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Isayeva U, Manchia M, Collu R, Primavera D, Deriu L, Caboni E, Iaselli NM, Sundas D, Tusconi M, Pinna F, Paribello P, Scherma M, Pisanu C, Meloni A, Zai CC, Congiu D, Squassina A, Fratta W, Fadda P, Carpiniello B. Symptomatic remission and recovery in major psychosis: Is there a role for BDNF? A secondary analysis of the LABSP cohort data. Schizophr Res 2024; 266:197-204. [PMID: 38422890 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Remission, relapse prevention, and clinical recovery are crucial areas of interest in schizophrenia (SCZ) research. Although SCZ is a chronic disorder with poor overall outcomes, years of research demonstrated that recovery is possible. There are considerable data linking brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to SCZ, however, evidence on the role of BDNF in remission in SCZ is scarce. This secondary analysis of the Longitudinal Assessment of BDNF in Sardinian patients (LABSP) data aimed to investigate the relationship between serum BDNF levels and symptomatic remission, simultaneous clinical and functional remission, and recovery in patients with SCZ. A total of 105 patients with SCZ or schizoaffective disorder were recruited for a longitudinal assessment of BDNF levels over 24 months. Longitudinal data were analyzed using mixed-effects linear regression models. The study found significant associations between use of long acting injectables (χ2 = 7.075, df = 1, p = 0.008), baseline serum BDNF levels (U = 701, z = -2.543, p = 0.011), and "childhood" (U = 475, z = -2.124, p = 0.034) and "general" (U = 55, z = -2.014, p = 0.044) subscales of the Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) with patients maintaining remission and recovery. The diagnosis of SCZ was significantly associated with lower BDNF levels for patients with simultaneous clinical and functional remission (Z = 2.035, p = 0.0419) and recovery (Z = 2.009, p = 0.0445) compared to those without. There were no significant associations between remission in the entire sample and longitudinal serum BDNF levels or genetic variants within the BDNF gene. These findings provide further insight into the complex relationship between BDNF and SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulker Isayeva
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Roberto Collu
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Diego Primavera
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Deriu
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Caboni
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Novella Maria Iaselli
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Davide Sundas
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Massimo Tusconi
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Pinna
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Paribello
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Scherma
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudia Pisanu
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna Meloni
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Clement C Zai
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donatella Congiu
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Walter Fratta
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Fadda
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Bernardo Carpiniello
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Clark I, Wallman P, Gee S, Taylor D. Clinical outcomes with paliperidone palmitate 3-monthly injection as monotherapy: observational 3-year follow-up of patients with schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2024; 67:e15. [PMID: 38450540 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paliperidone palmitate 3-monthly (PP3M) has been tested in 1-year controlled studies. The aim of this study was to examine the relapse outcomes with PP3M monotherapy at 3 years in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS This was an observational, non-interventional study of patients started on PP3M according to their clinical need. All patients had a diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD-10 F20) and were between 18 and 65 years of age. The study took place in a mental health facility in South East London, UK. RESULTS Among the 166 patients who started PP3M, 97 (58%) met inclusion criteria and were observed for 36 months. In total, five patients (5%) experienced a relapse (defined as step-up in clinical care) while on PP3M. There were no relapses between months 18 and 36. Of the original 97 patients, 56 (58%) remained on PP3M monotherapy at 3 years, and 71 (73%) remained on either PP3M or paliperidone palmitate one-monthly. Reasons for discontinuation of PP3M included patient refusal (n = 11, 33% of discontinuations) and adverse effects in (n = 8, 24%). CONCLUSION PP3M is a highly effective monotherapy treatment for reducing relapse in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Clark
- Pharmacy Department, Maudsley Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark hill LondonSE5 8AZ, UK
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, LondonSE1 9NH, UK
| | - Phoebe Wallman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, LondonSE5 8AF
| | - Siobhan Gee
- Pharmacy Department, Maudsley Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark hill LondonSE5 8AZ, UK
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, LondonSE1 9NH, UK
| | - David Taylor
- Pharmacy Department, Maudsley Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark hill LondonSE5 8AZ, UK
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, LondonSE1 9NH, UK
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Berglund AM, Raugh IM, Macdonald KI, James SH, Bartolomeo LA, Knippenberg AR, Strauss GP. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on hallucinations and delusions in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis and outpatients with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:1329-1338. [PMID: 36680609 PMCID: PMC9862234 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the COVID-19 pandemic has had detrimental effects on mental health in the general population, the impact on those with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders has received relatively little attention. Assessing pandemic-related changes in positive symptoms is particularly critical to inform treatment protocols and determine whether fluctuations in hallucinations and delusions are related to telehealth utilization and treatment adherence. In the current longitudinal study, we evaluated changes in the frequency of hallucinations and delusions and distress resulting from them across three-time points. Participants included: (1) outpatients with chronic schizophrenia (SZ: n = 32) and healthy controls (CN: n = 31); (2) individuals at clinically high risk for psychosis (CHR: n = 25) and CN (n = 30). A series of questionnaires were administered to assess hallucination and delusion severity, medication adherence, telehealth utilization, and protective factors during the pandemic. While there were no significant increases in the frequency of hallucinations and delusions in SZ and CHR, distress increased from pre-pandemic to early pandemic in both groups and then decreased at the third time point. Additionally, changes in positive symptom severity in SZ were related to psychiatric medication adherence. Findings suggest that positive symptoms are a critical treatment target during the pandemic and that ongoing medication services will be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Berglund
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ian M Raugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kelsey I Macdonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sydney H James
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lisa A Bartolomeo
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Anna R Knippenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gregory P Strauss
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Aguglia A, Fusar-Poli L, Natale A, Amerio A, Espa I, Villa V, Martinotti G, Carrà G, Bartoli F, D'Agostino A, Serafini G, Amore M, Aguglia E, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C. Factors Associated with Medication Adherence to Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics: Results from the STAR Network Depot Study. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2022; 55:281-289. [PMID: 35468642 DOI: 10.1055/a-1804-6211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are prescribed to people with severe psychiatric disorders who show poor adherence to oral medication. The present paper examined factors potentially associated with medication adherence to LAI treatment. METHODS The STAR (Servizi Territoriali Associati per la Ricerca) Network Depot Study was a multicenter, observational, prospective study that enrolled 461 subjects initiating a LAI from 32 Italian centers. After 6 and 12 months of treatment, we evaluated differences between participants with high (≥5 points) and low (<5 points) medication adherence using Kemp's 7-point scale in sociodemographic, clinical, psychopathological, and drug-related variables. Factors that differed significantly between the two groups were entered for multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Six months after enrollment, participants with high medication adherence were younger, living with other people, had lower Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) total scores, lower adverse events, and a more positive attitude toward medication than participants with low adherence. Multivariate regression confirmed lower BPRS resistance and activation scores, absence of adverse events, and positive attitude toward medication as factors significantly associated with good adherence. After 12 months, all BPRS subscales were significantly lower in the high adherence group, which also showed a more positive attitude toward medication. BPRS resistance and attitude toward medication were confirmed as factors associated with medication adherence. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that adherence to LAI is principally related to attitude toward medication and traits of suspiciousness/hostility. Quality of patient-clinician relationship and tailored psychoeducational strategies may positively affect adherence in people undergoing psychopharmacological treatment, including LAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aguglia
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Fusar-Poli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, Catania, Italy
| | - Antimo Natale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Amerio
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Espa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Veronica Villa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carrà
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy.,Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Tottenham Court Rd, Bloomsbury, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Bartoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, Monza, Italy
| | - Armando D'Agostino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Ospedale San Paolo, Blocco A, Via Antonio di Rudinì, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Amore
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eugenio Aguglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ostuzzi
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health and Service Evaluation; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Corrado Barbui
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health and Service Evaluation; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Lee S, Schwartz S. Adherence and persistence to long-acting injectable dopamine receptor blocking agent therapy in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Psychiatry Res 2021; 306:114277. [PMID: 34808495 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess adherence and persistence to long-acting injectable dopamine receptor blocking agents (LAI DRBAs) in published observational cohort studies conducted in the United States. Adherence rate (proportion of days covered ≥80%) and persistence rate (no gap in therapy ≥60 days) to LAI DRBAs were examined in 26 articles for qualitative review and 8 articles for quantitative review. There was significant variability in adherence and persistence rates to LAI DRBAs in the reported observational cohort studies. The mean adherence and persistence rates to LAI DRBAs in the included studies were 36% (8-66%) and 56% (32-80%), respectively. The use of LAI DRBAs showed cumulative benefit of achieving adherence 1.40 times higher compared to oral agents. The persistence rate was measured by number of patients having no more than 60 days gap in therapy at follow-up, and the cumulative benefit of being persistently on the therapy was 1.65 times higher among the LAI agents-exposed group compared to the oral agents-exposed group. The use of LAI DRBAs confers benefit in adherence and persistence compared to oral DRBA formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, High Point University Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Shaina Schwartz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, High Point University Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point, NC, USA.
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Perceptions of Psychiatrists Toward the Use of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics: An Online Survey Study From India. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 39:611-619. [PMID: 31688382 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND Despite proven benefits of long-acting injectables (LAIs), these are frequently underused by the psychiatrists. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore the perceptions of psychiatrists toward the use of LAI antipsychotics in their routine clinical practice. METHODS/PROCEDURE An online e-mail survey was conducted by using Survey Monkey platform. RESULTS A total of 622 psychiatrists with a mean age of 41 years who were in psychiatric practice for approximately 14 years participated in the survey. Participants reported using LAI, mainly for patients with schizophrenia, with LAI prescribed to approximately one-tenth (9.30%) of their patients in acute phase of illness and in one-fifth (18.42%) of patients in stabilization/stable phase. Fluphenazine decanoate (32.7%) was the most commonly used LAI followed by flupenthixol decanoate (19.5%), haloperidol decanoate (17.8%), and olanzapine pamoate (11.1%). The most common reasons for starting LAI were history of medication (100%) and treatment (80.5%) nonadherence, followed by having frequent relapses/exacerbations of symptoms (54.8%). Overall, more than half of the participants felt the level of acceptance of LAI among patients offered to be quite reasonable (54.3%), and mostly, LAIs were used as combination therapy with oral antipsychotics (73.6%). Despite all these, approximately three-fifths (59%) of the participants reported that they underuse LAI to a certain extent, with most common reasons that deter them from using LAI being the cost (55.45%), lack of interest of patients in receiving LAI (42.9%), lack of regular availability (41.3%), and patients being scared of receiving injectables (41.2%). CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS The LAI antipsychotics despite having several benefits are still underused by a substantial proportion of practicing psychiatrists.
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Pacchiarotti I, Tiihonen J, Kotzalidis GD, Verdolini N, Murru A, Goikolea JM, Valentí M, Aedo A, Vieta E. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) for maintenance treatment of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders: A systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:457-470. [PMID: 30770235 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics (LAIs) are used to overcome non-compliance in psychoses, mainly schizophrenia spectrum disorders. We aimed to summarize available evidence of studies comparing the efficacy of LAIs to placebo or oral medications for Bipolar Disorder (BD) and/or Schizoaffective Disorder (SAD). We searched six databases from inception to 28-March-2018, using the strategy: long-acting antipsychotics AND (bipolar disorder OR schizoaffective disorder OR mania OR manic OR bipolar depression). We included peer-reviewed double-blind comparisons of LAIs for any clinical outcome occurrence in BD, or open mirror studies with same prospective as retrospective assessment periods. We excluded studies reporting on mixed schizophrenia/SAD populations without reporting results separately. The pooled records amounted to 642. After duplicate removal and inclusion/exclusion criteria application, we included 15 studies, 6 double-blind and 9 open, 13 assessing BD and 2 SAD. Depot neuroleptics prevented manic, but not depressive recurrences and may worsen depressive symptoms. Risperidone long-acting injectable was found to be effective in protecting from any mood/manic symptom compared to placebo, but not from depressive recurrences. Add-on or monotherapy paliperidone palmitate in SAD patients protected from psychotic, depressive, and manic symptoms. In patients with BD-I with a manic episode at study enrolment, aripiprazole monohydrate significantly delayed time to recurrence of manic episodes without inducing depressive episodes. LAIs are effective and well-tolerated maintenance treatments for BD and SAD. They showed better efficacy in preventing mania than depression. LAIs may be first-line for BD-I and SAD patients with a manic predominant polarity and with non-adherence problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Pacchiarotti
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 170 Villarroel st., Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Jari Tiihonen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Norma Verdolini
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 170 Villarroel st., Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Murru
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 170 Villarroel st., Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - José Manuel Goikolea
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 170 Villarroel st., Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Marc Valentí
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 170 Villarroel st., Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Alberto Aedo
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 170 Villarroel st., Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Unidad de Trastorno Afectivo Bipolar, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 170 Villarroel st., Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
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Di Lorenzo R, Ferri P, Cameli M, Rovesti S, Piemonte C. Effectiveness of 1-year treatment with long-acting formulation of aripiprazole, haloperidol, or paliperidone in patients with schizophrenia: retrospective study in a real-world clinical setting. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:183-198. [PMID: 30662264 PMCID: PMC6328290 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s189245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness that requires lifelong antipsychotic treatment. Therapy discontinuation, often due to poor adherence, increases the risk of relapses after both first and subsequent psychotic episodes. Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic drugs (APDs) have been introduced to increase therapeutic adherence, reducing blood-level variability compared to corresponding oral preparations. PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of three LAI-APDs: aripiprazole (Apr) prolonged release once monthly (OM) haloperidol decanoate (Hal-D) and paliperidone palmitate (PP-OM). METHODS We retrospectively collected data for all patients with schizophrenia or other psychoses (n=217) treated with the three LAI-APDs for the first time from January 1, 2012 to October 31, 2016: n=48 with Apr-OM, n=55 with Hal-D, and n=114 with PP-OM. After 6 and 12 months of LAI treatments, we assessed clinical and functioning improvement, urgent consultations, psychiatric hospitalizations, adverse effects, and dropout. We compared urgent consultations and psychiatric hospitalizations required by the same patient 6 and 12 months before and after LAI implementation. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The three LAI groups differed significantly only for "need for economic support from social service" (more frequent in the Hal-D group) and "schizoaffective disorder" (prevalent in the Apr-OM group). Apr-OM was prescribed at the maximum dose required by the official guidelines, whereas the other two LAIs were prescribed at lower doses. After 6 and 12 months' treatment with the three LAI-APDs, we registered similar and significant reductions in both urgent consultations and psychiatric hospitalizations (P<0.001) and overlapping clinical and functioning improvement-scale scores (P<0.001), and 14.28% of patients dropped out, with no difference among the three LAI-APDs. Different kinds of adverse effects, though similar for number and severity, were reported in the three LAI groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that both first- and second-generation LAI-APDs represent important therapeutic options, useful for improving schizophrenia's clinical course and its economic burden. Our study, which offers a wide and comprehensive observation of real-world clinical settings, combined an effectiveness evaluation through mirror analysis performed for each individual patient to a subsequent comparison among the three LAI-APDs, allowing us a more complete evaluation of clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Di Lorenzo
- Psychiatric Intensive Treatment Facility, Department of Mental Health and Drug Abuse, AUSL Modena, Modena, Italy,
| | - Paola Ferri
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Michela Cameli
- Private Accredited Psychiatric Hospital, Villa degli Ulivi, Caserta, Italy
| | - Sergio Rovesti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Piemonte
- Private Accredited Psychiatric Hospital, Villa Igea, Modena, Italy
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Joshi K, Mao L, Biondi DM, Millet R. The Research and Evaluation of Antipsychotic Treatment in Community Behavioral Health Organizations, Outcomes (REACH-OUT) study: real-world clinical practice in schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:24. [PMID: 29378547 PMCID: PMC5789676 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outpatient facilities, such as community behavioral health organizations (CBHOs), play a critical role in the care of patients with serious mental illness, but there is a paucity of "real-world" patient outcomes data from this health care setting. Therefore, we conducted The Research and Evaluation of Antipsychotic Treatment in Community Behavioral Health Organizations, Outcomes (REACH-OUT) trial, a real-world, prospective, noninterventional observational study of patients with mental illness treated at CBHOs across the United States. We describe demographic and clinical characteristics, antipsychotic therapy (APT) treatment patterns, and health care resource utilization in patients with schizophrenia undergoing medical care as usual. METHODS This study enrolled adults with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder who initiated APT treatment at various time points: 1) within 8 weeks of initiating risperidone long-acting injectables (RLAIs) or other APTs except paliperidone palmitate (PP), 2) after more than 24 weeks of continuous RLAI treatment, or 3) at any time after initiating PP LAI treatment (schizophrenia only). Study assessments were performed via participant interview, medical chart abstraction, and clinical survey at enrollment and at month 12. RESULTS A total of 1065 patients from 46 CBHOs were enrolled. Of these, 944 (88.6%) had a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 121 (11.4%) had bipolar I disorder. At enrollment, 599 (63.5%) of patients with schizophrenia were receiving RLAIs or PP LAI, 281 (29.8%) were receiving oral APTs, and 64 (6.8%) were receiving other injectable APTs. A number of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes were observed between patients in the LAI APT cohort and the oral APT cohort. CONCLUSION Descriptive analyses from this observational study suggest differences in the patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and clinical and economic outcomes among those with schizophrenia treated at CBHOs with LAI APT or oral APTs. Additional analyses will be conducted to delineate the impact of LAI APT versus oral APTs on patient outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trial Registry: NCT01181960 . Registered 12 August 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruti Joshi
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
| | - Lian Mao
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ USA
| | - David M. Biondi
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
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10
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Käkelä J, Marttila R, Keskinen E, Veijola J, Isohanni M, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Haapea M, Jääskeläinen E, Miettunen J. Association between family history of psychiatric disorders and long-term outcome in schizophrenia - The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study. Psychiatry Res 2017; 249:16-22. [PMID: 28063393 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Family history of psychiatric disorders has been associated with impaired outcome in schizophrenia, but very few studies have investigated its long-term social and occupational outcome. We investigated the association of family history of psychiatric disorders, especially psychosis, with long-term social, occupational, clinical and global outcome in schizophrenia. The study sample comprises of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Cohort members with psychosis were detected by Finnish national registers. Altogether 69 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis participated, mean age 43, after on average 17 years since onset of illness. The information regarding family history of psychiatric disorders were gathered from registers and interviews. A Strauss-Carpenter Outcome Scale, PANSS and SOFAS were conducted to assess the outcome. Results showed that the family history of any psychiatric disorder was associated with more severe positive and emotional symptoms in PANSS. The family history of psychosis was not associated with outcomes. These findings suggest that family history of psychiatric disorders has a small association with outcome in schizophrenia. Despite family history of psychosis being a strong risk factor for schizophrenia, after years of illness it does not seem to affect outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Käkelä
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Riikka Marttila
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Emmi Keskinen
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Veijola
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Isohanni
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heli Koivumaa-Honkanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; South-Savonia Hospital District, Mikkeli, Finland; North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland; SOSTERI, Savonlinna, Finland; SOTE, Iisalmi, Finland; Lapland Hospital District, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Marianne Haapea
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Erika Jääskeläinen
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Oulu Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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11
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Bae HH, NA EH, Yoon HJ, Park EK, Lee JI. A Study on Discontinuation Rate on Maintenance Treatment of Antipsychotic Agents in Schizophrenic Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.16946/kjsr.2017.20.2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Hyun Bae
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Hyeon NA
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic Of Korea Seoul ST, Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hai Joo Yoon
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Park
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Suzuki H, Hibino H, Inoue Y. Changes in length of hospital stay before and after the administration of a long-acting injection in patients with schizophrenia: Mirror-image study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 70:255. [PMID: 27061112 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Hibino
- Department of Psychiatry, Fukui Kinen Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, Shakomae Kokorono Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Emsley R, Alptekin K, Azorin JM, Cañas F, Dubois V, Gorwood P, Haddad PM, Naber D, Olivares JM, Papageorgiou G, Roca M, Thomas P, Hargarter L, Schreiner A. Nurses' perceptions of medication adherence in schizophrenia: results of the ADHES cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2015; 5:339-50. [PMID: 26834967 PMCID: PMC4722504 DOI: 10.1177/2045125315612013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Poor adherence to antipsychotic treatment is a widespread problem within schizophrenia therapy with serious consequences including increased risks of relapse and rehospitalization. Mounting evidence supports the key roles that nurses play in monitoring patient progress and facilitating long-term treatment adherence. The Adherencia Terapéutica en la Esquizofrenia (ADHES) nurses' survey was designed to assess the opinions of nurses on the causes and management of partial/nonadherence to antipsychotic medication. METHODS A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey of 4120 nurses from Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Interpretation of results was based on a descriptive comparison of responses. RESULTS Nurses perceived 54% of patients seen in the preceding month to be partially/nonadherent to treatment. Most nurses (90%) reported some level of experience with administration of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics, with 24% of nurses administering >10 injections per month. The majority (85%) of nurses surveyed believed that improving adherence would improve patient outcomes. Nearly half (49%) reported that most of their patients depend on a family member or other nonprofessional carer to remind them to take their medication as prescribed. A similar proportion of nurses (43%) reported that most of their patients relied on a professional to remind them to take medication. Most nurses (92%) felt that ensuring continuous medication with LAI antipsychotics would yield long-term benefits for patients, but their opinion was that over a third of patients were unaware of LAI antipsychotic treatments. In a series of forced options, the strategy used most often by respondents (89%) to promote medication adherence was to build trusting relationships with patients while listening to and interpreting their needs and concerns. Respondents also rated this as the most effective strategy that they used (48%). CONCLUSION Nurses are highly aware of adherence issues faced by their patients; further patient education on treatment options is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Koksal Alptekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Fernando Cañas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Dr R Lafora, Cra de Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Dubois
- Service de psychiatrie adulte, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Philip Gorwood
- CMME, Hôpital Sainte-Anne (Paris Descartes), Paris, France
| | - Peter M Haddad
- Greater Manchester West Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Psychiatry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dieter Naber
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - José Manuel Olivares
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Meixoeiro, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Roca
- Unidad de Psiquiatría, Hospital Juan March, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital M. Fontan, Lille, France
| | - Ludger Hargarter
- Department of Medical and Scientific Affairs, Janssen EMEA, Neuss, Germany
| | - Andreas Schreiner
- Department of Medical and Scientific Affairs, Janssen EMEA, Neuss, Germany
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14
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Effectiveness, Good Tolerability, and High Compliance of Doses of Risperidone Long-Acting Injectable Higher Than 75 mg in People With Severe Schizophrenia: A 3-Year Follow-Up. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 35:630-4. [PMID: 26421461 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tolerability and effectiveness of antipsychotics are important to increase treatment compliance in people with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to evaluate effectiveness, tolerability, and adherence to treatment with high doses of risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI) in patients with severe schizophrenia.It is a 3-year prospective, observational study of patients with severe (Clinical Global Impression Severity scale [CGI-S] score of ≥5) schizophrenia according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) criteria. Subjects were the consecutive 60 who first underwent treatment with RLAI with doses of 75 mg or higher every 14 days to get clinical stabilization.Assessment included the following: CGI-S, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN), Medication Adherence Rating Scale, laboratory tests, weight, and hospital admissions.The mean (SD) dose of RLAI was 111.2 (9.1) mg per 14 days. Tolerability was good and there were almost no interruptions due to adverse effects or to relevant biological parameters alterations. Also, weight gain was not significant.Retention rate in treatment after 3 years was 95%. Clinical Global Impression Severity (P < 0.01) and Camberwell Assessment of Need (P < 0.01) decreased and also Disability Assessment Schedule in the 4 areas (P < 0.01). Medication Adherence Rating Scale score increased from 3.6 (0.7) to 8.9 (0.9) (P < 0.001). There were significantly few hospital admissions than during the previous 36 months (1.9 [1.3] vs 0.31 [0.2], P < 0.001).As a conclusion, we highlight that the effectiveness and tolerability of 75 mg or higher every 14 days of RLAI were high, being useful in improving treatment adherence in patients with severe schizophrenia, getting good clinical and functional outcomes.
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15
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Lee LT, Chen KC, Chang WH, Chen PS, Lee IH, Yang YK. Holistic Consideration of Patients with Schizophrenia to Improve Medication Adherence and Outcomes. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 13:138-43. [PMID: 26243839 PMCID: PMC4540040 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2015.13.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although several algorithms have been applied to treat patients with schizophrenia, their clinical use remains still limited, because most emphasize the prescription of antipsychotics. A new algorithm with a more holistic approach to treating patients with schizophrenia, to be used before applying traditional prescribing guidelines, was thus proposed by an expert team of Taiwanese psychiatrists. In this algorithm, several important treatment tasks/modalities are proposed, including long-acting injection anti-psychotics, shared decision-making, a case management system, compulsory treatment by law, community rehabilitation programs, the patients’ feeling about their health care professionals (patients’ behaviors) and their attitude/knowledge of their conditions/illness. This study proposes that evaluating the medication adherence of patients can be determined by two key domains, namely patients’ behaviors and attitudes. Based on different levels of their behaviors (X-axis) and attitude/knowledge (Y-axis), it is possible to categorize patients with schizophrenia into six subgroups, for which various different interventions, including the use of antipsychotics, could be applied and integrated. Further research is needed to assess the applicability of this treatment algorithm in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ting Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Kao Chin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.,Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei Hung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.,Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I Hui Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.,Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.,Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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16
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Nasrallah HA, Harvey PD, Casey D, Csoboth CT, Hudson JI, Julian L, Lentz E, Nuechterlein KH, Perkins DO, Kotowsky N, Skale TG, Snowden LR, Tandon R, Tek C, Velligan D, Vinogradov S, O'Gorman C. The Management of Schizophrenia in Clinical Practice (MOSAIC) Registry: a focus on patients, caregivers, illness severity, functional status, disease burden and healthcare utilization. Schizophr Res 2015; 166:69-79. [PMID: 26027848 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Management of Schizophrenia in Clinical Practice (MOSAIC), a disease-based registry of schizophrenia, was initiated in December 2012 to address important gaps in our understanding of the impact and burden of schizophrenia and to provide insight into the current status of schizophrenia care in the US. Recruitment began in December 2012 with ongoing assessment continuing through May 2014. METHODS Participants were recruited from a network of 15 centralized Patient Assessment Centers supporting proximal care sites. Broad entry criteria included patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizoaffective disorder, presenting within the normal course of care, in usual treatment settings, aged ≥18years and able to read and speak English. RESULTS By May 2014, 550 participants (65.8% male, 59.8% White, 64.4% single, mean age 42.9years), were enrolled. The majority had a diagnosis of schizophrenia (62.0%). Mean illness duration at entry was 15.0years. Common comorbidities at entry were high lipid levels (26.9%), hypertension (23.1%) and type II diabetes (13%). Participants were categorized by baseline overall Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Severity Score as minimally (9.1%), mildly (25.3%), moderately (39.9%), markedly (22.3%) and severely (3.4%) ill. Most commonly used second generation antipsychotics at entry were risperidone (17.8%), clozapine (16.5%), olanzapine (14.0%), aripiprazole (13.6%) and quetiapine (5.6%). CONCLUSIONS No large-scale patient registry has been conducted in the US to longitudinally follow patients with schizophrenia and describe symptom attributes, support network, care access and disease burden. These data provide important epidemiological, clinical and outcome insights into the burden of schizophrenia in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Nasrallah
- Saint Louis University, 1438 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Philip D Harvey
- University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniel Casey
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - James I Hudson
- Harvard Medical School McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Laura Julian
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ellen Lentz
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tracey G Skale
- Greater Cincinnati Behavioral Health Services, 1501 Madison Road, Walnut Hills, OH 45206, USA
| | | | - Rajiv Tandon
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Cenk Tek
- Yale University/Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Dawn Velligan
- University of Texas, San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- University of California, San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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17
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Hutchins DS, Zeber JE, Roberts CS, Williams AF, Manias E, Peterson AM. Initial Medication Adherence-Review and Recommendations for Good Practices in Outcomes Research: An ISPOR Medication Adherence and Persistence Special Interest Group Report. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2015; 18:690-699. [PMID: 26297098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive associations between medication adherence and beneficial outcomes primarily come from studying filling/consumption behaviors after therapy initiation. Few studies have focused on what happens before initiation, the point from prescribing to dispensing of an initial prescription. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to provide guidance and encourage high-quality research on the relationship between beneficial outcomes and initial medication adherence (IMA), the rate initially prescribed medication is dispensed. METHODS Using generic adherence terms, an international research panel identified IMA publications from 1966 to 2014. Their data sources were classified as to whether the primary source reflected the perspective of a prescriber, patient, or pharmacist or a combined perspective. Terminology and methodological differences were documented among core (essential elements of presented and unpresented prescribing events and claimed and unclaimed dispensing events regardless of setting), supplemental (refined for accuracy), and contextual (setting-specific) design parameters. Recommendations were made to encourage and guide future research. RESULTS The 45 IMA studies identified used multiple terms for IMA and operationalized measurements differently. Primary data sources reflecting a prescriber's and pharmacist's perspective potentially misclassified core parameters more often with shorter/nonexistent pre- and postperiods (1-14 days) than did a combined perspective. Only a few studies addressed supplemental issues, and minimal contextual information was provided. CONCLUSIONS General recommendations are to use IMA as the standard nomenclature, rigorously identify all data sources, and delineate all design parameters. Specific methodological recommendations include providing convincing evidence that initial prescribing and dispensing events are identified, supplemental parameters incorporating perspective and substitution biases are addressed, and contextual parameters are included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E Zeber
- Scott & White Healthcare, Center for Applied Health Research, Temple, TX, USA; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Waco, TX, USA; Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Manias
- Deakin University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew M Peterson
- Mayes College of Healthcare Business and Policy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Jaramillo González LE, Gómez Restrepo C, García Valencia J, de la Hoz Bradford AM, Ávila-Guerra M, Bohórquez Peñaranda A. [Treatment of Adult Schizophrenic Patients With Depot Antipsychotics]. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA 2015; 44 Suppl 1:40-58. [PMID: 26576461 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the indications of long-acting antipsychotic injection and what its effectiveness and safety in adult patients with schizophrenia during the treatment maintenance phase. METHODS A clinical practice guideline was elaborated under the parameters of the Methodological Guide of the Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social to identify, synthesize and evaluate the evidence and make recommendations about the treatment and follow-up of adult patients with schizophrenia. The evidence of NICE guide 82 was adopted and updated. The evidence was presented to the Guideline Developing Group and recommendations, employing the GRADE system, were produced. RESULTS The literature review shows that the evidence has moderate to low quality. 8 articles were used. The risk of relapse was lower with depot risperidone and paliperidone palmitate when compared with placebo. For the risk of hospitalizations comparing depot antipsychotics (APD) versus oral AP, the result is inconclusive. Globally the second-generation APD had a lower risk of discontinuation when compared with placebo. The second generation AP had higher risk of extrapyramidal syndromes than placebo, as in the use of antiparkinsonian. The comparison of second-generation AP injections versus placebo showed an increased risk of early weight gain. CONCLUSION The use of depot antipsychotics in the maintenance phase of adult patients diagnosed with schizophrenia is recommended if there is no adherence to oral antipsychotics as the patient's preference. It is not recommended depot antipsychotics in the acute phase of schizophrenia in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Jaramillo González
- Médico psiquiatra, Master en Farmacología. Profesor Titular y Director Depto. de Psiquiatría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Carlos Gómez Restrepo
- Médico psiquiatra, psicoanalista, psiquiatra de enlace, magíster en Epidemiología Clínica. Profesor titular y Director del Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Hospital Universitario San Ignacio., Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jenny García Valencia
- Médica psiquiatra, Doctora en Epidemiología Clínica. Profesora asociada del Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Antioquia., Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Ana María de la Hoz Bradford
- Médica, magístra en Epidemiología Clínica. Profesora instructora del Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Ávila-Guerra
- Médico Servicio Social Obligatorio. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Bohórquez Peñaranda
- Médica psiquiatra, magístra en Epidemiología Clínica. Profesora asistente del departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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19
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Ameller A, Gorwood P. Poids de la comorbidité addictive dans le risque d’observance partielle au traitement médicamenteux et de rechute dans la schizophrénie. Encephale 2015; 41:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Morrato EH, Parks J, Campagna EJ, Muser E, Thomas DSK, Fang H, Doshi D. Comparative effectiveness of injectable paliperidone palmitate versus oral atypical antipsychotics: early postmarketing evidence. J Comp Eff Res 2015; 4:89-99. [DOI: 10.2217/cer.14.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To provide comparative effectiveness evidence for long-acting injectable paliperidone palmitate versus oral atypical antipsychotics. Patients & methods: We performed a retrospective, observational cohort study using patient claims data from Missouri Medicaid to compare the likelihood of emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations in the year following drug initiation using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for ED visits (AOR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.47–0.85) and hospitalizations (AOR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.64–1.13) were lower in paliperidone palmitate patients, although hospitalizations did not achieve statistical significance. Sensitivity analyses examining mental health-related outcomes and using different analytic strategies for patient selection bias showed directionally similar beneficial effects but were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Early evidence for paliperidone palmitate under real-world conditions is encouraging. However, caution should be taken until additional research substantiates the findings with greater certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine H Morrato
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joe Parks
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Campagna
- Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erik Muser
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Hai Fang
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dilesh Doshi
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
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Relative bioavailability and safety of aripiprazole lauroxil, a novel once-monthly, long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotic, following deltoid and gluteal administration in adult subjects with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:404-10. [PMID: 25266547 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aripiprazole lauroxil is a linker lipid ester of aripiprazole for extended-release intramuscular (IM) injection. This multicenter, randomized, open-label study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK), relative bioavailability, and tolerability of a single IM deltoid or gluteal injection of aripiprazole lauroxil in adult subjects with chronic stable schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Forty-six subjects were randomized 1:1 to aripiprazole lauroxil 441 mg IM in the deltoid or gluteal muscle. Samples were collected through 89 days post-dose to measure levels of aripiprazole lauroxil, N-hydroxymethyl aripiprazole, aripiprazole, and dehydro-aripiprazole. Forty-three (93.5%) subjects completed all study assessments; most were CYP2D6 extensive or immediate metabolizers (96%); two (4%) were poor metabolizers. The PK of aripiprazole following aripiprazole lauroxil was characterized by a steady rise in plasma concentrations (Tmax 44-50 days), a broad peak, and prolonged exposure attributable to the dissolution of aripiprazole lauroxil and formation rate-limited elimination of aripiprazole (t1/2=15.4-19.2 days). Deltoid vs. gluteal administration resulted in slightly higher Cmax aripiprazole concentrations [1.31 (1.02, 1.67); GMR 90% CI]; total exposure (AUCinf) was similar between sites of administration [0.84 (0.57, 1.24)]. N-hydroxymethyl-aripiprazole and dehydro-aripiprazole exposures were 10% and 33-36%, respectively, of aripiprazole exposure following aripiprazole lauroxil. The most common adverse events were injection site pain in 20 subjects (43.5%) and headache in 6 subjects (13.0%) of mild intensity occurring at a similar rate with deltoid and gluteal administration. Exposure ranges with deltoid and gluteal administration overlapped, suggesting that these sites may be used interchangeably. Despite a higher incidence of adverse events, deltoid muscle provides a more accessible injection site and could facilitate patient acceptance.
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Brissos S, Veguilla MR, Taylor D, Balanzá-Martinez V. The role of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a critical appraisal. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2014; 4:198-219. [PMID: 25360245 PMCID: PMC4212490 DOI: 10.1177/2045125314540297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their widespread use, long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics (APs) are often regarded with some negativity because of the assumption of punishment, control and insufficient evolution towards psychosocial development of patients. However, LAI APs have proved effective in schizophrenia and other severe psychotic disorders because they assure stable blood levels, leading to a reduction of the risk of relapse. Therapeutic opportunities have also arisen after introduction of newer, second-generation LAI APs in recent years. Newer LAI APs are more readily dosed optimally, may be better tolerated and are better suited to integrated rehabilitation programmes. This review outlines the older and newer LAI APs available for the treatment of schizophrenia, with considerations of past and present pharmacological and therapeutic issues. Traditional, evidence-based approaches to systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials are of limited utility in this area so this paper's blending of experimental trials with observational research is particularly appropriate and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Brissos
- Psychiatrist, Lisbon's Psychiatric Hospitalar Centre, Rua Conde de Redondo, nº 8 3º dt., Lisbon, 1150, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ruiz Veguilla
- Grupo Psicosis y Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio /CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Hospitalizacion de Salud Mental, Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Taylor
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Pharmacy Department, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Vicent Balanzá-Martinez
- Catarroja Mental Health Unit, University Hospital Doctor Peset, FISABIO, Valencia; and Section of Psychiatry, University of Valencia, CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
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Schreiner A, Svensson A, Wapenaar R, Cherubin P, Princet P, Serazetdinova L, Zink M. Long-acting injectable risperidone and oral antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia: results from a prospective, 1-year, non-interventional study (InORS). World J Biol Psychiatry 2014; 15:534-45. [PMID: 24779526 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2014.902990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore differences in outcomes for patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone long-acting treatment (RLAT) or oral antipsychotics (oAP). METHODS The International Observational Registry on Schizophrenia (InORS) explored flexible doses of newly initiated RLAT and oAPs for adults with schizophrenia, exploring 6-month retrospective hospitalization data and 12-month prospective medication use, outcomes, and tolerability. Efficacy outcomes included hospitalizations, the Clinical Global Impression of Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH), and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Medication switch patterns were also analysed. RESULTS Data were analysed from 1083 patients (561 RLAT, 522 oAP). At baseline, RLAT patients had higher symptom severity, greater functional impairment, and poorer compliance. Percentages of patients hospitalized were similar between groups, and median duration per hospitalization decreased after RLAT initiation and with oAP. The difference in duration of hospitalization between the retrospective and prospective period was significantly better with RLAT (P = 0.002). Mean CGI-SCH change from baseline was significantly better for RLAT vs. oAP patients for overall, positive, and negative symptom scores (P < 0.05). Mean functional improvement from baseline was significantly higher with RLAT vs. oAP (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Hospitalizations and symptomatic and functional outcomes were better with RLAT vs. oAP; frequent medication switches were associated with less favourable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schreiner
- Medical & Scientific Affairs EMEA , Janssen-Cilag GmbH, Neuss , Germany
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Haddad PM, Brain C, Scott J. Nonadherence with antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: challenges and management strategies. Patient Relat Outcome Meas 2014; 5:43-62. [PMID: 25061342 PMCID: PMC4085309 DOI: 10.2147/prom.s42735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonadherence with medication occurs in all chronic medical disorders. It is a particular challenge in schizophrenia due to the illness's association with social isolation, stigma, and comorbid substance misuse, plus the effect of symptom domains on adherence, including positive and negative symptoms, lack of insight, depression, and cognitive impairment. Nonadherence lies on a spectrum, is often covert, and is underestimated by clinicians, but affects more than one third of patients with schizophrenia per annum. It increases the risk of relapse, rehospitalization, and self-harm, increases inpatient costs, and lowers quality of life. It results from multiple patient, clinician, illness, medication, and service factors, but a useful distinction is between intentional and unintentional nonadherence. There is no gold standard approach to the measurement of adherence as all methods have pros and cons. Interventions to improve adherence include psychoeducation and other psychosocial interventions, antipsychotic long-acting injections, electronic reminders, service-based interventions, and financial incentives. These overlap, all have some evidence of effectiveness, and the intervention adopted should be tailored to the individual. Psychosocial interventions that utilize combined approaches seem more effective than unidimensional approaches. There is increasing interest in electronic reminders and monitoring systems to enhance adherence, eg, Short Message Service text messaging and real-time medication monitoring linked to smart pill containers or an electronic ingestible event marker. Financial incentives to enhance antipsychotic adherence raise ethical issues, and their place in practice remains unclear. Simple pragmatic strategies to improve medication adherence include shared decision-making, regular assessment of adherence, simplification of the medication regimen, ensuring that treatment is effective and that side effects are managed, and promoting a positive therapeutic alliance and good communication between the clinician and patient. These elements remain essential for all patients, not least for the small minority where vulnerability and risk issue dictate that compulsory treatment is necessary to ensure adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Haddad
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Greater Manchester West Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Cecilia Brain
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Nå Ut-teamet, Psychosis Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Scott
- Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, London, UK
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Dubois V, Peuskens J, Geerts P, Detraux J. Clinical outcomes of long-acting risperidone in recent versus long-term diagnosed Belgian schizophrenic patients: results from electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry (e-STAR) and Trial for the Initiation and Maintenance Of REmission in Schizophrenia with risperidone (TIMORES). Early Interv Psychiatry 2014; 8:39-49. [PMID: 23343330 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Potential differences in psychiatric clinical outcomes and hospitalization rates before and after the initiation of long-acting risperidone among recently and long-term diagnosed schizophrenia patients were studied. METHODS Data from two observational studies (Trial for the Initiation and Maintenance Of REmission in Schizophrenia with risperidone (TIMORES) and electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry (e-STAR)) were categorized by the recency of their diagnose and compared in several post hoc analyses. Clinical Global Impression of illness Severity (CGI-S) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores, as well as symptoms of clinical deterioration (including hospitalization data) at baseline, 12-month (for TIMORES and e-STAR) and 24-month (for e-STAR) follow-up were analysed. Other outcome measures included discontinuation rate, employment status and remission attainment. RESULTS Statistically significantly differences between recent and long-term diagnosed schizophrenic patients at 12- and 24-month follow-up were found for CGI-S (between P < 0.01 and P ≤ 0.001) and GAF (P < 0.05) scores. Other differences between both schizophrenic patient groups were found for measures of clinical deterioration, employment status and full symptomatic remission rates at 1 year. Although no consistent difference was found between recent and long-term patient groups for hospitalization parameters, the difference in length of full hospitalization days was statistically significantly different (P < 0.01) between e-STAR 'Early' and 'Late' patient groups at both 12- and 24-month endpoints: the mean change from baseline was significantly greater for e-STAR 'Early' at 12 months, but greater for e-STAR 'Late' at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the post hoc analyses support the significance of pharmacological interventions, such as long-acting risperidone, in addressing discontinuity issues, especially in recently diagnosed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dubois
- Service de Psychiatrie Adulte, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Chue P, Chue J. The cost–effectiveness of risperidone long-acting injection in the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 12:259-69. [DOI: 10.1586/erp.12.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Williams R, Chandrasena R, Beauclair L, Luong D, Lam A. Risperidone long-acting injection in the treatment of schizophrenia: 24-month results from the electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry in Canada. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:417-25. [PMID: 24600227 PMCID: PMC3942298 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s54740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess outcomes over 24 months in Canadian patients with schizophrenia initiated on risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI) and participating in the electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry (e-STAR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were enrolled from 24 sites after an independent decision to initiate RLAI. Subsequent patient management was based on usual clinical practice at each site and was not protocol-driven. Relevant data were collected retrospectively by chart review for 12 months prior to RLAI and prospectively for 24 months following RLAI initiation. RESULTS Patients (n=188) had a mean age of 39.2 years, were 66.3% male, and 27.7% were inpatients at baseline. Twenty-four months after initiating therapy (initial dose =28.7 mg), 34.1% (95% confidence interval 27.2%-42.2%) of patients had discontinued RLAI with a mean time to discontinuation of 273.4±196 days. Over the treatment period, there were significant (P<0.001) changes from baseline in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S; 3.48 versus [vs] 4.31 at baseline), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF; 56.1 vs 48.1), and Personal and Social Performance (PSP; 59.1 vs 46.9) scale scores. In addition, after 12 months, there were significant (P<0.001) decreases in the percentage of patients hospitalized (23.9% vs 58.5% pre-RLAI), mean length of stay (11.4 vs 30.4 days), and number of hospitalizations (0.32 vs 0.87) compared to the 12-month pre-RLAI period. Reductions in hospitalization continued into the second 12 months of therapy, when only 9% of patients were hospitalized and mean length of stay was 2.0 days. CONCLUSION In a routine clinical practice setting, patients switched to RLAI showed significant improvements in clinical outcomes and in global and social functioning, and hospitalization was significantly reduced. The data confirm that RLAI provides effective long-term management of schizophrenia in Canada.
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Roussidis A, Kalkavoura C, Dimelis D, Theodorou A, Ioannidou I, Mellos E, Mylonaki T, Spyropoulou A, Yfantis A. Reasons and clinical outcomes of antipsychotic treatment switch in outpatients with schizophrenia in real-life clinical settings: the ETOS observational study. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2013; 12:42. [PMID: 24359635 PMCID: PMC3878189 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-12-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients under antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia commonly exhibit poor adherence to treatment, high rates of treatment discontinuation, and frequent treatment changes. The ETOS study aimed to identify the reasons leading physicians to decide to switch antipsychotic treatment in outpatients with schizophrenia and to evaluate the outcome of this switch. METHODS ETOS was an observational 18-week (four visits) study in outpatients 18 to 65 years old, diagnosed with schizophrenia according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 4th edition criteria at least 6 months prior to enrolment, who were initiated on a new antipsychotic monotherapy treatment within the 2 weeks prior to enrollment. A total of 574 patients were recruited by 87 hospital- and office-based physicians. Ethical approval was obtained prior to study initiation (NCT00999895). RESULTS The final analysis included 568 patients, 39.0 ± 11.2 years old with mean disease duration of 11.7 years. The male-to-female ratio was 53:47. The main reason for switching antipsychotic treatment was lack of tolerability (n = 369, 65.0%), followed by lack of efficacy (n = 249, 43.8%). Following treatment switch, 87.9% of patients (n = 499) showed meaningful clinical benefit by achieving a Clinical Global Impression-Clinical Benefit score of ≤4 at the final visit. By the end of the study, total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Improvement, Clinical Global Impression-Severity, and Simpson-Angus Scale scores demonstrated significant mean decreases of 31.69, 0.70, 1.14, and 11.30, respectively (all p < 0.0001). Treatment adherence remarkably improved. CONCLUSION In the ETOS study, switch of antipsychotic monotherapy for reasons relating to lack of efficacy and/or tolerability was associated with significantly improved clinical benefit and significant increase of patients' adherence to treatment.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Model validation is important, but seldom applied in chronic schizophrenia. Validation consists of verifying the model itself for face validity (i.e., structure and inputs), cross-validation with other models assessing the same issue, and comparison with real-life outcomes. The primary purpose was to cross-validate a recent pharmacoeconomic model comparing long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics for treating chronic schizophrenia in Sweden. The secondary purpose was to provide external validation. METHODS The model of interest was a decision tree analysis with a 1-year time horizon with costs in 2011 Swedish kroner. Drugs analyzed included paliperidone palmitate (PP-LAI), olanzapine pamoate (OLZ-LAI), risperidone (RIS-LAI), haloperidol (HAL-LAI), and oral olanzapine (oral-OLZ). Embase and Medline were searched from 1990-2012 for models examining LAIs. Articles were retrieved, with data extracted for all drugs compared including: expected costs, rates of hospitalization, proportion of time not in relapse, and associated QALYs. Outcomes from the model of interest were compared with those from other articles; costs were projected to 2012 using the consumer price index. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were used for validation; 14 of them provided evidence for cross-validation, 13 for external validation, and four for cost. In cross-validation, cost estimates varied -1.8% (range: -12.4-20.1%), hospitalizations 5.2% (-12.1-3.1%), stable disease 2.5% (-5.6-1.5%), QALYs 9.0% (4.3% after removing outliers). All estimates of clinical outcomes were within 15%. In external validation, hospitalization rates varied by 6.3% (-0.7-11.3%). The research was limited by data availability and validity of the original results. CONCLUSION Other models validated the outputs of our model very well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Einarson
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
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Olivares JM, Sermon J, Hemels M, Schreiner A. Definitions and drivers of relapse in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic literature review. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2013; 12:32. [PMID: 24148707 PMCID: PMC4015712 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-12-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse in patients with schizophrenia has devastating repercussions, including worsening symptoms, impaired functioning, cognitive deterioration and reduced quality of life. This progressive decline exacerbates the burden of illness on patients and their families. Relapse prevention is identified as a key therapeutic aim; however, the absence of widely accepted relapse definition criteria considerably hampers achieving this goal. We conducted a literature review in order to investigate the reporting of relapses and the validity of hospitalization as a proxy for relapse in patients with schizophrenia. The primary aim was to assess the range and validity of methods used to define relapse in observational or naturalistic settings. The secondary aim was to capture information on factors that predicted or influenced the risk of relapse. A structured search of the PubMed database identified articles that discussed relapse, and hospitalization as a proxy of relapse, in patients with schizophrenia. National and international guidelines were also reviewed. Of the 150 publications and guidelines identified, 87 defined relapse and 62% of these discussed hospitalization. Where hospitalization was discussed, this was as a proxy for, or a component of, relapse in the majority of cases. However, hospitalization duration and type varied and were not always well defined. Scales were used to define relapse in 53 instances; 10 different scales were used and multiple scales often appeared within the same definition. There were 95 references to factors that may drive relapse, including non-adherence to antipsychotic medication (21/95), stress/depression (11/95) and substance abuse (9/95). Twenty-five publications discussed the potential of antipsychotic therapy to reduce relapse rates-continuous antipsychotic therapy was associated with reduced frequency and duration of hospitalization. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as psychoeducation and cognitive behavioural therapy, were also commonly reported as factors that may reduce relapse. In conclusion, this review identified numerous factors used to define relapse. Hospitalization was the factor most frequently used and represents a useful proxy for relapse when reporting in a naturalistic setting. Several factors were reported to increase the risk of relapse, and observation of these may aid the identification of at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Olivares
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Meixoeiro, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo 36200, Spain
| | - Jan Sermon
- Janssen-Cilag NV/SA, Antwerpseweg 15-17, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Michiel Hemels
- Janssen Health Economics Market Access and Reimbursement, Europe, Middle East and Africa, Hammerbakken 19, Birkerød 3460, Denmark
| | - Andreas Schreiner
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Janssen-Cilag Europe, Middle East and Africa, Johnson & Johnson Platz 5a, Neuss 41470, Germany
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Lammers L, Zehm B, Williams R. Risperidone long-acting injection in Schizophrenia Spectrum Illnesses compared to first generation depot antipsychotics in an outpatient setting in Canada. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:155. [PMID: 23718192 PMCID: PMC3669627 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depot formulations of antipsychotics provide a potential solution to the poor adherence to oral therapies in schizophrenia. However, there have been few comparative studies on the effectiveness and tolerability of first and second generation depot antipsychotics in a real clinical practice setting. The objectives of the present study were to compare safety and outcomes in patients with schizophrenia initiated on risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI) or first generation antipsychotic injections (FGAI) at a Mental Health Centre in British Columbia. METHODS Data were collected by retrospective chart review of all active patients starting depot therapy who were ≥ 18 years of age, had received at least 3 injections of depot antipsychotic and had no prior clozapine treatment. Kaplan Meier survival curves were used to estimate probability of treatment discontinuation and hospitalization. RESULTS A total of 70 RLAI and 102 FGAI patient charts were reviewed. At baseline patients in both groups had similar ages (39.7 and 42.7 years for RLAI and FGAI patients (p = 0.09), respectively) but FGAI patients had a longer time since diagnosis (13.6 vs. 9.85 years (p = 0.003)). Treatment retention at 18 months was 77% for RLAI and 86% for FGAI patients (p = 0.22) and 82% and 88% of patients, respectively (p = 0.28), had not been hospitalized. However, RLAI analyses were compromised by lack of long-term patient data. Concomitant medication utilization was similar in both groups except for anticholinergics which were used less frequently in RLAI patients (5.7% vs. 35.3%, p < 0.001). Adverse event frequency was also similar except for extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) which were more common in FGAI patients (52.9% vs. 17.0% for RLAI (p < 0.001)). CONCLUSIONS There was no apparent difference in treatment discontinuation or hospitalization between RLAI and FGAI treated patients, although analysis was compromised by low patient numbers. However, decreased EPS with RLAI may offer a significant clinical benefit to patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lammers
- Pharmacy Department, Nanaimo Regional General Hospital, Vancouver Island Health Authority, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Bree Zehm
- Pharmacy Department, Royal Jubilee Hospital, Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, Canada
| | - Richard Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, Eric Martin Pavilion, Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, Canada
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Geerts P, Martinez G, Schreiner A. Attitudes towards the administration of long-acting antipsychotics: a survey of physicians and nurses. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:58. [PMID: 23414331 PMCID: PMC3599671 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discontinuation of antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia can interrupt improvement and exacerbate the illness. Reasons for discontinuing treatment are multifactorial and include adherence, efficacy and tolerability issues. Poor adherence may be addressed through non-pharmacological approaches as well as through pharmacological ones, ie ensured delivery of medication, such as that achieved with long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics. However, attitudes of healthcare professionals (HCPs) towards LAI antipsychotics may influence their prescribing decisions and may influence medication choices offered to patients. We therefore conducted a survey to investigate factors driving LAI use as well as physician and nurse attitudes to LAI antipsychotics and to different injection sites. METHODS An independent market research agency conducted the survey of HCPs across Europe. Participants were recruited by telephone and completed the survey online. Using conjoint analyses (a multivariate statistical technique analysing preferences on the basis of ranking a limited number of attributes which are presented repetitively), attitudes to oral versus LAI medication and gluteal versus deltoid injection routes were assessed. RESULTS A total of 891 HCPs across Europe were surveyed. Of these, 40% would choose LAI antipsychotics for first episode patients whereas 90% would select LAI antipsychotics for chronic patients with two to five psychotic episodes. Dominant elements in antipsychotic choice were low sedation but no tardive dyskinesia, no or mild pain at injection and low risk of embarrassment or impact upon therapeutic alliance. Eighty-six per cent of respondents considered that having the choice of a deltoid as well as gluteal administration site was beneficial over not having that choice. Two thirds of respondents said they agreed that medication administration via the deltoid muscle may reduce social embarrassment associated with LAI antipsychotics and most respondents (61%) believed that administration of LAI antipsychotics into the deltoid muscle as opposed to the gluteal muscle may be more respectful to the patient. CONCLUSIONS In this survey of physicians and nurses, attitudes towards LAI antipsychotics compared with oral medication were generally positive. Respondents considered that the availability of a deltoid administration route would offer increased choice in LAI antipsychotic administration and may be perceived as more respectful and less socially embarrassing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Geerts
- Janssen, Antwerpseweg 15-17, Beerse, 2340, Belgium
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San L, Bernardo M, Gómez A, Martínez P, González B, Peña M. Socio-demographic, clinical and treatment characteristics of relapsing schizophrenic patients. Nord J Psychiatry 2013; 67:22-9. [PMID: 22429047 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2012.667150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To define the clinical profile of relapsing patients with schizophrenia attended in daily practice. METHOD Patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder admitted to short-stay/acute-care psychiatric units were eligible provided that data for the previous 3 years and for the next 12 months after discharge were collected. RESULTS Remarking features in 1646 patients (68% men) included low family support (34%), primary education (48%), schizophrenia as the main diagnosis (77%), duration of illness > 10 years (60%), mean number of previous hospitalizations of 2.74, non-adherence as the main reason of hospitalization (58.6%), treatment with a mean of two different antipsychotics and differences in adherence according to antipsychotic medication (P < 0.0001) (highest rates for depot atypical antipsychotics). The relapse rate was 38.6%. There were no differences in the number of relapsing patients according to antipsychotic drugs. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The profile of relapsing schizophrenic patients may be defined as a male subject, aged 30-45 years, with primary education level, more than 10 years of disease' duration, low family support, moderately and severely ill, treated with multiple antipsychotic drugs, and poor to moderate adherence. Differences in relapse according to antipsychotic types were not observed but long-acting second generation antipsychotic drugs showed the highest percentage of maximum adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis San
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu 2, Esplugues del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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San L, Bernardo M, Gómez A, Peña M. Factors associated with relapse in patients with schizophrenia. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2013; 17:2-9. [PMID: 22731397 DOI: 10.3109/13651501.2012.687452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess risk factors for relapse in patients with schizophrenia attended in daily practice. METHODS Patients with schizophrenia admitted consecutively to short-stay/acute-care psychiatric units over a 6-month period were eligible. Variables statistically significant in the univariate logistic regression analysis were then subjected to multivariate analysis. RESULTS The study population included 1646 patients (67.6% men). In the univariate analysis, low family support, duration of illness > 5 years, number of previous hospitalizations, cocaine and cannabis consumption, and number of different antipsychotic drug classes were risk factors for relapse. In the multivariate analysis, number of previous hospitalizations (odds ratio [OR] 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-1.36) and number of different antipsychotics previously used (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.03-1.24) were significant predictors of relapse. The absence of cannabis consumption was a protective factor (OR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.58-0.89). Neither adherence to treatment in the previous 3 years nor type of antipsychotic regimen was significantly associated with relapse. CONCLUSIONS Number of previous hospitalizations and number of different types of antipsychotic drugs were associated with relapse. Absence of cannabis consumption was a protective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis San
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu , CIBERSAM, Esplugues del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Kaplan G, Casoy J, Zummo J. Impact of long-acting injectable antipsychotics on medication adherence and clinical, functional, and economic outcomes of schizophrenia. Patient Prefer Adherence 2013; 7:1171-80. [PMID: 24265549 PMCID: PMC3833623 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s53795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating chronic disease that requires lifelong medical care and supervision. Even with treatment, the majority of patients relapse within 5 years, and suicide may occur in up to 10% of patients. Poor adherence to oral antipsychotics is the most common cause of relapse. The discontinuation rate for oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia ranges from 26% to 44%, and as many as two-thirds of patients are at least partially nonadherent, resulting in increased risk of hospitalization. A very helpful approach to improve adherence in schizophrenia is the use of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics, although only a minority of patients receive these. Reasons for underutilization may include negative attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs of both patients and health care professionals. Research shows, however, significant improvements in adherence with LAIs compared with oral drugs, and this is accompanied by lower rates of discontinuation, relapse, and hospitalization. In addition, LAIs are associated with better functioning, quality of life, and patient satisfaction. A need exists to encourage broader LAI use, especially among patients with a history of nonadherence with oral antipsychotics. This paper reviews the impact of nonadherence with antipsychotic drug therapy overall, as well as specific outcomes of the schizophrenia patient, and highlights the potential benefits of LAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Kaplan
- Behavioral Health Services, Bergen Regional Medical Center, Paramus, NJ, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
- Correspondence: Gabriel Kaplan, 535 Morris Avenue, Springfield, NJ 07081, USA, Tel +1 973 376 1020, Email
| | - Julio Casoy
- Medical Affairs, Alkermes, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA
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Ceskova E. Optimizing treatment with risperidone long-acting injections. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012; 126:479-80. [PMID: 23106600 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Furiak NM, Gahn JC, Klein RW, Camper SB, Summers KH. Estimated economic benefits from low-frequency administration of atypical antipsychotics in treatment of schizophrenia: a decision model. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2012; 11:29. [PMID: 23157721 PMCID: PMC3514336 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-11-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify the direct medical resources used and the corresponding burden of disease in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Because low-frequency administration (LFA) of risperidone guarantees adherence during treatment intervals and offers fewer opportunities to discontinue, adherence and persistence were assumed to improve, thereby reducing relapses of major symptoms.A decision tree model including Markov processes with monthly cycles and a five-year maximum timeframe was constructed. Costs were adapted from the literature and discounted at a 3% annual rate. The population is a demographically homogeneous cohort of patients with schizophrenia, differentiated by initial disease severity (mildly ill, moderately ill, and severely ill). Treatment parameters are estimated using published information for once-daily risperidone standard oral therapy (RIS-SOT) and once-monthly risperidone long-acting injection (RIS-LAI) with LFA therapy characteristics derived from observed study trends. One-year and five-year results are expressed as discounted direct medical costs and mean number of relapses per patient (inpatient, outpatient, total) and are estimated for LFA therapies given at three, six, and nine month intervals.The one-year results show that LFA therapy every 3 months (LFA-3) ($6,088) is less costly than either RIS-SOT ($10,721) or RIS-LAI ($9,450) with similar trends in the 5-year results. Moreover, the model predicts that LFA-3 vs. RIS-SOT vs. RIS LAI therapy will reduce costly inpatient relapses (0.16 vs. 0.51 vs. 0.41). Extending the interval to six (LFA-6) and nine (LFA-9) months resulted in further reductions in relapse and costs.Limitations include the fact that LFA therapeutic options are hypothetical and do not yet exist and limited applicability to compare one antipsychotic agent versus another as only risperidone therapy is evaluated. However, study results have quantified the potential health state improvements and potential direct medical cost savings achievable with the development and use of LFA medication delivery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Furiak
- Medical Decision Modeling Inc, 8909 Purdue Road Suite 550, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
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Ceskova E, Prikryl R. Importance of gender in the treatment of schizophrenia. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2012; 14:12m01407. [PMID: 23586000 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.12m01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare male and female patients participating in e-STAR (electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry), an international, prospective, observational study assessing use of risperidone long-acting injection in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder in both the Czech and Slovak Republics. METHOD The demographic, clinical, and treatment-related data were collected at baseline and then prospectively for 24 months. We focused on gender differences in demographic and clinical data (hospitalizations, concomitant medication, and clinical improvement using Clinical Global Impressions-severity of illness [CGI-S], Global Assessment of Functioning [GAF], and Personal and Social Performance [PSP] scales). All psychiatric diagnoses were made according to International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision criteria. Data were collected from September 2006 through September 2009. RESULTS A total of 868 patients (488 men and 380 women) were included in the assessment. At baseline, the women were significantly older than the men (42.1 ± 12.8 vs 34.8 ± 11.1 years, respectively; P < .0001). The women were also significantly more frequently diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder (P = .0048). There was no difference between men and women in the proportion of patients hospitalized in the retrospective and prospective period (including length of stay). At 24 months, the men were taking fewer antidepressants and benzodiazepines than the women (controlled for baseline values). In men and women, a significant decrease in the CGI-S score (P < .001) and a significant increase in the GAF and PSP scores (P < .001) from baseline were observed. The improvements in CGI-S and PSP scores were similar in both groups (no significant difference between male and female patients). The improvement (increase) in the mean GAF score was significantly higher in women than in men (P = .0317). CONCLUSIONS The treatment with risperidone long-acting injection was associated with clinically significant improvement in both male and female patients with schizophrenia with comparable severity of illness. There were no significant differences in most outcome measures. Gender differences, especially concerning treatment response to individual antipsychotics and their different forms, should be more intensively studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ceskova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, and Masaryk University and Faculty Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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Acosta FJ, Hernández JL, Pereira J, Herrera J, Rodríguez CJ. Medication adherence in schizophrenia. World J Psychiatry 2012; 2:74-82. [PMID: 24175171 PMCID: PMC3782179 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v2.i5.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-adherence is a major problem in the treatment of schizophrenia. Its high prevalence, potentially severe consequences and associated costs make the study of this phenomenon a priority issue. In this article, basic non-adherence concepts of prevalence, consequences, evaluation methods, methodological restrictions of available studies, risk factors and intervention strategies, are reviewed. Studying non-adherence risk factors is a necessary step toward designing adequately oriented intervention strategies. An operative definition of adherence and good knowledge of its evaluation methods are essential to study this phenomenon. Unfortunately, most available studies contain methodological restrictions, especially concerning the evaluation methods, and an agreed operative definition of adherence has only very recently been reached. Knowing non-adherence risk factors, intervention strategies and available evidence on their effectiveness is essential in making treatment decisions in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Acosta
- Francisco Javier Acosta, José Luis Hernández, José Pereira, Service of Mental Health, General Health Care Programs Direction, Canary Health Service, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35004, Spain
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Peuskens J, Porsdal V, Pecenak J, Handest P, D'yachkova Y, Brousil R, Deberdt W. Schizophrenia symptoms and functioning in patients receiving long-term treatment with olanzapine long-acting injection formulation: a pooled analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:130. [PMID: 22935168 PMCID: PMC3528473 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This analysis of pooled data evaluates treatment outcomes of patients with schizophrenia receiving maintenance treatment with olanzapine long-acting injection (OLAI) by means of a categorical approach addressing the symptomatic and functional status of patients at different times. METHODS Patients were grouped into 5 categories at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Shifts between categories were assessed for individual patients and factors associated with improvement were analyzed. 1182 patients from 3 clinical trials were included in the current analysis. RESULTS At baseline, 434 (36.8%) patients had minimal Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) symptoms but seriously impaired Heinrich Carpenter's Quality of Life Scale (QLS) functioning; 303 (25.6%) had moderate to severe symptoms and seriously impaired function; 208 (17.6%) had mild to moderate symptoms but good functioning, and 162 (13.7%) had minimal symptoms and good functioning. Baseline category was significantly associated with Clinical Global Impression--Severity (CGI-S), extrapyramidal symptoms, working status, age, and number of previous episodes. The majority of all patients starting OLAI treatment maintained or improved (62% at 6 months and 52% at 12 months) their symptom and functioning levels on OLAI maintenance treatment. Less than 8% of the patients showed worsening of symptoms or functioning. An improvement in category was associated with high PANSS positive and low CGI-S scores at baseline. CONCLUSIONS We present evidence that a composite assessment of schizophrenic patients including symptom severity and functioning is helpful in the evaluation of maintenance treatment outcomes. This approach could also be useful for the assessment of treatment options in clinical practice.The trials from which data are reported here were registered on clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00088491, NCT00088465, and NCT00320489.
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Abstract
The long-term treatment of schizophrenia is one of the most challenging tasks for practicing physicians. The most pronounced difficulty arises from the deficient compliance due to the lack of insight. Thus the treatment of schizophrenia requires a multimodal approach, which always includes psychosocial interventions beside the pharmacological treatment. The antipsychotic medication means the cornerstone in the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia within which an increasing role of the long-acting second-generation injections can be detected. The outcome of schizophrenia can be modified by adequately organized management strategies, which in turn can lead to better quality of life and social functioning. If patients are provided with timely initiated effective medication and rehabilitation, then enduring remission can be a realistically achievable goal for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Herold
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Pszichiátriai és Pszichoterápiás Klinika Pécs Rét u. 2. 7623
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Chang HC, Tang CH, Huang ST, McCrone P, Su KP. A cost-consequence analysis of long-acting injectable risperidone in schizophrenia: a one-year mirror-image study with national claim-based database in Taiwan. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:751-6. [PMID: 22440883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of long-acting atypical antipsychotics has provided a new paradigm for schizophrenia treatment. The economic effectiveness of risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI) on service costs has, however, never been studied in the real world with national claim-based database. METHOD To assess the change of service utilization and costs for schizophrenia before and after RLAI treatment, we conducted this 1-year mirror-image study with Taiwanese national claimed-data. Comparison was made for service sectors (the number of visits, acute admissions and relapse events) and cost components (outpatient, inpatient, emergency, medication and non-medication costs). RESULTS Service uses reduced in the post-RLAI period, along with a reduction of 34% and 32% on total inpatient services costs and inpatient non-medication costs, respectively (p < 0.005). However, overall psychiatric service costs went up by 26%, with an increase of 190% on total outpatient service costs and 177% on overall medication costs (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This 1-year mirror-image analysis showed that RLAI treatment was associated with reductions of service uses; however, overall psychiatric service costs were compromised by costs incurred from increased utilization of outpatient service and RLAI medication costs under the context of healthcare in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chih Chang
- School of Health Care Administration, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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Mehnert A, Nicholl D, Pudas H, Martin M, McGuire A. Cost effectiveness of paliperidone palmitate versus risperidone long-acting injectable and olanzapine pamoate for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia in Sweden. J Med Econ 2012; 15:844-61. [PMID: 22458756 DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2012.681531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To model the cost effectiveness of paliperidone palmitate (paliperidone long-acting injectable; PLAI), a new once-monthly long-acting antipsychotic therapy, compared with risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI) and olanzapine pamoate (OLAI), in multi-episode patients (two or more relapses) with schizophrenia in Sweden. METHODS A Markov decision analytic model was developed to simulate the history of a cohort of multi-episode patients transitioning through different health states on a monthly basis over a 5-year time horizon from the perspective of the Swedish healthcare system. Therapeutic strategies consisted of starting treatment with RLAI (mean dose 37.5 mg every 2 weeks), PLAI (mean dose 75 mg equivalent (eq.) every month) or OLAI (150 mg every 2 weeks or 300 mg every 4 weeks). Probability of relapse, level of adherence, side-effects (extrapyramidal symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, weight gain and diabetes) and treatment discontinuation (switch) were derived from long-term observational data when feasible. Incremental cost-effectiveness outcomes, discounted at 3% annually, included cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) and cost per relapse avoided (expressed in 2009 Swedish Krona SEK). RESULTS Relative to RLAI and OLAI, PLAI is economically dominant: more effective (additional QALYs, less relapses) and less costly treatment option over a 5-year time horizon. The results were robust when tested in sensitivity analysis. LIMITATIONS The impact of once-monthly treatment on adherence levels is not yet known, and not all variables that could impact on real-world outcomes and costs were included in this model. CONCLUSION PLAI was cost saving from a Swedish payer perspective compared with RLAI and OLAI in the long-term treatment of multi-episode (two or more relapses) schizophrenia patients.
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Macfadden W, DeSouza C, Crivera C, Kozma CM, Dirani RD, Mao L, Rodriguez SC. Assessment of effectiveness measures in patients with schizophrenia initiated on risperidone long-acting therapy: the SOURCE study results. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11:167. [PMID: 21999346 PMCID: PMC3215658 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-11-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate effectiveness outcomes in a real-world setting in patients with schizophrenia initiating risperidone long-acting therapy (RLAT). METHODS This was a 24-month, multicenter, prospective, longitudinal, observational study in patients with schizophrenia who were initiated on RLAT. Physicians could change treatment during the study as clinically warranted. Data were collected at baseline and subsequently every 3 months up to 24 months. Effectiveness outcomes included changes in illness severity as measured by Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) scale; functional scores as measured by Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale, Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and Strauss-Carpenter Levels of Functioning (LOF); and health status (Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-36 [SF-36]). Life-table methodology was used to estimate the cumulative probability of relapse over time. Adverse events were evaluated for safety. RESULTS 532 patients were enrolled in the study; 209 (39.3%) completed the 24-month study and 305 (57.3%) had at least 12 months of follow-up data. The mean (SD) age of patients was 42.3 (12.8) years. Most patients were male (66.4%) and either Caucasian (60.3%) or African American (23.7%). All changes in CGI-S from baseline at each subsequent 3-month follow-up visit were statistically significant (p < .0001), indicating improvement in disease severity. Improvements were also noted for the PSP, GAF, and total LOF, indicating improvement in daily functioning and health outcome. CONCLUSIONS Patients with schizophrenia who were initiated on RLAT demonstrated improvements in measures of effectiveness within 3 months, which persisted over 24 months. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00246194.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Macfadden
- Ortho McNeil Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Concetta Crivera
- Ortho McNeil Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Riad D Dirani
- Ortho McNeil Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Lian Mao
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
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Brnabic AJM, Kelin K, Ascher-Svanum H, Montgomery W, Kadziola Z, Karagianis J. Medication discontinuation with depot and oral antipsychotics in outpatients with schizophrenia: comparison of matched cohorts from a 12-month observational study. Int J Clin Pract 2011; 65:945-53. [PMID: 21849009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study compared all-cause medication discontinuation (any switch, augmentation or medication discontinuation) in matched cohorts of patients with schizophrenia who were initiated on depot or oral antipsychotics. Other objectives included between-group comparisons of resource use, and clinical and functional outcomes. METHODS This post hoc analysis of a one-year, multicentre, prospective, observational study included outpatients with schizophrenia who required a change in their antipsychotic medication because of a physician-perceived risk of medication non-adherence. Patients were matched 1 : 1 using an optimal algorithm with rank-based Mahalanobis distances. All-cause medication discontinuation was compared using the Klein and Moeschberger test for survival and hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model, stratifying on matched pairs. RESULTS Forty patients who initiated a depot antipsychotic could be matched to patients who initiated an oral antipsychotic. Fewer depot-treated patients discontinued their antipsychotic medication at least once compared with oral-treated patients [20% (8/40) vs. 40% (16/40)]. Depot-treated patients discontinued their medication later (Klein and Moeschberger test p = 0.025) and were less likely to discontinue their initial antipsychotic medication [HR = 0.33 (95% CI, 0.12-0.92), p = 0.033] than oral-treated patients. There were few differences in resource use and no differences in clinical and functional outcomes between cohorts. CONCLUSION In this matched-cohort analysis, patients with schizophrenia who were considered to be non-adherent with their prior oral antipsychotics were less likely to discontinue their medication for any cause if they were initiated on depot compared with oral antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J M Brnabic
- Intercontinental Information Sciences, Eli Lilly Australia Pty Ltd, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia.
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Bernardo M, San L, Olivares JM, Dilla T, Polavieja P, Gilaberte I, Álvarez M, Ciudad A. Treatment patterns and health care resource utilization in a 1-year observational cohort study of outpatients with schizophrenia at risk of nonadherence treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics. Patient Prefer Adherence 2011; 5:601-10. [PMID: 22259237 PMCID: PMC3259075 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s26253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe (1) the clinical profiles and the patterns of use of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia at risk of nonadherence with oral antipsychotics, and in those who started treatment with LAI antipsychotics, (2) health care resource utilization and associated costs. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 597 outpatients with schizophrenia at risk of nonadherence, according to the psychiatrist's clinical judgment, were recruited at 59 centers in a noninterventional prospective observational study of 1-year follow-up when their treatment was modified. In a post hoc analysis, the profiles of patients starting LAI or continuing with oral antipsychotics were described, and descriptive analyses of treatments, health resource utilization, and direct costs were performed in those who started an LAI antipsychotic. RESULTS Therapy modifications involved the antipsychotic medications in 84.8% of patients, mostly because of insufficient efficacy of prior regimen. Ninety-two (15.4%) patients started an LAI antipsychotic at recruitment. Of these, only 13 (14.1%) were prescribed with first-generation antipsychotics. During 1 year, 16.3% of patients who started and 14.9% of patients who did not start an LAI antipsychotic at recruitment relapsed, contrasting with the 20.9% who had been hospitalized only within the prior 6 months. After 1 year, 74.3% of patients who started an LAI antipsychotic continued concomitant treatment with oral antipsychotics. The mean (median) total direct health care cost per patient per month during the study year among the patients starting any LAI antipsychotic at baseline was €1,407 (€897.7). Medication costs (including oral and LAI antipsychotics and concomitant medication) represented almost 44%, whereas nonmedication costs accounted for more than 55% of the mean total direct health care costs. CONCLUSION LAI antipsychotics were infrequently prescribed in spite of a psychiatrist-perceived risk of nonadherence to oral antipsychotics. Mean medication costs were lower than nonmedication costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Bernardo
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona/ IDIBAPS/CIBERSAM, Barcelona
| | - Luis San
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu/ CIBERSAM, Barcelona
| | - José M Olivares
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Vigo, Pontevedra
| | - Tatiana Dilla
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pepa Polavieja
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Álvarez
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Ciudad
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: Antonio Ciudad, Department of Clinical Research and Development, Lilly SA, Avenida de la, Industria 30, 28108, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain, Tel +34 91 623 3570, Fax +34 91 663 3471, Email
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Madaan V, Bestha DP, Kolli V, Jauhari S, Burket RC. Clinical utility of the risperidone formulations in the management of schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2011; 7:611-20. [PMID: 22090797 PMCID: PMC3215518 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Risperidone is one of the early second-generation antipsychotics that came into the limelight in the early 1990s. Both the oral and long-acting injectable formulations have been subject to numerous studies to assess their safety, efficacy, and tolerability. Risperidone is currently one of the most widely prescribed antipsychotic medications, used for both acute and long-term maintenance in schizophrenia. Risperidone has better efficacy in the treatment of psychotic symptoms than placebo and possibly many first-generation antipsychotics. Risperidone fares better than placebo and first-generation antipsychotics in the treatment of negative symptoms. Risperidone's long acting injectable preparation has been well tolerated and is often useful in patients with medication nonadherence. Risperidone has a higher risk of hyperprolactinemia comparable to first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) but fares better than many second-generation antipsychotics with regards to metabolic side effects. In this article, we briefly review the recent literature exploring the role of risperidone formulations in schizophrenia, discuss clinical usage, and highlight the controversies and challenges associated with its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Madaan
- University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Apiquian R, Córdoba R, Louzã M. Clinical outcomes of long-acting injectable risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: six-month follow-up from the Electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry in Latin America. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2010; 7:19-26. [PMID: 21326651 PMCID: PMC3035598 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s15911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI) has been shown to be efficacious, improve compliance, and increase long-term retention rate on therapy. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of RLAI on clinical outcome and hospitalization rate in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder enrolled in the electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry in Latin America. METHODS Data were collected at baseline, retrospectively for the 12 months prior to baseline, and prospectively every three months for 24 months. Hospitalization prior to therapy was assessed by a retrospective chart review. Efficacy and functioning were evaluated using Clinical Global Impression of Illness Severity (CGI-S), Personal and Social Performance (PSP), and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores. Relapse and treatment were also registered. RESULTS Patients were recruited in Mexico (n = 53), Brazil (n = 11), and Colombia (n = 15). Sixty-five percent (n = 52) were male, and mean age was 32.9 years. Patients were classified as having schizophrenia (n = 73) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 6). The mean dose of RLAI at six months was 34.1 mg (standard deviation = 10.2 mg). The percentage of hospitalized patients before treatment was 28.2% and 5.1% at six months after initiating RLAI (P < 0.001). Significant changes were registered on CGI-S, GAF, and PSP scores. CONCLUSIONS RLAI was associated with an improvement in clinical symptoms and functioning, and a greater reduction in hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Apiquian
- Americas University, Behavior and Development Sciences Division, Universidad de las Américas AC, División de Ciencias del Comportamiento y del Desarrollo, Puebla 223, Col Roma, México City, Mexico.
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Citrome L, Jaffe A, Levine J. Treatment of schizophrenia with depot preparations of fluphenazine, haloperidol, and risperidone among inpatients at state-operated psychiatric facilities. Schizophr Res 2010; 119:153-9. [PMID: 20347267 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to characterize the inpatient utilization of depot antipsychotics. METHOD The characteristics of adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, hospitalized for at least 28 days, and who were prescribed depot antipsychotics were examined from 2004 to 2006 using a database from a large state-operated psychiatric hospital system. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients receiving depot fluphenazine or haloperidol were compared to those prescribed depot risperidone. RESULTS We identified 2210 unique patients who initiated treatment with a depot antipsychotic (after receiving oral antipsychotics). Of these, 1484 (67.1%) received depot fluphenazine or haloperidol, and 726 (32.9%) received risperidone as their initial depot antipsychotic. Patients who received depot risperidone did not differ from those receiving depot fluphenazine or haloperidol with regard to demographics, diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, number of comorbid psychiatric or medical diagnoses, or diagnosis of substance abuse. Patients started on depot risperidone during the observation period had a longer length of stay prior to initiation of depot than those started on depot fluphenazine or haloperidol (583 days vs. 237 days, t=5.489, p<.001). Patients who started on depot risperidone were less likely to be discharged on that medication than were patients who started on depot fluphenazine or haloperidol (odds ratio from Cox regression model=0.846 [95% CI 0.745-0.960]). CONCLUSIONS Patients initiated on depot risperidone had a longer length of stay prior to their first injection and were less likely to be discharged on that medication compared to patients initiated on depot fluphenazine or haloperidol, possibly indicating that patients initiating depot risperidone had a more severe or treatment-resistant course of illness and/or that there were reimbursement barriers for the outpatient utilization of depot risperidone, or that efficacy differences exist between the depot antipsychotics at the doses used in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Citrome
- Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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