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Choi S, Yang JW, Kim JE, Jeon H, Shin S, Wui D, Kim LS, Kim BJ, Son H, Min K. Infectivity and stress tolerance traits affect community assembly of plant pathogenic fungi. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1234724. [PMID: 37692392 PMCID: PMC10486888 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1234724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how ecological communities assemble is an urgent research priority. In this study, we used a community ecology approach to examine how ecological and evolutionary processes shape biodiversity patterns of plant pathogenic fungi, Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum. High-throughput screening revealed that the isolates had a wide range of phenotypic variation in stress tolerance traits. Net Relatedness Index (NRI) and Nearest Taxon Index (NTI) values were computed based on stress-tolerant distance matrices. Certain local regions exhibited positive values of NRI and NTI, indicating phenotypic clustering within the fungal communities. Competition assays of the pooled strains were conducted to investigate the cause of clustering. During stress conditions and wheat colonization, only a few strains dominated the fungal communities, resulting in reduced diversity. Overall, our findings support the modern coexistence theory that abiotic stress and competition lead to phenotypic similarities among coexisting organisms by excluding large, low-competitive clades. We suggest that agricultural environments and competition for host infection lead to locally clustered communities of plant pathogenic fungi in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Wook Yang
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoun Wui
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee Seul Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Garcia-Lopez MT, Serrano MS, Camiletti BX, Gordon A, Estudillo C, Trapero A, Diez CM, Moral J. Study of the competition between Colletotrichum godetiae and C. nymphaeae, two pathogenic species in olive. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5344. [PMID: 37005485 PMCID: PMC10067957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive anthracnose, a critical olive fruit disease that adversely impacts oil quality, is caused by Colletotrichum species. A dominant Colletotrichum species and several secondary species have been identified in each olive-growing region. This study surveys the interspecific competition between C. godetiae, dominant in Spain, and C. nymphaeae, prevalent in Portugal, to shed light on the cause of this disparity. When Petri-dishes of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and diluted PDA were co-inoculated with spore mixes produced by both species, C. godetiae displaced C. nymphaeae, even if the percentage of spores in the initial spore mix inoculation was just 5 and 95%, respectively. The C. godetiae and C. nymphaeae species showed similar fruit virulence in separate inoculations in both cultivars, the Portuguese cv. Galega Vulgar and the Spanish cv. Hojiblanca, and no cultivar specialization was observed. However, when olive fruits were co-inoculated, the C. godetiae species showed a higher competitive ability and partially displaced the C. nymphaeae species. Furthermore, both Colletotrichum species showed a similar leaf survival rate. Lastly, C. godetiae was more resistant to metallic copper than C. nymphaeae. The work developed here allows a deeper understanding of the competition between C. godetiae and C. nymphaeae, which could lead to developing strategies for more efficient disease risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - M Socorro Serrano
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Boris X Camiletti
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Ana Gordon
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Cristina Estudillo
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Concepcion M Diez
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan Moral
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain.
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Kartashov M, Voinova T, Shcherbakova L, Arslanova L, Chudakova K, Dzhavakhiya V. A Secondary Metabolite Secreted by Penicillium citrinum Is Able to Enhance Parastagonospora nodorum Sensitivity to Tebuconazole and Azoxystrobin. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:889547. [PMID: 37746182 PMCID: PMC10512332 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.889547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Parastagonospora nodorum causes glume and leaf blotch of wheat, a harmful disease resulting in serious losses in grain yield. In many countries including Russia, fungicidal formulations based on triazoles and on triazoles combined with strobilurins are used to control this fungus. However, their prolonged application may promote the selection of fungicide-resistant strains of P. nodorum leading to significant attenuation or even loss of fungicidal effect. Chemosensitization of plant pathogenic fungi with natural compounds represents a promising strategy for mitigating fungicide resistance and other negative impacts of fungicides. In this work, we applied a chemosensitization approach towards P. nodorum strains non-resistant or resistant to tebuconazole or azoxystrobin using 6-demethylmevinolin (6-DMM), a metabolite of Penicillium citrinum. The resistant strains were obtained by the mutagenesis and subsequent culturing on agar media incorporated with increasing doses of Folicur® EC 250 (i.e., tebuconazole) or Quadris® SC 250 (i.e., azoxystrobin). Test strains m8-4 and kd-18, most resistant to tebuconazole and azoxystrobin, respectively, were selected for sensitization experiments. These experiments demonstrated that combining 6-DMM with Folicur® enhanced fungicidal effectiveness in vitro and in vivo in addition to attenuating the resistance of P. nodorum to tebuconazole in vitro. 6-DMM was also found to augment Quadris® efficacy towards kd-18 when applied on detached wheat leaves inoculated with this strain. Experiments on P. nodorum sensitization under greenhouse conditions included preventive (applying test compounds simultaneously with inoculation) or post-inoculation spraying of wheat seedlings with 6-DMM together with Folicur® at dose rates (DR) amounting to 10% and 20% of DR recommended for field application (RDR). Combined treatments were run in parallel with using the same DR of the fungicide and sensitizer, alone. A synergistic effect was observed in both preventive and post-inoculation treatments, when the sensitizer was co-applied with the fungicide at 10% of the RDR. In this case, disease reduction significantly exceeded the protective effect of Folicur® at 10% or 20% of the RDR, alone, and also a calculated additive effect. Collectively, our findings suggest that 6-DMM is promising as a putative component for formulations with triazole and strobilurin fungicides. Such new formulations would improve fungicide efficacy and, potentially, lower rates of fungicides needed for plant pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Kartashov
- Department of Molecular Biology, All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow reg., Russia
| | - Tatiana Voinova
- Department of Molecular Biology, All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow reg., Russia
| | - Larisa Shcherbakova
- Laboratory of Physiological Plant Pathology, All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow reg., Russia
| | - Lenara Arslanova
- Department of Molecular Biology, All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow reg., Russia
| | - Kseniya Chudakova
- Department of Molecular Biology, All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow reg., Russia
| | - Vitaly Dzhavakhiya
- Department of Molecular Biology, All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow reg., Russia
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Wang YP, Pan ZC, Yang LN, Burdon JJ, Friberg H, Sui QJ, Zhan J. Optimizing Plant Disease Management in Agricultural Ecosystems Through Rational In-Crop Diversification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:767209. [PMID: 35003160 PMCID: PMC8739928 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity plays multifaceted roles in societal development and ecological sustainability. In agricultural ecosystems, using biodiversity to mitigate plant diseases has received renewed attention in recent years but our knowledge of the best ways of using biodiversity to control plant diseases is still incomplete. In term of in-crop diversification, it is not clear how genetic diversity per se in host populations interacts with identifiable resistance and other functional traits of component genotypes to mitigate disease epidemics and what is the best way of structuring mixture populations. In this study, we created a series of host populations by mixing different numbers of potato varieties showing different late blight resistance levels in different proportions. The amount of naturally occurring late blight disease in the mixture populations was recorded weekly during the potato growing seasons. The percentage of disease reduction (PDR) in the mixture populations was calculated by comparing their observed late blight levels relative to that expected when they were planted in pure stands. We found that PDR in the mixtures increased as the number of varieties and the difference in host resistance (DHR) between the component varieties increased. However, the level of host resistance in the potato varieties had little impact on PDR. In mixtures involving two varieties, the optimum proportion of component varieties for the best PDR depended on their DHR, with an increasing skewness to one of the component varieties as the DHR between the component varieties increased. These results indicate that mixing crop varieties can significantly reduce disease epidemics in the field. To achieve the best disease mitigation, growers should include as many varieties as possible in mixtures or, if only two component mixtures are possible, increase DHR among the component varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhe-Chao Pan
- Industrial Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Li-Na Yang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Hanna Friberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Qi-jun Sui
- Industrial Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Climate change is triggering similar effects on the incidence and severity of disease for crops in agriculture and wild plants in natural communities. The complexity of natural ecosystems, however, generates a complex array of interactions between wild plants and pathogens in marked contrast to those generated in the structural and species simplicity of most agricultural crops. Understanding the different impacts of climate change on agricultural and natural ecosystems requires accounting for the specific interactions between an individual pathogen and its host(s) and their subsequent effects on the interplay between the host and other species in the community. Ultimately, progress will require looking past short-term fluctuations to multiyear trends to understand the nature and extent of plant and pathogen evolutionary adaptation and determine the fate of plants under future climate change. Climate change is triggering similar effects on the incidence and severity of disease for crops in agriculture and wild plants in natural communities. However, this Essay maintains that accounting for the complexity of wild systems is a vital part of fully understanding the potential impact of climate change, not only on individual pathogen species but, more importantly, on entire natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Burdon
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lin M, Corsi B, Ficke A, Tan KC, Cockram J, Lillemo M. Genetic mapping using a wheat multi-founder population reveals a locus on chromosome 2A controlling resistance to both leaf and glume blotch caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:785-808. [PMID: 31996971 PMCID: PMC7021668 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A locus on wheat chromosome 2A was found to control field resistance to both leaf and glume blotch caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum. The necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum is the causal agent of Septoria nodorum leaf blotch and glume blotch, which are common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) diseases in humid and temperate areas. Susceptibility to Septoria nodorum leaf blotch can partly be explained by sensitivity to corresponding P. nodorum necrotrophic effectors (NEs). Susceptibility to glume blotch is also quantitative; however, the underlying genetics have not been studied in detail. Here, we genetically map resistance/susceptibility loci to leaf and glume blotch using an eight-founder wheat multiparent advanced generation intercross population. The population was assessed in six field trials across two sites and 4 years. Seedling infiltration and inoculation assays using three P. nodorum isolates were also carried out, in order to compare quantitative trait loci (QTL) identified under controlled conditions with those identified in the field. Three significant field resistance QTL were identified on chromosomes 2A and 6A, while four significant seedling resistance QTL were detected on chromosomes 2D, 5B and 7D. Among these, QSnb.niab-2A.3 for field resistance to both leaf blotch and glume blotch was detected in Norway and the UK. Colocation with a QTL for seedling reactions against culture filtrate from a Norwegian P. nodorum isolate indicated the QTL could be caused by a novel NE sensitivity. The consistency of this QTL for leaf blotch at the seedling and adult plant stages and culture filtrate infiltration was confirmed by haplotype analysis. However, opposite effects for the leaf blotch and glume blotch reactions suggest that different genetic mechanisms may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Beatrice Corsi
- John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Andrea Ficke
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien 7, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Kar-Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - James Cockram
- John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Morten Lillemo
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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Fournet S, Pellan L, Porte C, Piriou C, Grenier E, Montarry J. Populations of the Beet Cyst Nematode Heterodera schachtii Exhibit Strong Differences in Their Life-History Traits Across Changing Thermal Conditions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2801. [PMID: 30519223 PMCID: PMC6250974 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that climate has an essential influence on the distribution of species and that temperature is the major abiotic factor that affects their life-history traits. Species with very restricted active dispersal abilities and a wide geographical distribution are thus expected to encompass distinct populations adapted to contrasted local conditions. The beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii is a good biological model to study temperature adaptation in populations collected from different environments. Here, we tested the effect of temperature on H. schachtii life-history traits using seven field populations from Morocco, Spain, France, Germany, Austria, Poland and Ukraine. We tested hatching and multiplication rates of each population at different temperatures, as well as hatching rates of each population after storage at different temperatures - simulating survival conditions during the inter-cropping period. Results showed a strong temperature effect on the life-history traits explored. Temperature impact on hatching (at different temperatures and after storage at different temperatures) depended on the origin of populations, separating southern from northern ones. Surprisingly, low temperatures influenced hatching less in southern populations. However, for these populations, a storage period at low temperatures strongly reduce subsequent hatching. Conversely, nematode multiplication was not differentially affected by temperatures, as favorable conditions for the host are also favorable for the parasite. Finally, a significant correlation between the genetic diversity and the level of specialization showed that the less diverse populations were more specialized than the more diverse ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Fournet
- IGEPP, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
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Bousset L, Sprague SJ, Thrall PH, Barrett LG. Spatio-temporal connectivity and host resistance influence evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of the canola pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1354-1370. [PMID: 30151045 PMCID: PMC6099830 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, physiological and physical homogenization of agricultural landscapes creates ideal environments for plant pathogens to proliferate and rapidly evolve. Thus, a critical challenge in plant pathology and epidemiology is to design durable and effective strategies to protect cropping systems from damage caused by pathogens. Theoretical studies suggest that spatio-temporal variation in the diversity and distribution of resistant hosts across agricultural landscapes may have strong effects on the epidemiology and evolutionary potential of crop pathogens. However, we lack empirical tests of spatio-temporal deployment of host resistance to pathogens can be best used to manage disease epidemics and disrupt pathogen evolutionary dynamics in real-world systems. In a field experiment, we simulated how differences in Brassica napus resistance deployment strategies and landscape connectivity influence epidemic severity and Leptosphaeria maculans pathogen population composition. Host plant resistance, spatio-temporal connectivity [stubble loads], and genetic connectivity of the inoculum source [composition of canola stubble mixtures] jointly impacted epidemiology (disease severity) and pathogen evolution (population composition). Changes in population composition were consistent with directional selection for the ability to infect the host (infectivity), leading to changes in pathotype (multilocus phenotypes) and infectivity frequencies. We repeatedly observed decreases in the frequency of unnecessary infectivity, suggesting that carrying multiple infectivity genes is costly for the pathogen. From an applied perspective, our results indicate that varying resistance genes in space and time can be used to help control disease, even when resistance has already been overcome. Furthermore, our approach extends our ability to test not only for the efficacy of host varieties in a given year, but also for durability over multiple cropping seasons, given variation in the combination of resistance genes deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Bousset
- CSIRO Agriculture & FoodCanberraACTAustralia
- UMR1349 IGEPPINRALe RheuFrance
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Suffert F, Goyeau H, Sache I, Carpentier F, Gélisse S, Morais D, Delestre G. Epidemiological trade-off between intra- and interannual scales in the evolution of aggressiveness in a local plant pathogen population. Evol Appl 2018; 11:768-780. [PMID: 29875818 PMCID: PMC5979725 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of plant resistance to fungal pathogen populations is expected to decrease over time, due to their evolution with an increase in the frequency of virulent or highly aggressive strains. This dynamics may differ depending on the scale investigated (annual or pluriannual), particularly for annual crop pathogens with both sexual and asexual reproduction cycles. We assessed this time-scale effect, by comparing aggressiveness changes in a local Zymoseptoria tritici population over an 8-month cropping season and a 6-year period of wheat monoculture. We collected two pairs of subpopulations to represent the annual and pluriannual scales: from leaf lesions at the beginning and end of a single annual epidemic and from crop debris at the beginning and end of a 6-year period. We assessed two aggressiveness traits-latent period and lesion size-on sympatric and allopatric host varieties. A trend toward decreased latent period concomitant with a significant loss of variability was established during the course of the annual epidemic, but not over the 6-year period. Furthermore, a significant cultivar effect (sympatric vs. allopatric) on the average aggressiveness of the isolates revealed host adaptation, arguing that the observed patterns could result from selection. We thus provide an experimental body of evidence of an epidemiological trade-off between the intra- and interannual scales in the evolution of aggressiveness in a local plant pathogen population. More aggressive isolates were collected from upper leaves, on which disease severity is usually lower than on the lower part of the plants left in the field as crop debris after harvest. We suggest that these isolates play little role in sexual reproduction, due to an Allee effect (difficulty finding mates at low pathogen densities), particularly as the upper parts of the plant are removed from the field, explaining the lack of transmission of increases in aggressiveness between epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Suffert
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Henriette Goyeau
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Ivan Sache
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Florence Carpentier
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Sandrine Gélisse
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - David Morais
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
| | - Ghislain Delestre
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayThiverval‐GrignonFrance
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Chen F, Duan GH, Li DL, Zhan J. Host Resistance and Temperature-Dependent Evolution of Aggressiveness in the Plant Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1217. [PMID: 28702023 PMCID: PMC5487519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how habitat heterogeneity may affect the evolution of plant pathogens is essential to effectively predict new epidemiological landscapes and manage genetic diversity under changing global climatic conditions. In this study, we explore the effects of habitat heterogeneity, as determined by variation in host resistance and local temperature, on the evolution of Zymoseptoria tritici by comparing the aggressiveness development of five Z. tritici populations originated from different parts of the world on two wheat cultivars varying in resistance to the pathogen. Our results show that host resistance plays an important role in the evolution of Z. tritici. The pathogen was under weak, constraining selection on a host with quantitative resistance but under a stronger, directional selection on a susceptible host. This difference is consistent with theoretical expectations that suggest that quantitative resistance may slow down the evolution of pathogens and therefore be more durable. Our results also show that local temperature interacts with host resistance in influencing the evolution of the pathogen. When infecting a susceptible host, aggressiveness development of Z. tritici was negatively correlated to temperatures of the original collection sites, suggesting a trade-off between the pathogen's abilities of adapting to higher temperature and causing disease and global warming may have a negative effect on the evolution of pathogens. The finding that no such relationship was detected when the pathogen infected the partially resistant cultivars indicates the evolution of pathogens in quantitatively resistant hosts is less influenced by environments than in susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hua Duan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
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11
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Burdon JJ, Zhan J, Barrett LG, Papaïx J, Thrall PH. Addressing the Challenges of Pathogen Evolution on the World's Arable Crops. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1117-1127. [PMID: 27584868 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-16-0036-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in genomic and molecular technologies coupled with an increasing understanding of the fine structure of many resistance and infectivity genes, have opened up a new era of hope in controlling the many plant pathogens that continue to be a major source of loss in arable crops. Some new approaches are under consideration including the use of nonhost resistance and the targeting of critical developmental constraints. However, the major thrust of these genomic and molecular approaches is to enhance the identification of resistance genes, to increase their ease of manipulation through marker and gene editing technologies and to lock a range of resistance genes together in simply manipulable resistance gene cassettes. All these approaches essentially continue a strategy that assumes the ability to construct genetic-based resistance barriers that are insurmountable to target pathogens. Here we show how the recent advances in knowledge and marker technologies can be used to generate more durable disease resistance strategies that are based on broad evolutionary principles aimed at presenting pathogens with a shifting, landscape of fluctuating directional selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Burdon
- First and second authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; first, third, and fifth authors: CSIRO Agriculture, PO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia; and fourth author: INRA Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, Domaine Saint-Paul AgroParc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- First and second authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; first, third, and fifth authors: CSIRO Agriculture, PO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia; and fourth author: INRA Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, Domaine Saint-Paul AgroParc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Luke G Barrett
- First and second authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; first, third, and fifth authors: CSIRO Agriculture, PO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia; and fourth author: INRA Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, Domaine Saint-Paul AgroParc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Julien Papaïx
- First and second authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; first, third, and fifth authors: CSIRO Agriculture, PO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia; and fourth author: INRA Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, Domaine Saint-Paul AgroParc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Peter H Thrall
- First and second authors: Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; first, third, and fifth authors: CSIRO Agriculture, PO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia; and fourth author: INRA Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, Domaine Saint-Paul AgroParc, 84914 Avignon, France
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Slow erosion of a quantitative apple resistance to Venturia inaequalis based on an isolate-specific Quantitative Trait Locus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:541-548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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McDonald BA, Mundt CC. How Knowledge of Pathogen Population Biology Informs Management of Septoria Tritici Blotch. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:948-55. [PMID: 27111799 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-16-0131-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici (previously Mycosphaerella graminicola) causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB) on wheat. The population biology of Z. tritici has been exceptionally well characterized as a result of intensive studies conducted over nearly 30 years. These studies provided important insights into the biology, epidemiology and evolutionary history of Z. tritici that will prove useful for management of STB. The well-documented, rapid adaptation of Z. tritici populations to fungicide applications and deployment of wheat cultivars carrying both major gene and quantitative resistance reflects the high evolutionary potential predicted by the large effective population size, high degree of gene flow and high levels of recombination found in field populations of Z. tritici globally. QST studies that assessed the global diversity for several important quantitative traits confirmed the adaptive potential of field populations and laid the groundwork for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies. QTL mapping elucidated the genetic architecture of each trait and led to identification of candidate genes affecting fungicide resistance, thermal adaptation, virulence, and host specialization. The insights that emerged through these analyses of Z. tritici population biology can now be used to generate actionable disease management strategies aimed at sustainably reducing losses due to STB. The high evolutionary potential found in field populations of Z. tritici requires deployment of a corresponding dynamically diverse set of control measures that integrate cultural, chemical, biological and resistance breeding strategies. In this review, we describe and prioritize STB control strategies based on current knowledge of Z. tritici population biology and propose a future research agenda oriented toward long-term STB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A McDonald
- First author: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and second author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - Christopher C Mundt
- First author: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and second author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
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Borer ET, Laine AL, Seabloom EW. A Multiscale Approach to Plant Disease Using the Metacommunity Concept. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:397-418. [PMID: 27296140 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease arises from the interaction of processes occurring at multiple spatial and temporal scales. With new tools such as next-generation sequencing, we are learning about the diversity of microbes circulating within and among plant populations and often coinhabiting host individuals. The proliferation of pathogenic microbes depends on single-species dynamics and multispecies interactions occurring within and among host cells, the spatial organization and genetic landscape of hosts, the frequency and mode of transmission among hosts and host populations, and the abiotic environmental context. Here, we examine empirical evidence from these multiple scales to assess the utility of metacommunity theory, a theoretical framework developed for free-living organisms to further our understanding of and assist in predicting plant-pathogen infection and spread. We suggest that deeper understanding of disease dynamics can arise through the application of this conceptual framework at scales ranging from individual cells to landscapes. In addition, we use this multiscale theoretical perspective to synthesize existing knowledge, generate novel hypotheses, and point toward promising future opportunities for the study of plant pathogens in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; ,
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Centre of Excellence in Metapopulation Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland;
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; ,
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15
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Weeds, as ancillary hosts, pose disproportionate risk for virulent pathogen transfer to crops. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:101. [PMID: 27176034 PMCID: PMC4866072 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The outcome of the arms race between hosts and pathogens depends heavily on the interactions between their genetic diversity, population size and transmission ability. Theory predicts that genetically diverse hosts will select for higher virulence and more diverse pathogens than hosts with low genetic diversity. Cultivated hosts typically have lower genetic diversity and thus small effective population sizes, but can potentially harbour large pathogen population sizes. On the other hand, hosts, such as weeds, which are genetically more diverse and thus have larger effective population sizes, usually harbour smaller pathogen population sizes. Large pathogen population sizes may lead to more opportunities for mutation and hence more diverse pathogens. Here we test the predictions that pathogen neutral genetic diversity will increase with large pathogen population sizes and host diversity, whereas diversity under selection will increase with host diversity. We assessed and compared the diversity of a fungal pathogen, Rhynchosporium commune, on weedy barley grass (which have a large effective population size) and cultivated barley (low genetic diversity) using microsatellites, effector locus nip1 diversity and pathogen aggressiveness in order to assess the importance of weeds in the evolution of the neutral and selected diversity of pathogens. Results The findings indicated that the large barley acreage and low host diversity maintains higher pathogen neutral genetic diversity and lower linkage disequilibrium, while the weed maintains more pathotypes and higher virulence diversity at nip1. Strong evidence for more pathogen migration from barley grass to barley suggests transmission of virulence from barley grass to barley is common. Conclusions Pathogen census population size is a better predictor for neutral genetic diversity than host diversity. Despite maintaining a smaller pathogen census population size, barley grass acts as an important ancillary host to R. commune, harbouring highly virulent pathogen types capable of transmission to barley. Management of disease on crops must therefore include management of weedy ancillary hosts, which may harbour disproportionate supplies of virulent pathogen strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0680-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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16
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Suffert F, Ravigné V, Sache I. Seasonal Changes Drive Short-Term Selection for Fitness Traits in the Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6367-79. [PMID: 26150467 PMCID: PMC4542257 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00529-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In a cross-infection experiment, we investigated how seasonal changes can affect adaptation patterns in a Zymoseptoria tritici population. The fitness of isolates sampled on wheat leaves at the beginning and at the end of a field epidemic was assessed under environmental conditions (temperature and host stage) to which the local pathogen population was successively exposed. Isolates of the final population were more aggressive, and showed greater sporulation intensity under winter conditions and a shorter latency period (earlier sporulation) under spring conditions, than isolates of the initial population. These differences, complemented by lower between-genotype variability in the final population, exhibited an adaptation pattern with three striking features: (i) the pathogen responded synchronously to temperature and host stage conditions; (ii) the adaptation concerned two key fitness traits; (iii) adaptation to one trait (greater sporulation intensity) was expressed under winter conditions while, subsequently, adaptation to the other trait (shorter latency period) was expressed under spring conditions. This can be interpreted as the result of short-term selection, driven by abiotic and biotic factors. This case study cannot yet be generalized but suggests that seasonality may play an important role in shaping the variability of fitness traits. These results further raise the question of possible counterselection during the interepidemic period. While we did not find any trade-off between clonal multiplication on leaves during the epidemic period and clonal spore production on debris, we suggest that final populations could be counterselected by an Allee effect, mitigating the potential impact of seasonal selection on long-term dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Suffert
- INRA, UMR1290 BIOGER, Campus AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Ivan Sache
- AgroParisTech, UMR1290 BIOGER, Campus AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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17
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Zhan J, Thrall PH, Papaïx J, Xie L, Burdon JJ. Playing on a pathogen's weakness: using evolution to guide sustainable plant disease control strategies. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:19-43. [PMID: 25938275 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wild plants and their associated pathogens are involved in ongoing interactions over millennia that have been modified by coevolutionary processes to limit the spatial extent and temporal duration of disease epidemics. These interactions are disrupted by modern agricultural practices and social activities, such as intensified monoculture using superior varieties and international trading of agricultural commodities. These activities, when supplemented with high resource inputs and the broad application of agrochemicals, create conditions uniquely conducive to widespread plant disease epidemics and rapid pathogen evolution. To be effective and durable, sustainable disease management requires a significant shift in emphasis to overtly include ecoevolutionary principles in the design of adaptive management programs aimed at minimizing the evolutionary potential of plant pathogens by reducing their genetic variation, stabilizing their evolutionary dynamics, and preventing dissemination of pathogen variants carrying new infectivity or resistance to agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasui Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China;
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18
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Papaïx J, Burdon JJ, Zhan J, Thrall PH. Crop pathogen emergence and evolution in agro-ecological landscapes. Evol Appl 2015; 8:385-402. [PMID: 25926883 PMCID: PMC4408149 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Remnant areas hosting natural vegetation in agricultural landscapes can impact the disease epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of crop pathogens. However, the potential consequences for crop diseases of the composition, the spatial configuration and the persistence time of the agro-ecological interface - the area where crops and remnant vegetation are in contact - have been poorly studied. Here, we develop a demographic-genetic simulation model to study how the spatial and temporal distribution of remnant wild vegetation patches embedded in an agricultural landscape can drive the emergence of a crop pathogen and its subsequent specialization on the crop host. We found that landscape structures that promoted larger pathogen populations on the wild host facilitated the emergence of a crop pathogen, but such landscape structures also reduced the potential for the pathogen population to adapt to the crop. In addition, the evolutionary trajectory of the pathogen population was determined by interactions between the factors describing the landscape structure and those describing the pathogen life histories. Our study contributes to a better understanding of how the shift of land-use patterns in agricultural landscapes might influence crop diseases to provide predictive tools to evaluate management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Papaïx
- UMR 1290 BIOGER, INRAThiverval-Grignon, France
- UR 341 MIA, INRAJouy-en-Josas, France
- UR 546 BioSP, INRAAvignon, France
- CSIRO Agriculture FlagshipCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Jiasui Zhan
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
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Zhan J, Thrall PH, Burdon JJ. Achieving sustainable plant disease management through evolutionary principles. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:570-5. [PMID: 24853471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants and their pathogens are engaged in continuous evolutionary battles and sustainable disease management requires novel systems to create environments conducive for short-term and long-term disease control. In this opinion article, we argue that knowledge of the fundamental factors that drive host-pathogen coevolution in wild systems can provide new insights into disease development in agriculture. Such evolutionary principles can be used to guide the formulation of sustainable disease management strategies which can minimize disease epidemics while simultaneously reducing pressure on pathogens to evolve increased infectivity and aggressiveness. To ensure agricultural sustainability, disease management programs that reflect the dynamism of pathogen population structure are essential and evolutionary biologists should play an increasing role in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasui Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Peter H Thrall
- CSIRO-Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jeremy J Burdon
- CSIRO-Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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20
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Burdon JJ, Barrett LG, Rebetzke G, Thrall PH. Guiding deployment of resistance in cereals using evolutionary principles. Evol Appl 2014; 7:609-24. [PMID: 25067946 PMCID: PMC4105914 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically controlled resistance provides plant breeders with an efficient means of controlling plant disease, but this approach has been constrained by practical difficulties associated with combining many resistance genes together and strong evolutionary responses from pathogen populations leading to subsequent resistance breakdown. However, continuing advances in molecular marker technologies are revolutionizing the ability to rapidly and reliably manipulate resistances of all types - major gene, adult plant and quantitative resistance loci singly or multiply into individual host lines. Here, we argue that these advances provide major opportunities to deliberately design deployment strategies in cereals that can take advantage of the evolutionary pressures faced by target pathogens. Different combinations of genes deployed either within single host individuals or between different individuals within or among crops, can be used to reduce the size of pathogen populations and generate patterns of disruptive selection. This will simultaneously limit immediate epidemic development and reduce the probability of subsequent evolutionary change in the pathogen for broader infectivity or increased aggressiveness. The same general principles are relevant to the control of noncereal diseases, but the most efficacious controls will vary reflecting the range of genetic options available and their fit with specific ecology and life-history combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Burdon
- CSIRO, Plant Industry Canberra, ACT, Australia ; CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship Canberra, ACT, Australia
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21
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Tack AJM, Laine AL. Ecological and evolutionary implications of spatial heterogeneity during the off-season for a wild plant pathogen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:297-308. [PMID: 24372358 PMCID: PMC4285854 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While recent studies have elucidated many of the factors driving parasite dynamics during the growing season, the ecological and evolutionary dynamics during the off-season (i.e. the period between growing seasons) remain largely unexplored. We combined large-scale surveys and detailed experiments to investigate the overwintering success of the specialist plant pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis on its patchily distributed host plant Plantago lanceolata in the Åland Islands. Twelve years of epidemiological data establish the off-season as a crucial stage in pathogen metapopulation dynamics, with c. 40% of the populations going extinct during the off-season. At the end of the growing season, we observed environmentally mediated variation in the production of resting structures, with major consequences for spring infection at spatial scales ranging from single individuals to populations within a metapopulation. Reciprocal transplant experiments further demonstrated that pathogen population of origin and overwintering site jointly shaped infection intensity in spring, with a weak signal of parasite adaptation to the local off-season environment. We conclude that environmentally mediated changes in the distribution and evolution of parasites during the off-season are crucial for our understanding of host-parasite dynamics, with applied implications for combating parasites and diseases in agriculture, wildlife and human disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayco J M Tack
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Castel M, Mailleret L, Andrivon D, Ravigné V, Hamelin FM. Allee Effects and the Evolution of Polymorphism in Cyclic Parthenogens. Am Nat 2014; 183:E75-88. [DOI: 10.1086/674828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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23
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Caffier V, Lasserre-Zuber P, Giraud M, Lascostes M, Stievenard R, Lemarquand A, van de Weg E, Expert P, Denancé C, Didelot F, Le Cam B, Durel CE. Erosion of quantitative host resistance in the apple×Venturia inaequalis pathosystem. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:481-9. [PMID: 24530903 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical approaches predict that host quantitative resistance selects for pathogens with a high level of pathogenicity, leading to erosion of the resistance. This process of erosion has, however, rarely been experimentally demonstrated. To investigate the erosion of apple quantitative resistance to scab disease, we surveyed scab incidence over time in a network of three orchards planted with susceptible and quantitatively resistant apple genotypes. We sampled Venturiainaequalis isolates from two of these orchards at the beginning of the experiment and we tested their quantitative components of pathogenicity (i.e., global disease severity, lesion density, lesion size, latent period) under controlled conditions. The disease severity produced by the isolates on the quantitatively resistant apple genotypes differed between the sites. Our study showed that quantitative resistance may be subject to erosion and even complete breakdown, depending on the site. We observed this evolution over time for apple genotypes that combine two broad-spectrum scab resistance QTLs, F11 and F17, showing a significant synergic effect of this combination in favour of resistance (i.e., favourable epistatic effect). We showed that isolates sampled in the orchard where the resistance was inefficient presented a similar level of pathogenicity on both apple genotypes with quantitative resistance and susceptible genotypes. As a consequence, our results revealed a case where the use of quantitative resistance may result in the emergence of a generalist pathogen population that has extended its pathogenicity range by performing similarly on susceptible and resistant genotypes. This emphasizes the need to develop quantitative resistances conducive to trade-offs within the pathogen populations concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Caffier
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France.
| | - Pauline Lasserre-Zuber
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Michel Giraud
- CTIFL - Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Lanxade, 24130 Prigonrieux, France
| | - Matthieu Lascostes
- CRRG - Centre Régional de Ressources Génétiques, Ferme du Héron, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - René Stievenard
- CRRG - Centre Régional de Ressources Génétiques, Ferme du Héron, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Arnaud Lemarquand
- INRA, Unité Expérimentale Horticole N°34 0449, Centre d'Angers-Nantes, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Eric van de Weg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pascale Expert
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Caroline Denancé
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Frédérique Didelot
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Bruno Le Cam
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Charles-Eric Durel
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France
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Sapoukhina N, Paillard S, Dedryver F, de Vallavieille-Pope C. Quantitative plant resistance in cultivar mixtures: wheat yellow rust as a modeling case study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:888-897. [PMID: 23875842 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Unlike qualitative plant resistance, which confers immunity to disease, quantitative resistance confers only a reduction in disease severity and this can be nonspecific. Consequently, the outcome of its deployment in cultivar mixtures is not easy to predict, as on the one hand it may reduce the heterogeneity of the mixture, but on the other it may induce competition between nonspecialized strains of the pathogen. To clarify the principles for the successful use of quantitative plant resistance in disease management, we built a parsimonious model describing the dynamics of competing pathogen strains spreading through a mixture of cultivars carrying nonspecific quantitative resistance. Using the parameterized model for a wheat-yellow rust system, we demonstrate that a more effective use of quantitative resistance in mixtures involves reinforcing the effect of the highly resistant cultivars rather than replacing them. We highlight the fact that the judicious deployment of the quantitative resistance in two- or three-component mixtures makes it possible to reduce disease severity using only small proportions of the highly resistant cultivar. Our results provide insights into the effects on pathogen dynamics of deploying quantitative plant resistance, and can provide guidance for choosing appropriate associations of cultivars and optimizing diversification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sapoukhina
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207, PRES UNAM, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
- AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Sophie Paillard
- INRA, UMR 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes - IGEPP , BP 35327, F-35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Dedryver
- INRA, UMR 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes - IGEPP , BP 35327, F-35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France
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25
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Van AL, Caffier V, Lasserre-Zuber P, Chauveau A, Brunel D, Le Cam B, Durel CE. Differential selection pressures exerted by host resistance quantitative trait loci on a pathogen population: a case study in an apple × Venturia inaequalis pathosystem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:899-908. [PMID: 23278324 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how pathogens evolve according to pressures exerted by their plant hosts is essential for the derivation of strategies aimed at the durable management of resistant cultivars. The spectrum of action of the resistance factors in the partially resistant cultivars is thought to be an important determinant of resistance durability. However, it has not yet been demonstrated whether the pressures exerted by quantitative resistance are different according to their spectrum of action. To investigate selection pressures exerted by apple genotypes harbouring various resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on a mixed inoculum of the scab disease agent, Venturia inaequalis, we monitored V. inaequalis isolate proportions on diseased apple leaves of an F1 progeny using quantitative pyrosequencing technology and QTL mapping. Broad-spectrum resistances did not exert any differential selection pressures on the mixed inoculum, whereas narrow-spectrum resistances decreased the frequencies of some isolates in the mixture relative to the susceptible host genotypes. Our results suggest that the management of resistant cultivars should be different according to the spectrum of action of their resistance factors. The pyramiding of broad-spectrum factors or the use of a mixture of apple genotypes that carry narrow-spectrum resistance factors are two possible strategies for the minimization of resistance erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Lê Van
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L'UNAM, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
- AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Valérie Caffier
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L'UNAM, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
- AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Pauline Lasserre-Zuber
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L'UNAM, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
- AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Aurélie Chauveau
- INRA, US1279 Etude du Polymorphisme des Génomes Végétaux - EPGV, Centre National de Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, F-91057, Évry Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Brunel
- INRA, US1279 Etude du Polymorphisme des Génomes Végétaux - EPGV, Centre National de Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, F-91057, Évry Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Le Cam
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L'UNAM, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
- AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, F-49045, Angers, France
| | - Charles-Eric Durel
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L'UNAM, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
- AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, F-49045, Angers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, F-49045, Angers, France
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26
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Zhan J, McDonald BA. Experimental measures of pathogen competition and relative fitness. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:131-53. [PMID: 23767846 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Competition among pathogen strains for limited host resources can have a profound effect on pathogen evolution. A better understanding of the principles and consequences of competition can be useful in designing more sustainable disease management strategies. The competitive ability and relative fitness of a pathogen strain are determined by its intrinsic biological properties, the resistance and heterogeneity of the corresponding host population, the population density and genetic relatedness of the competing strains, and the physical environment. Competitive ability can be inferred indirectly from fitness components, such as basic reproduction rate or transmission rate. However, pathogen strains that exhibit higher fitness components when they infect a host alone may not exhibit a competitive advantage when they co-infect the same host. The most comprehensive measures of competitive ability and relative fitness come from calculating selection coefficients in a mixed infection in a field setting. Mark-release-recapture experiments can be used to estimate fitness costs associated with unnecessary virulence and fungicide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasui Zhan
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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27
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Tack AJM, Thrall PH, Barrett LG, Burdon JJ, Laine AL. Variation in infectivity and aggressiveness in space and time in wild host-pathogen systems: causes and consequences. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1918-1936. [PMID: 22905782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Variation in host resistance and in the ability of pathogens to infect and grow (i.e. pathogenicity) is important as it provides the raw material for antagonistic (co)evolution and therefore underlies risks of disease spread, disease evolution and host shifts. Moreover, the distribution of this variation in space and time may inform us about the mode of coevolutionary selection (arms race vs. fluctuating selection dynamics) and the relative roles of G × G interactions, gene flow, selection and genetic drift in shaping coevolutionary processes. Although variation in host resistance has recently been reviewed, little is known about overall patterns in the frequency and scale of variation in pathogenicity, particularly in natural systems. Using 48 studies from 30 distinct host-pathogen systems, this review demonstrates that variation in pathogenicity is ubiquitous across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Quantitative analysis of a subset of extensively studied plant-pathogen systems shows that the magnitude of within-population variation in pathogenicity is large relative to among-population variation and that the distribution of pathogenicity partly mirrors the distribution of host resistance. At least part of the variation in pathogenicity found at a given spatial scale is adaptive, as evidenced by studies that have examined local adaptation at scales ranging from single hosts through metapopulations to entire continents and - to a lesser extent - by comparisons of pathogenicity with neutral genetic variation. Together, these results support coevolutionary selection through fluctuating selection dynamics. We end by outlining several promising directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J M Tack
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P H Thrall
- CSIRO-Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - L G Barrett
- CSIRO-Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - J J Burdon
- CSIRO-Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - A-L Laine
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Oliver RP, Friesen TL, Faris JD, Solomon PS. Stagonospora nodorum: from pathology to genomics and host resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 50:23-43. [PMID: 22559071 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-173019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stagonospora nodorum is a major necrotrophic pathogen of wheat that causes the diseases S. nodorum leaf and glume blotch. A series of tools and resources, including functional genomics, a genome sequence, proteomics and metabolomics, host-mapping populations, and a worldwide collection of isolates, have enabled the dissection of pathogenicity mechanisms. Metabolic and signaling genes required for pathogenicity have been defined. Interaction with the host is dominated by interplay of fungal effectors that induce necrosis on wheat lines carrying specific sensitivity loci. As such, the pathogen has emerged as a model for the Pleosporales group of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Oliver
- Australian Center for Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
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