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Ghiselli F, Felici M, Piva A, Grilli E. Establishment and characterization of an SV40 immortalized chicken intestinal epithelial cell line. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102864. [PMID: 37517361 PMCID: PMC10400971 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells or 3D enteroids are a powerful tool to study the different biological mechanisms that occur in the chicken intestine. Unfortunately, they are not ideal for large-scale screening or long-term studies due to their short lifespan. Moreover, they require expensive culture media, coatings, or the usage of live embryos for each isolation. The aim of this study was to establish and characterize an immortalized chicken intestinal epithelial cell line to help the study of host-pathogen interactions in poultry. This cell line was established by transducing into primary chicken enterocytes the SV40 large-T antigen through a lentiviral vector. The transduced cells grew without changes up to 40 passages maintaining, after a differentiation phase of 48 h with epidermal growth factor, the biological properties of mature enterocytes such as alkaline phosphatase activity and tight junction formation. Immortalized enterocytes were able to generate a cytokine response during an inflammatory challenge, and showed to be susceptible to Eimeria tenella sporozoites invasion and generate a proper immune response to parasitic and lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli) stimulation. This immortalized cell line could be a cost-effective and easy-to-maintain model for all the public health, food safety, or research and pharmaceutical laboratories that study host-pathogen interactions, foodborne pathogens, and food or feed science in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Felici
- DIMEVET, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO) - University of Bologna, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - Andrea Piva
- Vetagro S.p.A., Reggio Emilia 42124, Italy; DIMEVET, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO) - University of Bologna, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- DIMEVET, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO) - University of Bologna, Bologna 40064, Italy; Vetagro Inc., Chicago, IL 60603, USA.
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2
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Kudva IT, Biernbaum EN, Cassmann ED, Palmer MV. Bovine Rectoanal Junction In Vitro Organ Culture Model System to Study Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Adherence. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1289. [PMID: 37317263 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating the interactions between Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) and the bovine recto-anal junction (RAJ) have been limited to either in vitro analyses of bacteria, cells, or nucleic acids at the RAJ, providing limited information. Alternatively, expensive in vivo studies in animals have been conducted. Therefore, our objective was to develop a comprehensive in vitro organ culture system of the RAJ (RAJ-IVOC) that accurately represents all cell types present in the RAJ. This system would enable studies that yield results similar to those observed in vivo. Pieces of RAJ tissue, obtained from unrelated cattle necropsies, were assembled and subjected to various tests in order to determine the optimal conditions for assaying bacterial adherence in a viable IVOC. O157 strain EDL933 and E. coli K12 with known adherence differences were used to standardize the RAJ-IVOC adherence assay. Tissue integrity was assessed using cell viability, structural cell markers, and histopathology, while the adherence of bacteria was evaluated via microscopy and culture methods. DNA fingerprinting verified the recovered bacteria against the inoculum. When the RAJ-IVOC was assembled in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, maintained at a temperature of 39 °C with 5% CO2 and gentle shaking for a duration of 3-4 h, it successfully preserved tissue integrity and reproduced the expected adherence phenotype of the bacteria being tested. The RAJ-IVOC model system provides a convenient method to pre-screen multiple bacteria-RAJ interactions prior to in vivo experiments, thereby reducing animal usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Erika N Biernbaum
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Eric D Cassmann
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Meng S, Wang YU, Wang S, Qian W, Shao Q, Dou M, Zhao S, Wang J, Li M, An Y, He L, Zhang C. Establishment and characterization of an immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cell line. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad215. [PMID: 37351870 PMCID: PMC10347977 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary bovine intestinal epithelial cells (PBIECs) are an important model for studying the molecular and pathogenic mechanisms of diseases affecting the bovine intestine. It is difficult to obtain and grow PBIECs stably, and their short lifespan greatly limits their application. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to create a cell line for exploring the mechanisms of pathogen infection in bovine intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. We isolated and cultured PBIECs and established an immortalized BIEC line by transfecting PBIECs with the pCI-neo-hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) recombinant plasmid. The immortalized cell line (BIECs-21) retained structure and function similar to that of the PBIECs. The marker proteins characteristic of epithelial cells, cytokeratin 18, occludin, zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1), E-cadherin and enterokinase, were all positive in the immortalized cell line, and the cell structure, growth rate, karyotype, serum dependence and contact inhibition were normal. The hTERT gene was successfully transferred into BIECs-21 where it remained stable and was highly expressed. The transport of short-chain fatty acids and glucose uptake by the BIECs-21 was consistent with PBIECs, and we showed that they could be infected with the intestinal parasite, Neospora caninum. The immortalized BIECs-21, which have exceeded 80 passages, were structurally and functionally similar to the primary BIECs and thus provide a valuable research tool for investigating the mechanism of pathogen infection of the bovine intestinal epithelium in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Meng
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Innovative Research Team of Livestock Intelligent Breeding and Equipment, Longmen Laboratory, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Y uexin Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Weifeng Qian
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Qi Shao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Mengying Dou
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Mengyun Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yongsheng An
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Lei He
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Eerging Disease Detection and Control, Luoyang 471023, China
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Sutton KM, Orr B, Hope J, Jensen SR, Vervelde L. Establishment of bovine 3D enteroid-derived 2D monolayers. Vet Res 2022; 53:15. [PMID: 35236416 PMCID: PMC8889782 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) intestinal enteroids are powerful in vitro models for studying intestinal biology. However, due to their closed structure direct access to the apical surface is impeded, limiting high-throughput applications of exogenous compounds and pathogens. In this study, we describe a method for generating confluent 2D enteroids from single-cell suspensions of enzymatically-dissociated ileum-derived bovine 3D enteroids. Confluent monolayers were first achieved using IntestiCult media but to establish a defined, cost-effective culture media, we also developed a bovine enteroid monolayer (BEM) medium. The monolayers cultured in BEM media proliferated extensively and formed confluent cell layers on both Matrigel-coated plastic plates and transwell inserts by day 3 of culture. The 2D enteroids maintained the epithelial cell lineages found in 3D enteroids and ileum tissue. In addition, the monolayers formed a functional epithelial barrier based on the presence of the adherens and tight junction proteins, E-cadherin and ZO-1, and electrical resistance across the monolayer was measured from day 3 and maintained for up to 7 days in culture. The method described here will provide a useful model to study bovine epithelial cell biology with ease of access to the apical surface of epithelial cells and has potential to investigate host-pathogen interactions and screen bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Sutton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Brigid Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jayne Hope
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Stina R Jensen
- Novozymes A/S, Animal Health and Nutrition, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Ghiselli F, Rossi B, Piva A, Grilli E. Assessing Intestinal Health. In Vitro and Ex vivo Gut Barrier Models of Farm Animals: Benefits and Limitations. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:723387. [PMID: 34888373 PMCID: PMC8649998 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.723387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal performance is determined by the functionality and health of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Complex mechanisms and interactions are involved in the regulation of GIT functionality and health. The understanding of these relationships could be crucial for developing strategies to improve animal production yields. The concept of "gut health" is not well defined, but this concept has begun to play a very important role in the field of animal science. However, a clear definition of GIT health and the means by which to measure it are lacking. In vitro and ex vivo models can facilitate these studies, creating well-controlled and repeatable conditions to understand how to improve animal gut health. Over the years, several models have been developed and used to study the beneficial or pathogenic relationships between the GIT and the external environment. This review aims to describe the most commonly used animals' in vitro or ex vivo models and techniques that are useful for better understanding the intestinal health of production animals, elucidating their benefits and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ghiselli
- Servizio Produzioni Animali e Sicurezza Alimentare, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Piva
- Servizio Produzioni Animali e Sicurezza Alimentare, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro S.p.A., Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- Servizio Produzioni Animali e Sicurezza Alimentare, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Vetagro Inc., Chicago, IL, United States
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First Metabolic Insights into Ex Vivo Cryptosporidium parvum-Infected Bovine Small Intestinal Explants Studied under Physioxic Conditions. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100963. [PMID: 34681062 PMCID: PMC8533177 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary As the most relevant zoonotic cause of cryptosporidiosis, C. parvum infects cattle worldwide. In vitro studies on C. parvum are absent on the most important animal host under physiological oxygen conditions of the intestine. The aim of this study was to rectify this lack of knowledge, and to deliver a practical model to study C. parvum–host cell–intestinal microbiome interactions in the metabolic context. The present metabolic analyses of C. parvum-infected bovine small intestinal (BSI)-explants revealed a parasite-dependent reduction in important metabolic activities (e.g., glycolysis, glutaminolysis) at 3 hpi (hours post-infection) followed by striking increases in the same metabolic functions at 6 hpi, thus paralleling previously reported metabolic impacts of C. parvum on humans. In addition, PCA analysis confirmed physiological oxygen concentrations as a driving factor of metabolic responses in infected BSI explants. The present model allows the study of C. parvum-triggered metabolic modulation of intestinal cells. Moreover, this realistic platform offers the possibility to address pending questions regarding C. parvum–host cell–intestinal microbiome interactions. Thus, the present approach may deliver important insights into how to promote the innate immune system–intestinal microbiome alliances, which maintain the epithelial integrity of the gut thereby supporting human and animal health. Abstract The apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum causes thousands of human deaths yearly. Since bovines represent the most important reservoir of C. parvum, the analysis of infected bovine small intestinal (BSI) explants cultured under physioxia offers a realistic model to study C. parvum–host cell–microbiome interactions. Here, C. parvum-infected BSI explants and primary bovine small intestinal epithelial cells were analysed for parasite development and metabolic reactions. Metabolic conversion rates in supernatants of BSI explants were measured after infection, documenting an immediate parasite-driven metabolic interference. Given that oxygen concentrations affect cellular metabolism, measurements were performed at both 5% O2 (physiological intestinal conditions) and 21% O2 (commonly used, hyperoxic lab conditions). Overall, analyses of C. parvum-infected BSI explants revealed a downregulation of conversion rates of key metabolites—such as glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, and aspartate—at 3 hpi, followed by a rapid increase in the same conversion rates at 6 hpi. Moreover, PCA revealed physioxia as a driving factor of metabolic responses in C. parvum-infected BSI explants. Overall, the ex vivo model described here may allow scientists to address pending questions as to how host cell–microbiome alliances influence intestinal epithelial integrity and support the development of protective intestinal immune reactions against C. parvum infections in a realistic scenario under physioxic conditions.
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Kar SK, Wells JM, Ellen ED, Te Pas MFW, Madsen O, Groenen MAM, Woelders H. Organoids: a promising new in vitro platform in livestock and veterinary research. Vet Res 2021; 52:43. [PMID: 33691792 PMCID: PMC7943711 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are self-organizing, self-renewing three-dimensional cellular structures that resemble organs in structure and function. They can be derived from adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. They contain most of the relevant cell types with a topology and cell-to-cell interactions resembling that of the in vivo tissue. The widespread and increasing adoption of organoid-based technologies in human biomedical research is testament to their enormous potential in basic, translational- and applied-research. In a similar fashion there appear to be ample possibilities for research applications of organoids from livestock and companion animals. Furthermore, organoids as in vitro models offer a great possibility to reduce the use of experimental animals. Here, we provide an overview of studies on organoids in livestock and companion animal species, with focus on the methods developed for organoids from a variety of tissues/organs from various animal species and on the applications in veterinary research. Current limitations, and ongoing research to address these limitations, are discussed. Further, we elaborate on a number of fields of research in animal nutrition, host-microbe interactions, animal breeding and genomics, and animal biotechnology, in which organoids may have great potential as an in vitro research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya K Kar
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther D Ellen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus F W Te Pas
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ole Madsen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri Woelders
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhan K, Yang TY, Chen Y, Jiang MC, Zhao GQ. Propionate enhances the expression of key genes involved in the gluconeogenic pathway in bovine intestinal epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5514-5524. [PMID: 32278554 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 15 to 50% of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) reach the ruminant small intestine. Previous research suggests that activation of small intestinal gluconeogenesis induced by propionate has beneficial effects on energy homeostasis. However, the regulatory effect of propionate on key gluconeogenic genes in enterocytes of the bovine small intestine remains less known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the long-term cultures of bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIEC) from bovine jejunum tissue using SV40T (1:200; Santa Cruz, Shanghai, China) and investigate the regulatory effect of propionate on the key gluconeogenic genes in BIEC. Our study showed that long-term BIEC cultures were established by SV40T-induced immortalization. Immortal BIEC were distinguished by the expression of cytokeratin 18, villin, fatty acid binding protein 2, and small intestine peptidase. The mRNA expression of genes involved in the SCFA transporters, monocarboxylate transporter 4, and Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms 1 were significantly elevated with 20 mM SCFA compared with untreated controls. In addition, BIEC exhibited significant uptake of propionate and butyrate from the culture medium. Remarkably, 3 mM propionate induced profound changes in mRNA level of key genes involved in gluconeogenesis, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2, pyruvate carboxylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α. Additionally, 3 mM propionate enhanced the expression of PGC1A mRNA at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h of incubation. These findings suggest that propionate controls the mRNA expression of genes involved in key enzymes for gluconeogenesis in the enterocytes of bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tian Yu Yang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yinyin Chen
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mao Cheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guo Qi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Töpfer E, Pasotti A, Telopoulou A, Italiani P, Boraschi D, Ewart MA, Wilde C. Bovine colon organoids: From 3D bioprinting to cryopreserved multi-well screening platforms. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Rybarczyk J, Khalenkow D, Kieckens E, Skirtach AG, Cox E, Vanrompay D. Lactoferrin translocates to the nucleus of bovine rectal epithelial cells in the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Vet Res 2019; 50:75. [PMID: 31570109 PMCID: PMC6771091 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen which causes illness in humans. Ruminants are the main reservoirs and EHEC predominantly colonizes the epithelium of the recto-anal junction of cattle. Immunosuppression by EHEC promotes re-infection of cattle. However, bovine lactoferrin (bLF) apparently can overrule the immunosuppression by inducing EHEC-specific IgA responses at the mucosal site. The IgA responses are significantly correlated with reduced EHEC shedding and the absence of colonization at the rectal mucosa following re-infection. Therefore, to examine the interaction between bLF and bovine rectal epithelial cells, we first developed a method to establish a primary cell culture of epithelial cells of the rectum of cattle. Furthermore, we used LC–MS/MS to demonstrate the presence of secreted lactoferrin in bovine milk and the absence of a “delta” isoform which is known to translocate to the nucleus of cells. Nevertheless, lactoferrin derived from bovine milk was internalized by rectal epithelial cells and translocated to the nuclei. Moreover, nuclear translocation of bLF was significantly enhanced when the epithelial cells were inoculated with EHEC, as demonstrated by confocal fluorescence microscopy and confirmed by Raman microscopy and 3D imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rybarczyk
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dmitry Khalenkow
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Kieckens
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andre G Skirtach
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Zhan K, Gong X, Chen Y, Jiang M, Yang T, Zhao G. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Regulate the Immune Responses via G Protein-Coupled Receptor 41 in Bovine Rumen Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2042. [PMID: 31555273 PMCID: PMC6722193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rumen immune system often suffers when challenging antigens from lysis of dead microbiota cells in the rumen. However, the rumen epithelium innate immune system can actively respond to the infection. Previous studies have demonstrated G protein-coupled receptors 41 (GPR41) as receptors for short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in human. We hypothesized that SCFAs, the most abundant microbial metabolites in rumen, may regulate the immune responses by GPR41 in bovine rumen epithelial cells (BRECs). Therefore, the objective of study was to firstly establish an immortal BRECs line and investigate the regulatory effects of SCFAs and GPR41 on innate immunity responses in BRECs. These results showed that long-term BRECs cultures were established by SV40T-induced immortalization. The concentrations of 20 mM SCFAs significantly enhanced the levels of GPR41, IL1β, TNFα, chemokines, and immune barrier genes by transcriptome analysis. Consistent with transcriptome results, the expression of GPR41, IL1β, TNFα, and chemokines were markedly upregulated in BRECs treated with 20 mM SCFAs by qRT-PCR compared with control BRECs. Remarkably, the GPR41 knockdown (GPR41KD) BRECs treated with 20 mM SCFAs significantly enhanced the proinflammatory cytokines IL1β and TNFα expression compared with wild type BRECs treated with 20 mM SCFAs, but reduced the expression of CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL14, Occludin, and ZO-1. Moreover, GPR41 mRNA expression is positively correlated with CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL8, CXCL14, and ZO-1. These findings revealed that SCFAs regulate GPR41-mediated levels of genes involved in immune cell recruitment and epithelial immune barrier and thereby mediate protective innate immunity in BRECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gong
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinyin Chen
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Maocheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Yang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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12
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Yin B, Song Q, Chen L, Li X, Han Y, Wang X, Dai J, Sun X. Establishment of an immortalized intestinal epithelial cell line from tree shrews by lentivirus-mediated hTERT gene transduction. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:107-116. [PMID: 30603916 PMCID: PMC6368523 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium has an average lifespan of 4–5 days. Normally, primary intestinal epithelial cells can be cultured for about 15 days in vitro. The aim of this study was to explore methods to isolate and immortalize intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) of tree shrews in order to establish a new resource of experimental material and to provide a cell model for drug development and infection mechanism research. Tissue from the small intestine of tree shrews was digested with collagenase XI, neutral protease I, and dithiothreitol. The human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (hTERT) was transferred into tree shrew IECs using the pHBLV-CMVIE-ZsGreen-Puro vector. The level of hTERT mRNA was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Immunofluorescence and western blot assays were performed to detect biochemical markers of IECs. The micromorphology of cells was observed with electron microscopy. We then conducted experiments to assess proliferative activity and analyze the karyotype of isolated cells. The results showed the immortalized cell line that we established and screened, maintained the characteristics and biochemical markers of primary IECs. Our results showed that the cell line we established can be considered an alternative cell model for intestinal drug research and for studies on intestinal infection and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yin
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Jiaoling Road 935, Kunming, 650118, China.
| | - Qingkai Song
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Jiaoling Road 935, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Lingxia Chen
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Jiaoling Road 935, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Jiaoling Road 935, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Jiaoling Road 935, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Jiaoling Road 935, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Jiejie Dai
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Jiaoling Road 935, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Jiaoling Road 935, Kunming, 650118, China.
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13
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Katwal P, Thomas M, Uprety T, Hildreth MB, Kaushik RS. Development and biochemical and immunological characterization of early passage and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cell lines from the ileum of a young calf. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:127-148. [PMID: 30600465 PMCID: PMC6368510 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a major site of interaction with pathogens. In bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in innate immune responses against enteric pathogens. This study is aimed at establishing a stable bovine intestinal epithelial cell line that can be maintained by a continuous passage so that studies on innate immune responses against various enteric pathogens can be performed. The main goal was to establish pure cultures of primary and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cells from the ileum and then characterize them biochemically and immunologically. Mixed epithelial and fibroblast bovine ileal intestinal cultures were first established from a 2-day old calf. Limiting dilution method was used to obtain a clone of epithelial cells which was characterized using immunocytochemistry (ICC). The selected clone BIEC-c4 was cytokeratin positive and expressed low levels of vimentin, confirming the epithelial cell phenotype. Early passage BIEC-c4 cells were transfected with either simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen or human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), or human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16E6/E7 genes to establish three immortalized BIEC cell lines. The expression of SV40, hTERT and HPV E6/E7 genes in immortalized BIECs was confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence assays also confirmed the expression of SV40, hTERT and HPV E6 proteins. The immortalized BIECs were cytokeratin positive and all except HPV-BIECs expressed low levels of vimentin. A growth kinetics study indicated that there were no significant differences in the doubling time of immortalized BIECs as compared to early passage BIEC-c4 cells. All four BIEC types expressed TLR 1-10 genes, with TLR 3 and 4 showing higher expression across all cell types. These newly established early passage and immortalized BIEC cell lines should serve as a good model for studying infectivity, pathogenesis and innate immune responses against enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Katwal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Tirth Uprety
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Michael B Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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14
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Derricott H, Luu L, Fong WY, Hartley CS, Johnston LJ, Armstrong SD, Randle N, Duckworth CA, Campbell BJ, Wastling JM, Coombes JL. Developing a 3D intestinal epithelium model for livestock species. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:409-424. [PMID: 30259138 PMCID: PMC6373265 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro 3D culture of intestinal epithelium is a valuable resource in the study of its function. Organoid culture exploits stem cells' ability to regenerate and produce differentiated epithelium. Intestinal organoid models from rodent or human tissue are widely available whereas large animal models are not. Livestock enteric and zoonotic diseases elicit significant morbidity and mortality in animal and human populations. Therefore, livestock species-specific models may offer novel insights into host-pathogen interactions and disease responses. Bovine and porcine jejunum were obtained from an abattoir and their intestinal crypts isolated, suspended in Matrigel, cultured, cryopreserved and resuscitated. 'Rounding' of crypts occurred followed by budding and then enlargement of the organoids. Epithelial cells were characterised using immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy. Organoids were successfully infected with Toxoplasma gondii or Salmonella typhimurium. This 3D organoid model offers a long-term, renewable resource for investigating species-specific intestinal infections with a variety of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Derricott
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK.
| | - Lisa Luu
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Wai Yee Fong
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Catherine S Hartley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Luke J Johnston
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Nadine Randle
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Carrie A Duckworth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Barry J Campbell
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan M Wastling
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Janine L Coombes
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK.
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15
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Brus M, Gradišnik L, Trapecar M, Škorjanc D, Frangež R. Beneficial effects of water-soluble chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) tannin extract on chicken small intestinal epithelial cell culture. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1271-1282. [PMID: 29444319 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed and water supplementation with powdered hydrolyzable tannins from chestnut represents a valuable alternative strategy to antibiotics in animal nutrition. In this study, we evaluated the effects and safety of a water-soluble form of chestnut tannin (WST) in an in vitro model of chicken small intestinal epithelial cells (CSIEC). A chicken cell culture was established, and WST in concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% were tested for cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, metabolic activity, production of reactive oxygen species, intracellular antioxidative potential, genotoxicity, and influence on the epithelia cell cycle. The tested concentrations showed a significant (P < 0.05) greater proliferative effect on CSIEC than the control medium (maximal proliferation at 0.1% WST as determined by optical density measurements). The 0.2% concentration of WST was cytotoxic, causing significantly higher (P < 0.05) nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production but with no short-term genotoxicity. Although increasing the concentration caused a decline in the metabolism of challenged cells (the lowest at 0.1% WST), metabolic activity remained higher than that in control cells. The antioxidant potential was 75% better and significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the 0.1% WST cultured cells compared to control. In conclusion, the cultured CSIEC are useful tools in basic and clinical research for the study of intestinal physiology, as they retain physiological and biochemical properties and epithelial morphology close to the original tissue and, in many ways, reflect the in vivo state. Our results indicate that WST exert a beneficial effect on intestinal epithelia, since they: i) stimulate proliferation of enterocytes; ii) increase antioxidative potential; iii) have no genotoxic effect; and iv) do not affect cellular metabolism. Our results reinforce the importance of WST as promising candidates for further evaluation and use in commercial broiler farm production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brus
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - L Gradišnik
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - M Trapecar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - D Škorjanc
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - R Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Thomas M, Pierson M, Uprety T, Zhu L, Ran Z, Sreenivasan CC, Wang D, Hause B, Francis DH, Li F, Kaushik RS. Comparison of Porcine Airway and Intestinal Epithelial Cell Lines for the Susceptibility and Expression of Pattern Recognition Receptors upon Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:E312. [PMID: 29880757 PMCID: PMC6024858 DOI: 10.3390/v10060312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses infect the epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract. Cell lines derived from the respiratory tract of pigs could serve as an excellent in vitro model for studying the pathogenesis of influenza viruses. In this study, we examined the replication of influenza viruses in the MK1-OSU cell line, which was clonally derived from pig airway epithelium. MK1-OSU cells expressed both cytokeratin and vimentin proteins and displayed several sugar moieties on the cell membrane. These cells also expressed both Sial2-3Gal and Sial2-6Gal receptors and were susceptible to swine influenza A, but not to human B and C viruses. Interestingly, these cells were also permissive to infection by influenza D virus that utilized 9-O-acetylated glycans. To study the differences in the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon influenza virus infection in the respiratory and digestive tract, we compared the protein expression of various PRRs in MK1-OSU cells with that in the SD-PJEC cell line, a clonally derived cell line from the porcine jejunal epithelium. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) receptors showed decreased expression in influenza A infected MK1-OSU cells, while only TLR-7 expression decreased in SD-PJEC cells. Further research is warranted to study the mechanism behind the virus-mediated suppression of these proteins. Overall, this study shows that the porcine respiratory epithelial cell line, MK1-OSU, could serve as an in-vitro model for studying the pathogenesis and innate immune responses to porcine influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Thomas
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Max Pierson
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Tirth Uprety
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Laihua Zhu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Zhiguang Ran
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
- BioSNTR, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Ben Hause
- Cambridge Technologies, Oxford Street Worthington, MN 56187, USA.
| | - David H Francis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
- BioSNTR, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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17
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Villena J, Aso H, Rutten VPMG, Takahashi H, van Eden W, Kitazawa H. Immunobiotics for the Bovine Host: Their Interaction with Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Their Effect on Antiviral Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:326. [PMID: 29599767 PMCID: PMC5863502 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has reported several cases of microbes that exhibit elevated rates of antibiotic resistance in different regions of the planet. Due to this emergence of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms, the use of antibiotics as promoters of livestock animals' growth is being banned in most countries around the world. One of the challenges of agricultural immunology therefore is to find alternatives by modulating the immune system of animals in drug-independent safe food production systems. In this regard, in an effort to supplant antibiotics from bovine feeds, several alternatives were proposed including the use of immunomodulatory probiotics (immunobiotics). The purpose of this review is to provide an update of the status of the modulation of intestinal antiviral innate immunity of the bovine host by immunobiotics, and the beneficial impact of immunobiotics on viral infections, focused on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The results of our group, which demonstrate the capacity of immunobiotic strains to beneficially modulate Toll-like receptor 3-triggered immune responses in bovine IECs and improve the resistance to viral infections, are highlighted. This review provides comprehensive information on the innate immune response of bovine IECs against virus, which can be further investigated for the development of strategies aimed to improve defenses in the bovine host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Villena
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina.,Immunobiotics Research Group, Tucuman, Argentina.,Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Plant Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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18
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Development and characterization of 2-dimensional culture for buffalo intestinal cells. Cytotechnology 2017; 70:361-373. [PMID: 29032508 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) play a major role in the absorption of nutrients and toxins. Due to the similarity of genome-wide single copy protein orthologues between cattle and human, establishment of ruminant's primary small IEC culture could be a valuable tool for toxicity studies. Therefore, the current study focused on the development and characterization of buffalo IEC culture, as cattle slaughter is banned in India. The buffalo jejunum fragments were washed consecutively several times in saline, warm phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PBS with 5 mM dithiothreitol, digesting solution and 2% sorbitol in PBS. The cells were cultured on 17 µg/cm2 collagen coated plates and transwell plates with serum (2% Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 10% FBS) and serum-free culture conditions. The cells were differentiated into typical epithelial cobblestone morphology from day 5 onwards in 50% successful cultures. The cultured IEC were characterized by gene expression of epithelial cell markers, cytokeratin and vimentin, and enterocyte markers like villin, zonula occluden (ZO1), fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) and small intestinal peptidase (IP). Based on the morphology and gene expression profile, 10% FBS has been recommended for culturing primary buffalo IEC on collagen coated plates for 10 days. However, 50% of the successful cultures could not show epithelial phenotype on 10% FBS culture conditions even on collagen coated plates. Interestingly, undifferentiated IEC showed an increasing expression of FABP2, IP and ZO1 transcripts compared to differentiated intestinal cells with 10% FBS on collagen plates. Therefore, future studies are needed to understand the role of FABP2, IP and ZO1 in differentiation of buffalo IEC.
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19
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Krbal L, Soukup J, Stanislav J, Hanusova V. Derivation and basic characterization of colorectal carcinoma primary cell lines. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2017; 161:360-368. [PMID: 29042709 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2017.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies in western countries. Among different approaches to its research, primary cancer cell lines can play an important role. AIM The main purposes of this study were: 1) to establish an effective and reproducible method of colorectal cancer cell isolation and cultivation from primary tumours and lymph node metastases and 2) to elucidate the biological features of the tumours favouring successful cell cultivation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tumour cells were obtained from colectomy specimens. Primary tumour and lymph node metastasis tissue was used for establishing the tissue cultures. Colectomy samples were further processed for routine histopathological assessment: tumour grade, stage, angioinvasion and perineural spread were evaluated. Features of tissue culture cells were assessed using phase contrast microscopy and immune-histochemical techniques. WST-1 assay and X-CELLigence real time analysis were carried out for viability and proliferation testing before and after treatment with irinotecan and oxaliplatin. Molecular features of the tumour including K-RAS/B-RAF/N-RAS mutations were tested using allele-specific PCR. Results of the cultivation process were compared to the histopathological and molecular features of the tumours. RESULTS In total, we obtained 33 samples from the primary site of tumours and 20 samples from lymph node metastases; in total, 27 cell lines were successfully isolated. Morphologic features characteristic of tumour cells in primary cell lines and epithelial differentiation (positive for AE1/AE3 cytokeratin) were evaluated. Higher tumour stage, angioinvasion and presence of perineural spread in primary tumour correlated positively with successful cell isolation from lymph node metastasis. All samples tested were NRAS wild-type. No correlation was found between molecular phenotype and the cell culture features. A higher proliferation potential was observed in the primary tumour cells, whereas higher sensitivity to irinotecan was found in the lymph node metastatic cells. CONCLUSIONS Using mechanical dissociation, we successfully derived and cultivated CRC cells from primary tumours and lymph node metastases with success rate 3 % and 70% respectively. Primary tumour features favouring successful establishment of cell cultures were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Krbal
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Soukup
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - John Stanislav
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Hanusova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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20
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Diagnostic and Research Aspects of Small Intestinal Disaccharidases in Coeliac Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:1042606. [PMID: 28512643 PMCID: PMC5415861 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1042606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Disaccharidases (DS) are brush border enzymes embedded in the microvillous membrane of small intestinal enterocytes. In untreated coeliac disease (CD), a general decrease of DS activities is seen. This manuscript reviews different aspects of DS activities in CD: their utility in the diagnosis and their application to in vitro toxicity testing. The latter has never been established in CD research. However, with the recent advances in small intestinal organoid techniques, DS might be employed as a biomarker for in vitro studies. This includes establishment of self-renewing epithelial cells raised from tissue, which express differentiation markers, including the brush border enzymes. Determining duodenal DS activities may provide additional information during the diagnostic workup of CD: (i) quantify the severity of the observed histological lesions, (ii) provide predictive values for the grade of mucosal villous atrophy, and (iii) aid diagnosing CD where minor histological changes are seen. DS can also provide additional information to assess the response to a gluten-free diet as marked increase of their activities occurs four weeks after commencing it. Various endogenous and exogenous factors affecting DS might also be relevant when considering investigating the role of DS in other conditions including noncoeliac gluten sensitivity and DS deficiencies.
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21
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Ren HJ, Zhang CL, Liu RD, Li N, Li XG, Xue HK, Guo Y, Wang ZQ, Cui J, Ming L. Primary cultures of mouse small intestinal epithelial cells using the dissociating enzyme type I collagenase and hyaluronidase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e5831. [PMID: 28423120 PMCID: PMC5441283 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20175831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium is a highly dynamic system, which plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of the intestinal tract. However, studies on the physiological and pathophysiological functions of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) have been hampered due to lack of normal epithelial cell models. In the present study, we established a reproducible method for primary culture of mouse IECs, which were isolated from the viable small intestinal crypts of murine fetuses (on embryonic day 19), using type I collagenase and hyaluronidase in a short span of time (≤20 min). With this method, continuously growing mouse IECs, which can be subcultured over a number of passages, were obtained. The obtained cell lines formed a tight cobblestone-like arrangement, displayed long and slender microvilli, expressed characteristic markers (cytokeratin 18 and Notch-1), and generated increasing transepithelial electrical resistance and low paracellular permeability during in vitro culture. The cells also had enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase and sucrase-isomaltase, and secreted various cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), responding to the stimulation of Escherichia coli. These results show that the primary-cultured mouse IECs obtained by the method established here had the morphological and immunological characteristics of IECs. This culture system can be a beneficial in vitro model for studies on mucosal immunology and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - C L Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - R D Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - N Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - X G Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H K Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Y Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Z Q Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - J Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - L Ming
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Cooperation of Adhesin Alleles in Salmonella-Host Tropism. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00066-17. [PMID: 28289725 PMCID: PMC5343171 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00066-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica remains a leading foodborne bacterial pathogen in the United States; infected livestock serve often as the source of contaminated food products. A study estimated that over a billion Salmonella gastroenteritis cases and up to 33 million typhoid cases occur annually worldwide, with 3.5 million deaths. Although many Salmonella strains with a broad host range present preferential associations with certain host species, it is not clear what determines the various levels of host adaptation. Here, causal properties of host associations were determined with allelic variants of three colonization factors of S. enterica serovar Newport, a most frequent zoonotic serovar. This is the first study that related not only individual but also a small group of host-associated gene variants with functional properties that cooperate to determine the level of host-adapted virulence. The detected associations should help to identify sources of Salmonella infections in both humans and animals. Allelic combinations and host specificities for three fimbrial adhesins, FimH, BcfD, and StfH, were compared for 262 strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport, a frequent human and livestock pathogen. Like FimH, BcfD had two major alleles (designated A and B), whereas StfH had two allelic groups, each with two alleles (subgroup A1 and A2 and subgroup B1 and B2). The most prevalent combinations of FimH/BcfD/StfH alleles in S. Newport were A/A/A1 and B/B/B1. The former set was most frequently found in bovine and porcine strains, whereas the latter combination was most frequently found in environmental and human isolates. Bacteria genetically engineered to express Fim, Bcf, or Stf fimbriae on their surface were tested with the different alleles for binding to human, porcine, and bovine intestinal epithelial cells. The major allelic combinations with bovine and porcine strains (A/A/A1) or with human isolates (B/B/B1) provided at least two alleles capable of binding significantly better than the other alleles to an intestinal epithelial cell line from the respective host(s). However, each combination of alleles kept at least one allele mediating binding to an intestinal epithelial cell from another host. These findings indicated that allelic variation in multiple adhesins of S. Newport contributes to bacterial adaptation to certain preferential hosts without losing the capacity to maintain a broad host range. IMPORTANCESalmonella enterica remains a leading foodborne bacterial pathogen in the United States; infected livestock serve often as the source of contaminated food products. A study estimated that over a billion Salmonella gastroenteritis cases and up to 33 million typhoid cases occur annually worldwide, with 3.5 million deaths. Although many Salmonella strains with a broad host range present preferential associations with certain host species, it is not clear what determines the various levels of host adaptation. Here, causal properties of host associations were determined with allelic variants of three colonization factors of S. enterica serovar Newport, a most frequent zoonotic serovar. This is the first study that related not only individual but also a small group of host-associated gene variants with functional properties that cooperate to determine the level of host-adapted virulence. The detected associations should help to identify sources of Salmonella infections in both humans and animals.
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Fu L, Wei LW, Zhao MD, Zhu JL, Chen SY, Jia XB, Lai SJ. Investigation of JAKs/STAT-3 in lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:75-85. [PMID: 27357529 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus-activated kinase (JAKs)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) signalling play critical roles in immunoregulation and immunopathology, which involve inflammatory responses and enteritis. JAK phosphorylates STAT-3 in response to stimulation by cytokines or growth factors, and then activates or represses the gene expression. STAT-3 is activated persistently in cancer cells and contributes to the malignant progression of various types of cancer and inflammation. To elucidate the different roles of JAKs in the activation of STAT-3, the lipopolysaccharide-induced primary intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) acute inflammatory model was established. Small interference RNAs (siRNAs) were then employed to attenuate the expression levels of JAKs. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qRT-PCR) revealed that JAK mRNA levels were reduced efficiently by JAK-specific siRNAs. Under the IEC inflammatory model transfected with si-JAK, which equates to effective silencing, qRT-PCR and Western blot assays, suggested that knockdowns of JAK attenuated the JAK-induced down-regulation of STAT-3 at the mRNA or protein levels. In particular, JAK1 played a key role, which was consistent with the RNA-Seq results. Subsequently, the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were down-regulated in the IEC inflammatory model transfected with si-JAK1. JAK1 appears as a direct activator for STAT-3, whereas treatments targeting JAK1 repressed STAT-3 sufficiently pathways in the IEC inflammatory model. Therefore, the control of JAK1 using siRNAs has the potential to be an effective strategy against enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - L-W Wei
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - M-D Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - J-L Zhu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - S-Y Chen
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - X-B Jia
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - S-J Lai
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Morin C, Blier PU, Fortin S. MAG-EPA reduces severity of DSS-induced colitis in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G808-21. [PMID: 27012773 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00136.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by diffuse inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the large bowel. Omega-3 (ω3) fatty acid supplementation has been associated with a decreased production of inflammatory cytokines involved in UC pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the preventive and therapeutic potential of eicosapentaenoic acid monoglyceride (MAG-EPA) in an in vivo rats model of UC induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). DSS rats were untreated or treated per os with MAG-EPA. Morphological, histological, and biochemical analyses were performed following MAG-EPA administrations. Morphological and histological analyses revealed that MAG-EPA pretreatment (12 days pre-DSS) and treatment (6 days post-DSS) exhibited strong activity in reducing severity of disease in DSS rats. Following MAG-EPA administrations, tissue levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were markedly lower compared with rats treated only with DSS. MAG-EPA per os administration decrease neutrophil infiltration in colon tissues, as depicted by myelohyperoxidase activity. Results also revealed a reduced activation of NF-κB pathways correlated with a decreased expression of COX-2 in colon homogenates derived from MAG-EPA-pretreated and treated rats. Tension measurements performed on colon tissues revealed that contractile responses to methacholine and relaxing effect induced by sodium nitroprusside were largely increased following MAG-EPA treatment. The combined treatment of MAG-EPA and vitamin E displayed an antagonistic effect on anti-inflammatory properties of MAG-EPA in DSS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Morin
- SCF Pharma, Ste-Luce, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Pierre U Blier
- Department of Biology, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samuel Fortin
- SCF Pharma, Ste-Luce, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biology, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Krbal L, Hanušová V, Soukup J, John S, Matoušková P, Ryška A. Contribution of in vitro comparison of colorectal carcinoma cells from primary and metastatic lesions to elucidation of mechanisms of tumor progression and response to anticancer therapy. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9565-78. [PMID: 26790446 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4839-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer has been a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. For the research and individualization of therapy, primary cell lines of the colorectal cancer appear to be still an invaluable tool. We evaluated the differences in metastatic potential between four isolated primary colon cancer cells and cells derived from their lymph node metastasis. These results were compared with correspond immortalized cells-SW480 and SW620, respectively. The ability to migrate was tested using real-time measurement in xCELLigence system. Expressions of molecules involved in adhesion and invasion processes were examined using RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Furthermore, impact of cytotoxic effect of selected chemotherapeutics (irinotecan, oxaliplatin) and biological therapy (bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab) was assessed by the WST assay. As expected, cell lines derived from lymph node migrated more aggressively and higher expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1, EpCAM, and N-cadherin was detected. The expression of MMP-2 and -9 was elevated, on the other hand, in cell lines derived from primary tumor cancer cells as well as the expression of miR-21, miR-29a, and miR-200a. The most pronounced cytotoxic effect has been recorded with oxaliplatin and irinotecan (IC50 = 48.23 resp. 0.11 μg/ml), especially in cells originating from lymph node metastases. In total, comparison of isolated cell lines and immortalized cell lines has shown many similarities, as well as several differences. Adhesion/invasion molecules and several miRNAs, which play an important role in tumor development and the invasive and migratory behavior, could be a useful therapeutic target in malignant colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Krbal
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Sokolská 581, Hradec Kralove, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Hanušová
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Šimkova 870, Hradec Králové, CZ-500 38, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Soukup
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Sokolská 581, Hradec Kralove, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav John
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Šimkova 870, Hradec Králové, CZ-500 38, Czech Republic.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Sokolská 581, Hradec Kralove, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Ryška
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Sokolská 581, Hradec Kralove, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
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26
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Zhang H, Gilbert ER, Zhang K, Ding X, Luo Y, Wang J, Zeng Q, Bai S. Uptake of manganese from manganese-lysine complex in the primary rat intestinal epithelial cells. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 101:147-158. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
| | - E. R. Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences; Virginia Tech University; Blacksburg VA USA
| | - K. Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
| | - X. Ding
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
| | - Y. Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
| | - J. Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
| | - Q. Zeng
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
| | - S. Bai
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an; Sichuan China
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27
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Allelic variation contributes to bacterial host specificity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8754. [PMID: 26515720 PMCID: PMC4640099 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular parameters that regulate cross-species transmission and host adaptation of potential pathogens is crucial to control emerging infectious disease. Although microbial pathotype diversity is conventionally associated with gene gain or loss, the role of pathoadaptive nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) has not been systematically evaluated. Here, our genome-wide analysis of core genes within Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium genomes reveals a high degree of allelic variation in surface-exposed molecules, including adhesins that promote host colonization. Subsequent multinomial logistic regression, MultiPhen and Random Forest analyses of known/suspected adhesins from 580 independent Typhimurium isolates identifies distinct host-specific nsSNP signatures. Moreover, population and functional analyses of host-associated nsSNPs for FimH, the type 1 fimbrial adhesin, highlights the role of key allelic residues in host-specific adherence in vitro. Together, our data provide the first concrete evidence that functional differences between allelic variants of bacterial proteins likely contribute to pathoadaption to diverse hosts. One of the key aspects for controlling infectious diseases is understanding how pathogens cross host species. Here the authors conduct a genome-wide analysis of Salmonella and show a high degree of variation, enabling host-adapted colonization among Salmonella intestinal and systemic serovars.
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28
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HUIEC, Human intestinal epithelial cell line with differentiated properties: process of isolation and characterisation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 127 Suppl 5:S204-9. [PMID: 25821058 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is composed of diverse cell types, most abundant being the enterocytes. Among other functions, they maintain the intestinal barrier and play a critical role in the absorption of nutrients, drugs and toxins. This study describes the development and characterization of human intestinal epithelial cells (HUIEC), a spontaneously arising cell line established by selective trypsinization and cloning of the intestinal epithelium, resulting in a uniform population of highly epithelial cells with a strong growth potential.
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29
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Detection and characterisation of Lactobacillus spp. in the bovine uterus and their influence on bovine endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119793. [PMID: 25803719 PMCID: PMC4372290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections and inflammation of the uterus are common in dairy cattle after parturition. In particular, pathogenic bacteria that cause endometritis have been the focus of research in cattle reproduction in the last ten years. The aim of the present study was to identify commensal lactobacilli in the bovine uterus and to examine their influence on the synthesis of pro-inflammatory factors in bovine endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. Lactobacillus species were isolated from healthy bovine uteri and further characterised. Bovine endometrial epithelial cells in the second passage (n = 5 animals) were co-cultured with the autochthonous isolates L. buchneri, L. ruminis and L. amylovorus as well as with a commercially available L. vaginalis in different multiplicities of infection (MOI = 1, 5 and 10, respectively). Endometrial epithelial cells cultured without bacteria served as controls. At distinct points in time (2, 4 and 6 h) total RNA was extracted from co-cultured epithelial cells and subjected to reverse transcription quantitative PCR of pro-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, the release of such factors by co-cultured epithelial cells was measured by ELISA or EIA after 24 and 48 h. L. ruminis and L. amylovorus induced increased interleukin (IL) IL1A, IL6, IL8 and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 mRNA levels and the release of IL8 and prostaglandin F2α in endometrial epithelial cells compared with control cells. In contrast, L. buchneri did not significantly influence the expression and release of these factors. Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 transcripts were found unchanged in co-cultured and untreated epithelial cells in vitro. However, endometrial epithelial cells of each animal showed individual differences in the response to bacterial load. These results suggest that Lactobacillus species are present in the bovine uterus, revealing immunomodulatory properties.
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30
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Wang J, Hu G, Lin Z, He L, Xu L, Zhang Y. Characteristic and functional analysis of a newly established porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110916. [PMID: 25337908 PMCID: PMC4206455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surface of intestine is continuously exposed to both potential pathogens and beneficial commensal microorganisms. Recent findings suggest that intestinal epithelial cells, which once considered as a simple physical barrier, are a crucial cell lineage necessary for maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. Therefore, establishing a stable and reliable intestinal epithelial cell line for future research on the mucosal immune system is necessary. In the present study, we established a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (ZYM-SIEC02) by introducing the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene into small intestinal epithelial cells derived from a neonatal, unsuckled piglet. Morphological analysis revealed a homogeneous cobblestone-like morphology of the epithelial cell sheets. Ultrastructural indicated the presence of microvilli, tight junctions, and a glandular configuration typical of the small intestine. Furthermore, ZYM-SIEC02 cells expressed epithelial cell-specific markers including cytokeratin 18, pan-cytokeratin, sucrase-isomaltase, E-cadherin and ZO-1. Immortalized ZYM-SIEC02 cells remained diploid and were not transformed. In addition, we also examined the host cell response to Salmonella and LPS and verified the enhanced expression of mRNAs encoding IL-8 and TNF-α by infection with Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Results showed that IL-8 protein expression were upregulated following Salmonella invasion. TLR4, TLR6 and IL-6 mRNA expression were upregulated following stimulation with LPS, ZYM-SIEC02 cells were hyporeponsive to LPS with respect to IL-8 mRNA expression and secretion. TNFα mRNA levels were significantly decreased after LPS stimulation and TNF-α secretion were not detected challenged with S. Typhimurium neither nor LPS. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that ZYM-SIEC02 cells retained the morphological and functional characteristics typical of primary swine intestinal epithelial cells and thus provide a relevant in vitro model system for future studies on porcine small intestinal pathogen-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangdong Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Villena J, Aso H, Kitazawa H. Regulation of toll-like receptors-mediated inflammation by immunobiotics in bovine intestinal epitheliocytes: role of signaling pathways and negative regulators. Front Immunol 2014; 5:421. [PMID: 25228903 PMCID: PMC4151153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) detect bacterial and viral associated molecular patterns via germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and are responsible for maintaining immune tolerance to the communities of resident commensal bacteria while being also capable to mount immune responses against pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of PRRs expressed on IECs and immune cells, which are involved in the induction of both tolerance and inflammation. In the last decade, experimental and clinical evidence was generated to support the application of probiotics with immunoregulatory capacities (immunobiotics) for the prevention and treatment of several gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders in which TLRs exert a significant role. The majority of these studies were performed in mouse and human cell lines, and despite the growing interest in the bovine immune system due to the economic importance of cattle as livestock, only few studies have been conducted on cattle. In this regard, our group has established a bovine intestinal epithelial (BIE) cell line originally derived from fetal bovine intestinal epitheliocytes and used this cell line to evaluate the impact of immunobiotics in TLR-mediated inflammation. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the beneficial effects of immunobiotics in the regulation of intestinal inflammation/infection in cattle. Especially, we discuss the role of TLRs and their negative regulators in both the inflammatory response and the beneficial effects of immunobiotics in bovine IECs. This review article emphasizes the cellular and molecular interactions of immunobiotics with BIE cells through TLRs and gives the scientific basis for the development of immunomodulatory feed for bovine healthy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Villena
- Immunobiotics Research Group , Tucuman , Argentina ; Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET) , Tucuman , Argentina
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
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Wang J, Hu G, Gao W, Xu L, Ning P, Zhang Y. Immortalized porcine intestinal epithelial cell cultures susceptible to porcine rotavirus infection. J Virol Methods 2014; 202:87-94. [PMID: 24642240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies related to various viral pathogenesis in swine have been hampered by the lack of relevant porcine cell lines. The susceptibility to porcine rotavirus infection was evaluated by using a newly established porcine intestinal epithelial cell line. Immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin confirmed that the cultured cells were epithelial cells. Measurement of cell viability and detection of infected cells confirmed that these epithelial cells were susceptible to porcine rotavirus infection. This study describes the cytopathic changes in cultured porcine intestinal epithelial cells during virus invasion. Following infection with porcine rotavirus, the cell cultures contained viral protein at 16 h post-infection as detected by direct immunofluorescence. The epithelial cell cultures provided competent target cells for studying host cell responses to porcine rotavirus and a homologous system for investigating the response of intestinal epithelial cells during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangdong Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanjun Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengbo Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Establishment and characterization of an omasal epithelial cell model derived from dairy calves for the study of small peptide absorption. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88993. [PMID: 24633419 PMCID: PMC3954554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish a primary culture of omasal epithelial cells (OECs) derived from dairy calves and to characterize its function in small peptide absorption. Bovine omasal tissues were obtained from newborn Chinese Holstein calves and digested with a 2.5% trypsin solution to obtain OECs. The isolated cells were later cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 5 μg/ml insulin, 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 50 μg/ml gentamycin and 2.5 μg/ml amphotericin B. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of omasal tissue after digestion indicated that the cultured cells originated from the epithelial strata. Pure epithelial cells displayed an epithelial cell-like morphology, similar to cobblestone, with few visible fibroblasts and were cytokeratin 18-positive according to immunocytochemical analyses. The OECs were morphologically characterized with desmosomes, tight junctions and microvilli. These cells exhibited normal growth properties, as assessed using a cell growth curve, and were stably cultured for 10 passages. The OECs expressed the peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) mRNA and absorbed intact glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar). The uptake of Gly-Sar by OECs was pH-dependent with an optimal pH of 5.5–6.5. Furthermore, the uptake of Gly-Sar was also time-dependent, concentration-dependent and temperature-dependent. Moreover, PEPT1 was saturated with Gly-Sar at a concentration of 2.5 mM. The uptake via PEPT1 was higher compared with that via passive route at low substrate concentrations (<1.5 mM). This result suggested that PEPT1 contributed more to total small peptide absorption at low concentrations. In addition, this uptake could be competitively inhibited by methionine-glycine. Taken together, these data suggested that PEPT1 contributes to small peptide absorption in OECs. Thus, OECs may serve as a useful culture model for the study of the absorption of small peptides in bovine omasum.
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Kudva IT, Stasko JA. Bison and bovine rectoanal junctions exhibit similar cellular architecture and Escherichia coli O157 adherence patterns. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:266. [PMID: 24373611 PMCID: PMC3878412 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli O157 (E. coli O157) has been isolated from bison retail meat, a fact that is important given that bison meat has been implicated in an E. coli O157-multistate outbreak. In addition, E. coli O157 has also been isolated from bison feces at slaughter and on farms. Cattle are well documented as E. coli O157 reservoirs, and the primary site of E. coli O157 persistence in such reservoirs is the rectoanal junction (RAJ), located at the distal end of the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Since bison and cattle share many genetic similarities manifested as common lineage, susceptibility to infection and the nature of immune responses to infectious agents, we decided to evaluate whether the RAJ of these animals were comparable both in terms of cellular architecture and as sites for adherence of E. coli O157. Specifically, we compared the histo-morphologies of the RAJ and evaluated the E. coli O157 adherence characteristics to the RAJ squamous epithelial (RSE) cells, from these two species. RESULTS We found that the RAJ of both bison and cattle demonstrated similar distribution of epithelial cell markers villin, vimentin, cytokeratin, E-cadherin and N-cadherin. Interestingly, N-cadherin predominated in the stratified squamous epithelium reflecting its proliferative nature. E. coli O157 strains 86-24 SmR and EDL 933 adhered to RSE cells from both animals with similar diffuse and aggregative patterns, respectively. CONCLUSION Our observations further support the fact that bison are likely 'wildlife' reservoirs for E. coli O157, harboring these bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract. Our results also extend the utility of the RSE-cell assay, previously developed to elucidate E. coli O157-cattle RAJ interactions, to studies in bison, which are warranted to determine whether these observations in vitro correlate with those occurring in vivo at the RAJ within the bison gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Judith A Stasko
- Microscopy Services Laboratory, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Zakrzewski SS, Richter JF, Krug SM, Jebautzke B, Lee IFM, Rieger J, Sachtleben M, Bondzio A, Schulzke JD, Fromm M, Günzel D. Improved cell line IPEC-J2, characterized as a model for porcine jejunal epithelium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79643. [PMID: 24260272 PMCID: PMC3829867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lines matching the source epithelium are indispensable for investigating porcine intestinal transport and barrier properties on a subcellular or molecular level and furthermore help to reduce animal usage. The porcine jejunal cell line IPEC-J2 is established as an in vitro model for porcine infection studies but exhibits atypically high transepithelial resistances (TER) and only low active transport rates so that the effect of nutritional factors cannot be reliably investigated. This study aimed to properly remodel IPEC-J2 and then to re-characterize these cells regarding epithelial architecture, expression of barrier-relevant tight junction (TJ) proteins, adequate TER and transport function, and reaction to secretagogues. For this, IPEC-J2 monolayers were cultured on permeable supports, either under conventional (fetal bovine serum, FBS) or species-specific (porcine serum, PS) conditions. Porcine jejunal mucosa was analyzed for comparison. Main results were that under PS conditions (IPEC-J2/PS), compared to conventional FBS culture (IPEC-J2/FBS), the cell height increased 6-fold while the cell diameter was reduced by 50%. The apical cell membrane of IPEC-J2/PS exhibited typical microvilli. Most importantly, PS caused a one order of magnitude reduction of TER and of trans- and paracellular resistance, and a 2-fold increase in secretory response to forskolin when compared to FBS condition. TJ ultrastructure and appearance of TJ proteins changed dramatically in IPEC-J2/PS. Most parameters measured under PS conditions were much closer to those of typical pig jejunocytes than ever reported since the cell line’s initial establishment in 1989. In conclusion, IPEC-J2, if cultured under defined species-specific conditions, forms a suitable model for investigating porcine paracellular intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke S. Zakrzewski
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan F. Richter
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M. Krug
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Jebautzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Nutritional Medicine, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - In-Fah M. Lee
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Rieger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Sachtleben
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Bondzio
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg D. Schulzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Nutritional Medicine, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: correspondence:
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Desmarets LMB, Theuns S, Olyslaegers DAJ, Dedeurwaerder A, Vermeulen BL, Roukaerts IDM, Nauwynck HJ. Establishment of feline intestinal epithelial cell cultures for the propagation and study of feline enteric coronaviruses. Vet Res 2013; 44:71. [PMID: 23964891 PMCID: PMC3765525 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is the most feared infectious cause of death in cats, induced by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). This coronavirus is a virulent mutant of the harmless, ubiquitous feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). To date, feline coronavirus (FCoV) research has been hampered by the lack of susceptible cell lines for the propagation of serotype I FCoVs. In this study, long-term feline intestinal epithelial cell cultures were established from primary ileocytes and colonocytes by simian virus 40 (SV40) T-antigen- and human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT)-induced immortalization. Subsequently, these cultures were evaluated for their usability in FCoV research. Firstly, the replication capacity of the serotype II strains WSU 79–1683 and WSU 79–1146 was studied in the continuous cultures as was done for the primary cultures. In accordance with the results obtained in primary cultures, FCoV WSU 79–1683 still replicated significantly more efficient compared to FCoV WSU 79–1146 in both continuous cultures. In addition, the cultures were inoculated with faecal suspensions from healthy cats and with faecal or tissue suspensions from FIP cats. The cultures were susceptible to infection with different serotype I enteric strains and two of these strains were further propagated. No infection was seen in cultures inoculated with FIPV tissue homogenates. In conclusion, a new reliable model for FCoV investigation and growth of enteric field strains was established. In contrast to FIPV strains, FECVs showed a clear tropism for intestinal epithelial cells, giving an explanation for the observation that FECV is the main pathotype circulating among cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowiese M B Desmarets
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Chougule P, Herlenius G, Hernandez NM, Patil PB, Xu B, Sumitran-Holgersson S. Isolation and characterization of human primary enterocytes from small intestine using a novel method. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:1334-43. [PMID: 22943429 PMCID: PMC3490477 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.708940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture studies of enterocytes are important in many fields. However, there are difficulties in obtaining cell lines from adult human intestine, such as microbial contamination of cultures from the tissue samples, short life span of enterocytes, overgrowth of mesenchymal cells, etc. Various model used to obtain adult intestinal cell lines are very complex requiring use of feeder layer or gel matrices. The aim of this study was to establish a novel method for the simple and reproducible isolation of human enterocytes. Enterocytes were isolated from SI samples (n = 5) obtained from cadaveric donors using a mechanical procedure, and separation with immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-EpCAM antibodies. Light and electron microscopy, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry techniques were used to characterize the isolated cells. Immunohistochemical staining of normal SB biopsies confirmed that the cell cultures maintained an in vivo phenotype as reflected in cytokeratin expression CK18, CK20 and expression of intestine-specific markers such as sucrase isomaltase and maltase glucoamylase. Furthermore, the cells strongly expressed TLR-5, 6, 7, 8 and 10 and several molecules such as CD40, CD86, CD44, ICAM-1 and HLA-DR which are important in triggering cell-mediated immune responses. This novel technique provides a unique in vitro system to study the biology of enterocytes in normal conditions as well as to study inflammatory processes in various small bowel disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Chougule
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Herlenius
- Transplant Institute at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nidia Maritza Hernandez
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pradeep B Patil
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Xu
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wang JJ, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Liao KX, Lin F, Wu CT, Cai GF, Yao XQ. Screening peptides binding specifically to colorectal cancer cells from a phage random peptide library. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:377-81. [PMID: 22502705 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.1.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to screen for polypeptides binding specifically to LoVo human colorectal cancer cells using a phage-displayed peptide library as a targeting vector for colorectal cancer therapy. Human normal colorectal mucous epithelial cells were applied as absorber cells for subtraction biopanning with a c7c phage display peptide library. Positive phage clones were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence detection; amino acid sequences were deduced by DNA sequencing. After 3 rounds of screening, 5 of 20 phage clones screened positive, showing specific binding to LoVo cells and a conserved RPM motif. Specific peptides against colorectal cancer cells could be obtained from a phage display peptide library and may be used as potential vectors for targeting therapy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jiang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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39
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Theodosiou NA, Parton A. Establishing primary cultures of embryonic intestinal cells from the elasmobranch, Leucoraja erinacea. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2012; 48:413-7. [PMID: 22806972 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-012-9534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Theodosiou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA.
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40
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Sun Z, Huber VC, McCormick K, Kaushik RS, Boon ACM, Zhu L, Hause B, Webby RJ, Fang Y. Characterization of a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line for influenza virus production. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2008-2016. [PMID: 22739061 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.044388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a porcine intestine epithelial cell line, designated SD-PJEC for the propagation of influenza viruses. The SD-PJEC cell line is a subclone of the IPEC-J2 cell line, which was originally derived from newborn piglet jejunum. Our results demonstrate that SD-PJEC is a cell line of epithelial origin that preferentially expresses receptors of oligosaccharides with Sia2-6Gal modification. This cell line is permissive to infection with human and swine influenza A viruses and some avian influenza viruses, but poorly support the growth of human-origin influenza B viruses. Propagation of swine-origin influenza viruses in these cells results in a rapid growth rate within the first 24 h post-infection and the titres ranged from 4 to 8 log(10) TCID(50) ml(-1). The SD-PJEC cell line was further tested as a potential alternative cell line to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in conjunction with 293T cells for rescue of swine-origin influenza viruses using the reverse genetics system. The recombinant viruses A/swine/North Carolina/18161/02 (H1N1) and A/swine/Texas/4199-2/98 (H3N2) were rescued with virus titres of 7 and 8.25 log(10) TCID(50) ml(-1), respectively. The availability of this swine-specific cell line represents a more relevant substrate for studies and growth of swine-origin influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Sun
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Kara McCormick
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology/Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Longchao Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Ben Hause
- Newport Laboratories, Worthington, MN 56187, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Biology/Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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41
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Lynes M, Narisawa S, Millán JL, Widmaier EP. Interactions between CD36 and global intestinal alkaline phosphatase in mouse small intestine and effects of high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1738-47. [PMID: 21900644 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00235.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the saturable component of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) transport across the small intestinal epithelium and its regulation by a high-fat diet (HFD) are uncertain. It is hypothesized here that the putative fatty acid translocase/CD36 and intestinal alkaline phosphatases (IAPs) function together to optimize LCFA transport. Phosphorylated CD36 (pCD36) was expressed in mouse enterocytes and dephosphorylated by calf IAP (CIAP). Uptake of fluorescently tagged LCFA into isolated enteroctyes was increased when cells were treated with CIAP; this was blocked with a specific CD36 inhibitor. pCD36 colocalized in enterocytes with the global IAP (gIAP) isozyme and, specifically, coimmunoprecipitated with gIAP, but not the duodenal-specific isozyme (dIAP). Purified recombinant gIAP dephosphorylated immunoprecipitated pCD36, and antiserum to gIAP decreased initial LCFA uptake in enterocytes. Body weight, adiposity, and plasma leptin and triglycerides were significantly increased in HFD mice compared with controls fed a normal-fat diet. HFD significantly increased immunoreactive CD36 and gIAP, but not dIAP, in jejunum, but not duodenum. Uptake of LCFA was increased in a CD36-dependent manner in enterocytes from HFD mice. It is concluded that CD36 exists in its phosphorylated and dephosphorylated states in mouse enterocytes, that pCD36 is a substrate of gIAP, and that dephosphorylation by IAPs results in increased LCFA transport capability. HFD upregulates CD36 and gIAP in parallel and enhances CD36-dependent fatty acid uptake. The interactions between these proteins may be important for efficient fat transport in mouse intestine, but whether the changes in gIAP and CD36 in enterocytes contribute to HFD-induced obesity remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lynes
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Petto C, Lesko S, Gäbel G, Böttner M, Wedel T, Kacza J, Pfannkuche H. Establishment and characterization of porcine colonic epithelial cells grown in primary culture. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 194:457-68. [PMID: 21389677 DOI: 10.1159/000323916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cultures of epithelial cells are suitable models for studying epithelial function and, in particular, the regulation of epithelial tightness in vitro. The aim of our study was to develop a protocol for the isolation and culture of porcine colonic epithelial cells and to establish transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) as a functional parameter for epithelial tightness. METHODS Epithelial cells were obtained from the proximal colon of piglets by enzymatic dispase digestion. Cells were cultured on collagen-coated membrane supports for 21 days. The epithelial origin of the cells was shown by immunohistochemical detection of cytokeratin and zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1). Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy were used for further morphological characterization. The integrity and tightness of the artificial epithelium were determined by measuring TEER. RESULTS The cultured epithelial cells were immunoreactive for cytokeratin and ZO-1. They showed dense microvilli on their apical membranes and expression of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase on their basolateral membranes. Adjacent cells were connected by tight junctions. We observed TEER to continuously increase up to 870 ± 38 Ω·cm(2) during the culture period. TEER correlated with the amount of epithelial cells expressing ZO-1. CONCLUSIONS The properties of primary cultured epithelial cells resemble the structural properties of polarized colonic epithelium in vivo. Measurement of TEER seems to be suitable for studying epithelial tightness in vitro. We suggest that these primary epithelial cultures be used to investigate the regulation of the epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Petto
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Hondo T, Kanaya T, Takakura I, Watanabe H, Takahashi Y, Nagasawa Y, Terada S, Ohwada S, Watanabe K, Kitazawa H, Rose MT, Yamaguchi T, Aso H. Cytokeratin 18 is a specific marker of bovine intestinal M cell. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G442-53. [PMID: 21193527 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00345.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microfold (M) cells in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of Peyer's patches have an important role in mucosal immune responses. A primary difficulty for investigations of bovine M cells is the lack of a specific molecular marker. To identify such a marker, we investigated the expression of several kinds of intermediate filament proteins using calf Peyer's patches. The expression patterns of cytokeratin (CK) 18 in jejunal and ileal FAE were very similar to the localization pattern of M cells recognized by scanning electron microscopy. Mirror sections revealed that jejunal CK18-positive cells had irregular and sparse microvilli, as well as pocket-like structures containing lymphocytes, typical morphological characteristic of M cells. However, CK18-negative cells had regular and dense microvilli on their surface, typical of the morphology of enterocytes. In contrast, CK20 immunoreactivity was detected in almost all villous epithelial cells and CK18-negative cells in the FAE. CK18-positive proliferating transit-amplifying cells in the crypt exchanged CK18 for CK20 above the mouth of the crypt and after moving to the villi; however, CK18-positive M cells in the crypt continued their expression of CK18 during movement to the FAE region. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated deoxyuridine-triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling-positive apoptotic cells were specifically detected at the apical region of villi and FAE in the jejunum and ileum, and all were also stained for CK20. These data indicate that CK18 may be a molecular marker for bovine M cells in FAE and that M cells may transdifferentiate to CK20-positive enterocytes and die by apoptosis in the apex of the FAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hondo
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Miyag, Japan
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Moura MDA, Amendoeira MRR, Barbosa HS. Primary culture of intestinal epithelial cells as a potential model for Toxoplasma gondii enteric cycle studies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:862-4. [PMID: 19876557 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000600007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary culture of intestinal epithelial cells from domestic cats is an efficient cellular model to study the enteric cycle of Toxoplasma gondii in a definitive host. The parasite-host cell ratio can be pointed out as a decisive factor that determines the intracellular fate of bradyzoites forms. The development of the syncytial-like forms of T. gondii was observed using the 1:20 bradyzoite-host cell ratio, resulting in similar forms described in in vivo systems. This alternative study potentially opens up the field for investigation into the molecular aspects of this interaction. This can contribute to the development of new strategies for intervention of a main route by which toxoplasmosis spreads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos de Assis Moura
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 21040-361
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45
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Chopra DP, Dombkowski AA, Stemmer PM, Parker GC. Intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:131-42. [PMID: 19580443 PMCID: PMC3136723 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the biology of stem cells has resulted in significant interest in the development of normal epithelial cell lines from the intestinal mucosa, both to exploit the therapeutic potential of stem cells in tissue regeneration and to develop treatment models of degenerative disorders of the digestive tract. However, the difficulty of propagating cell lines of normal intestinal epithelium has impeded research into the molecular mechanisms underlying differentiation of stem/progenitor cells into the various intestinal lineages. Several short-term organ/organoid and epithelial cell culture models have been described. There is a dearth of long-term epithelial and/or stem cell cultures of intestine. With an expanding role of stem cells in the treatment of degenerative disorders, there is a critical need for additional efforts to develop in vitro models of stem/progenitor epithelial cells of intestine. The objective of this review is to recapitulate the current status of technologies and knowledge for in vitro propagation of intestinal epithelial cells, markers of the intestinal stem cells, and gene and protein expression profiles of the intestinal cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharam P. Chopra
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Alan A. Dombkowski
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Paul M. Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Graham C. Parker
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Gangliosides protect bowel in an infant model of necrotizing enterocolitis by suppressing proinflammatory signals. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 49:382-92. [PMID: 19745762 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181b6456d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has high morbidity in premature infants. Hypoxia-ischemia, infection, and enteral feeding are risk factors associated with NEC, whereas feeding human milk is protective. Vasoactive and inflammatory mediators in NEC remain elusive. Gangliosides are found in human milk and enterocyte membranes. An infant bowel model of NEC was developed to test the hypothesis that gangliosides modulate the inflammatory response to infection and hypoxia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Viable, noninflamed bowel was obtained from 9 infants between 26 and 40 weeks' gestational age. Infant bowel was treated in culture with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hypoxia in the presence or absence of preexposure to gangliosides. Bowel necrosis and production of nitric oxide, endothelin-1, serotonin, eicosanoids, hydrogen peroxide, and proinflammatory cytokines were measured. RESULTS Ganglioside preexposure reduced bowel necrosis and endothelin-1 production in response to LPS. Gangliosides suppressed infant bowel production of nitric oxide, leukotriene B4, prostaglandin E2, hydrogen peroxide, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 in response to LPS exposure and hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS A bowel protective effect of gangliosides is indicated by modulation of vasoactive mediators and proinflammatory signal suppression.
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47
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Preliminary characterization of jejunocyte and colonocyte cell lines isolated by enzymatic digestion from adult and young cattle. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Viney ME, Bullock AJ, Day MJ, MacNeil S. Co-culture of intestinal epithelial and stromal cells in 3D collagen-based environments. Regen Med 2009; 4:397-406. [PMID: 19438315 PMCID: PMC2869023 DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the co-culture of established intestinal epithelial cell lines and stromal cells in a series of collagen-based environments for production of tissue-engineered intestinal epithelium for in vitro investigations. MATERIALS & METHODS Intestinal epithelial cells were co-cultured with fibroblasts on a range of supporting collagen matrices including commercially available Promogran and on collagen-based gels. RESULTS Epithelial growth was achieved with one combination of vimentin-expressing stromal and cytokeratin-expressing intestinal epithelial cells grown on collagen gels supplemented with Matrigel, and held at an air-liquid interface. CONCLUSIONS Collagen-based gels can support the co-culture of intestinal epithelial and stromal cells resulting in the growth of an epithelium that has some morphological similarity to normal intestinal tissue.
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Abstract
Nutrigenomics represents a shift of nutrition research from epidemiology and physiology to molecular biology and genetics. Nutrigenomics seeks to understand nutrition influences on homeostasis, the mechanism of genetic predispositions for diseases, to identify the genes influencing risk of diet related diseases. This review presents somein vitromodels applicable in nutrigenomic studies, and discuses the use of animal models, their advantages and limitations and relevance for human situation.In vitroandin vivomodels are suitable for performance of DNA microarrays, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses.In vitromodels (intracellular organelles and suborganellar compartments, cell cultures, or tissue samples/cultures) give insight in metabolic pathways and responses to test stimuli on cellular and molecular levels. Animal models allow evaluation of the biological significance of the effects recordedin vitroand testing of the hypothesis on how a specific factor affects specific species under specific circumstances. Therefore, the evaluation of the data in relation to human organism should be done carefully, considering the species differences. The use ofin vitroandin vivomodels is likely to continue as the effects of nutrition on health and disease cannot be fully explained without understanding of nutrients action at nuclear level and their role in the intra- and intercellular signal transduction. Through advances in cell and molecular biology (including genomic and proteomic), the use of these models should become more predictively accurate. However, this predictive value relies on an underpinning knowledge of the advantages and limitations of the model in nutrigenomic research as in other fields of biomedical research.
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Kaushik RS, Begg AA, Wilson HL, Aich P, Abrahamsen MS, Potter A, Babiuk LA, Griebel P. Establishment of fetal bovine intestinal epithelial cell cultures susceptible to bovine rotavirus infection. J Virol Methods 2008; 148:182-96. [PMID: 18187212 PMCID: PMC7112800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal epithelial cells are infected by a wide variety of pathogens and determining their response to infection is critical for understanding disease pathogenesis. A protocol was developed for culturing primary epithelial cells from fetal bovine intestine and the cultured cells were evaluated for susceptibility to an enteric viral infection. Immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin confirmed that 60-75% of cultured cells were epithelial cells. Furthermore, following infection with bovine rotavirus (BRV) over 80% of cells in the ileal and jejunal cultures contained viral protein at 16 h post-infection. The intestinal epithelial cell cultures also contained fibroblasts so a jejunal fibroblast culture was established and infected with BRV. Viral protein was detected in jejunal fibroblasts but viral-induced cytopathology was delayed in fibroblast cultures when compared to epithelial cell cultures. This study describes an effective protocol for culturing bovine epithelial cells from fetal intestine and confirmed that the epithelial cells were susceptible to BRV infection. Ileal and jejunal cultures displayed limited growth following continuous passage but early passage epithelial cells provide competent target cells for studying host cell responses to an enteric viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhey S. Kaushik
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
- Department of Biology & Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Ashley A. Begg
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
| | - Heather L. Wilson
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
| | - Palok Aich
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
| | - Mitchell S. Abrahamsen
- Veterinary Pathobiology Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Pyxis Genomics, 2201 W. Campbell Park Drive, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Andrew Potter
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
| | - Lorne A. Babiuk
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
| | - Philip Griebel
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
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