1
|
Ni K, Che B, Gu R, Wang C, Xu H, Li H, Cen S, Luo M, Deng L. BitterDB database analysis plus cell stiffness screening identify flufenamic acid as the most potent TAS2R14-based relaxant of airway smooth muscle cells for therapeutic bronchodilation. Theranostics 2024; 14:1744-1763. [PMID: 38389834 PMCID: PMC10879871 DOI: 10.7150/thno.92492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are abundantly expressed in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs), which have been recognized as promising targets for bitter agonists to initiate relaxation and thereby prevent excessive airway constriction as the main characteristic of asthma. However, due to the current lack of tested safe and potent agonists functioning at low effective concentrations, there has been no clinically approved TAS2R-based drug for bronchodilation in asthma therapy. This study thus aimed at exploring TAS2R agonists with bronchodilator potential by BitterDB database analysis and cell stiffness screening. Methods: Bitter compounds in the BitterDB database were retrieved and analyzed for their working subtype of TAS2R and effective concentration. Compounds activating TAS2R5, 10, and 14 at < 100 μM effective concentration were identified and subsequently screened by cell stiffness assay using optical magnetic twisting cytometry (OMTC) to identify the most potent to relax ASMCs. Then the compound identified was further characterized for efficacy on various aspects related to relaxation of ASMCs, incl. but not limited to traction force by Fourier transform traction force microscopy (FTTFM), [Ca2+]i signaling by Fluo-4/AM intensity, cell migration by scratch wound healing, mRNA expression by qPCR, and protein expressing by ELISA. The compound identified was also compared to conventional β-agonist (isoproterenol and salbutamol) for efficacy in reducing cell stiffness of cultured ASMCs and airway resistance of ovalbumin-treated mice. Results: BitterDB analysis found 18 compounds activating TAS2R5, 10, and 14 at < 100 μM effective concentration. Cell stiffness screening of these compounds eventually identified flufenamic acid (FFA) as the most potent compound to rapidly reduce cell stiffness at 1 μM. The efficacy of FFA to relax ASMCs in vitro and abrogate airway resistance in vivo was equivalent to that of conventional β-agonists. The FFA-induced effect on ASMCs was mediated by TAS2R14 activation, endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release, and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel opening. FFA also attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in cultured ASMCs. Conclusions: FFA as a potent TAS2R14 agonist to relax ASMCs while suppressing cytokine release might be a favorite drug agent for further development of TAS2R-based novel dual functional medication for bronchodilation and anti-inflammation in asthma therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingzhi Luo
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, and School of Medical and Health Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linhong Deng
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, and School of Medical and Health Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bloxham CJ, Hulme KD, Fierro F, Fercher C, Pegg CL, O'Brien SL, Foster SR, Short KR, Furness SGB, Reichelt ME, Niv MY, Thomas WG. Cardiac human bitter taste receptors contain naturally occurring variants that alter function. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 219:115932. [PMID: 37989413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2R) are a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors that enable humans to detect aversive and toxic substances. The ability to discern bitter compounds varies between individuals and is attributed mainly to naturally occurring T2R polymorphisms. T2Rs are also expressed in numerous non-gustatory tissues, including the heart, indicating potential contributions to cardiovascular physiology. In this study. T2Rs that have previously been identified in human cardiac tissues (T2Rs - 10, 14, 30, 31, 46 and 50) and their naturally occurring polymorphisms were functionally characterised. The ligand-dependent signaling responses of some T2R variants were completely abolished (T2R30 Leu252 and T2R46 Met228), whereas other receptor variants had moderate changes in their maximal response, but not potency, relative to wild type. Using a cAMP fluorescent biosensor, we reveal the productive coupling of T2R14, but not the T2R14 Phe201 variant, to endogenous Gαi. Modeling revealed that these variants resulted in altered interactions that generally affected ligand binding (T2R30 Leu252) or Gα protein interactions (T2R46 Met228 and T2R14 Phe201), rather than receptor structural stability. Interestingly, this study is the first to show a difference in signaling for T2R50 Tyr203 (rs1376251) which has been associated with cardiovascular disease. The observation of naturally occurring functional variation in the T2Rs with the greatest expression in the heart is important, as their discovery should prove useful in deciphering the role of T2Rs within the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Bloxham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases, First Department of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Katina D Hulme
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Fierro
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christian Fercher
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Cassandra L Pegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Shannon L O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Foster
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa E Reichelt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Masha Y Niv
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grădinaru TC, Vlad A, Gilca M. Bitter Phytochemicals as Novel Candidates for Skin Disease Treatment. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 46:299-326. [PMID: 38248322 PMCID: PMC10814078 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin diseases represent a global healthcare challenge due to their rising incidence and substantial socio-economic burden. While biological, immunological, and targeted therapies have brought a revolution in improving quality of life and survival rates for certain dermatological conditions, there remains a stringent demand for new remedies. Nature has long served as an inspiration for drug development. Recent studies have identified bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in both skin cell lines and human skin. Additionally, bitter natural compounds have shown promising benefits in addressing skin aging, wound healing, inflammatory skin conditions, and even skin cancer. Thus, TAS2Rs may represent a promising target in all these processes. In this review, we summarize evidence supporting the presence of TAS2Rs in the skin and emphasize their potential as drug targets for addressing skin aging, wound healing, inflammatory skin conditions, and skin carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this is a pioneering work in connecting information on TAS2Rs expression in skin and skin cells with the impact of bitter phytochemicals on various beneficial effects related to skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teodora-Cristiana Grădinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (T.-C.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Adelina Vlad
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (T.-C.G.); (M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Loube JM, Gidner S, Venezia J, Ryan H, Neptune ER, Mitzner W, Dalesio NM. Nebulized caffeine alleviates airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine asthma model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L500-L507. [PMID: 37643013 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00065.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical definition of "difficult asthma" has expanded recently to include an ever-growing subset of patients with symptoms that cannot be controlled by conventional means, forcing the medical community to develop innovative therapeutics. Beneficial effects of coffee for subjects with asthma, primarily the effect of methylxanthine components, have long been described. Methylxanthines, including theophylline and caffeine, inhibit phosphodiesterases and downstream cAMP signaling to prevent mast cell degranulation while promoting immunomodulation (Peleman RA, Kips JC, Pauwels RA. Clin Exp Allergy 28: 53-56, 1998; Deshpande DA, Wang WCH, McIlmoyle EL, Robinett KS, Schillinger RM, An SS, Sham JSK, Liggett SB. Nat Med 16: 1299-1304, 2010). Caffeine is also a bitter taste receptor agonist, binding to taste-sensing type 2 receptors (TAS2R) before releasing calcium to hyperpolarize airway smooth muscle membranes, inducing bronchodilation (Workman AD, Palmer JN, Adappa ND, Cohen NA. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 15: 72, 2015; Devillier P, Naline E, Grassin-Delyle S. Pharmacol Ther 155: 11-21, 2015). Theophylline is conventionally used to treat asthma, whereas, according to the literature, the dosage required for orally administered caffeine has yielded modest improvement (Alfaro TM, Monteiro RA, Cunha RA, Cordeiro CR. Clin Respir J 12: 1283-1294, 2018). We sought to determine whether aerosolization of ultrafine caffeine particles (2.5-4 μm) directly to the lungs of susceptible A/J mice challenged with methacholine would improve pulmonary function via forced oscillation technique. In addition, we assessed whether nebulization of caffeine leads to changes in lung pathophysiology and bronchoalveolar lavage cell profiles. We found that mice that received aerosolized caffeine had statistically significant decreases in maximum airway resistance [6.3 vs. 3.9 cmH2O·s/mL at 62.5 mg/mL caffeine; confidence interval (CI) = -4.3, -0.4; P = 0.02] and significant delays in the time required to reach maximum resistance compared with that of controls (64.7 vs. 172.1 sec at 62.5 mg/mL caffeine, CI = 96.0, 118.9; P < 0.0001). Nebulized caffeine yielded a consistent effect on airway hyperresponsiveness at a range of doses without evidence of significant pathology relative to vehicle control.NEW & NOTEWORTHY For decades, coffee has been shown to improve symptoms in patients with asthma. One component, theophylline, is conventionally used to treat asthma, whereas the dosage required for orally administered caffeine has yielded modest improvement. We sought to determine whether aerosolization of caffeine directly to the lungs of susceptible A/J mice challenged with methacholine would alter pulmonary function via forced oscillation technique. We found nebulized caffeine yielded a consistent improvement on murine AHR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Loube
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Sarah Gidner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jarrett Venezia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Hurley Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Enid R Neptune
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Nicholas M Dalesio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Talmon M, Massara E, Quaregna M, De Battisti M, Boccafoschi F, Lecchi G, Puppo F, Bettega Cajandab MA, Salamone S, Bovio E, Boldorini R, Riva B, Pollastro F, Fresu LG. Bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) 46 in human skeletal muscle: expression and activity. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1205651. [PMID: 37771728 PMCID: PMC10522851 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1205651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors are involved not only in taste perception but in various physiological functions as their anatomical location is not restricted to the gustatory system. We previously demonstrated expression and activity of the subtype hTAS2R46 in human airway smooth muscle and broncho-epithelial cells, and here we show its expression and functionality in human skeletal muscle cells. Three different cellular models were used: micro-dissected human skeletal tissues, human myoblasts/myotubes and human skeletal muscle cells differentiated from urine stem cells of healthy donors. We used qPCR, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis to evaluate gene and protein hTAS2R46 expression. In order to explore receptor activity, cells were incubated with the specific bitter ligands absinthin and 3ß-hydroxydihydrocostunolide, and calcium oscillation and relaxation were evaluated by calcium imaging and collagen assay, respectively, after a cholinergic stimulus. We show, for the first time, experimentally the presence and functionality of a type 2 bitter receptor in human skeletal muscle cells. Given the tendentially protective role of the bitter receptors starting from the oral cavity and following also in the other ectopic sites, and given its expression already at the myoblast level, we hypothesize that the bitter receptor can play an important role in the development, maintenance and in the protection of muscle tissue functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Erika Massara
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Martina Quaregna
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marta De Battisti
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Boccafoschi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Lecchi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Federico Puppo
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Salamone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Enrica Bovio
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Riva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luigia G. Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee SH, Ko HM, Jee W, Kim H, Chung WS, Jang HJ. Isosinensetin Stimulates Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion via Activation of hTAS2R50 and the G βγ-Mediated Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043682. [PMID: 36835092 PMCID: PMC9959872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are G protein-coupled receptors localized in the taste buds of the tongue. They may also be present in non-lingual organs, including the brain, lung, kidney, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Recent studies on bitter taste receptor functions have suggested TAS2Rs as potential therapeutic targets. The human bitter taste receptor subtype hTAS2R50 responds to its agonist isosinensetin (ISS). Here, we demonstrated that, unlike other TAS2R agonists, isosinensetin activated hTAS2R50 as well as increased Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion through the Gβγ-mediated pathway in NCI-H716 cells. To confirm this mechanism, we showed that ISS increased intracellular Ca2+ and was suppressed by the IP3R inhibitor 2-APB as well as the PLC inhibitor U73122, suggesting that TAS2Rs alters the physiological state of enteroendocrine L cells in a PLC-dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ISS upregulated proglucagon mRNA and stimulated GLP-1 secretion. ISS-mediated GLP-1 secretion was suppressed in response to small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of Gα-gust and hTAS2R50 as well as 2-APB and U73122. Our findings improved the understanding of how ISS modulates GLP-1 secretion and indicates the possibility of using ISS as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyeon Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Ko
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Wona Jee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsuk Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Chung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung-Jin Jang
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yamaki M, Saito H, Mimori T, Suzuki Y, Nagasaki M, Suzuki K, Satoh-Kuriwada S, Shoji N, Isono K, Goto T, Shirakawa H, Komai M. Analysis of Genetic Polymorphism of Bitter Taste Receptor TAS2R38 and TAS2R46, and Its Relationship with Eating and Drinking Habits in Japanese ToMMo Subjects. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2023; 69:347-356. [PMID: 37940575 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.69.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Human type 2 taste receptor (TAS2R) genes encode bitter-taste receptors that are activated by various bitter ligands. It has been said that TAS2R38 may detect bitter substances and then suppress their intake by controlling gustatory or digestive responses. The major haplotypes of TAS2R38 involve three non-synonymous, closely-linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), leading to three amino acid substitutions (A49P, V262A and I296V) and resulting in a PAV or AVI allele. The allele frequency of AVI/PAV was 0.42/0.58 in this study. The genotype frequency distributions of TAS2R38 were 18.32%, 46.95% and 33.95% for AVI/AVI, AVI/PAV and PAV/PAV, respectively, and were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Five haplotype combinations of minor alleles were identified: AVI/AAV, AVI/AVV, AAI/PAV, AVI/PVV, AVI/AAI, with corresponding frequencies of 0.49%, 0.10%, 0.10%, 0.05%, 0.05%, respectively, in 2,047 Japanese Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (ToMMo) subjects (2KJPN). The 16 subjects with these minor alleles were excluded from the questionnaire analysis, which found no significant differences among the major TAS2R38 genotypes (AVI/AVI, AVI/PAV and PAV/PAV) in the intake frequency of cruciferous vegetables or in the frequency of drinking alcohol. This result differs from previous data using American and European subjects. This is the first study to analyze the relationship between TAS2R38 genotype and the eating and drinking habits of Japanese subjects. It was also shown that there were no relationships at all between the genetic polymorphism of TAS2R46 and the phenotypes such as clinical BMI, eating and drinking habits among the 3 genotypes of TAS2R46 (∗/∗, ∗/W, W/W) at position W250∗ (∗stop codon).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yamaki
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Food and Natural Product Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
- Department of Home Economics, Division of Health and Nutrition, Tohoku Seikatsu Bunka University
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Food and Natural Product Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | | | - Yoichi Suzuki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Masao Nagasaki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | | | - Shizuko Satoh-Kuriwada
- Department of Disease Management Dentistry, Division of Comprehensive Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Noriaki Shoji
- Department of Disease Management Dentistry, Division of Dental Informatics and Radiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Kunio Isono
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Food and Natural Product Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Tomoko Goto
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Food and Natural Product Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
- Faculty of Human Life Science, Miyagi Gakuin Women's University
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Food and Natural Product Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Michio Komai
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Department of Food and Natural Product Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Talmon M, Pollastro F, Fresu LG. The Complex Journey of the Calcium Regulation Downstream of TAS2R Activation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223638. [PMID: 36429066 PMCID: PMC9688576 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) have recently arisen as a potential drug target for asthma due to their localization in airway cells. These receptors are expressed in all cell types of the respiratory system comprising epithelial, smooth muscle and immune cells; however, the expression pattern of the subtypes is different in each cell type and, accordingly, so is their role, for example, anti-inflammatory or bronchodilator. The most challenging aspect in studying TAS2Rs has been the identification of the downstream signaling cascades. Indeed, TAS2R activation leads to canonical IP3-dependent calcium release from the ER, but, alongside, there are other mechanisms that differ according to the histological localization. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the cytosolic calcium modulation downstream of TAS2R activation in the epithelial, smooth muscle and immune cells of the airway system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (L.G.F.); Tel.: +39-0321-660589 (M.T.); +39-0321-660687 (L.G.F.)
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luigia Grazia Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (L.G.F.); Tel.: +39-0321-660589 (M.T.); +39-0321-660687 (L.G.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Acrid and Bitter Chinese Herbs in Decoction Effectively Relieve Lung Inflammation and Regulation of TRPV1/TAS2R14 Channels in a Rat Asthmatic Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8061740. [PMID: 36045655 PMCID: PMC9423947 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8061740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Shegan Mahuang decoction (SGMHD) was widely used as a classic prescription of traditional Chinese medicine to treat asthma. However, there is no research on the acrid and bitter Chinese herbs in the SGMHD to treat asthma. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SGMHD and its acrid-bitter Chinese herbs composition on airway inflammation and the expression of TRPV1 and TAS2R14 genes and proteins in asthmatic rats. Methods SD (Sprague Dawley) rats of asthma were induced by ovalbumin and aluminum hydroxide, then randomly divided into the Normal group, Model group, SGMHD group, Dexamethasone (Dex) group, Guilongkechuangning (GLKC) group, The Acrid Chinese Herbs group (ACH), and The Bitter Chinese Herbs group (BCH). The rats were given intragastric gavage after 21 days for 4 weeks. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected, and the levels of IL-4, IL-13, nerve factors SP, CGRP, PGE2, and serum of IgE were determined by ELISA. Pathological changes in the lungs were determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The expression of TRPV1 and TAS2R14 in the rat lung group was detected by immunofluorescence (IF). The expression levels of TRPV1 and TAS2R14 were measured using western blotting. The mRNA levels of TRPV1 and TAS2R14 were measured using RT-qPCR. Results The levels of serum IgE in treated rats and the cytokines IL-4, IL-13, SP, CGRP, and PGE2 were all decreased. HE-staining showed that significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue. IF-staining showed the expression levels except those of the normal group were enhanced. Acrid Chinese herbs inhibited TRPV1, and bitter Chinese herbs activated the gene and protein expression of TAS2R in the lung. Conclusion The acrid Chinese herbs regulate TRPV1, and bitter Chinese herbs regulate the gene and protein expression of TAS2R14, through nerve and immune-inflammatory factors, reduced airway inflammation, reduced airway reactivity, promoted airway remodeling, and the combination of acrid-bitter Chinese herbs can enhance the above effects. This will lay a foundation for further in vivo study of specific compounds of acrid-bitter Chinese herbs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mantov N, Zrounba M, Brollo M, Grassin-Delyle S, Glorion M, David M, Naline E, Devillier P, Salvator H. Ruxolitinib inhibits cytokine production by human lung macrophages without impairing phagocytic ability. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:896167. [PMID: 36059986 PMCID: PMC9437255 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.896167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib has been approved in an indication of myelofibrosis and is a candidate for the treatment of a number of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. We assessed the effects of ruxolitinib on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and poly (I:C)-induced cytokine production by human lung macrophages (LMs) and on the LMs’ phagocytic activity.Methods: Human LMs were isolated from patients operated on for lung carcinoma. The LMs were cultured with ruxolitinib (0.5 × 10−7 M to 10–5 M) or budesonide (10–11 to 10–8 M) and then stimulated with LPS (10 ng·ml−1) or poly (I:C) (10 μg·ml−1) for 24 h. Cytokines released by the LMs into the supernatants were measured using ELISAs. The phagocytosis of labelled bioparticles was assessed using flow cytometry.Results: Ruxolitinib inhibited both the LPS- and poly (I:C)-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, chemokines CCL2, and CXCL10 in a concentration-dependent manner. Ruxolitinib also inhibited the poly (I:C)- induced (but not the LPS-induced) production of IL-1ß. Budesonide inhibited cytokine production more strongly than ruxolitinib but failed to mitigate the production of CXCL10. The LMs’ phagocytic activity was not impaired by the highest tested concentration (10–5 M) of ruxolitinib.Conclusion: Clinically relevant concentrations of ruxolitinib inhibited the LPS- and poly (I:C)-stimulated production of cytokines by human LMs but did not impair their phagocytic activity. Overall, ruxolitinib’s anti-inflammatory activities are less intense than (but somewhat different from) those of budesonide—particularly with regard to the production of the corticosteroid-resistant chemokine CXCL-10. Our results indicate that treatment with a JAK inhibitor might be a valuable anti-inflammatory strategy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Th1-high asthma, and both viral and non-viral acute respiratory distress syndromes (including coronavirus disease 2019).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Mantov
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology—Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaire (VIM) Suresnes, V2I—UMR-0892 Paris Saclay University, Suresnes, France
| | - Mathilde Zrounba
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology—Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaire (VIM) Suresnes, V2I—UMR-0892 Paris Saclay University, Suresnes, France
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Marion Brollo
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology—Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaire (VIM) Suresnes, V2I—UMR-0892 Paris Saclay University, Suresnes, France
| | - S Grassin-Delyle
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Infection and Inflammation, Health Biotechnology Department, Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, INSERM, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Matthieu Glorion
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology—Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaire (VIM) Suresnes, V2I—UMR-0892 Paris Saclay University, Suresnes, France
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Mélanie David
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology—Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaire (VIM) Suresnes, V2I—UMR-0892 Paris Saclay University, Suresnes, France
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology—Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaire (VIM) Suresnes, V2I—UMR-0892 Paris Saclay University, Suresnes, France
| | - Philippe Devillier
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology—Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaire (VIM) Suresnes, V2I—UMR-0892 Paris Saclay University, Suresnes, France
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, UVSQ Paris-Saclay University, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Hélène Salvator
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology—Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaire (VIM) Suresnes, V2I—UMR-0892 Paris Saclay University, Suresnes, France
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, UVSQ Paris-Saclay University, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
- *Correspondence: Hélène Salvator,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Borkowska E, Łaszczych M, Nowicka Z, Pietruszewska W. TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: New Data on Polypoid Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137345. [PMID: 35806350 PMCID: PMC9266535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown differences in TAS2R38 receptor expression in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) compared to healthy controls. Known agonists of TAS2R38 stimulate epithelial cells, leading to robust intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production, which damages bacterial membranes, enzymes, and DNA, but also increases ciliary beat frequency. In this study we examined, using qRT-PCR, the expression of TAS2R38 receptor in nasal polyps (NP) of patients with CRS (N = 107) and in inferior turbinate mucosa (ITM) of patients with CRS and controls (N = 39), and confronted it with clinical features and the severity of the disease. The expression was shown in 43 (50.00%) samples of ITM in the study group (N = 107), in 28 (71.79%) in the control group (N = 39) (p = 0.037), and in 43 (46.24%) of NP. There were no differences in levels of the expression in all analyzed tissues. Patients who rated their symptoms at 0–3 showed higher TAS2R38 expression in ITM in comparison to the patients with 8–10 points on the VAS scale (p = 0.020). A noticeable, however not significant, correlation between the TAS2R38 expression in ITM and the Lund–Mackay CT score was shown (p = 0.068; R = −0.28). Patients with coexisting asthma had significantly higher receptor expression in the NP (p = 0.012). Our study is the first to confirm the presence of the TAS2R38 receptor in NP. Expression of the TAS2R38 receptor is reduced in the sinonasal mucosa in patients with more advanced CRS with NP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeruzal-Świątecka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-501-785470
| | - Edyta Borkowska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Łaszczych
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ł.); (Z.N.)
| | - Zuzanna Nowicka
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ł.); (Z.N.)
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tas2R activation relaxes airway smooth muscle by release of Gα t targeting on AChR signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121513119. [PMID: 35737832 PMCID: PMC9245679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121513119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are severe respiratory diseases. Bitter receptor-mediated bronchodilation is a potential therapy for asthma, but the mechanism underlying the agonistic relaxation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) is not well defined. By exploring the ASM relaxation mechanism of bitter substances, we observed that pretreatment with the bitter substances nearly abolished the methacholine (MCh)-induced increase in the ASM cell (ASMC) calcium concentration, thereby suppressing the calcium-induced contraction release. The ASM relaxation was significantly inhibited by simultaneous deletion of three Gαt proteins, suggesting an interaction between Tas2R and AChR signaling cascades in the relaxation process. Biochemically, the Gαt released by Tas2R activation complexes with AChR and blocks the Gαq cycling of AChR signal transduction. More importantly, a bitter substance, kudinoside A, not only attenuates airway constriction but also significantly inhibits pulmonary inflammation and tissue remodeling in COPD rats, indicating its modulation of additional Gαq-associated pathological processes. Thus, our results suggest that Tas2R activation may be an ideal strategy for halting multiple pathological processes of COPD.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gradinaru TC, Petran M, Dragos D, Gilca M. PlantMolecularTasteDB: A Database of Taste Active Phytochemicals. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:751712. [PMID: 35095484 PMCID: PMC8789873 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.751712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teodora-Cristiana Gradinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Petran
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dorin Dragos
- Department of Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,1st Internal Medicine Clinic, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jalševac F, Terra X, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Beltran-Debón R, Blay MT, Pinent M, Ardévol A. The Hidden One: What We Know About Bitter Taste Receptor 39. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:854718. [PMID: 35345470 PMCID: PMC8957101 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.854718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over thousands of years of evolution, animals have developed many ways to protect themselves. One of the most protective ways to avoid disease is to prevent the absorption of harmful components. This protective function is a basic role of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), a G protein-coupled receptor family, whose presence in extraoral tissues has intrigued many researchers. In humans, there are 25 TAS2Rs, and although we know a great deal about some of them, others are still shrouded in mystery. One in this latter category is bitter taste receptor 39 (TAS2R39). Besides the oral cavity, it has also been found in the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory, nervous and reproductive systems. TAS2R39 is a relatively non-selective receptor, which means that it can be activated by a range of mostly plant-derived compounds such as theaflavins, catechins and isoflavones. On the other hand, few antagonists for this receptor are available, since only some flavones have antagonistic properties (all of them detailed in the document). The primary role of TAS2R39 is to sense the bitter components of food and protect the organism from harmful compounds. There is also some indication that this bitter taste receptor regulates enterohormones and in turn, regulates food intake. In the respiratory system, it may be involved in the congestion process of allergic rhinitis and may stimulate inflammatory cytokines. However, more thorough research is needed to determine the precise role of TAS2R39 in these and other tissues.
Collapse
|
15
|
Activation of specific bitter taste receptors by olive oil phenolics and secoiridoids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22340. [PMID: 34785711 PMCID: PMC8595653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a critical component of the Mediterranean diet, which has been found beneficial to human health. Bitterness is often positively associated with the presence of phenolic compounds in EVOO. There are twenty-five bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in humans, each of which responds to specific bitter tastants. The identity of phenolic compounds and the bitter taste receptors they stimulate remain unknown. In this study, we isolated 12 phenolic and secoiridoid compounds from the olive fruit and the oil extracted from it, and tested their ability to stimulate bitter taste receptor activity, using a calcium mobilization functional assay. Our results showed that seven out of twelve studied compounds activated TAS2R8, and five of them activated TAS2R1, TAS2R8, and TAS2R14. The phenolic compounds oleuropein aglycon and ligstroside aglycon were the most potent bitter tastants in olive oil. TAS2R1 and TAS2R8 were the major bitter taste receptors activated most potently by these phenolic compounds. The results obtained here could be utilized to predict and control the bitterness of olive oil based on the concentration of specific bitter phenolics produced during the milling process of olives.
Collapse
|
16
|
Martens K, Steelant B, Bullens DMA. Taste Receptors: The Gatekeepers of the Airway Epithelium. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112889. [PMID: 34831117 PMCID: PMC8616034 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors are well known for their role in the sensation of taste. Surprisingly, the expression and involvement of taste receptors in chemosensory processes outside the tongue have been recently identified in many organs including the airways. Currently, a clear understanding of the airway-specific function of these receptors and the endogenous activating/inhibitory ligands is lagging. The focus of this review is on recent physiological and clinical data describing the taste receptors in the airways and their activation by secreted bacterial compounds. Taste receptors in the airways are potentially involved in three different immune pathways (i.e., the production of nitric oxide and antimicrobial peptides secretion, modulation of ciliary beat frequency, and bronchial smooth muscle cell relaxation). Moreover, genetic polymorphisms in these receptors may alter the patients’ susceptibility to certain types of respiratory infections as well as to differential outcomes in patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma. A better understanding of the function of taste receptors in the airways may lead to the development of a novel class of therapeutic molecules that can stimulate airway mucosal immune responses and could treat patients with chronic airway diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katleen Martens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brecht Steelant
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Dominique M. A. Bullens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
- Clinical Division of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptors (TAS2Rs or T2Rs), belonging to the subgroup of family A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), are of crucial importance in the perception of bitterness. Although in the first instance, TAS2Rs were considered to be exclusively distributed in the apical microvilli of taste bud cells, numerous studies have detected these sensory receptor proteins in several extra-oral tissues, such as in pancreatic or ovarian tissues, as well as in their corresponding malignancies. Critical points of extra-oral TAS2Rs biology, such as their structure, roles, signaling transduction pathways, extensive mutational polymorphism, and molecular evolution, have been currently broadly studied. The TAS2R cascade, for instance, has been recently considered to be a pivotal modulator of a number of (patho)physiological processes, including adipogenesis or carcinogenesis. The latest advances in taste receptor biology further raise the possibility of utilizing TAS2Rs as a therapeutic target or as an informative index to predict treatment responses in various disorders. Thus, the focus of this review is to provide an update on the expression and molecular basis of TAS2Rs functions in distinct extra-oral tissues in health and disease. We shall also discuss the therapeutic potential of novel TAS2Rs targets, which are appealing due to their ligand selectivity, expression pattern, or pharmacological profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Tuzim
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Korolczuk
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gaudel F, Guiraudie-Capraz G, Féron F. Limbic Expression of mRNA Coding for Chemoreceptors in Human Brain-Lessons from Brain Atlases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136858. [PMID: 34202385 PMCID: PMC8267617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals strongly rely on chemical senses to uncover the outside world and adjust their behaviour. Chemical signals are perceived by facial sensitive chemosensors that can be clustered into three families, namely the gustatory (TASR), olfactory (OR, TAAR) and pheromonal (VNR, FPR) receptors. Over recent decades, chemoreceptors were identified in non-facial parts of the body, including the brain. In order to map chemoreceptors within the encephalon, we performed a study based on four brain atlases. The transcript expression of selected members of the three chemoreceptor families and their canonical partners was analysed in major areas of healthy and demented human brains. Genes encoding all studied chemoreceptors are transcribed in the central nervous system, particularly in the limbic system. RNA of their canonical transduction partners (G proteins, ion channels) are also observed in all studied brain areas, reinforcing the suggestion that cerebral chemoreceptors are functional. In addition, we noticed that: (i) bitterness-associated receptors display an enriched expression, (ii) the brain is equipped to sense trace amines and pheromonal cues and (iii) chemoreceptor RNA expression varies with age, but not dementia or brain trauma. Extensive studies are now required to further understand how the brain makes sense of endogenous chemicals.
Collapse
|
19
|
Romero-Martínez BS, Montaño LM, Solís-Chagoyán H, Sommer B, Ramírez-Salinas GL, Pérez-Figueroa GE, Flores-Soto E. Possible Beneficial Actions of Caffeine in SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5460. [PMID: 34067243 PMCID: PMC8196824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has established an unparalleled necessity to rapidly find effective treatments for the illness; unfortunately, no specific treatment has been found yet. As this is a new emerging chaotic situation, already existing drugs have been suggested to ameliorate the infection of SARS-CoV-2. The consumption of caffeine has been suggested primarily because it improves exercise performance, reduces fatigue, and increases wakefulness and awareness. Caffeine has been proven to be an effective anti-inflammatory and immunomodulator. In airway smooth muscle, it has bronchodilator effects mainly due to its activity as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and adenosine receptor antagonist. In addition, a recent published document has suggested the potential antiviral activity of this drug using in silico molecular dynamics and molecular docking; in this regard, caffeine might block the viral entrance into host cells by inhibiting the formation of a receptor-binding domain and the angiotensin-converting enzyme complex and, additionally, might reduce viral replication by the inhibition of the activity of 3-chymotrypsin-like proteases. Here, we discuss how caffeine through certain mechanisms of action could be beneficial in SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, further studies are required for validation through in vitro and in vivo models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S. Romero-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX CP 04510, Mexico; (B.S.R.-M.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Luis M. Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX CP 04510, Mexico; (B.S.R.-M.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Héctor Solís-Chagoyán
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, CDMX CP 14370, Mexico;
| | - Bettina Sommer
- Laboratorio de Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, CDMX CP 14080, Mexico;
| | - Gemma Lizbeth Ramírez-Salinas
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX CP 11340, Mexico;
| | - Gloria E. Pérez-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, CDMX CP 06720, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Flores-Soto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX CP 04510, Mexico; (B.S.R.-M.); (L.M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Welcome MO, Mastorakis NE. The taste of neuroinflammation: Molecular mechanisms linking taste sensing to neuroinflammatory responses. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105557. [PMID: 33737243 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates a critical role of neuroinflammatory response as an underlying pathophysiological process in several central nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms that trigger neuroinflammatory processes are not fully known. The discovery of bitter taste receptors in regions other than the oral cavity substantially increased research interests on their functional roles in extra-oral tissues. It is now widely accepted that bitter taste receptors, for instance, in the respiratory, intestinal, reproductive and urinary tracts, are crucial not only for sensing poisonous substances, but also, act as immune sentinels, mobilizing defense mechanisms against pathogenic aggression. The relatively recent discovery of bitter taste receptors in the brain has intensified research investigation on the functional implication of cerebral bitter taste receptor expression. Very recent data suggest that responses of bitter taste receptors to neurotoxins and microbial molecules, under normal condition, are necessary to prevent neuroinflammatory reactions. Furthermore, emerging data have revealed that downregulation of key components of the taste receptor signaling cascade leads to increased oxidative stress and inflammasome signaling in neurons that ultimately culminate in neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that link taste receptor mediated surveillance of the extracellular milieu to neuroinflammatory responses are not completely understood. This review integrates new data on the molecular mechanisms that link bitter taste receptor sensing to neuroinflammatory responses. The role of bitter taste receptor-mediated sensing of toxigenic substances in brain disorders is also discussed. The therapeutic significance of targeting these receptors for potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a central role in regulating the functions of a diverse range of cell types in the airway. Taste 2 receptor (T2R) family of GPCRs is responsible for the transduction of bitter taste; however, recent studies have demonstrated that different subtypes of T2Rs and key components of T2R signaling are expressed in several extra-oral tissues including airways with many physiological roles. In the lung, expression of T2Rs has been confirmed in multiple airway cell types including airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, various epithelial cell subtypes, and on both resident and migratory immune cells. Most importantly, activation of T2Rs with a variety of putative agonists elicits unique signaling in ASM and specialized airway epithelial cells resulting in the inhibition of ASM contraction and proliferation, promotion of ciliary motility, and innate immune response in chemosensory airway epithelial cells. Here we discuss the expression of T2Rs and the mechanistic basis of their function in the structural cells of the airways with some useful insights on immune cells in the context of allergic asthma and other upper airway inflammatory disorders. Emphasis on T2R biology and pharmacology in airway cells has an ulterior goal of exploiting T2Rs for therapeutic benefit in obstructive airway diseases.
Collapse
|
22
|
Salvator H, Naline E, Brollo M, Tenor H, Grassin-Delyle S, Devillier P. Clinical relevance of the relaxant effects of roflumilast on human bronchus: potentiation by a long-acting beta-2-agonist. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:725-731. [PMID: 33145785 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Roflumilast is an oral, add-on option for treating patients with severe COPD and frequent exacerbations despite optimal therapy with inhaled drugs. The present study focused on whether this phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor and its active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide affect the tone of human bronchial rings. We also investigated the interactions between roflumilast, roflumilast N-oxide and the long-acting β2 -agonist formoterol with regard to the relaxation of isolated human bronchial rings at basal tone or pre-contracted with histamine. Our results demonstrated for the first time that at a clinically relevant concentration (1 nm), roflumilast N-oxide and roflumilast induce a weak relaxation of the isolated human bronchus either at resting tone (22% and 16%, respectively) or even weaker on pre-contracted bronchus with histamine (7% and 5%, respectively). In addition, the combination of formoterol with roflumilast or roflumilast N-oxide is more potent than each component alone for relaxing pre-contracted isolated bronchi - the apparent pD2 of formoterol was significantly reduced for the threshold concentration of 1 nm of the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors by a factor of 2.4 for roflumilast N-oxide and 1.9 for roflumilast. The full inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 activity is achieved at 100 nm but this high concentration only caused partial relaxations of the human bronchi. At a clinically relevant concentration, these oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors are not effective direct bronchodilators but could enhance the efficacy of inhaled long-acting β2-agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Salvator
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, V2I - UMR-0092, Université Paris Saclay, Suresnes, France.,Department of Airway Diseases, Respiratory Pharmacology Unit, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, V2I - UMR-0092, Université Paris Saclay, Suresnes, France.,Department of Airway Diseases, Respiratory Pharmacology Unit, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Marion Brollo
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, V2I - UMR-0092, Université Paris Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | | | - Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Department of Airway Diseases, Respiratory Pharmacology Unit, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.,INSERM U1173, Infection & Inflammation, Département de Biotechnologie de la Santé, Université Paris-Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Philippe Devillier
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, V2I - UMR-0092, Université Paris Saclay, Suresnes, France.,Department of Airway Diseases, Respiratory Pharmacology Unit, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Fendler W, Pietruszewska W. Clinical Role of Extraoral Bitter Taste Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5156. [PMID: 32708215 PMCID: PMC7404188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can recognise five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. Sour and salty substances are linked to ion channels, while sweet, bitter and umami flavours are transmitted through receptors linked to the G protein (G protein-coupled receptors; GPCRs). There are two main types of GPCRs that transmit information about sweet, umami and bitter tastes-the Tas1r and TAS2R families. There are about 25 functional TAS2R genes coding bitter taste receptor proteins. They are found not only in the mouth and throat, but also in the intestines, brain, bladder and lower and upper respiratory tract. The determination of their purpose in these locations has become an inspiration for much research. Their presence has also been confirmed in breast cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells and neuroblastoma, revealing a promising new oncological marker. Polymorphisms of TAS2R38 have been proven to have an influence on the course of chronic rhinosinusitis and upper airway defensive mechanisms. TAS2R receptors mediate the bronchodilatory effect in human airway smooth muscle, which may lead to the creation of another medicine group used in asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The discovery that functionally compromised TAS2R receptors negatively impact glucose homeostasis has produced a new area of diabetes research. In this article, we would like to focus on what facts have been already established in the matter of extraoral TAS2R receptors in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeruzal-Świątecka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Talmon M, Bosso L, Quaregna M, Lopatriello A, Rossi S, Gavioli D, Marotta P, Caprioglio D, Boldorini R, Miggiano R, Fresu LG, Pollastro F. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Absinthin and Derivatives in Human Bronchoepithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1740-1750. [PMID: 32496797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (hTAS2R) are expressed ectopically in various tissues, raising the possibility of a pharmacological exploitation. This seems of particular relevance in airways, since hTAS2Rs are involved in the protection of the aerial tissues from infections and in bronchodilation. The bis-guaianolide absinthin (1), one of the most bitter compounds known, targets the hTAS2R46 bitter receptor. Absinthin (1), an unstable compound, readily turns into anabsinthin (2) with substantial retention of the bitter properties, and this compound was used as a starting material to explore the chemical space around the bis-guaianolide bitter pharmacophore. Capitalizing on the chemoselective opening of the allylic lactone ring, the esters 3 and 4, and the nor-azide 6 were prepared and assayed on human bronchoepithelial (BEAS-2B) cells expressing hTAS2R46. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring the expression of MUC5AC, iNOS, and cytokines, as well as the production of superoxide anion, qualifying the methyl ester 3 as the best candidate for additional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Lorenza Bosso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Martina Quaregna
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lopatriello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniele Gavioli
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Patrizia Marotta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Miggiano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luigia G Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yuan G, Jing Y, Wang T, Fernandes VS, Xin W. The bitter taste receptor agonist-induced negative chronotropic effects on the Langendorff-perfused isolated rat hearts. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 876:173063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
26
|
Bloxham CJ, Foster SR, Thomas WG. A Bitter Taste in Your Heart. Front Physiol 2020; 11:431. [PMID: 32457649 PMCID: PMC7225360 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome contains ∼29 bitter taste receptors (T2Rs), which are responsible for detecting thousands of bitter ligands, including toxic and aversive compounds. This sentinel function varies between individuals and is underpinned by naturally occurring T2R polymorphisms, which have also been associated with disease. Recent studies have reported the expression of T2Rs and their downstream signaling components within non-gustatory tissues, including the heart. Though the precise role of T2Rs in the heart remains unclear, evidence points toward a role in cardiac contractility and overall vascular tone. In this review, we summarize the extra-oral expression of T2Rs, focusing on evidence for expression in heart; we speculate on the range of potential ligands that may activate them; we define the possible signaling pathways they activate; and we argue that their discovery in heart predicts an, as yet, unappreciated cardiac physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Bloxham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon R Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dalesio NM, Aksit MA, Ahn K, Raraigh KS, Collaco JM, McGrath-Morrow S, Zeitlin PL, An SS, Cutting GR. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function, not TAS2R38 gene haplotypes, predict sinus surgery in children and young adults with cystic fibrosis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10:748-754. [PMID: 32282124 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis symptomatology begins in early childhood individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function contributes to sinus development and disease. Genetic variants of the bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 have been suggested to contribute to sinus disease severity in individuals without CF. Our objective was to explore whether functional TAS2R38 haplotypes and CFTR function are associated with sinus disease or the need for sinus surgery in individuals with CF. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study using prospectively collected data from the CF Twin-Sibling Study. The function of CFTR was assessed via chloride conductance. Genotyping of the TAS2R38 gene identified patients who were homozygous for the functional haplotype, heterozygous, or homozygous for nonfunctional haplotypes. Clustered multivariate logistic regression was performed, controlling for sex and family relationship. RESULTS A total of 1291 patients were evaluated. Patients with ≤1% CFTR function were 1.56 times more likely to require sinus surgery than those with >1% CFTR function (p = 0.049). CFTR function did not correlate significantly with the presence of sinus disease (p = 0.30). In addition, there were no statistically significant differences in diagnosis of sinus disease or need for sinus surgery between patients with functional and nonfunctional TAS2R38 haplotypes. CONCLUSION CFTR function correlates with need for sinus surgery, whereas TAS2R38 function does not appear to contribute to sinus disease or the need for sinus surgery in patients with CF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Dalesio
- Division of Pediatric Anesthesia/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Melis A Aksit
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kwangmi Ahn
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Karen S Raraigh
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph M Collaco
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Steven S An
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ.,Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Garry R Cutting
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Duarte AC, Rosado T, Costa AR, Santos J, Gallardo E, Quintela T, Ishikawa H, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Gonçalves I, Santos CRA. The bitter taste receptor TAS2R14 regulates resveratrol transport across the human blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113953. [PMID: 32272108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of transport mechanisms at brain barriers must be thoroughly understood, so that novel strategies for improving drug delivery to the brain can be designed. The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) established by the choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells has been poorly studied in this regard despite its relevance for the protection of the central nervous system (CNS). This study assessed the role of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), TAS2R14 and TAS2R39, in the transport of resveratrol across CP epithelial cells using an in vitro model of the human BCSFB. Both receptors are expressed in human CP cells and known to bind resveratrol. First, Ca2+ imaging assays demonstrated that resveratrol specifically activates the TAS2R14 receptor, but not TAS2R39, in these human CP epithelial cells. Then, we proceeded with permeation studies that showed resveratrol can cross the human BCSFB, from the blood to the CSF side and that TAS2R14 knockdown decreased the transport of resveratrol across these cells. Conversely, inhibition of efflux transporters ABCC1, ABCC4 or ABCG2 also restrained the transport of resveratrol across these cells. Interestingly, resveratrol upregulated the expression of ABCG2 located at the apical membrane of the cells via TAS2R14, whereas ABCC1 and ABCC4 at the basolateral membrane of the cells were not affected. Altogether, our study demonstrates that the BCSFB is a gateway for resveratrol entrance into the CNS and that the receptor TAS2R14 regulates its transport by regulating the action of efflux transporters at CP epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Duarte
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana R Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Telma Quintela
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cecília R A Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the airways that is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow limitation. Although asthma was once simply categorized as atopic or nonatopic, emerging analyses over the last few decades have revealed a variety of asthma endotypes that are attributed to numerous pathophysiological mechanisms. The classification of asthma by endotype is primarily routed in different profiles of airway inflammation that contribute to bronchoconstriction. Many asthma therapeutics target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which either enhance bronchodilation or prevent bronchoconstriction. Short-acting and long-acting β 2-agonists are widely used bronchodilators that signal through the activation of the β 2-adrenergic receptor. Short-acting and long-acting antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are used to reduce bronchoconstriction by blocking the action of acetylcholine. Leukotriene antagonists that block the signaling of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 are used as an add-on therapy to reduce bronchoconstriction and inflammation induced by cysteinyl leukotrienes. A number of GPCR-targeting asthma drug candidates are also in different stages of development. Among them, antagonists of prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 have advanced into phase III clinical trials. Others, including antagonists of the adenosine A2B receptor and the histamine H4 receptor, are in early stages of clinical investigation. In the past decade, significant research advancements in pharmacology, cell biology, structural biology, and molecular physiology have greatly deepened our understanding of the therapeutic roles of GPCRs in asthma and drug action on these GPCRs. This review summarizes our current understanding of GPCR signaling and pharmacology in the context of asthma treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although current treatment methods for asthma are effective for a majority of asthma patients, there are still a large number of patients with poorly controlled asthma who may experience asthma exacerbations. This review summarizes current asthma treatment methods and our understanding of signaling and pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in asthma therapy, and discusses controversies regarding the use of GPCR drugs and new opportunities in developing GPCR-targeting therapeutics for the treatment of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Gelhaus Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Canivenc-Lavier MC, Neiers F, Briand L. Plant polyphenols, chemoreception, taste receptors and taste management. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2019; 22:472-478. [PMID: 31490201 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Polyphenols display beneficial health effects through chemopreventive actions on numerous chronic diseases including cancers, metabolic disorders, reproductive disorders and eating behaviour disorders. According to the principle of chemoreception, polyphenols bind cellular targets capable of accepting their stereochemistry, namely metabolizing enzymes and protein receptors, including taste receptors. The extraoral expression of taste receptors and their pharmacological interest in terms of novel drug therapies open up new perspectives on the potential use of these compounds and their interactions with other chemicals in cells. These new perspectives suggest the need to examine these phytochemicals further. However, most polyphenols have a bitterness property that may disrupt the acceptability of healthy foods or dietary supplements. RECENT FINDINGS Polyphenols bind to oral and extraoral bitter type 2 taste receptors, which modulate the signalling pathways involved in anti-inflammatory processes and metabolic and dietary regulations. Depending on their chemical nature, polyphenols may act as activators or inhibitors of taste receptors, and combinations of polyphenols (or herbal mixtures) may be used to modulate the acceptability of bitterness. SUMMARY The current review summarizes recent findings on polyphenol chemoreception and highlights the evidence of healthy effects through type 2 taste receptor mediation in signalling pathways, such as new targets, with promising perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Chantal Canivenc-Lavier
- Centre des Sciences du GoÛt et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup, CNRS, Dijon, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Grassin-Delyle S, Salvator H, Mantov N, Abrial C, Brollo M, Faisy C, Naline E, Couderc LJ, Devillier P. Bitter Taste Receptors (TAS2Rs) in Human Lung Macrophages: Receptor Expression and Inhibitory Effects of TAS2R Agonists. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1267. [PMID: 31632299 PMCID: PMC6783802 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter-taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are involved in airway relaxation but are also expressed in human blood leukocytes. We studied TAS2R expression and the effects of TAS2R agonists on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine release in human lung macrophages (LMs). METHODS Lung macrophages were isolated from patients undergoing surgery for carcinoma. We used RT-qPCR to measure transcripts of 16 TAS2Rs (TAS2Rs 3/4/5/7/8/9/10/14/19/20/31/38/39/43/45 and 46) in unstimulated and LPS-stimulated (10 ng.mL-1) LMs. The macrophages were also incubated with TAS2R agonists for 24 h. Supernatant levels of the cytokines TNF-α, CCL3, CXCL8 and IL-10 were measured using ELISAs. RESULTS The transcripts of all 16 TAS2Rs were detected in macrophages. The addition of LPS led to an increase in the expression of most TAS2Rs, which was significant for TAS2R7 and 38. Although the promiscuous TAS2R agonists, quinine and denatonium, inhibited the LPS-induced release of TNF-α, CCL3 and CXCL8, diphenidol was inactive. Partially selective agonists (dapsone, colchicine, strychnine, and chloroquine) and selective agonists [erythromycin (TAS2R10), phenanthroline (TAS2R5), ofloxacin (TAS2R9), and carisoprodol (TAS2R14)] also suppressed the LPS-induced cytokine release. In contrast, two other agonists [sodium cromoglycate (TAS2R20) and saccharin (TAS2R31 and 43)] were inactive. TAS2R agonists suppressed IL-10 production - suggesting that this anti-inflammatory cytokine is not involved in the inhibition of cytokine production. CONCLUSION Human LMs expressed TAS2Rs. Experiments with TAS2R agonists' suggested the involvement of TAS2Rs 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 14, 30, 39 and 40 in the inhibition of cytokine production. TAS2Rs may constitute new drug targets in inflammatory obstructive lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- INSERM UMR 1173, UFR Simone Veil - Santé, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Hélène Salvator
- Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Nikola Mantov
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Charlotte Abrial
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Marion Brollo
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Christophe Faisy
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Louis-Jean Couderc
- Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Philippe Devillier
- Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology–UPRES EA 220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Luo M, Ni K, Jin Y, Yu Z, Deng L. Toward the Identification of Extra-Oral TAS2R Agonists as Drug Agents for Muscle Relaxation Therapies via Bioinformatics-Aided Screening of Bitter Compounds in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Physiol 2019; 10:861. [PMID: 31379593 PMCID: PMC6647893 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the past decade in mapping the distributions and the physiological functions of extra-oral bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in non-gustatory tissues. In particular, it has been found that TAS2Rs are expressed in various muscle tissues and activation of TAS2Rs can lead to muscle cell relaxation, which suggests that TAS2Rs may be important new targets in muscle relaxation therapy for various muscle-related diseases. So far, however, there is a lack of potent extra-oral TAS2R agonists that can be used as novel drug agents in muscle relaxation therapies. Interestingly, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) often characterizes a drug’s property in terms of five distinct flavors (bitter, sweet, sour, salty, and pungent) according to its taste and function, and commonly regards “bitterness” as an intrinsic property of “good medicine.” In addition, many bitter flavored TCM are known in practice to cause muscle relaxation after long term use, and in lab experiments the compounds identified from some bitter flavored TCM do activate TAS2Rs and thus relax muscle cells. Therefore, it is highly possible to discover very useful extra-oral TAS2R agonists for muscle relaxation therapies among the abundant bitter compounds used in bitter flavored TCM. With this perspective, we reviewed in literature the distribution of TAS2Rs in different muscle systems with a focus on the map of bitter flavored TCM which can regulate muscle contractility and related functional chemical components. We also reviewed the recently established databases of TCM chemical components and the bioinformatics software which can be used for high-throughput screening and data mining of the chemical components associated with bitter flavored TCM. All together, we aim to present a knowledge-based approach and technological platform for identification or discovery of extra-oral TAS2R agonists that can be used as novel drug agents for muscle relaxation therapies through screening and evaluation of chemical compounds used in bitter flavored TCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Luo
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Kai Ni
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zifan Yu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Linhong Deng
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nayak AP, Shah SD, Michael JV, Deshpande DA. Bitter Taste Receptors for Asthma Therapeutics. Front Physiol 2019; 10:884. [PMID: 31379597 PMCID: PMC6647873 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has primarily relied on the use of beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonists (bronchodilators) and corticosteroids, and more recently, monoclonal antibody therapies (biologics) targeting specific cytokines and their functions. Although these approaches provide relief from exacerbations, questions remain on their long-term efficacy and safety. Furthermore, current therapeutics do not address progressive airway remodeling (AR), a key pathological feature of severe obstructive lung disease. Strikingly, agonists of the bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) deliver robust bronchodilation, curtail allergen-induced inflammatory responses in the airways and regulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation and mitigate features of AR in vitro and in animal models. The scope of this review is to provide a comprehensive and systematic insight into our current understanding of TAS2Rs with an emphasis on the molecular events that ensue TAS2R activation in distinct airway cell types and expand on the pleiotropic effects of TAS2R targeting in mitigating various pathological features of obstructive lung diseases. Finally, we will discuss specific opportunities that could help the development of selective agonists for specific TAS2R subtypes in the treatment of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay P Nayak
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sushrut D Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James V Michael
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Talmon M, Rossi S, Lim D, Pollastro F, Palattella G, Ruffinatti FA, Marotta P, Boldorini R, Genazzani AA, Fresu LG. Absinthin, an agonist of the bitter taste receptor hTAS2R46, uncovers an ER-to-mitochondria Ca 2+-shuttling event. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12472-12482. [PMID: 31248983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 taste receptors (TAS2R) are G protein-coupled receptors first described in the gustatory system, but have also been shown to have extraoral localizations, including airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, in which TAS2R have been reported to induce relaxation. TAS2R46 is an unexplored subtype that responds to its highly specific agonist absinthin. Here, we first demonstrate that, unlike other bitter-taste receptor agonists, absinthin alone (1 μm) in ASM cells does not induce Ca2+ signals but reduces histamine-induced cytosolic Ca2+ increases. To investigate this mechanism, we introduced into ASM cells aequorin-based Ca2+ probes targeted to the cytosol, subplasma membrane domain, or the mitochondrial matrix. We show that absinthin reduces cytosolic histamine-induced Ca2+ rises and simultaneously increases Ca2+ influx into mitochondria. We found that this effect is inhibited by the potent human TAS2R46 (hTAS2R46) antagonist 3β-hydroxydihydrocostunolide and is no longer evident in hTAS2R46-silenced ASM cells, indicating that it is hTAS2R46-dependent. Furthermore, these changes were sensitive to the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl-hydrazone (FCCP); the mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor KB-R7943 (carbamimidothioic acid); the cytoskeletal disrupter latrunculin; and an inhibitor of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC), ESI-09. Similarly, the β2 agonist salbutamol also could induce Ca2+ shuttling from cytoplasm to mitochondria, suggesting that this new mechanism might be generalizable. Moreover, forskolin and an EPAC activator mimicked this effect in HeLa cells. Our findings support the hypothesis that plasma membrane receptors can positively regulate mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, adding a further facet to the ability of cells to encode complex Ca2+ signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio, 6-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio, 6-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gioele Palattella
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federico A Ruffinatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio, 6-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Patrizia Marotta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio, 6-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio, 6-28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Luigia G Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tsai CC, Li YC, Chang LC, Tey SL, Lin KJ, Huang SC. Long-Chain Fatty Acid Receptors Mediate Relaxation of the Porcine Lower Esophageal Sphincter. Front Physiol 2019; 10:676. [PMID: 31214048 PMCID: PMC6554435 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids activate the free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1) and FFA4. In the gastrointestinal system, FFA1 and FFA4 have been found in the pancreas and intestine. Fatty food and decreased lower esophageal sphincter (LES) motility are associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease. The effect of long-chain fatty acids on the esophageal motility is unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of long-chain fatty acids on the porcine LES motility ex vivo using isometric transducers. In endothelin 1-precontracted porcine LES strips, the FFA1 selective agonists, fasiglifam, TUG424, and GW9508, caused marked relaxations in a concentration-dependent manner. The relative efficacies to elicit relaxation were GW9508 > TUG424 > fasiglifam in both clasp and sling strips. In contrast, the FFA4 specific agonists, TUG891 and GSK137647, produced mild relaxations. In addition, the endogenous FFA1 agonist DHA caused a mild relaxation whereas GW1100, an FFA1 antagonist, inhibited GW9508 induced relaxation of the porcine LES clasp and sling muscle. Both real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed that FFA1 and FFA4 were expressed in the porcine LES. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the FFA4 expression was much lower than FFA1. Taken together, long-chain fatty acid receptor agonists elicit relaxation of the porcine LES. FFA1 might influence LES motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chung Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Chang
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Leei Tey
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jen Lin
- Department of Pathology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shosanbetsu Village Clinic, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Harada Y, Koseki J, Sekine H, Fujitsuka N, Kobayashi H. Role of Bitter Taste Receptors in Regulating Gastric Accommodation in Guinea Pigs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:466-472. [PMID: 30967403 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.256008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste stimulants play important roles in triggering digestion and absorption of nutrients and in toxin detection, under the control of the gut-brain axis. Bitter compounds regulate gut hormone secretion and gastrointestinal motility through bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) located in the taste buds on the tongue and in the enteroendocrine cells. Gastric accommodation (GA) is an important physiologic function. However, the role of TAS2R agonists in regulating GA remains unclear. To clarify whether GA is influenced by bitter stimulants, we examined the effect of TAS2R agonist denatonium benzoate (DB), administered intraorally and intragastrically, by measuring the consequent intrabag pressure in the proximal stomach of guinea pigs. Effects of the Kampo medicine rikkunshito (RKT) and its bitter components liquiritigenin and naringenin on GA were also examined. Intraoral DB (0.2 nmol/ml) administration enhanced GA. Intragastric DB administration (0.1 and 1 nmol/kg) promoted GA, whereas higher DB doses (30 μmol/kg) inhibited it. Similar changes in GA were observed with intragastric (1000 mg/kg) and intraoral (200 mg/ml) RKT administration. Liquiritigenin and naringenin also promoted GA. These findings suggest that GA is affected by the stimulation of TAS2Rs in the oral cavity or gut in guinea pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Harada
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.H., J.K., H.S., N.F.) and Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Junichi Koseki
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.H., J.K., H.S., N.F.) and Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Hitomi Sekine
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.H., J.K., H.S., N.F.) and Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Naoki Fujitsuka
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.H., J.K., H.S., N.F.) and Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.H., J.K., H.S., N.F.) and Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Juntendo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Patel NN, Triantafillou V, Maina IW, Workman AD, Tong CCL, Kuan EC, Papagiannopoulos P, Bosso JV, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Kohanski MA, Herbert DR, Cohen NA. Fungal extracts stimulate solitary chemosensory cell expansion in noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:730-737. [PMID: 30892837 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) are rare epithelial cells enriched in nasal polyps and are the primary source of interleukin-25 (IL-25), an innate cytokine eliciting T-helper 2 (Th2) immune response. Although it is proposed that SCCs are stimulated by antigens released by upper airway pathogens, the exogenous triggers of human SCCs remain elusive. We studied patients with noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis to determine whether extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata stimulate SCC proliferation as an early event in type 2 inflammation. METHODS Multicolor flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunoassay were used to interrogate mucosa from patients with mycetomas and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) for SCCs and IL-25. Primary sinonasal epithelial cells from AFRS patients and noninflamed inferior turbinates were stimulated with fungal extracts for 72 hours, and SCC population frequency as well as mitotic activity were quantified using flow cytometry. RESULTS SCCs producing IL-25 are enriched in inflamed mucosa compared with intrapatient noninflamed control tissue (38.6% vs 6.5%, p = 0.029). In cultured sinonasal epithelial cells from AFRS nasal polyps, Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata stimulated higher SCC frequency compared with controls (27.4% vs 10.6%, p = 0.002; 18.1% vs 10.6%, p = 0.046), which led to increased IL-25 secretion in culture media (75.5 vs 3.3 pg/mL, p < 0.001; 32.3 vs 3.3 pg/mL, p = 0.007). Ki-67 expression was higher in SCCs grown in fungal stimulation conditions compared with controls. CONCLUSION Although fungal antigens are known to potentiate immune response through innate cytokines, including IL-25, the early expansion of SCCs in the presence of fungus has not been described. This early event in the pathogenesis of noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis may represent a target for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil N Patel
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vasiliki Triantafillou
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ivy W Maina
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alan D Workman
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charles C L Tong
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Edward C Kuan
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Peter Papagiannopoulos
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John V Bosso
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James N Palmer
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - De'Broski R Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cai Y, Lei Y, Chen J, Cao L, Yang X, Zhang K, Cao Y. Erythromycin relaxes BALB/c mouse airway smooth muscle. Life Sci 2019; 221:135-142. [PMID: 30731142 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) agonists have bronchodilatory potentials. Erythromycin is a ligand of TAS2R10, but its relaxant profile is unknown. This study was performed to understand the relaxant effects of erythromycin and its potential mechanism. MAIN METHODS Airway resistance was tested by the whole body plethysmography in the ovalbumin-aluminum hydroxide induced asthma model mice. Tracheal ring segment myography was used to investigate the isometric tension of the smooth muscle. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration was measured by enzyme immunoassay kit. Changes in the calcium influx in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) were surveyed using a real-time confocal microscopy. KEY FINDINGS Erythromycin significantly relieved airway hyperreactivity in asthma model mice. Erythromycin relaxed mouse tracheal segments precontracted with carbachol, KCl, 5-hydroxytryptamine and U46619, and further dilated the tracheal rings relaxed by isoprenaline or atropine. Epithelium removal, indomethacin or NS-398 partially reduced the relaxation. U73122, 2-APB, iberiotoxin or ouabain did not change the concentration-relaxation curves of erythromycin on tracheal segments. Erythromycin didn't elevate cAMP level. CaCl2-induced contraction in the K+-rich solution was impaired by erythromycin in the Ca2+-free solution. The intercellular Ca2+ level in the ASMCs was decreased by erythromycin, which was partly inhibited by Bay K8644 but not gallein. SIGNIFICANCE Erythromycin had marked bronchodilatory effect. The relaxation might be related to the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel, but not the gustducin-associated βγ/phospholipase-Cβ/inositol 1,4,5-tri-phosphate receptor/large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel pathway or a cAMP-dependent way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Ying Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Jingguo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kanghuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yongxiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the available data about taste receptor functions and their role in perception of food with emphasis on the human system. In addition we illuminate the widespread presence of these receptors throughout the body and discuss some of their extraoral functions. Finally, we describe clinical aspects where taste receptor signaling could be relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C Töle
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang Y, Wang A, Zhang M, Zeng H, Lu Y, Liu L, Li J, Deng L. Artesunate attenuates airway resistance in vivo and relaxes airway smooth muscle cells in vitro via bitter taste receptor-dependent calcium signalling. Exp Physiol 2018; 104:231-243. [PMID: 30379382 DOI: 10.1113/ep086824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The aim of this study was to evaluate artesunate for its use as a bronchodilator in asthma treatment. What is the main finding and its importance? We found that artesunate reduces airway resistance in both normal and ovalbumin-treated Balb/c mice in vivo. Artesunate reduces traction force while inducing Ca2+ influx into cultured airway smooth muscle cells in vitro, most probably via the bitter taste receptor. These findings provide important evidence at both animal and cellular levels that artesunate might potentially be used as a bronchodilator for treating obstructive airway diseases, such as asthma. ABSTRACT Following the surprising discovery that bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) expressed in the lung and can be stimulated to relax airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs), there is great interest in searching for a bitter taste receptor agonist as a new bronchodilator for asthma therapy. Among the great many other natural bitter substances, artesunate is of special interest to be evaluated for this purpose because of its pharmacological value as a derivative from the well-known anti-malarial, artemisinin. Therefore, in this study we treated either normal or ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic Balb/c mice in vivo with artesunate (30, 60 or 120 μg) via aerosol inhalation. Subsequently, we measured the airway resistance of the mice in the presence or absence of artesunate. In addition, we treated either mouse or human ASMCs cultured in vitro with artesunate (0.25-2.0 mM) and then measured the traction force and [Ca2+ ]i flux of the cells in the presence or absence of artesunate. The results demonstrate that artesunate attenuated airway resistance in a dose-dependent manner in both the normal and the OVA-treated mice, but more potently in the latter. The in vivo efficacy of artesunate at 120 μg was comparable to that of the conventional bronchodilator, salbutamol, at 3 μg in terms of the reduction in airway resistance. Artesunate also reduced traction force and induced an increase in [Ca2+ ]i in the cultured ASMCs, which was mediated, at least in part, by TAS2R signalling in the human ASMCs. These results together suggest that artesunate might potentially be a cheap and safe bronchodilator to complement the current therapy of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science & School of Nursing, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Aili Wang
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science & School of Nursing, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, China
| | - Huilong Zeng
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Linhong Deng
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science & School of Nursing, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang ZX, Zhang YX, Zeng YL, Li X, Chen Z, Luo JM, Zhang Y, Zhang YL, Qiao YJ. Discovery of TAS2R14 Agonists from Platycodon grandiflorum Using Virtual Screening and Affinity Screening Based on a Novel TAS2R14-Functionalized HEMT Sensor Combined with UPLC-MS Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11663-11671. [PMID: 30259737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
TAS2R14 is of great potential as a therapeutic target against asthma, and the discovery of TAS2R14 agonists can be very valuable for treating this disease. Herein, we developed a strategy using virtual screening and affinity screening based on a fabricated biosensor combined with UPLC-MS analysis to screen TAS2R14 agonists from Platycodon grandiflorum. By ligand-based virtual screening, 16 best-fit candidates were yielded. A novel TAS2R14-functionalized high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) sensor was applied to detect and fish out the potential TAS2R14 agonists from P. grandiflorum extracts. Those components captured by the immobilized TAS2R14 were eluted and characterized on UPLC-QTOF MS. As a result, six potential TAS2R14 agonists were screened out and identified. Among them, platycodin L was confirmed to be a special agonist of TAS2R14 for the first time and had an EC50 of 15.03 ± 1.15 μM via intracellular calcium mobilization assay ( n = 6). The results indicated that the proposed strategy was efficient to discover TAS2R14 agonists from the herb directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 102488 , P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 102488 , P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Zeng
- Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 102488 , P. R. China
| | - Xi Li
- Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 102488 , P. R. China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 102488 , P. R. China
| | - Jia-Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 102488 , P. R. China
| | - Yan-Jiang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of TCM Information Engineering of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 102488 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Taste buds are the dedicated sensory end organs of taste, comprising a complex and evolving profile of signaling elements. The sensation and ultimate perception of taste depends on the expression of a diverse array of receptors and channels that sense their respective tastes. Receptor regulation is a recognized and well-studied phenomenon in many systems, observed in opioid addiction, insulin resistance and caffeine tolerance. Results from human sensory studies suggest that receptor sensitivity or expression level may decrease after chronic exposure to respective tastants through diet. We review data supporting the theory that taste receptors may become downregulated with exposure to a specific tastant, along with presenting data from a small pilot study, showing the impact of long-term tastant exposure on taste receptor expression in mice. Mice treated with monosodium salt monohydrate (MSG), saccharin and NaCl (typically appetitive tastes) all displayed a significant decrease in mRNA expression for respective umami, sweet and salty receptors/sensory channels. Reduced sensitivity to appetitive tastes may promote overconsumption of foods high in such stimuli.
Collapse
|
43
|
Luo C, Gwekwe B, Choto P, Miao W, Chen M, Xue C, Xu Y, Yin X, Magawa G, Wu D, Akida JS, Wang L, Li Q, Deng S. Bitter peptides from enzymatically hydrolyzed protein increase the number of leucocytes and lysozyme activity of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:130-134. [PMID: 30006041 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The large yellow croakers (Larimichthys crocea) are mainly present in the Chinese coast and near seas with high economic importance, but vulnerable to many diseases, especially in the breeding and aquaculture. The purpose of this research was to boost the innate immune system of the large yellow croaker by administering bitter peptides into their peritoneal cavity. Total 120 Juvenile of large yellow croakers in very even weight of 60 g were divided into 4 different groups in 200/300 L of water tank, respectively. Fish growth were observed for 3 months before and after different treatments. The bitter peptides from pepsin hydrolysis were applied because they possess the highest bitter sensory scores. The blood of fish from the different groups was collected and tested for different immune parameters to evaluate the effectiveness of bitter peptides as immune stimulants after administration for 8 weeks. The average ratio of leukocytes/total blood cells (%) for control was found at 14.6%, for the low dose of bitter peptides 0.6 mg/fish was at 29.3%, for middle dose of 1.2 mg/fish was at 35%, and high dose of 2.4 mg/fish was at 30%. The lysozyme assay showed that the OD (optical density) units of relative progress lysis activity at 60 min were 0.17, 0.101, 0.307 and 0.198, respectively. Similarly in the same order as in phagocyte assay, most importantly the middle dose (1.2mg/fish) gave the highest survival rate throughout the assay. The results showed that bitter peptides can be used as immune boosters for the yellow croakers and the optimum dose was 1.2 mg/fish due to both leukocytes and lysozyme activity in the treated samples increased significantly compared with the control group. According to the results obtained, we suggest that the incorporation of middle dose of bitter peptides into fish feeds may reduce the fish diseases in aquaculture, at least for large yellow croakers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Luo
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Changzhi Island, Lingcheng New District, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
| | - Blessing Gwekwe
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Changzhi Island, Lingcheng New District, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Phares Choto
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Changzhi Island, Lingcheng New District, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Wenhua Miao
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Changzhi Island, Lingcheng New District, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Changzhi Island, Lingcheng New District, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Changfeng Xue
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaolong Yin
- Zhejiang Institute of Aquaculture, Zhoushan, China
| | - Glory Magawa
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Changzhi Island, Lingcheng New District, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Changzhi Island, Lingcheng New District, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Jamal S Akida
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Changzhi Island, Lingcheng New District, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Likui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Medicine Science, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Shanggui Deng
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Changzhi Island, Lingcheng New District, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yamaki M, Saito H, Isono K, Goto T, Shirakawa H, Shoji N, Satoh-Kuriwada S, Sasano T, Okada R, Kudoh K, Motoi F, Unno M, Komai M. Genotyping Analysis of Bitter-Taste Receptor Genes TAS2R38 and TAS2R46 in Japanese Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancers. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2018; 63:148-154. [PMID: 28552880 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.63.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Type-2 bitter-taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are important for the evaluation of food quality and the nutritional control in animals. Mutations in some TAS2Rs including TAS2R38 are known to increase susceptibility to various diseases. However, the involvement of TAS2Rs in cancers has not been well understood. We conducted a pilot study by genotyping two TAS2R genes, TAS2R38 and TAS2R46, in Japanese cancer patients diagnosed with the following types of cancer: biliary tract cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer and gastric cancer. We selected the two TAS2Rs because they carry virtually non-functional alleles in human populations. We found that cancer risk is not associated with any TAS2R46 genotypes since there were no significant differences in genotype frequencies between cancer patients and controls. On the other hand, we confirmed that phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) non-tasters homozygous (AVI/AVI) for TAS2R38 were more frequent among Japanese cancer patients than those among controls as suggested in a previous study. The AVI/AVI genotype was therefore considered to increases cancer risk. In contrast, we also found that homozygous (PAV/PAV) PTC tasters are less frequent among cancer patients, suggesting that the PAV/PAV is a cancer resistant genotype that decreases cancer risk. Genotype frequencies for heterozygous AVI/PAV genotype were not significantly different between the two groups. It is suggested that the risk and resistance of cancers is antagonistically controlled by the two TAS2R38 alleles, PAV and AVI, rather than by the AVI allele alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yamaki
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology for Future Bioindustries, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology for Future Bioindustries, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Kunio Isono
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology for Future Bioindustries, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Tomoko Goto
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology for Future Bioindustries, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology for Future Bioindustries, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Noriaki Shoji
- Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Division of Oral Diagnosis, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Shizuko Satoh-Kuriwada
- Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Division of Oral Diagnosis, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Takashi Sasano
- Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Division of Oral Diagnosis, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Ryo Okada
- Department of Organ Regulatory Surgery, Division of Surgery, Fukushima Medical University.,Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Katsuyoshi Kudoh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Fuyuhiko Motoi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Michio Komai
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology for Future Bioindustries, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhai K, Yang Z, Zhu X, Nyirimigabo E, Mi Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Man L, Wu S, Jin J, Ji G. Activation of bitter taste receptors (tas2rs) relaxes detrusor smooth muscle and suppresses overactive bladder symptoms. Oncotarget 2018; 7:21156-67. [PMID: 27056888 PMCID: PMC5008275 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are traditionally thought to be expressed exclusively on the taste buds of the tongue. However, accumulating evidence has indicated that this receptor family performs non-gustatory functions outside the mouth in addition to taste. Here, we examined the role of TAS2Rs in human and mouse detrusor smooth muscle (DSM). We showed that mRNA for various TAS2R subtypes was expressed in both human and mouse detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) at distinct levels. Chloroquine (CLQ), an agonist for TAS2Rs, concentration-dependently relaxed carbachol- and KCl-induced contractions of human DSM strips. Moreover, 100 μM of CLQ significantly inhibited spontaneous and electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractions of human DSM strips. After a slight contraction, CLQ (1 mM) entirely relaxed carbachol-induced contraction of mouse DSM strips. Furthermore, denatonium and quinine concentration-dependently decreased carbachol-induced contractions of mouse DSM strips. Finally, we demonstrated that CLQ treatment significantly suppressed the overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms of mice with partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO). In conclusion, we for the first time provide evidence of the existence of TAS2Rs in the urinary DSM and demonstrate that TAS2Rs may represent a potential target for OAB. These findings open a new approach to develop drugs for OAB in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguang Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Nyirimigabo
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Mi
- Department of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Institute for Medical Biology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Libo Man
- Department of Urology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shiliang Wu
- Department of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Beijing, China
| | - Guangju Ji
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gross NJ, Barnes PJ. New Therapies for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:159-166. [PMID: 27922751 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201610-2074pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Gross
- 1 University Medical Research LLC, St. Francis Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; and
| | - Peter J Barnes
- 2 Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang Y, Wang X, Li X, Peng S, Wang S, Huang CZ, Huang CZ, Zhang Q, Li D, Jiang J, Ouyang Q, Zhang Y, Li S, Qiao Y. Identification of a specific agonist of human TAS2R14 from Radix Bupleuri through virtual screening, functional evaluation and binding studies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12174. [PMID: 28939897 PMCID: PMC5610306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) have attracted a great deal of interest because of their recently described bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to identify natural direct TAS2R14 agonists from Radix Bupleuri that can inhibit mast cell degranulation. A ligand-based virtual screening was conducted on a library of chemicals contained in compositions of Radix Bupleuri, and these analyses were followed by cell-based functional validation through a HEK293-TAS2R14-G16gust44 cell line and IgE-induced mast cell degranulation assays, respectively. Saikosaponin b (SSb) was confirmed for the first time to be a specific agonist of TAS2R14 and had an EC50 value of 4.9 μM. A molecular docking study showed that SSb could directly bind to a TAS2R14 model through H-bond interactions with Arg160, Ser170 and Glu259. Moreover, SSb showed the ability to inhibit IgE-induced mast cell degranulation, as measured with a β-hexosaminidase release model and real-time cell analysis (RTCA). In a cytotoxicity bioassay, SSb showed no significant cytotoxicity to HEK293 cells within 24 hours. This study demonstrated that SSb is a direct TAS2R14 agonist that inhibit IgE-induced mast cell degranulation. Although the target and in vitro bioactivity of SSb were revealed in this study, it still need in vivo study to further verify the anti-asthma activity of SSb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, Central Ring South Road, Wangjing, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xi Li
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, Central Ring South Road, Wangjing, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Sha Peng
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, Central Ring South Road, Wangjing, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, Central Ring South Road, Wangjing, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Christopher Z Huang
- Chinese International School, 1 Hau Yuen Path, Braemar Hill, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Corine Z Huang
- Chinese International School, 1 Hau Yuen Path, Braemar Hill, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, Central Ring South Road, Wangjing, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Dai Li
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, No. 1, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- HD Biosciences, Co., Ltd. 590 Ruiqing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park East Campus, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201201, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street, No. 30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, Central Ring South Road, Wangjing, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Shiyou Li
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, No. 1, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, Central Ring South Road, Wangjing, Beijing, 100102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Henno P, Grassin-Delyle S, Belle E, Brollo M, Naline E, Sage E, Devillier P, Israël-Biet D. In smokers, Sonic hedgehog modulates pulmonary endothelial function through vascular endothelial growth factor. Respir Res 2017; 18:102. [PMID: 28535764 PMCID: PMC5442874 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco-induced pulmonary vascular disease is partly driven by endothelial dysfunction. The Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway is involved in vascular physiology. We sought to establish whether the SHH pathway has a role in pulmonary endothelial dysfunction in smokers. Methods The ex vivo endothelium-dependent relaxation of pulmonary artery rings in response to acetylcholine (Ach) was compared in 34 current or ex-smokers and 8 never-smokers. The results were expressed as a percentage of the contraction with phenylephrine. We tested the effects of SHH inhibitors (GANT61 and cyclopamine), an SHH activator (SAG) and recombinant VEGF on the Ach-induced relaxation. The level of VEGF protein in the pulmonary artery ring was measured in an ELISA. SHH pathway gene expression was quantified in reverse transcriptase–quantitative polymerase chain reactions. Results Ach-induced relaxation was much less intense in smokers than in never-smokers (respectively 24 ± 6% and 50 ± 7% with 10−4M Ach; p = 0.028). All SHH pathway genes were expressed in pulmonary artery rings from smokers. SHH inhibition by GANT61 reduced Ach-induced relaxation and VEGF gene expression in the pulmonary artery ring. Recombinant VEGF restored the ring’s endothelial function. VEGF gene and protein expression levels in the pulmonary artery rings were positively correlated with the degree of Ach-induced relaxation and negatively correlated with the number of pack-years. Conclusion SHH pathway genes and proteins are expressed in pulmonary artery rings from smokers, where they modulate endothelial function through VEGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Henno
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France. .,AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Physiologie, Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires et du Sommeil, 75015, Paris, France. .,UPRES EA220, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92150, Suresnes, France.
| | - Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse & INSERM UMR1173, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Département des Maladies des Voies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Emeline Belle
- UPRES EA220, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Marion Brollo
- UPRES EA220, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- UPRES EA220, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92150, Suresnes, France.,Département des Maladies des Voies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Edouard Sage
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Département des Maladies des Voies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Philippe Devillier
- UPRES EA220, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92150, Suresnes, France.,Département des Maladies des Voies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Dominique Israël-Biet
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.,AP-HP; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Pneumologie, 75015, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bitter Taste Receptor Agonists Mitigate Features of Allergic Asthma in Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46166. [PMID: 28397820 PMCID: PMC5387415 DOI: 10.1038/srep46166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, mucus secretion, remodeling and hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Recent research has established the bronchodilatory effect of bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) agonists in various models. Comprehensive pre-clinical studies aimed at establishing effectiveness of TAS2R agonists in disease models are lacking. Here we aimed to determine the effect of TAS2R agonists on features of asthma. Further, we elucidated a mechanism by which TAS2R agonists mitigate features of asthma. Asthma was induced in mice using intranasal house dust mite or aerosol ova-albumin challenge, and chloroquine or quinine were tested in both prophylactic and treatment models. Allergen challenge resulted in airway inflammation as evidenced by increased immune cells infiltration and release of cytokines and chemokines in the lungs, which were significantly attenuated in TAS2R agonists treated mice. TAS2R agonists attenuated features of airway remodeling including smooth muscle mass, extracellular matrix deposition and pro-fibrotic signaling, and also prevented mucus accumulation and development of AHR in mice. Mechanistic studies using human neutrophils demonstrated that inhibition of immune cell chemotaxis is a key mechanism by which TAS2R agonists blocked allergic airway inflammation and exerted anti-asthma effects. Our comprehensive studies establish the effectiveness of TAS2R agonists in mitigating multiple features of allergic asthma.
Collapse
|
50
|
Chen JG, Ping NN, Liang D, Li MY, Mi YN, Li S, Cao L, Cai Y, Cao YX. The expression of bitter taste receptors in mesenteric, cerebral and omental arteries. Life Sci 2017; 170:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|