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Leung AOW, Poon ACH, Wang X, Feng C, Chen P, Zheng Z, To MK, Chan WCW, Cheung M, Chan D. Suppression of apoptosis impairs phalangeal joint formation in the pathogenesis of brachydactyly type A1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2229. [PMID: 38472182 PMCID: PMC10933404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis occurs during development when a separation of tissues is needed. Synovial joint formation is initiated at the presumptive site (interzone) within a cartilage anlagen, with changes in cellular differentiation leading to cavitation and tissue separation. Apoptosis has been detected in phalangeal joints during development, but its role and regulation have not been defined. Here, we use a mouse model of brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) with an IhhE95K mutation, to show that a missing middle phalangeal bone is due to the failure of the developing joint to cavitate, associated with reduced apoptosis, and a joint is not formed. We showed an intricate relationship between IHH and interacting partners, CDON and GAS1, in the interzone that regulates apoptosis. We propose a model in which CDON/GAS1 may act as dependence receptors in this context. Normally, the IHH level is low at the center of the interzone, enabling the "ligand-free" CDON/GAS1 to activate cell death for cavitation. In BDA1, a high concentration of IHH suppresses apoptosis. Our findings provided new insights into the role of IHH and CDON in joint formation, with relevance to hedgehog signaling in developmental biology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian On Wah Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew Chung Hin Poon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Hebei Orthopedic Clinical Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050051, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Peikai Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengfan Zheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael KaiTsun To
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilson Cheuk Wing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Fernández-Rubio EM, Radlanski RJ. Development of the Primary and Secondary Jaw Joints in the Mouse. Ann Anat 2023; 249:152085. [PMID: 36940887 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the morphogenesis of the primary and secondary jaw joints. A collection of 11 murine heads, ranging from prenatal stage E13.5 to postnatal stage P10, were prepared as histological serial sections (thickness 8-10µm) and stained conventionally in order to examine them with light microscopy. Next, the regions of the developing temporomandibular joint and the middle ear ossicles were three dimensionally reconstructed using AnalySIS® software. This study gained new insight into the spatio-temporal development of the temporomandibular joint and the auditory ossicles. Furthermore, we newly visualized in 3D that during the developmental period from stages E16 to P4 two morphologically well-functional joints (the primary and secondary jaw joints) exist on either side and are mechanically connected via Meckel's cartilage. Potential separation mechanisms of these two joints are discussed and options for mathematical analysis are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther María Fernández-Rubio
- Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin at Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Dept. of Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Assmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf J Radlanski
- Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin at Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Dept. of Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Assmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Abstract
The ability to sense and localize sound is so advantageous for survival that it is difficult to understand the almost 100 million year gap separating the appearance of early tetrapods and the emergence of an impedance-matching tympanic middle ear - which we normally regard as a prerequisite for sensitive hearing on land - in their descendants. Recent studies of hearing in extant atympanate vertebrates have provided significant insights into the ancestral state(s) and the early evolution of the terrestrial tetrapod auditory system. These reveal a mechanism for sound pressure detection and directional hearing in 'earless' atympanate vertebrates that may be generalizable to all tetrapods, including the earliest terrestrial species. Here, we review the structure and function of vertebrate tympanic middle ears and highlight the multiple acquisition and loss events that characterize the complex evolutionary history of this important sensory structure. We describe extratympanic pathways for sound transmission to the inner ear and synthesize findings from recent studies to propose a general mechanism for hearing in 'earless' atympanate vertebrates. Finally, we integrate these studies with research on tympanate species that may also rely on extratympanic mechanisms for acoustic reception of infrasound (<20 Hz) and with studies on human bone conduction mechanisms of hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Capshaw
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Catherine E Carr
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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4
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Ankamreddy H, Bok J, Groves AK. Uncovering the secreted signals and transcription factors regulating the development of mammalian middle ear ossicles. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1410-1424. [PMID: 33058336 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian middle ear comprises a chain of ossicles, the malleus, incus, and stapes that act as an impedance matching device during the transmission of sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. These ossicles are derived from cranial neural crest cells that undergo endochondral ossification and subsequently differentiate into their final functional forms. Defects that occur during middle ear development can result in conductive hearing loss. In this review, we summarize studies describing the crucial roles played by signaling molecules such as sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic proteins, fibroblast growth factors, notch ligands, and chemokines during the differentiation of neural crest into the middle ear ossicles. In addition to these cell-extrinsic signals, we also discuss studies on the function of transcription factor genes such as Foxi3, Tbx1, Bapx1, Pou3f4, and Gsc in regulating the development and morphology of the middle ear ossicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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5
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Svandova E, Anthwal N, Tucker AS, Matalova E. Diverse Fate of an Enigmatic Structure: 200 Years of Meckel's Cartilage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:821. [PMID: 32984323 PMCID: PMC7484903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meckel's cartilage was first described by the German anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger in 1820 from his analysis of human embryos. Two hundred years after its discovery this paper follows the development and largely transient nature of the mammalian Meckel's cartilage, and its role in jaw development. Meckel's cartilage acts as a jaw support during early development, and a template for the later forming jaw bones. In mammals, its anterior domain links the two arms of the dentary together at the symphysis while the posterior domain ossifies to form two of the three ear ossicles of the middle ear. In between, Meckel's cartilage transforms to a ligament or disappears, subsumed by the growing dentary bone. Several human syndromes have been linked, directly or indirectly, to abnormal Meckel's cartilage formation. Herein, the evolution, development and fate of the cartilage and its impact on jaw development is mapped. The review focuses on developmental and cellular processes that shed light on the mechanisms behind the different fates of this cartilage, examining the control of Meckel's cartilage patterning, initiation and maturation. Importantly, human disorders and mouse models with disrupted Meckel's cartilage development are highlighted, in order to understand how changes in this cartilage impact on later development of the dentary and the craniofacial complex as a whole. Finally, the relative roles of tissue interactions, apoptosis, autophagy, macrophages and clast cells in the removal process are discussed. Meckel's cartilage is a unique and enigmatic structure, the development and function of which is starting to be understood but many interesting questions still remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Svandova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Neal Anthwal
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Matalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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6
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Kantaputra PN, Tripuwabhrut K, Intachai W, Carlson BM, Quarto N, Ngamphiw C, Tongsima S, Sonsuwan N. Treacher Collins syndrome: A novel TCOF1 mutation and monopodial stapes. Clin Otolaryngol 2020; 45:695-702. [PMID: 32351010 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS: OMIM 154500) is an autosomal dominant craniofacial disorder belonging to the heterogeneous group of mandibulofacial dysostoses. OBJECTIVE To investigate four Treacher Collins syndrome patients of the Sgaw Karen family living in Thailand. METHOD Clinical examination, hearing tests, lateral cephalometric analyses, Computed tomography, whole exome sequencing and Sanger direct sequencing were performed. RESULTS All of the patients affected with Treacher Collins syndrome carried a novel TCOF1 mutation (c.4138_4142del; p.Lys1380GlufsTer12), but clinically they did not have the typical facial gestalt of Treacher Collins syndrome, which includes downward-slanting palpebral fissures, colobomas of the lower eyelids, absence of eyelashes medial to the colobomas, malformed pinnae, hypoplastic zygomatic bones and mandibular hypoplasia. Lateral cephalometric analyses identified short anterior and posterior cranial bases, and hypoplastic maxilla and mandible. Computed tomography showed fusion of malleus and incus, sclerotic mastoid, hypoplastic middle ear space with a soft tissue remnant, dehiscence of facial nerve and monopodial stapes. CONCLUSION Treacher Collins syndrome in Sgaw Karen patients has not been previously documented. This is the first report of monopodial stapes in a TCS patient who had a TCOF1 mutation. The absence of a common facial phenotype and/or the presence of monopodial stapes may be the effects of this novel TCOF1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit Nik Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Dentaland Clinic, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kanich Tripuwabhrut
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Worrachet Intachai
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Bruce M Carlson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Natalina Quarto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Nuntigar Sonsuwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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7
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Rigueur D, Roberts RR, Bobzin L, Merrill AE. A requirement for Fgfr2 in middle ear development. Genesis 2018; 57:e23252. [PMID: 30253032 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal structure of the mammalian middle ear, which is composed of three endochondral ossicles suspended within a membranous air-filled capsule, plays a critical role in conducting sound. Gene mutations that alter skeletal development in the middle ear result in auditory impairment. Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), an important regulator of endochondral and intramembranous bone formation, cause a spectrum of congenital skeletal disorders featuring conductive hearing loss. Although the middle ear malformations in multiple FGFR2 gain-of-function disorders are clinically characterized, those in the FGFR2 loss-of-function disorder lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital (LADD) syndrome are relatively undescribed. To better understand conductive hearing loss in LADD, we examined the middle ear skeleton of mice with conditional loss of Fgfr2. We find that decreased auditory function in Fgfr2 mutant mice correlates with hypoplasia of the auditory bulla and ectopic bone growth at sites of tendon/ligament attachment. We show that ectopic bone associated with the intra-articular ligaments of the incudomalleal joint is derived from Scx-expressing cells and preceded by decreased expression of the joint progenitor marker Gdf5. Together, these results identify a role for Fgfr2 in development of the middle ear skeletal tissues and suggest potential causes for conductive hearing loss in LADD syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rigueur
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ryan R Roberts
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lauren Bobzin
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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8
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Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Yamamoto M, Abe S, Katori Y, Murakami G. Development of the Human Incus With Special Reference to the Detachment From the Chondrocranium to be Transferred into the Middle Ear. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1405-1415. [PMID: 29669196 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian middle ear represents one of the most fundamental features defining this class of vertebrates. However, the origin and the developmental process of the incus in the human remains controversial. The present study seeks to demonstrate all the steps of development and integration of the incus within the middle ear. We examined histological sections of 55 human embryos and fetuses at 6 to 13 weeks of development. At 6 weeks of development (16 Carnegie Stage), the incus anlage was found at the cranial end of the first pharyngeal arch. At this stage, each of the three anlagen of the ossicles in the middle ear were independent in different locations. At Carnegie Stage 17 a homogeneous interzone clearly defined the incus and malleus anlagen. The cranial end of the incus was located very close to the otic capsule. At 7 and 8 weeks was characterized by the short limb of the incus connecting with the otic capsule. At 9 weeks was characterized by an initial disconnection of the incus from the otic capsule. At 13 weeks, a cavity appeared between the otic capsule and incus. Our results provide significant evidence that the human incus developed from the first pharyngeal arch but independently from Meckel's cartilage. Also, during development, the incus was connected with the otic capsule, and then it was detached definitively. The development of the incus in humans provides evidence that this ossicle is homologous to the quadrate. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gen Murakami
- Division of Internal Medicine, Iwamizawa Asuka Hospital, Iwamizawa, Japan
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9
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Inner ear ossification and mineralization kinetics in human embryonic development - microtomographic and histomorphological study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4825. [PMID: 28684743 PMCID: PMC5500530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about middle and inner ear development during the second and third parts of human fetal life. Using ultra-high resolution Microcomputed Tomography coupled with bone histology, we performed the first quantitative middle and inner ear ossification/mineralization evaluation of fetuses between 17 and 39 weeks of gestational age. We show distinct ossification paces between ossicles, with a belated development of the stapes. A complete cochlear bony covering is observed within the time-frame of the onset of hearing, whereas distinct time courses of ossification for semicircular canal envelopes are observed in relation to the start of vestibular functions. The study evidences a spatio-temporal relationship between middle and inner ear structure development and the onset of hearing and balance, critical senses for the fetal adaptation to birth.
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10
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Urban DJ, Anthwal N, Luo ZX, Maier JA, Sadier A, Tucker AS, Sears KE. A new developmental mechanism for the separation of the mammalian middle ear ossicles from the jaw. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20162416. [PMID: 28179517 PMCID: PMC5310609 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple mammalian lineages independently evolved a definitive mammalian middle ear (DMME) through breakdown of Meckel's cartilage (MC). However, the cellular and molecular drivers of this evolutionary transition remain unknown for most mammal groups. Here, we identify such drivers in the living marsupial opossum Monodelphis domestica, whose MC transformation during development anatomically mirrors the evolutionary transformation observed in fossils. Specifically, we link increases in cellular apoptosis and TGF-BR2 signalling to MC breakdown in opossums. We demonstrate that a simple change in TGF-β signalling is sufficient to inhibit MC breakdown during opossum development, indicating that changes in TGF-β signalling might be key during mammalian evolution. Furthermore, the apoptosis that we observe during opossum MC breakdown does not seemingly occur in mouse, consistent with homoplastic DMME evolution in the marsupial and placental lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Urban
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Neal Anthwal
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zhe-Xi Luo
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maier
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Alexa Sadier
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Karen E Sears
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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11
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Sakamoto A, Kuroda Y, Kanzaki S, Matsuo K. Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117786 PMCID: PMC5408703 DOI: 10.3791/55054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called the auditory bulla houses the ossicles, whereas the auditory capsule encloses the inner ear, namely the cochlea and semicircular canals. Murine ossicles are essential for hearing and thus of great interest to researchers in the field of otolaryngology, but their metabolism, development, and evolution are highly relevant to other fields. Altered bone metabolism can affect hearing function in adult mice, and various gene-deficient mice show changes in morphogenesis of auditory ossicles in utero. Although murine auditory ossicles are tiny, their manipulation is feasible if one understands their anatomical orientation and 3D structure. Here, we describe how to dissect the auditory bulla and capsule of postnatal mice and then isolate individual ossicles by removing part of the bulla. We also discuss how to embed the bulla and capsule in different orientations to generate paraffin or frozen sections suitable for preparation of longitudinal, horizontal, or frontal sections of the malleus. Finally, we enumerate anatomical differences between mouse and human auditory ossicles. These methods would be useful in analyzing pathological, developmental and evolutionary aspects of auditory ossicles and the middle ear in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Yukiko Kuroda
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Sho Kanzaki
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine;
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12
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Abstract
The mammalian ear is a complex structure divided into three main parts: the outer; middle; and inner ear. These parts are formed from all three germ layers and neural crest cells, which have to integrate successfully in order to form a fully functioning organ of hearing. Any defect in development of the outer and middle ear leads to conductive hearing loss, while defects in the inner ear can lead to sensorineural hearing loss. This review focuses on the development of the parts of the ear involved with sound transduction into the inner ear, and the parts largely ignored in the world of hearing research: the outer and middle ear. The published data on the embryonic origin, signalling, genetic control, development and timing of the mammalian middle and outer ear are reviewed here along with new data showing the Eustachian tube cartilage is of dual embryonic origin. The embryonic origin of some of these structures has only recently been uncovered (Science, 339, 2013, 1453; Development, 140, 2013, 4386), while the molecular mechanisms controlling the growth, structure and integration of many outer and middle ear components are hardly known. The genetic analysis of outer and middle ear development is rather limited, with a small number of genes often affecting either more than one part of the ear or having only very small effects on development. This review therefore highlights the necessity for further research into the development of outer and middle ear structures, which will be important for the understanding and treatment of conductive hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Anthwal
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Hannah Thompson
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell BiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
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13
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Raft S, Coate TM, Kelley MW, Crenshaw EB, Wu DK. Pou3f4-mediated regulation of ephrin-b2 controls temporal bone development in the mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109043. [PMID: 25299585 PMCID: PMC4192298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal bone encases conductive and sensorineural elements of the ear. Mutations of POU3F4 are associated with unique temporal bone abnormalities and X-linked mixed deafness (DFNX2/DFN3). However, the target genes and developmental processes controlled by POU3F4 transcription factor activity have remained largely uncharacterized. Ephrin-B2 (Efnb2) is a signaling molecule with well-documented effects on cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration. Our analyses of targeted mouse mutants revealed that Efnb2 loss-of-function phenocopies temporal bone abnormalities of Pou3f4 hemizygous null neonates: qualitatively identical malformations of the stapes, styloid process, internal auditory canal, and cochlear capsule were present in both mutants. Using failed/insufficient separation of the stapes and styloid process as a quantitative trait, we found that single gene Efnb2 loss-of-function and compound Pou3f4/Efnb2 loss-of-function caused a more severe phenotype than single gene Pou3f4 loss-of-function. Pou3f4 and Efnb2 gene expression domains overlapped at the site of impending stapes-styloid process separation and at subcapsular mesenchyme surrounding the cochlea; at both these sites, Efnb2 expression was attenuated in Pou3f4 hemizygous null mutants relative to control. Results of immunoprecipitation experiments using chromatin isolated from nascent middle ear mesenchyme supported the hypothesis of a physical association between Pou3f4 and specific non-coding sequence of Efnb2. We propose that Efnb2 is a target of Pou3f4 transcription factor activity and an effector of mesenchymal patterning during temporal bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Raft
- Section on Sensory Cell Regeneration and Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Coate
- Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Kelley
- Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - E. Bryan Crenshaw
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Doris K. Wu
- Section on Sensory Cell Regeneration and Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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14
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Pokidysheva E, Tufa S, Bresee C, Brigande JV, Bächinger HP. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase-1 null mice exhibit hearing impairment and abnormal morphology of the middle ear bone joints. Matrix Biol 2012. [PMID: 23186870 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase1 (P3H1) is a collagen modifying enzyme which hydroxylates certain prolines in the Xaa position of conventional GlyXaaYaa triple helical sequence. Recent investigations have revealed that mutations in the LEPRE1 (gene encoding for P3H1) cause severe osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) in humans. Similarly LEPRE1 knockout mice display an OI-like phenotype. Significant hearing loss is a common problem for people with osteogenesis imperfecta. Here we report that hearing of the P3H1 null mice is substantially affected. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) of the P3H1 null mice show an average increase of 20-30 dB in auditory thresholds. Three dimensional reconstructions of the mutant middle ear bones by Micro-scale X-ray computed tomography (Micro-CT) demonstrate abnormal morphology of the incudostapedial and incudomalleal joints. We establish the LEPRE1 knockout mouse as a valuable model system to investigate the mechanism of hearing loss in recessive OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pokidysheva
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Propst EJ, Ngan BY, Mount RJ, Martin-Munoz D, Blaser S, Harrison RV, Cushing SL, Papsin BC. Ossicular fusion and cholesteatoma in auriculo-condylar syndrome: In vivo evidence of arrest of embryogenesis. Laryngoscope 2012; 123:528-32. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.23492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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The effect of caspase-3 inhibition on interdigital tissue regression in explant cultures of developing mouse limbs. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2012.678386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
The middle ear is a composite organ formed from all three germ layers and the neural crest. It provides the link between the outside world and the inner ear, where sound is transduced and routed to the brain for processing. Extensive classical and modern studies have described the complex morphology and origin of the middle ear. Non-mammalian vertebrates have a single ossicle, the columella. Mammals have three functionally equivalent ossicles, designated the malleus, incus and stapes. In this review, I focus on the role of genes known to function in the middle ear. Genetic studies are beginning to unravel the induction and patterning of the multiple middle ear elements including the tympanum, skeletal elements, the air-filled cavity, and the insertion point into the inner ear oval window. Future studies that elucidate the integrated spatio-temporal signaling mechanisms required to pattern the middle ear organ system are needed. The longer-term translational benefits of understanding normal and abnormal ear development will have a direct impact on human health outcomes.
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Cisneros Gimeno AI, Whyte Orozco JR, Obón Nogues JA, Yus Gotor C, Crovetto De La Torre MA, Whyte Orozco A. Contribution to morphological knowledge of the development of the human incudo-mallear joint. Acta Otolaryngol 2009; 129:1380-7. [PMID: 19922085 DOI: 10.3109/00016480902849435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION At the time of birth, the incudo-mallear joint is completely developed. OBJECTIVE. To study the development of the incudo-mallear joint in human embryos and fetuses. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In all, 46 temporal bones with ages between 9 mm and newborns were studied. The preparations were cut in a series and dyed using Martins' trichrome technique. RESULTS. The incudo-mallear joint acquires the characteristics of a saddle joint at 10 weeks of development. The cartilage that covers the articular surfaces is formed by different strata that develop successively: the superficial stratum at 14 weeks, the transitional between 15 and 19 weeks, and the radial from 20 weeks. The subchondral bone develops between weeks 25 and 28 by the mechanisms of apposition and extension of the periosteal and endosteal bones, but it is not until week 30 that it completely covers the articular surfaces, consisting of bone fascicles whereby the lines of force will be transmitted. The articular capsule is formed as from the inter-zone. The surface zone develops the capsular ligament, and the internal surface develops the synovial membrane. Even though it is not consistent, the primordium of the meniscus is seen at 18 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Cisneros Gimeno
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Shiraishi H, Okamoto H, Hara H, Yoshida H. Alternative cell death of Apaf1-deficient neural progenitor cells induced by withdrawal of EGF or insulin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1800:405-15. [PMID: 19914347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various forms of cell death, such as apoptotic, autophagic and non-lysosomal types, are implicated in normal physiological processes. Apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf1) is an important component of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Deficiency of Apaf1 results in an accumulation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the developing central nervous system and thus, in perinatal lethality. A small percentage of the mutant mice, however, are viable and grow to maturity. The occurrence of such normal mutants implicates alternative cell death pathways during neurogenesis. METHODS NPCs prepared from wild-type or Apaf1-deficient embryos were cultured in growth factor-deprived medium and examined for cell death, caspase activation and morphological alterations. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the effects of antioxidants were examined. RESULTS Wild-type NPCs underwent apoptosis within 24 hours of withdrawal of epidermal growth factor (EGF) or insulin, whereas Apaf1-deficient NPCs underwent cell death but showed no signs of apoptosis. Autophagy was not necessarily accompanied by cell death. Cell death of the Apaf1-deficient NPCs resembled necroptosis-necrosis-like programmed cell death. The necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1, however, failed to inhibit the cell death. ROS accumulation was detected in NPCs deprived of growth factors, and an antioxidant partially suppressed the non-apoptotic cell death of Apaf1-deficient NPCs. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that after withdrawal EGF or insulin withdrawal, the Apaf1-deficient cells underwent non-apoptotic cell death. ROS generation may partially participate in the cell death. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Non-apoptotic cell death in NPCs may be a compensatory mechanism in the developing CNS of Apaf1-deficient embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shiraishi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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