002). In bitches an increased COX-2 expression was significantly correlated to HER-2 overexpression (p=0.013) and to tumor dedifferentiation (p=0.03). In both species increased levels of COX-2 were correlated to poorer prognosis (p=0.03 in dogs and p=0.002 in cats). COX-2 is expressed in mammary tissues during tumorigenesis and its expression is associated with a poorer prognosis in bitches and queens. The correlation of COX-2 expression and angiogenesis provides support for a potential role of COX-2 inhibitors for the prevention and the treatment of feline IMCs via their anti-angiogenic properties. In the canine species, moreover, COX-2 may be important for mediating HER-2 induced mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Millanta
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Kim HM, Woo HD, Sohn DM, Kim SY, Lim CW, Park RK, Jung SP, Lee MH. Inhibitory Effect on Angiogenesis of a Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor with using Mouse Mammary Tumor cells. J Breast Cancer 2006. [DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2006.9.3.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Moon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hee-Doo Woo
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Doo-Min Sohn
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sung-Yong Kim
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Cheol-Wan Lim
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Rae-Kyung Park
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | | | - Min-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
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Howe LR, Chang SH, Tolle KC, Dillon R, Young LJT, Cardiff RD, Newman RA, Yang P, Thaler HT, Muller WJ, Hudis C, Brown AMC, Hla T, Subbaramaiah K, Dannenberg AJ. HER2/neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis and angiogenesis are reduced in cyclooxygenase-2 knockout mice. Cancer Res 2005; 65:10113-9. [PMID: 16267038 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inducible prostaglandin synthase cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is overexpressed in approximately 40% of human breast cancers and at higher frequencies in preinvasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Cox-2 expression is particularly associated with overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu). To definitively interrogate the role of Cox-2 in mammary neoplasia, we have used a genetic approach, crossing Cox-2-deficient mice with a HER2/neu transgenic strain, MMTV/NDL. At 20 weeks of age, mammary glands from virgin MMTV/NDL females contained multiple focal tumors, or mammary intraepithelial neoplasias, which histologically resembled human DCIS. Mammary tumor multiplicity and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were significantly decreased in Cox-2 heterozygous and knockout animals relative to Cox-2 wild-type controls. Notably, the proportion of larger tumors was decreased in Cox-2-deficient mice. HER2/neu-induced mammary hyperplasia was also substantially reduced in Cox-2 null mice. Additionally, mammary glands from Cox-2 knockout mice exhibited a striking reduction in vascularization, and expression of proangiogenic genes was correspondingly reduced. Decreased vascularization was observed both in dysplastic and normal-appearing regions of Cox-2-null mammary glands. Our data provide the first genetic evidence that Cox-2 contributes to HER2/neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis. This finding may help to explain the reduced risk of breast cancer associated with regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise R Howe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY, USA.
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von Rahden BHA, Stein HJ, Pühringer F, Koch I, Langer R, Piontek G, Siewert JR, Höfler H, Sarbia M. Coexpression of cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF-A, VEGF-C) in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5038-44. [PMID: 15958546 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COX), especially COX-2, are considered to be involved in carcinogenesis. Our study was initiated to test whether expression of COX isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2) is linked to expression of potent inducers of angiogenesis [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A] and lymphangiogenesis (VEGF-C) in esophageal adenocarcinoma. One hundred twenty-three esophageal adenocarcinomas were investigated by means of quantitative reverse transcription-PCR for expression of COX-1, COX-2, VEGF-A, and VEGF-C. Additionally, COX-2 protein expression was determined using immunohistochemistry. Three esophageal cancer cell lines (OE-33, OSC-1, and OSC-2) were treated with COX-inhibiting substances (diclofenac, rofecoxib, and SC-560) and the effect on expression of the four genes was determined. COX-2 protein expression was found in all carcinomas under analysis. RNA expression levels of COX-1 and COX-2 varied markedly in carcinoma tissues and correlated significantly with each other (P < 0.001, r = 0.726). Furthermore, COX expression correlated with expression of VEGF-A (COX-1: P < 0.001, r = 0.753; COX-2: P < 0.001, r = 0.764) and VEGF-C (COX-1: P < 0.001, r = 0.778; COX-2: P < 0.001; r = 0.613). Exposure of esophageal cancer cell lines OE-33, OSC-1, and OSC-2 with three COX-inhibiting substances (diclofenac, rofecoxib, and SC-560) resulted in significantly reduced expression of VEGF-A and VEGF-C. In conclusion, our data suggest that both COX isoforms may be involved in the pathogenesis of esophageal adenocarcinoma, as they are linked to the expression of important modulators of angiogenesis (VEGF-A) and lymphangiogenesis (VEGF-C).
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Mihalyi A, Mutinda KC, Simsa P, Debrock S, Mwenda JM, D’Hooghe TM. Role of immunologic and inflammatory factors in the development of endometriosis: indications for treatment strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.2217/14750708.2.4.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Applebaum H, Kieran MW, Cripe TP, Coffin CM, Collins MH, Kaipainen A, Laforme A, Shamberger RC. The rationale for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy for inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors: a Children's Oncology Group study. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40:999-1003; discussion 1003. [PMID: 15991185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) are neoplasms that are highly vascularized, have an intermediate prognosis, and are associated with infiltration, obstruction, local recurrence, and rare metastasis. Resection of large IMTs can lead to substantial morbidity and even mortality. Anecdotal experience suggests that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may eradicate large IMTs or shrink them to a more readily resectable size and configuration. To support the hypothesis that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are antiangiogenic for IMTs by interfering with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling via cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibition, IMT specimens were immunohistochemically examined for expression of COX-2 enzyme and VEGF. METHODS The diagnosis of IMT was confirmed in all 18 cases comprising the study. Intensity of COX-2 and VEGF staining was graded, and staining uniformity was examined. ALK-1 protein expression, found in up to two thirds of IMTs, was also determined. RESULTS COX-2 and VEGF expression were identified in all tissue examined, with staining intensity varying independently. ALK-1 protein expression was identified in 33% of specimens. Its presence was not related to the intensity of COX-2 or VEGF staining. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the mediators of angiogenesis, VEGF and COX-2, are present and may play an important role in the growth of IMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Applebaum
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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Perrone G, Santini D, Vincenzi B, Zagami M, La Cesa A, Bianchi A, Altomare V, Primavera A, Battista C, Vetrani A, Tonini G, Rabitti C. COX-2 expression in DCIS: correlation with VEGF, HER-2/neu, prognostic molecular markers and clinicopathological features. Histopathology 2005; 46:561-8. [PMID: 15842638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS There is considerable evidence that links COX-2 to the development of cancer. The aim of our study was to assess, by immunohistochemistry, COX-2 expression in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and its possible correlation with HER-2/neu, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and other common immunohistochemical parameters (p53, ER, PGR, Ki67). METHODS AND RESULTS Tissue samples of 49 archival cases of DCIS without any invasive component were analysed for COX-2, HER-2/neu, VEGF, oestrogen and progesterone receptors, Ki67 and p53 by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies. COX-2 expression was detected in 43 (87.8%) tissue samples, of which 12 (24.5%) were graded as weak, 22 (44.9%) as moderate and nine (8.4%) as high expression. Only six (12.2%) lesions were negative for COX-2 expression. VEGF expression was detected in 93.8% of samples; 66.7% of lesions were found to be positive for HER-2/neu expression. Furthermore, COX-2 expression was significantly correlated with VEGF expression (P = 0.003). A significant positive correlation was also observed between COX-2 and HER-2/neu expression (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that COX-2 is highly expressed in DCIS and takes part in the molecular pathway implicated in progression of breast cancer and may provide a rationale for targeting COX-2 in preinvasive breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Perrone
- Surgical Pathology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is a crucial event in tumour growth, since the growth of tumour cells depends on the supply of essentials such as oxygen and nutrients. Therefore, suppression of angiogenesis is expected to show potent therapeutic effects on various cancers. Additionally, this 'antiangiogenic therapy' is thought not only to eradicate primary tumour cells, but also suppress tumour metastases through disruption of haematogenous metastatic pathways. Tumour dormancy therapy does not aim to disrupt newly formed angiogenic vessels but aims to inhibit further formation of neovessels through inhibiting certain processes of angiogenesis. This raises a question of whether or not these antiangiogenic agents bring complete cure of tumours as complete cut-off of oxygen and nutrients is not expected by the treatment with these agents. This paper will review a novel antiangiogenic therapy, antineovascular therapy (ANET). ANET is categorised in antiangiogenic therapy but is different from tumour dormancy therapy using conventional angiogenic inhibitors: ANET aims to disrupt neovessels rather than to inhibit neovessel formation. ANET is based on the fact that angiogenic endothelial cells are growing cells and would be effectively damaged by cytotoxic agents when the agents are effectively delivered to the neovessels. The complete eradication of angiogenic endothelial cells may cause complete cut-off of essential supplies to the tumour cells and lead to indirect but strong cytotoxicity instead of cytostasis caused by the inhibition of angiogenesis. For the purpose of ANET, an angiogenic vasculature-targeting probe has been developed, by which cytotoxic anticancer agents are actively delivered to the angiogenic endothelial cells by using drug delivery system (DDS) technology. Another way to damage newly formed vessels by cytotoxic agents is achieved by metronomic-dosing chemotherapy. This chemotherapy shifts the target of chemotherapeutic agents from tumour cells to angiogenic endothelial cells by selective dosing schedule. Similarly, the shift of target from tumour cells to angiogenic endothelial cells enhanced therapeutic efficacy of cancer photo-dynamic therapy (PDT): in this antiangiogenic PDT, photosensitizers are delivered more to neovessel endothelial cells than to tumour cells. These therapeutic strategies would be clinically applied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Shimizu
- University of Shizouka, Department of Medical Biochemistry and COE Programme in the 21st Century, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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Anderson WF, Umar A, Hawk ET. Cyclooxygenase inhibition in cancer prevention and treatment. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2005; 4:2193-204. [PMID: 14640918 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.4.12.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the cyclooxygenase enzymes (specifically COX-2) might be an important molecular target for the intervention of cancer at both early and late stages of some cancers, providing an opportunity for both cancer prevention and therapy. COX-2 is overexpressed during carcinogenesis, and appears to have a role in both tumour initiation and promotion and is amenable to intervention. This review discusses the importance of COX modulation via non-specific, as well as COX-2 specific COX inhibitors (NSAIDs and COX-2 selective inhibitors [COXIB]). A brief discussion on the pharmacoeconomic considerations of NSAID and COXIB use and safety issues that have recently been the focus of debate, will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Anderson
- Gastrointestinal & Other Cancers Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, EPN, Room 2141, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-7317, USA
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49
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Ali-Fehmi R, Morris RT, Bandyopadhyay S, Che M, Schimp V, Malone JM, Munkarah AR. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in advanced stage ovarian serous carcinoma: correlation with tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and survival. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192:819-25. [PMID: 15746677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.10.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclo-oxygenase-2 seems to be involved at various steps in the processes of tumor progression. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression and tumor proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis in patients with advanced stage high-grade ovarian carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN Specimens from 118 patients with high-grade and advanced stage (III, IV) serous ovarian carcinoma were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for cyclo-oxygenase-2, Ki-67, vascular endothelial growth factor, and bcl-2 expression. Tumor microvessel density was assessed with CD34 immunostaining. We investigated the relationships between cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics, tumor angiogenesis (tumor microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression), and tumor proliferation and apoptosis. The effect of cyclooxygenase-2 expression on patient survival was determined. RESULTS There was a significant positive correlation between cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression in tumor cells and markers of tumor proliferation and angiogenesis. In univariate survival analysis, high cyclo-oxygenase-2 and high Ki-67 expression showed a significant impact of on patient survival (P < .001). In multivariate regression analysis, only Ki-67 expression retained its significance as an independent poor prognostic factor (death hazard ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.3; P < .001). CONCLUSION Expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 correlates with tumor proliferation and tumor angiogenesis but not with apoptotic markers (bcl-2 expression) in high-grade, advanced-stage serous ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouba Ali-Fehmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Dogan E, Saygili U, Posaci C, Tuna B, Caliskan S, Altunyurt S, Saatli B. Regression of endometrial explants in rats treated with the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib. Fertil Steril 2004; 82 Suppl 3:1115-20. [PMID: 15474083 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor rofecoxib on endometrial explants and on peritoneal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the rat endometriosis model. DESIGN Prospective, placebo-controlled study. SETTING Laboratory at Dokuz Eylül University. ANIMAL(S) Twenty-six rats with experimentally induced endometriosis. INTERVENTION(S) Rats were treated for 3 weeks with oral rofecoxib (3 mg/kg per day; n = 9); single subcutaneous injection of depot leuprolide acetate (1 mg/kg; n = 9); or vehicle (control; n = 8). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Change in explant area and histologic examination by semiquantitative analysis of endometriotic explants and measurement of peritoneal VEGF levels. RESULT(S) Three weeks of treatment with rofecoxib statistically significantly decreased the implant size (62.4%) compared with control (16.6%), and this effect was comparable with the decrease in leuprolide (64.3%). Histologic examination of the explants indicated mostly atrophy and regression in treatment groups, and semiquantitative analysis showed statistically significantly lower scores in rats treated with rofecoxib and leuprolide compared with controls. Both rofecoxib and leuprolide statistically significantly decreased VEGF levels compared with controls. CONCLUSION(S) Rofecoxib causes regression and atrophy of the endometriotic lesions and is as effective as a GnRH agonist with an accompanying decrease in the VEGF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbil Dogan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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