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DeEll JR, Lum GB, Mostofi Y, Lesage SK. Timing of Ethylene Inhibition Affects Internal Browning and Quality of 'Gala' Apples in Long-Term Low Oxygen Storage. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:914441. [PMID: 35707616 PMCID: PMC9190988 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.914441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the timing of ethylene inhibition with preharvest and postharvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments on internal browning and quality of 'Gala' apples in long-term low O2 storage. 'Gala' apples were obtained from the same commercial orchard during their harvesting period for 2 years of study. Preharvest 1-MCP orchard spray (3.8% a.i) was applied at the label rate of 60 g 1-MCP per acre in the first year. Postharvest 1-MCP (1 μl L-1) treatments were made for 24 h at 0.5°C either at harvest time (1 day after harvest) or after storage in controlled atmosphere (CA) in both years. Apples were stored in 1.5 kPa O2 + 0.5 kPa CO2 or 0.6 kPa O2 + <0.5 kPa CO2 for 9 months in the first year and 1.5, 1.0, or 0.5 kPa O2 + 0.5 kPa CO2 for 8 months in the second year. Storage regimes with O2 concentrations less than 1 kPa were based on fruit respiration using SafePod™ technology. After removal from storage, all apples were then evaluated for internal browning and other quality attributes after 1, 7, and 14 days at room temperature (RT, 21-22°C). Internal browning developed in 'Gala' apples during both years of study, with up to 16% incidence across treatments in the first year and up to 84% in the second year. Apples stored in 0.5-0.6 kPa O2 had significantly less internal browning during both years of study, compared to apples stored in higher O2. The effect of 1-MCP on internal browning was negligible in 0.5-0.6 kPa O2 storage. 'Gala' stored in 1.5 kPa O2 and treated with postharvest 1-MCP after storage had significantly less internal browning with preharvest 1-MCP than those without preharvest treatment. Apples treated with postharvest 1-MCP at harvest time, instead of after storage, did not exhibit this same effect. Preharvest 1-MCP-treated fruit maintained greater firmness retention than those without preharvest 1-MCP, and this effect was further enhanced when 1-MCP was applied after storage. Postharvest 1-MCP had no effect on firmness retention in fruit without preharvest 1-MCP, but lower O2 maintained greater firmness in those apples. Preharvest 1-MCP had no significant effect on internal ethylene concentration, whereas it was reduced by postharvest 1-MCP at harvest time in the first year of study, regardless of storage regimes. However, internal ethylene was only affected by storage regime in the second year, with lower concentration in fruit from 0.5 kPa O2 than in those from higher O2. Greasiness developed only in the second year and postharvest 1-MCP consistently reduced it, regardless of treatment timing and storage regime. There was no greasiness in apples treated with postharvest 1-MCP at harvest and then held in 0.5 kPa O2 for 8 months plus 14 days at room temperature. Soluble solids concentration and malic acid content were slightly higher in 'Gala' apples with preharvest 1-MCP compared to those without, whereas there was little and inconsistent effect of postharvest 1-MCP on these attributes. Overall, storage regimes with less than 1 kPa O2 provided the least amount of internal browning and best quality attributes. Ethylene inhibition provided further benefits, but this was dependent on the timing of 1-MCP treatment.
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Ding T, Tomes S, Gleave AP, Zhang H, Dare AP, Plunkett B, Espley RV, Luo Z, Zhang R, Allan AC, Zhou Z, Wang H, Wu M, Dong H, Liu C, Liu J, Yan Z, Yao JL. microRNA172 targets APETALA2 to regulate flavonoid biosynthesis in apple (Malus domestica). Hortic Res 2022; 9:uhab007. [PMID: 35039839 PMCID: PMC8846330 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA172 (miR172) plays a role in regulating a diverse range of plant developmental processes, including flowering, fruit development and nodulation. However, its role in regulating flavonoid biosynthesis is unclear. In this study, we show that transgenic apple plants over-expressing miR172 show a reduction in red coloration and anthocyanin accumulation in various tissue types. This reduction was consistent with decreased expression of APETALA2 homolog MdAP2_1a (a miR172 target gene), MdMYB10, and targets of MdMYB10, as demonstrated by both RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses. The positive role of MdAP2_1a in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis was supported by the enhanced petal anthocyanin accumulation in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing MdAP2_1a, and by the reduction in anthocyanin accumulation in apple and cherry fruits transfected with an MdAP2_1a virus-induced-gene-silencing construct. We demonstrated that MdAP2_1a could bind directly to the promoter and protein sequences of MdMYB10 in yeast and tobacco, and enhance MdMYB10 promotor activity. In Arabidopsis, over-expression of miR172 reduced flavonoid (including anthocyanins and flavonols) concentration and RNA transcript abundance of flavonoid genes in plantlets cultured on medium containing 7% sucrose. The anthocyanin content and RNA abundance of anthocyanin genes could be partially restored by using a synonymous mutant of MdAP2_1a, which had lost the miR172 target sequences at mRNA level, but not restored by using a WT MdAP2_1a. These results indicate that miR172 inhibits flavonoid biosynthesis through suppressing the expression of an AP2 transcription factor that positively regulates MdMYB10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiyu Ding
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, 32 Gangwan Road, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew P Gleave
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hengtao Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, 32 Gangwan Road, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Andrew P Dare
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Blue Plunkett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, 32 Gangwan Road, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of
Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, 32 Gangwan Road, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, 32 Gangwan Road, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, 32 Gangwan Road, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Haiqing Dong
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, 32 Gangwan Road, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Chonghuai Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, 32 Gangwan Road, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong
Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Yan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, 32 Gangwan Road, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, 32 Gangwan Road, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Li W, Yan J, Wang S, Wang Q, Wang C, Li Z, Zhang D, Ma F, Guan Q, Xu J. Genome-wide analysis of SET-domain group histone methyltransferases in apple reveals their role in development and stress responses. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:283. [PMID: 33874904 PMCID: PMC8054418 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histone lysine methylation plays an important role in plant development and stress responses by activating or repressing gene expression. Histone lysine methylation is catalyzed by a class of SET-domain group proteins (SDGs). Although an increasing number of studies have shown that SDGs play important regulatory roles in development and stress responses, the functions of SDGs in apple remain unclear. Results A total of 67 SDG members were identified in the Malus×domestica genome. Syntenic analysis revealed that most of the MdSDG duplicated gene pairs were associated with a recent genome-wide duplication event of the apple genome. These 67 MdSDG members were grouped into six classes based on sequence similarity and the findings of previous studies. The domain organization of each MdSDG class was characterized by specific patterns, which was consistent with the classification results. The tissue-specific expression patterns of MdSDGs among the 72 apple tissues in the different apple developmental stages were characterized to provide insight into their potential functions in development. The expression profiles of MdSDGs were also investigated in fruit development, the breaking of bud dormancy, and responses to abiotic and biotic stress; the results indicated that MdSDGs might play a regulatory role in development and stress responses. The subcellular localization and putative interaction network of MdSDG proteins were also analyzed. Conclusions This work presents a fundamental comprehensive analysis of SDG histone methyltransferases in apple and provides a basis for future studies of MdSDGs involved in apple development and stress responses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07596-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinjiao Yan
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shicong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dehui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jidi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Virlet N, Costes E, Martinez S, Kelner JJ, Regnard JL. Multispectral airborne imagery in the field reveals genetic determinisms of morphological and transpiration traits of an apple tree hybrid population in response to water deficit. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:5453-65. [PMID: 26208644 PMCID: PMC4585425 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies of response to water deficit in adult trees are limited by low throughput of the usual phenotyping methods in the field. Here, we aimed at overcoming this bottleneck, applying a new methodology using airborne multispectral imagery and in planta measurements to compare a high number of individuals.An apple tree population, grafted on the same rootstock, was submitted to contrasting summer water regimes over two years. Aerial images acquired in visible, near- and thermal-infrared at three dates each year allowed calculation of vegetation and water stress indices. Tree vigour and fruit production were also assessed. Linear mixed models were built accounting for date and year effects on several variables and including the differential response of genotypes between control and drought conditions.Broad-sense heritability of most variables was high and 18 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) independent of the dates were detected on nine linkage groups of the consensus apple genetic map. For vegetation and stress indices, QTLs were related to the means, the intra-crown heterogeneity, and differences induced by water regimes. Most QTLs explained 15-20% of variance.Airborne multispectral imaging proved relevant to acquire simultaneous information on a whole tree population and to decipher genetic determinisms involved in response to water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Virlet
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP 1334, TA-A-108/03, Av. Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Present address: PCBS Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Evelyne Costes
- INRA, UMR AGAP 1334, TA-A-108/03, Av. Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- INRA, UMR AGAP 1334, TA-A-108/03, Av. Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Kelner
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP 1334, TA-A-108/03, Av. Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Luc Regnard
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP 1334, TA-A-108/03, Av. Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Ibdah M, Berim A, Martens S, Valderrama ALH, Palmieri L, Lewinsohn E, Gang DR. Identification and cloning of an NADPH-dependent hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA double bond reductase involved in dihydrochalcone formation in Malus×domestica Borkh. Phytochemistry 2014; 107:24-31. [PMID: 25152451 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The apple tree (Malus sp.) is an agriculturally and economically important source of food and beverages. Many of the health beneficial properties of apples are due to (poly)phenolic metabolites that they contain, including various dihydrochalcones. Although many of the genes and enzymes involved in polyphenol biosynthesis are known in many plant species, the specific reactions that lead to the biosynthesis of the dihydrochalcone precursor, p-dihydrocoumaroyl-CoA (3), are unknown. To identify genes involved in the synthesis of these metabolites, existing genome databases of the Rosaceae were screened for apple genes with significant sequence similarity to Arabidopsis alkenal double bond reductases. Herein described are the isolation and characterization of a Malus hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA double bond reductase, which catalyzed the NADPH-dependent reduction of p-coumaroyl-CoA and feruloyl-CoA to p-dihydrocoumaroyl-CoA and dihydroferuloyl-CoA, respectively. Its apparent Km values for p-coumaroyl-CoA, feruloyl-CoA and NADPH were 96.6, 92.9 and 101.3μM, respectively. The Malus double bond reductase preferred feruloyl-CoA to p-coumaroyl-CoA as a substrate by a factor of 2.1 when comparing catalytic efficiencies in vitro. Expression analysis of the hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA double bond reductase gene revealed that its transcript levels showed significant variation in tissues of different developmental stages, but was expressed when expected for involvement in dihydrochalcone formation. Thus, the hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA double bond reductase appears to be responsible for the reduction of the α,β-unsaturated double bond of p-coumaroyl-CoA, the first step of dihydrochalcone biosynthesis in apple tissues, and may be involved in the production of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwafaq Ibdah
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA; NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, PO Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - Anna Berim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Stefan Martens
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Via E. Mach, 1 - 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Andrea Lorena Herrera Valderrama
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Via E. Mach, 1 - 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Luisa Palmieri
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Via E. Mach, 1 - 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, PO Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel
| | - David R Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 646340, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA.
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Gwanpua SG, Van Buggenhout S, Verlinden BE, Christiaens S, Shpigelman A, Vicent V, Kermani ZJ, Nicolai BM, Hendrickx M, Geeraerd A. Pectin modifications and the role of pectin-degrading enzymes during postharvest softening of Jonagold apples. Food Chem 2014; 158:283-91. [PMID: 24731343 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at understanding softening in Jonagold apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) fruits, by investigating pectin modifications and the evolution of pectin-modifying enzymes during postharvest storage and ripening. Jonagold apples were harvested at commercial maturity and stored at different temperatures and controlled atmosphere conditions for 6 months, followed by exposure to ambient shelf life conditions (20 °C under air) for 2 weeks. The composition of the pectic material was analysed. Furthermore, the firmness and the ethylene production of the apples were assessed. Generally, the main changes in pectin composition associated with the loss of firmness during ripening in Jonagold apples were a loss of side chains neutral sugars, increased water solubility and decreased molar mass. Also, the activities of four important enzymes possibly involved in apple softening, β-galactosidase, α-arabinofuranosidase, polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase, were measured. Pectin-related enzyme activities highly correlated with ethylene production, but not always with pectin modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny George Gwanpua
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, W. de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandy Van Buggenhout
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, PB 2457, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert E Verlinden
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, W. de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Christiaens
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, PB 2457, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Avi Shpigelman
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, PB 2457, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Victor Vicent
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, W. de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zahra Jamsazzadeh Kermani
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, PB 2457, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart M Nicolai
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, W. de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, W. de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, PB 2457, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemie Geeraerd
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, W. de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Caffier V, Lasserre-Zuber P, Giraud M, Lascostes M, Stievenard R, Lemarquand A, van de Weg E, Expert P, Denancé C, Didelot F, Le Cam B, Durel CE. Erosion of quantitative host resistance in the apple×Venturia inaequalis pathosystem. Infect Genet Evol 2014; 27:481-9. [PMID: 24530903 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical approaches predict that host quantitative resistance selects for pathogens with a high level of pathogenicity, leading to erosion of the resistance. This process of erosion has, however, rarely been experimentally demonstrated. To investigate the erosion of apple quantitative resistance to scab disease, we surveyed scab incidence over time in a network of three orchards planted with susceptible and quantitatively resistant apple genotypes. We sampled Venturiainaequalis isolates from two of these orchards at the beginning of the experiment and we tested their quantitative components of pathogenicity (i.e., global disease severity, lesion density, lesion size, latent period) under controlled conditions. The disease severity produced by the isolates on the quantitatively resistant apple genotypes differed between the sites. Our study showed that quantitative resistance may be subject to erosion and even complete breakdown, depending on the site. We observed this evolution over time for apple genotypes that combine two broad-spectrum scab resistance QTLs, F11 and F17, showing a significant synergic effect of this combination in favour of resistance (i.e., favourable epistatic effect). We showed that isolates sampled in the orchard where the resistance was inefficient presented a similar level of pathogenicity on both apple genotypes with quantitative resistance and susceptible genotypes. As a consequence, our results revealed a case where the use of quantitative resistance may result in the emergence of a generalist pathogen population that has extended its pathogenicity range by performing similarly on susceptible and resistant genotypes. This emphasizes the need to develop quantitative resistances conducive to trade-offs within the pathogen populations concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Caffier
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France.
| | - Pauline Lasserre-Zuber
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Michel Giraud
- CTIFL - Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Lanxade, 24130 Prigonrieux, France
| | - Matthieu Lascostes
- CRRG - Centre Régional de Ressources Génétiques, Ferme du Héron, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - René Stievenard
- CRRG - Centre Régional de Ressources Génétiques, Ferme du Héron, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Arnaud Lemarquand
- INRA, Unité Expérimentale Horticole N°34 0449, Centre d'Angers-Nantes, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Eric van de Weg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pascale Expert
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Caroline Denancé
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Frédérique Didelot
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Bruno Le Cam
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Charles-Eric Durel
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - IRHS, 49045 Angers, France
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Durand JB, Guitton B, Peyhardi J, Holtz Y, Guédon Y, Trottier C, Costes E. New insights for estimating the genetic value of segregating apple progenies for irregular bearing during the first years of tree production. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:5099-5113. [PMID: 24106292 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Because irregular bearing generates major agronomic issues in fruit-tree species, particularly in apple, the selection of regular cultivars is desirable. Here, we aimed to define methods and descriptors allowing a diagnostic for bearing behaviour during the first years of tree maturity, when tree production is increasing. Flowering occurrences were collected at whole-tree and (annual) shoot scales on a segregating apple population. At both scales, the number of inflorescences over the years was modelled. Two descriptors were derived from model residuals: a new biennial bearing index, based on deviation around yield trend over years and an autoregressive coefficient, which represents dependency between consecutive yields. At the shoot scale, entropy was also considered to represent the within-tree flowering synchronicity. Clusters of genotypes with similar bearing behaviours were built. Both descriptors at the whole-tree and shoot scales were consistent for most genotypes and were used to discriminate regular from biennial and irregular genotypes. Quantitative trait loci were detected for the new biennial bearing index at both scales. Combining descriptors at a local scale with entropy showed that regular bearing at the tree scale may result from different strategies of synchronization in flowering at the local scale. The proposed methods and indices open an avenue to quantify bearing behaviour during the first years of tree maturity and to capture genetic variations. Their extension to other progenies and species, possible variants of descriptors, and their use in breeding programmes considering a limited number of years or fruit yields are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Durand
- Grenoble University, Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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