1
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Glass JR, Harrington RC, Cowman PF, Faircloth BC, Near TJ. Widespread sympatry in a species-rich clade of marine fishes (Carangoidei). Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230657. [PMID: 37909084 PMCID: PMC10618865 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A universal paradigm describing patterns of speciation across the tree of life has been debated for decades. In marine organisms, inferring patterns of speciation using contemporary and historical patterns of biogeography is challenging due to the deficiency of species-level phylogenies and information on species' distributions, as well as conflicting relationships between species' dispersal, range size and co-occurrence. Most research on global patterns of marine fish speciation and biogeography has focused on coral reef or pelagic species. Carangoidei is an ecologically important clade of marine fishes that use coral reef and pelagic environments. We used sequence capture of 1314 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from 154 taxa to generate a time-calibrated phylogeny of Carangoidei and its parent clade, Carangiformes. Age-range correlation analyses of the geographical distributions and divergence times of sister species pairs reveal widespread sympatry, with 73% of sister species pairs exhibiting sympatric geographical distributions, regardless of node age. Most species pairs coexist across large portions of their ranges. We also observe greater disparity in body length and maximum depth between sympatric relative to allopatric sister species. These and other ecological or behavioural attributes probably facilitate sympatry among the most closely related carangoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Glass
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard C. Harrington
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peter F. Cowman
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Brant C. Faircloth
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Thomas J. Near
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology. New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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2
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Vences M, Multzsch M, Köhler J, Crottini A, Andreone F, Rakotoarison A, Scherz MD, Glaw F. Integrative revision of the Blommersia wittei complex, with description of a new species of frog from western and north-western Madagascar. Zootaxa 2023; 5319:178-198. [PMID: 37518239 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5319.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Frogs of the Blommersia wittei complex are widespread in western and northern Madagascar, and are one of two clades of the family Mantellidae that have colonized the Comoran island of Mayotte. Based on a comprehensive set of DNA sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene and the nuclear-encoded RAG1 and SACS genes, integrated with morphological and bioacoustic data, we here analyze the genetic differentiation of populations of this complex across Madagascar. We confirm that a candidate species named B. sp. Ca5 in previous studies represents a genetically well-defined evolutionary lineage distributed over much of western Madagascar, which we describe herein as Blommeria bara sp. nov. based on its molecular and bioacoustic differentiation. Blommersia wittei occurs across northern Madagascar but its type locality Ambanja, at the lower Sambirano river, is very close to the range of another, newly discovered microendemic lineage that was only found at two sites along the upper Sambirano river (here named as candidate species B. sp. Ca12). The B. wittei complex thus provides an example of a clade of closely related Malagasy frogs that contains species widespread over hundreds of kilometers, as well as extreme microendemics. For a full resolution of this species complex, more data need to be collected on the geographical contact among these two lineages, on the morphology and bioacoustics of B. sp. Ca12, and on the north-eastern populations of B. wittei at Sambava, which are weakly differentiated in mitochondrial genes but differ in bioacoustics and possibly in the extent of foot webbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Vences
- Zoologisches Institut; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Mendelssohnstr. 4; 38106 Braunschweig; Germany.
| | - Malte Multzsch
- Zoologisches Institut; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Mendelssohnstr. 4; 38106 Braunschweig; Germany.
| | - Jörn Köhler
- Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt; Friedensplatz 1; 64283 Darmstadt; Germany.
| | - Angelica Crottini
- CIBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; InBIO Laboratório Associado; Campus de Vairão; Universidade do Porto; 4485-661 Vairão; Portugal; Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; 4099-002 Porto; Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics; Biodiversity and Land Planning; CIBIO; Campus de Vairão; 4485-661 Vairão; Portugal.
| | - Franco Andreone
- Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali; Via G. Giolitti; 36; 10123 Torino; Italy.
| | - Andolalao Rakotoarison
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale; Université d'Antananarivo; BP 906; Antananarivo; 101 Madagascar; School for International Training; VN 41A Bis Ankazolava Ambohitsoa; Antananarivo; 101 Madagascar.
| | - Mark D Scherz
- Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15; 2100; Copenhagen; Denmark.
| | - Frank Glaw
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB); Münchhausenstr. 21; 81247 München; Germany.
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3
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Zimova M, Weeks BC, Willard DE, Giery ST, Jirinec V, Burner RC, Winger BM. Body size predicts the rate of contemporary morphological change in birds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2206971120. [PMID: 37155909 PMCID: PMC10193942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206971120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in evolutionary rates among species is a defining characteristic of the tree of life and may be an important predictor of species' capacities to adapt to rapid environmental change. It is broadly assumed that generation length is an important determinant of microevolutionary rates, and body size is often used as a proxy for generation length. However, body size has myriad biological correlates that could affect evolutionary rates independently from generation length. We leverage two large, independently collected datasets on recent morphological change in birds (52 migratory species breeding in North America and 77 South American resident species) to test how body size and generation length are related to the rates of contemporary morphological change. Both datasets show that birds have declined in body size and increased in wing length over the past 40 y. We found, in both systems, a consistent pattern wherein smaller species declined proportionally faster in body size and increased proportionally faster in wing length. By contrast, generation length explained less variation in evolutionary rates than did body size. Although the mechanisms warrant further investigation, our study demonstrates that body size is an important predictor of contemporary variation in morphological rates of change. Given the correlations between body size and a breadth of morphological, physiological, and ecological traits predicted to mediate phenotypic responses to environmental change, the relationship between body size and rates of phenotypic change should be considered when testing hypotheses about variation in adaptive responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Zimova
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 49109
| | - Brian C Weeks
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 49109
| | - David E Willard
- Gantz Family Collection Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605
| | - Sean T Giery
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Vitek Jirinec
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus AM 69067-375, Brazil
- Integral Ecology Research Center, Blue Lake, CA 95525
| | - Ryan C Burner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI 54603
| | - Benjamin M Winger
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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4
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Platania L, Gómez-Zurita J. Analysis of intrinsic evolutionary factors leading to microendemic distributions in New Caledonian leaf beetles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6909. [PMID: 37106022 PMCID: PMC10140066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microendemicity, or the condition of some species having local ranges, is a relatively common pattern in nature. However, the factors that lead to this pattern are still largely unknown. Most studies addressing this issue tend to focus on extrinsic factors associated with microendemic distributions, such as environmental conditions, hypothesising a posteriori about underlying potential speciation mechanisms, linked or not to these conditions. Here, we use a multi-faceted approach mostly focusing on intrinsic factors instead, namely diversification dynamics and speciation modes in two endemic sibling genera of leaf beetles with microendemic distributions, Taophila and Tricholapita, in a microendemicity hotspot, New Caledonia. Results suggest that the diversification rate in this lineage slowed down through most of the Neogene and consistently with a protracted speciation model possibly combined with several ecological and environmental factors potentially adding rate-slowing effects through time. In turn, species accumulated following successive allopatric speciation cycles, possibly powered by marked geological and climatic changes in the region in the last 25 million years, with daughter species ranges uncorrelated with the time of speciation. In this case, microendemicity seems to reflect a mature state for the system, rather than a temporary condition for recent species, as suggested for many microendemic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Platania
- Botanical Institute of Barcelona (CSIC-Ajuntament Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia S/N, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Gómez-Zurita
- Botanical Institute of Barcelona (CSIC-Ajuntament Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia S/N, 08038, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Scherz MD, Schmidt R, Brown JL, Glos J, Lattenkamp EZ, Rakotomalala Z, Rakotoarison A, Rakotonindrina RT, Randriamalala O, Raselimanana AP, Rasolonjatovo SM, Ratsoavina FM, Razafindraibe JH, Glaw F, Vences M. Repeated divergence of amphibians and reptiles across an elevational gradient in northern Madagascar. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9914. [PMID: 36937068 PMCID: PMC10019947 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
How environmental factors shape patterns of biotic diversity in tropical ecosystems is an active field of research, but studies examining the possibility of ecological speciation in terrestrial tropical ecosystems are scarce. We use the isolated rainforest herpetofauna on the Montagne d'Ambre (Amber Mountain) massif in northern Madagascar as a model to explore elevational divergence at the level of populations and communities. Based on intensive sampling and DNA barcoding of amphibians and reptiles along a transect ranging from ca. 470-1470 m above sea level (a.s.l.), we assessed a main peak in species richness at an elevation of ca. 1000 m a.s.l. with 41 species. The proportion of local endemics was highest (about 1/3) at elevations >1100 m a.s.l. Two species of chameleons (Brookesia tuberculata, Calumma linotum) and two species of frogs (Mantidactylus bellyi, M. ambony) studied in depth by newly developed microsatellite markers showed genetic divergence up the slope of the mountain, some quite strong, others very weak, but in each case with genetic breaks between 1100 and 1270 m a.s.l. Genetic clusters were found in transect sections significantly differing in bioclimate and herpetological community composition. A decrease in body size was detected in several species with increasing elevation. The studied rainforest amphibians and reptiles show concordant population genetic differentiation across elevation along with morphological and niche differentiation. Whether this parapatric or microallopatric differentiation will suffice for the completion of speciation is, however, unclear, and available phylogeographic evidence rather suggests that a complex interplay between ecological and allopatric divergence processes is involved in generating the extraordinary species diversity of Madagascar's biota. Our study reveals concordant patterns of diversification among main elevational bands, but suggests that these adaptational processes are only part of the complex of processes leading to species formation, among which geographical isolation is probably also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Scherz
- Zoologisches InstitutTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen ØDenmark
| | - Robin Schmidt
- Zoologisches InstitutTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Jason L. Brown
- School of Biological SciencesSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIllinoisUSA
| | - Julian Glos
- Institute of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Ella Z. Lattenkamp
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication GroupMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biology IILudwig Maximilians University MunichMartinsriedGermany
| | | | - Andolalao Rakotoarison
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité AnimaleUniversité d'AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
- School for International TrainingAntananarivoMadagascar
| | | | - Onja Randriamalala
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité AnimaleUniversité d'AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Achille P. Raselimanana
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité AnimaleUniversité d'AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
- Association VahatraAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Safidy M. Rasolonjatovo
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité AnimaleUniversité d'AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
- Association VahatraAntananarivoMadagascar
| | | | - Jary H. Razafindraibe
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité AnimaleUniversité d'AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Frank Glaw
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM‐SNSB)MunichGermany
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoologisches InstitutTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
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6
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Belluardo F, Jesus Muñoz-Pajares A, Miralles A, Silvestro D, Cocca W, Mihaja Ratsoavina F, Villa A, Roberts SH, Mezzasalma M, Zizka A, Antonelli A, Crottini A. Slow and steady wins the race: Diversification rate is independent from body size and lifestyle in Malagasy skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Scincinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 178:107635. [PMID: 36208694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Most of the unique and diverse vertebrate fauna that inhabits Madagascar derives from in situ diversification from colonisers that reached this continental island through overseas dispersal. The endemic Malagasy Scincinae lizards are amongst the most species-rich squamate groups on the island. They colonised all bioclimatic zones and display many ecomorphological adaptations to a fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle. Here we propose a new phylogenetic hypothesis for their diversification based on the largest taxon sampling so far compiled for this group. We estimated divergence times and investigated several aspects of their diversification (diversification rate, body size and fossorial lifestyle evolution, and biogeography). We found that diversification rate was constant throughout most of the evolutionary history of the group, but decreased over the last 6-4 million years and independently from body size and fossorial lifestyle evolution. Fossoriality has evolved from fully quadrupedal ancestors at least five times independently, which demonstrates that even complex morphological syndromes - in this case involving traits such as limb regression, body elongation, modification of cephalic scalation, depigmentation, and eyes and ear-opening regression - can evolve repeatedly and independently given enough time and eco-evolutionary advantages. Initial diversification of the group likely occurred in forests, and the divergence of sand-swimmer genera around 20 Ma appears linked to a period of aridification. Our results show that the large phenotypic variability of Malagasy Scincinae has not influenced diversification rate and that their rich species diversity results from a constant accumulation of lineages through time. By compiling large geographic and trait-related datasets together with the computation of a new time tree for the group, our study contributes important insights on the diversification of Malagasy vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Belluardo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
| | - A Jesus Muñoz-Pajares
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Aurélien Miralles
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Ch. du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Walter Cocca
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Fanomezana Mihaja Ratsoavina
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Domaine Sciences et Technologies, Université d'Antananarivo, B.P. 906, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Andrea Villa
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sam Hyde Roberts
- SEED Madagascar, Unit 7, Beethoven Street 1A, W10 4LG London, UK; Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, 0X3 0BP Oxford, UK; Operation Wallacea, Wallace House, Old Bolingbroke, PE23 4EX Spilsby, UK
| | - Marcello Mezzasalma
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Alexander Zizka
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE Richmond, UK; Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Angelica Crottini
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
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7
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Greenspan SE, Peloso P, Fuentes-González JA, Bletz M, Lyra ML, Machado IF, Martins RA, Medina D, Moura-Campos D, Neely WJ, Preuss J, Sturaro MJ, Vaz RI, Navas CA, Toledo LF, Tozetti AM, Vences M, Woodhams DC, Haddad CFB, Pienaar J, Becker CG. Low microbiome diversity in threatened amphibians from two biodiversity hotspots. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:69. [PMID: 36582011 PMCID: PMC9801548 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00220-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial diversity positively influences community resilience of the host microbiome. However, extinction risk factors such as habitat specialization, narrow environmental tolerances, and exposure to anthropogenic disturbance may homogenize host-associated microbial communities critical for stress responses including disease defense. In a dataset containing 43 threatened and 90 non-threatened amphibian species across two biodiversity hotspots (Brazil's Atlantic Forest and Madagascar), we found that threatened host species carried lower skin bacterial diversity, after accounting for key environmental and host factors. The consistency of our findings across continents suggests the broad scale at which low bacteriome diversity may compromise pathogen defenses in species already burdened with the threat of extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E. Greenspan
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - Pedro Peloso
- grid.452671.30000 0001 2175 1274Programa de Pós Gradução em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará 66077-530 Brazil ,Instituto Boitatá de Etnobiologia e Conservação da Fauna, Goiânia, Goiás 74085-480 Brazil
| | - Jesualdo A. Fuentes-González
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845The Department of Biology and the Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Molly Bletz
- grid.266685.90000 0004 0386 3207Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125 USA
| | - Mariana L. Lyra
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Biodiversity and Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo 13506-900 Brazil
| | - Ibere F. Machado
- Instituto Boitatá de Etnobiologia e Conservação da Fauna, Goiânia, Goiás 74085-480 Brazil
| | - Renato A. Martins
- grid.411247.50000 0001 2163 588XPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Conservação da Fauna, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Daniel Medina
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT; City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama, Republic of Panama ,grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16803 USA
| | - Diego Moura-Campos
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil ,grid.1001.00000 0001 2180 7477Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601 Australia
| | - Wesley J. Neely
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - Jackson Preuss
- grid.412292.e0000 0004 0417 7532Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, São Miguel Do Oeste, Santa Catarina 89900-000 Brazil
| | - Marcelo J. Sturaro
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09972-270 Brazil
| | - Renata I. Vaz
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Departamento de Fisiologia Geral, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090 Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Navas
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Departamento de Fisiologia Geral, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090 Brazil
| | - Luís Felipe Toledo
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Alexandro M. Tozetti
- grid.412302.60000 0001 1882 7290Programa de Pos-Graduacão em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande Do Sul 93022-750 Brazil
| | - Miguel Vences
- grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology, Mendelssohnstr. 4, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Douglas C. Woodhams
- grid.266685.90000 0004 0386 3207Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125 USA
| | - Célio F. B. Haddad
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Biodiversity and Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo 13506-900 Brazil
| | - Jason Pienaar
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845The Department of Biology and the Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - C. Guilherme Becker
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16803 USA
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8
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The evolution of reproductive modes and life cycles in amphibians. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7039. [PMID: 36396632 PMCID: PMC9672123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians have undergone important evolutionary transitions in reproductive modes and life-cycles. We compare large-scale macroevolutionary patterns in these transitions across the three major amphibian clades: frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. We analyse matching reproductive and phylogenetic data for 4025 species. We find that having aquatic larvae is ancestral for all three groups and is retained by many extant species (33-44%). The most frequent transitions in each group are to relatively uncommon states: live-bearing in caecilians, paedomorphosis in salamanders, and semi-terrestriality in frogs. All three groups show transitions to more terrestrial reproductive modes, but only in caecilians have these evolved sequentially from most-to-least aquatic. Diversification rates are largely independent of reproductive modes. However, in salamanders direct development accelerates diversification whereas paedomorphosis decreases it. Overall, we find a widespread retention of ancestral modes, decoupling of trait transition rates from patterns of species richness, and the general independence of reproductive modes and diversification.
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9
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Oliver PM, Bower DS, McDonald PJ, Kraus F, Luedtke J, Neam K, Hobin L, Chauvenet ALM, Allison A, Arida E, Clulow S, Günther R, Nagombi E, Tjaturadi B, Travers SL, Richards SJ. Melanesia holds the world's most diverse and intact insular amphibian fauna. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1182. [PMID: 36333588 PMCID: PMC9636264 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying hotspots of biological diversity is a key step in conservation prioritisation. Melanesia-centred on the vast island of New Guinea-is increasingly recognised for its exceptionally species-rich and endemic biota. Here we show that Melanesia has the world's most diverse insular amphibian fauna, with over 7% of recognised global frog species in less than 0.7% of the world's land area, and over 97% of species endemic. We further estimate that nearly 200 additional candidate species have been discovered but remain unnamed, pointing to a total fauna in excess of 700 species. Nearly 60% of the Melanesian frog fauna is in a lineage of direct-developing microhylids characterised by smaller distributions than co-occurring frog families, suggesting lineage-specific high beta diversity is a key driver of Melanesian anuran megadiversity. A comprehensive conservation status assessment further highlights geographic concentrations of recently described range-restricted threatened taxa that warrant urgent conservation actions. Nonetheless, by world standards, the Melanesian frog fauna is relatively intact, with 6% of assessed species listed as threatened and no documented extinctions; and thus it provides an unparalleled opportunity to understand and conserve a megadiverse and relatively intact insular biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Oliver
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4121, Australia.
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia.
| | - Deborah S Bower
- Zoology Discipline, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Peter J McDonald
- Flora and Fauna Division, Department of Environment, Parks and Water Security, Alice Springs, NT, 0870, Australia
| | - Fred Kraus
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer Luedtke
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 3701 Lake Shore Blvd W, P.O. Box 48586, Toronto, Ontario, M8W 1P5, Canada
- Re:wild, P.O. Box 129, Austin, Texas, 78767, USA
| | - Kelsey Neam
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 3701 Lake Shore Blvd W, P.O. Box 48586, Toronto, Ontario, M8W 1P5, Canada
- Re:wild, P.O. Box 129, Austin, Texas, 78767, USA
| | - Louise Hobin
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 3701 Lake Shore Blvd W, P.O. Box 48586, Toronto, Ontario, M8W 1P5, Canada
| | - Alienor L M Chauvenet
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4121, Australia
| | - Allen Allison
- Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, HI, 96817, USA
| | - Evy Arida
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Simon Clulow
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | | | - Elizah Nagombi
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Burhan Tjaturadi
- Center for Environmental Studies, Sanata Dharma University (CESSDU), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Scott L Travers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Stephen J Richards
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 3701 Lake Shore Blvd W, P.O. Box 48586, Toronto, Ontario, M8W 1P5, Canada
- Herpetology Department, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, S.A., 5000, Australia
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10
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de Toledo Moroti M, Severgnini MR, Bolovon JP, Toledo LF, Muscat E. Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits. J NAT HIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2119177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus de Toledo Moroti
- Projeto Dacnis, São Francisco Xavier and Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rafael Severgnini
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Bolovon
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Felipe Toledo
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edelcio Muscat
- Projeto Dacnis, São Francisco Xavier and Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Coelho FEA, Guillory WX, Gehara M. Coalescent simulations indicate that the São Francisco River is a biogeographic barrier for six vertebrates in a seasonally dry South American forest. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.983134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The riverine barrier hypothesis has been extensively explored in Neotropical rainforests, while its importance in drier regions such as the Caatinga, a seasonally dry tropical forest in northeastern Brazil, has only recently received more attention. The Caatinga is bisected by the São Francisco River (SFR), which has long been suggested to be an important biogeographic feature in the region. However, recent studies have found mixed support for the role of the SFR as a hard barrier, most of them relying on the presence or absence of genetic breaks congruent with its course. Here, we used published multilocus and next-generation data from six vertebrate species to test the SFR’s strength as a barrier. Using model-based approaches (approximate Bayesian computation and supervised machine learning), we tested demographic models incorporating full, intermediate, and zero migration across the SFR, estimating divergence times and migration rates for each species. We found support for the SFR’s role as a barrier, allowing gene flow for some species. Estimated divergence times varied among species but are limited to the late Pleistocene, coherent with one of several proposed paleocourse changes in the river’s geological history. Contrary to the mixed results of previous studies, our study supports the SFR as an important phylogeographic barrier across different taxonomic groups, driving diversification in the Caatinga.
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12
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Alzate A, Onstein RE. Understanding the relationship between dispersal and range size. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2303-2323. [PMID: 36001639 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The drivers of variability in species range sizes remain an outstanding enigma in ecology. The theoretical expectation of a positive dispersal-range size relationship has received mixed empirical support, despite dispersal being one of the most prominent hypothesised predictors of range size. Here, we synthesised results from 86 studies examining the dispersal-range size relationship for plants and animals in marine, terrestrial and freshwater realms. Overall, our meta-analysis showed that dispersal positively affects range size, but its effect is dependent on the clade and dispersal proxy studied. Moreover, despite potential differences in habitat connectivity, we did not find an effect of realm on the dispersal-range size relationship. Finally, the strength of the dispersal-range size relationship was dependent on latitude, range size metric and the taxonomic breadth of the study clade. Our synthesis emphasizes the importance of developing a mechanistic understanding of the trait to dispersal to range size relationship, considering the complexity of dispersal departure, transfer and settlement, as well as evolutionary components such as time for range expansion, speciation and past geological-environmental dynamics. We, therefore, call for a more integrative view of the dispersal process and its causal relationship with range size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Alzate
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Renske E Onstein
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Dufresnes C, Crochet PA. Sex chromosomes as supergenes of speciation: why amphibians defy the rules? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210202. [PMID: 35694748 PMCID: PMC9189495 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As reflected by the two rules of speciation (Haldane's rule and the large X-/Z-effect), sex chromosomes are expected to behave like supergenes of speciation: they recombine only in one sex (XX females or ZZ males), supposedly recruit sexually antagonistic genes and evolve faster than autosomes, which can all contribute to pre-zygotic and post-zygotic isolation. While this has been mainly studied in organisms with conserved sex-determining systems and highly differentiated (heteromorphic) sex chromosomes like mammals, birds and some insects, these expectations are less clear in organismal groups where sex chromosomes repeatedly change and remain mostly homomorphic, like amphibians. In this article, we review the proposed roles of sex-linked genes in isolating nascent lineages throughout the speciation continuum and discuss their support in amphibians given current knowledge of sex chromosome evolution and speciation modes. Given their frequent recombination and lack of differentiation, we argue that amphibian sex chromosomes are not expected to become supergenes of speciation, which is reflected by the rarity of empirical studies consistent with a 'large sex chromosome effect' in frogs and toads. The diversity of sex chromosome systems in amphibians has a high potential to disentangle the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the emergence of sex-linked speciation genes in other organisms. This article is part of the theme issue 'Genomic architecture of supergenes: causes and evolutionary consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dufresnes
- LASER, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
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14
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Mullin KE, Rakotomanga MG, Dawson J, Glaw F, Rakotoarison A, Orozco-terWengel P, Scherz MD. An unexpected new red-bellied Stumpffia (Microhylidae) from forest fragments in central Madagascar highlights remaining cryptic diversity. Zookeys 2022; 1104:1-28. [PMID: 36761923 PMCID: PMC9848859 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1104.82396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Madagascan endemic subfamily Cophylinae in the family Microhylidae, is an example of a taxonomic group for which much is still to be discovered. Indeed, the cophyline frogs present a large portion of Madagascar's cryptic and microendemic amphibian diversity, yet they remain understudied. A new red-bellied species of the microhylid frog genus Stumpffia is described from the central plateau of Madagascar. Visual encounter surveys in Ambohitantely and Anjozorobe in 2019 and 2020 identified this previously unknown Stumpffia species, which closely resembles Stumpffiakibomena known from Andasibe in the east. Stumpffialynnae sp. nov. adds another species to the red-bellied species complex, differing from S.kibomena by genetic differentiation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (3.6-3.9%) and distinct nuclear RAG1 haplotypes, as well as strongly by its advertisement call. The new species is known from across Ambohitantely Special Reserve and Anjozorobe Angavo protected area, but is known only from one complete specimen and eight individual tissue samples. Based on the rarity of the species, the small number of locations in which it has been found, and its disappearing forest habitat, its IUCN Red List classification is suggested as "Endangered". This species is the first Stumpffia described from Madagascar's central plateau, highlighting the importance of conserving the remnant forest fragments in this area and the ongoing need to survey and protect this threatened habitat type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Mullin
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UKCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Manoa G. Rakotomanga
- Conservation Action Plan for Madagascar (‘C.A.P. Mada’), Antananarivo, MadagascarConservation Action Plan for Madagascar (‘C.A.P. Mada’)AntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Jeff Dawson
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, La Profonde Rue, Trinity, Jersey, JE3 5BP, Channel Islands, UKDurrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès ManorJerseyUnited Kingdom
| | - Frank Glaw
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 München, GermanyZoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB)MunichGermany
| | - Andolalao Rakotoarison
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Antananarivo, MadagascarUniversity of AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar,School for International Training, VN 41A Bis Ambohitsoa Ankazolava, 101 Antananarivo, MadagascarSchool for International TrainingAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Pablo Orozco-terWengel
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UKCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Scherz
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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15
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Population diversification in the frog Mantidactylus bellyi on an isolated massif in northern Madagascar based on genetic, morphological, bioacoustic and ecological evidence. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263764. [PMID: 35358210 PMCID: PMC8970393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the processes that give rise to new species, changes first occur at the population level. But with the continuous nature of the divergence process, change in biological properties delimiting the shift from “individuals of divergent populations” towards “individuals of distinct species”, as well as abiotic factors driving the change, remain largely ambivalent. Here we study diversification processes at the population level in a semi-aquatic frog, Mantidactylus (Brygoomantis) bellyi, across the diverse vegetation types of Montagne d’Ambre National Park (MANP), Madagascar. Genetic diversity was assessed with seven newly developed microsatellite markers as well as mitochondrial DNA sequences and concordance with patterns of ecological, morphological, and bioacoustic divergence evaluated. We found M. bellyi lacking mitochondrial differentiation within MANP, while microsatellite datasets partitioned them into three highly differentiated, geographically separated subpopulations (with indications for up to five subpopulations). The molecular grouping–primarily clustering individuals by geographic proximity–was coincident with differences in mean depth and width of waters, suggesting a possible role of fluvial characteristics in genetic exchange in this stream-breeding species. Genetic clustering not consistent with differences in call properties, except for dominant call frequencies under the two-subpopulations model. Morphological divergence was mostly consistent with the genetic clustering; subpopulations strongly differed by their snout-vent length, with individuals from high-elevation subpopulations smaller than those from populations below 1000 m above sea level. These results exemplify how mountains and environmental conditions might primarily shape genetic and morphological divergence in frog populations, without strongly affecting their calls.
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16
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Mezzasalma M, Andreone F, Odierna G, Guarino FM, Crottini A. Comparative cytogenetics on eight Malagasy Mantellinae (Anura, Mantellidae) and a synthesis of the karyological data on the subfamily. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2022; 16:1-17. [PMID: 35211250 PMCID: PMC8857137 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v16.i1.76260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We performed a molecular and cytogenetic analysis on different Mantellinae species and revised the available chromosomal data on this group to provide an updated assessment of its karyological diversity and evolution. Using a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, we performed a molecular taxonomic identification of the samples that were used for cytogenetic analyses. A comparative cytogenetic analysis, with Giemsa's staining, Ag-NOR staining and sequential C-banding + Giemsa + CMA + DAPI was performed on eight species: Gephyromantis sp. Ca19, G.striatus (Vences, Glaw, Andreone, Jesu et Schimmenti, 2002), Mantidactylus (Chonomantis) sp. Ca11, M. (Brygoomantis) alutus (Peracca, 1893), M. (Hylobatrachus) cowanii (Boulenger, 1882), Spinomantispropeaglavei "North" (Methuen et Hewitt, 1913), S.phantasticus (Glaw et Vences, 1997) and S. sp. Ca3. Gephyromantisstriatus, M. (Brygoomantis) alutus and Spinomantispropeaglavei "North" have a karyotype of 2n = 24 chromosomes while the other species show 2n = 26 chromosomes. Among the analysed species we detected differences in the number and position of telocentric elements, location of NOR loci (alternatively on the 6th, 7th or 10th pair) and in the distribution of heterochromatin, which shows species-specific patterns. Merging our data with those previously available, we propose a karyotype of 2n = 26 with all biarmed elements and loci of NORs on the 6th chromosome pair as the ancestral state in the whole family Mantellidae. From this putative ancestral condition, a reduction of chromosome number through similar tandem fusions (from 2n = 26 to 2n = 24) occurred independently in Mantidactylus Boulenger, 1895 (subgenus Brygoomantis Dubois, 1992), Spinomantis Dubois, 1992 and Gephyromantis Methuen, 1920. Similarly, a relocation of NORs, from the putative primitive configuration on the 6th chromosome, occurred independently in Gephyromantis, Blommersia Dubois, 1992, Guibemantis Dubois, 1992, Mantella Boulenger, 1882 and Spinomantis. Chromosome inversions of primitive biarmed elements likely generated a variable number of telocentric elements in Mantellanigricans Guibé, 1978 and a different number of taxa of Gephyromantis (subgenera Duboimantis Glaw et Vences, 2006 and Laurentomantis Dubois, 1980) and Mantidactylus (subgenera Brygoomantis, Chonomantis Glaw et Vences, 1994, Hylobatrachus Laurent, 1943 and Ochthomantis Glaw et Vences, 1994).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Mezzasalma
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, No 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Franco Andreone
- Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Via G. Giolitti 36, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Gaetano Odierna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Maria Guarino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Crottini
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, No 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
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17
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Hutter CR, Andriampenomanana ZF, Andrianasolo GT, Cobb KA, Razafindraibe JH, Abraham RK, Lambert SM. A fantastic new species of secretive forest frog discovered from forest fragments near Andasibe, Madagascar. ZOOSYST EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.97.73630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a fantastic new species of forest frog (Mantellidae: Gephyromantis: subgenus: Laurentomantis) from moderately high elevations in the vicinity of Andasibe, Madagascar. This region has been surveyed extensively and has a remarkably high anuran diversity with many undocumented species still being discovered. Surprisingly, by exploring areas around Andasibe that lacked biodiversity surveys, we discovered a spectacular and clearly morphologically distinct species, previously unknown to science, Gephyromantis marokorokosp. nov., documented for the first time in 2015. The new species is well characterised by a very rugose and granular dorsum, dark brown skin with bright red mottling, sparse light orange to white spots on the ventre, vibrant red eyes and femoral glands present only in males that consist of eight medium-sized granules. Bioacoustically, the new species has a quiet advertisement call that differs from related species by having a moderate call duration, 2–4 strongly pulsed notes and a slow note repetition rate. Furthermore, it has substantial differentiation in mitochondrial DNA, with pairwise distances of 7–9% to all other related species in sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA marker. Additional evidence is given through a combined four mitochondrial markers and four nuclear exons concatenated species tree, strongly supporting G. striatus as the sister species of the new species in both analyses. The discovery of this new species highlights the need for continued inventory work in high elevation rainforests of Madagascar, even in relatively well-studied regions.
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18
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Zumel D, Buckley D, Ron SR. The Pristimantis trachyblepharis species group, a clade of miniaturized frogs: description of four new species and insights into the evolution of body size in the genus. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Species richness in the genus Pristimantis is underestimated due to the existence of morphologically cryptic species. This is worsened by the low sampling effort and the lack of studies using genetic markers. Here, we use molecular and morphological data to determine the phylogenetic relationships of a clade of Pristimantis distributed throughout montane tropical forests in the eastern Andes, from central Ecuador to northern Perú. We name this clade the Pristimantis trachyblepharis species group. Our results show that it comprises nine species, of which four are formally described and five are new. Four of these undescribed species are formally described here. The group is composed of miniaturized species, such as Pristimantis nanus sp. nov., currently the smallest known species of the genus and the smallest vertebrate in Ecuador. As a first approach to understanding the evolutionary origin and implications of body-size reduction in Pristimantis, we here study the phylogenetic signal and evolutionary trends of body size within the genus. We also provide the first record of P. aquilonaris in Ecuador and we show, for the first time, the phylogenetic position of P. albujai, P. aquilonaris, P. minimus and P. trachyblepharis, which are also members of the P. trachyblepharis species group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zumel
- Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC). Plaza de Murillo, 2. 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Buckley
- Departamento de Biología (Genética). Facultad de Ciencias (Ed. Biología), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)., c/ Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM). Edificio de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid., c/ Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago R Ron
- Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador
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19
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Hernández-Hernández T, Miller EC, Román-Palacios C, Wiens JJ. Speciation across the Tree of Life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1205-1242. [PMID: 33768723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of what we know about speciation comes from detailed studies of well-known model systems. Although there have been several important syntheses on speciation, few (if any) have explicitly compared speciation among major groups across the Tree of Life. Here, we synthesize and compare what is known about key aspects of speciation across taxa, including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and major animal groups. We focus on three main questions. Is allopatric speciation predominant across groups? How common is ecological divergence of sister species (a requirement for ecological speciation), and on what niche axes do species diverge in each group? What are the reproductive isolating barriers in each group? Our review suggests the following patterns. (i) Based on our survey and projected species numbers, the most frequent speciation process across the Tree of Life may be co-speciation between endosymbiotic bacteria and their insect hosts. (ii) Allopatric speciation appears to be present in all major groups, and may be the most common mode in both animals and plants, based on non-overlapping ranges of sister species. (iii) Full sympatry of sister species is also widespread, and may be more common in fungi than allopatry. (iv) Full sympatry of sister species is more common in some marine animals than in terrestrial and freshwater ones. (v) Ecological divergence of sister species is widespread in all groups, including ~70% of surveyed species pairs of plants and insects. (vi) Major axes of ecological divergence involve species interactions (e.g. host-switching) and habitat divergence. (vii) Prezygotic isolation appears to be generally more widespread and important than postzygotic isolation. (viii) Rates of diversification (and presumably speciation) are strikingly different across groups, with the fastest rates in plants, and successively slower rates in animals, fungi, and protists, with the slowest rates in prokaryotes. Overall, our study represents an initial step towards understanding general patterns in speciation across all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A.,Catedrática CONACYT asignada a LANGEBIO-UGA Cinvestav, Libramiento Norte Carretera León Km 9.6, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth C Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - Cristian Román-Palacios
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
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20
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García-Rodríguez A, Guarnizo CE, Crawford AJ, Garda AA, Costa GC. Idiosyncratic responses to drivers of genetic differentiation in the complex landscapes of Isthmian Central America. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:251-265. [PMID: 33051599 PMCID: PMC8027409 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Isthmian Central America (ICA) is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world, hosting an exceptionally high number of species per unit area. ICA was formed <25 million years ago and, consequently, its biotic assemblage is relatively young and derived from both colonization and in situ diversification. Despite intensive taxonomic work on the local fauna, the potential forces driving genetic divergences and ultimately speciation in ICA remain poorly studied. Here, we used a landscape genetics approach to test whether isolation by distance, topography, habitat suitability, or environment drive the genetic diversity of the regional frog assemblage. To this end, we combined data on landscape features and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation for nine codistributed amphibian species with disparate life histories. In five species, we found that at least one of the factors tested explained patterns of genetic divergence. However, rather than finding a general pattern, our results revealed idiosyncratic responses to historical and ecological processes, indicating that intrinsic life-history characteristics may determine the effect of different drivers of isolation on genetic divergence in ICA. Our work also suggests that the convergence of several factors promoting isolation among populations over a heterogeneous landscape might maximize genetic differentiation, despite short geographical distances. In conclusion, abiotic factors and geographical features have differentially affected the genetic diversity across the regional frog assemblage. Much more complex models (i.e., considering multiple drivers), beyond simple vicariance of Caribbean and Pacific lineages, are needed to better understand the evolutionary history of ICA's diverse biotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián García-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-153, Ciudad Universitaria, CP, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-900, RN, Brazil.
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Carlos E Guarnizo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - Andrew J Crawford
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Panamá, Republic of Panama
| | - Adrian A Garda
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-900, RN, Brazil
| | - Gabriel C Costa
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL, 36124, USA
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21
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Machine learning approaches identify male body size as the most accurate predictor of species richness. BMC Biol 2020; 18:105. [PMID: 32854698 PMCID: PMC7453550 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00835-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major challenge in biodiversity science is to understand the factors contributing to the variability of species richness -the number of different species in a community or region - among comparable taxonomic lineages. Multiple biotic and abiotic factors have been hypothesized to have an effect on species richness and have been used as its predictors, but identifying accurate predictors is not straightforward. Spiders are a highly diverse group, with some 48,000 species in 120 families; yet nearly 75% of all species are found within just the ten most speciose families. Here we use a Random Forest machine learning algorithm to test the predictive power of different variables hypothesized to affect species richness of spider genera. RESULTS We test the predictive power of 22 variables from spiders' morphological, genetic, geographic, ecological and behavioral landscapes on species richness of 45 genera selected to represent the phylogenetic and biological breath of Araneae. Among the variables, Random Forest analyses find body size (specifically, minimum male body size) to best predict species richness. Multiple Correspondence analysis confirms this outcome through a negative relationship between male body size and species richness. Multiple Correspondence analyses furthermore establish that geographic distribution of congeneric species is positively associated with genus diversity, and that genera from phylogenetically older lineages are species poorer. Of the spider-specific traits, neither the presence of ballooning behavior, nor sexual size dimorphism, can predict species richness. CONCLUSIONS We show that machine learning analyses can be used in deciphering the factors associated with diversity patterns. Since no spider-specific biology could predict species richness, but the biologically universal body size did, we believe these conclusions are worthy of broader biological testing. Future work on other groups of organisms will establish whether the detected associations of species richness with small body size and wide geographic ranges hold more broadly.
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22
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Busschau T, Conradie W, Daniels SR. One species hides many: Molecular and morphological evidence for cryptic speciation in a thread snake (Leptotyphlopidae:
Leptotyphlops sylvicolus
Broadley & Wallach, 1997). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Busschau
- Department of Botany & Zoology University of Stellenbosch Matieland South Africa
| | - Werner Conradie
- Port Elizabeth Museum Humewood South Africa
- School of Natural Resource Management, George Campus Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
| | - Savel R. Daniels
- Department of Botany & Zoology University of Stellenbosch Matieland South Africa
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23
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Womack MC, Bell RC. Two-hundred million years of anuran body-size evolution in relation to geography, ecology and life history. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1417-1432. [PMID: 32672849 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Surprisingly, little is known about body-size evolution within the most diverse amphibian order, anurans (frogs and toads), despite known effects of body size on the physiological, ecological and life-history traits of animals more generally. Here, we examined anuran body-size evolution among 2,434 species with over 200 million years of shared evolutionary history. We found clade-specific evolutionary shifts to new body-size optima along with numerous independent transitions to gigantic and miniature body sizes, despite the upper limits of anuran body size remaining quite consistent throughout the fossil record. We found a weak, positive correlation between a species' body size and maximum latitude and elevation, including a dearth of small species at higher elevations and broader latitudinal and elevational ranges in larger anurans. Although we found modest differences in mean anuran body size among microhabitats, there was extensive overlap in the range of body sizes across microhabitats. Finally, we found that larger anurans are more likely to consume vertebrate prey than smaller anurans are and that species with a free-swimming larval phase during development are larger on average than those in which development into a froglet occurs within the egg. Overall, anuran body size does not conform to geographic and ecological patterns observed in other tetrapods but is perhaps more notable for variation in body size within geographic regions, ecologies and life histories. Here, we document this variation and propose target clades for detailed studies aimed at disentangling how and why variation in body size was generated and is maintained in anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C Womack
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Rayna C Bell
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Herpetology Department, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA
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24
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Rancilhac L, Bruy T, Scherz MD, Pereira EA, Preick M, Straube N, Lyra ML, Ohler A, Streicher JW, Andreone F, Crottini A, Hutter CR, Randrianantoandro JC, Rakotoarison A, Glaw F, Hofreiter M, Vences M. Target-enriched DNA sequencing from historical type material enables a partial revision of the Madagascar giant stream frogs (genus Mantidactylus). J NAT HIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1748243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loïs Rancilhac
- Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Teddy Bruy
- Sektion Herpetologie, Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), München, Germany
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mark D. Scherz
- Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology, Braunschweig, Germany
- Sektion Herpetologie, Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), München, Germany
| | - Elvis Almeida Pereira
- Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology, Braunschweig, Germany
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Michaela Preick
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicolas Straube
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mariana L. Lyra
- Depto de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Annemarie Ohler
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey W. Streicher
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Franco Andreone
- Sezione zoologia, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy
| | - Angelica Crottini
- Cibio, Research Centre in Biodiversity, Genetics and Evolution, InBio, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Carl R. Hutter
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Andolalao Rakotoarison
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Frank Glaw
- Sektion Herpetologie, Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), München, Germany
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology, Braunschweig, Germany
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25
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Maximiano MFDA, d'Horta FM, Tuomisto H, Zuquim G, Van doninck J, Ribas CC. The relative role of rivers, environmental heterogeneity and species traits in driving compositional changes in southeastern Amazonian bird assemblages. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanna Tuomisto
- Amazon Research Team Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Gabriela Zuquim
- Amazon Research Team Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
- Department of Biology Aarhus University Denmark Europe
| | - Jasper Van doninck
- Amazon Research Team Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Camila Cherem Ribas
- Biodiversity Section Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) Manaus Brazil
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26
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Multilocus phylogeny of Paratelmatobiinae (Anura: Leptodactylidae) reveals strong spatial structure and previously unknown diversity in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 148:106819. [PMID: 32289449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Brazilian Atlantic Forest harbors high levels of anuran diversity and endemism, including several taxa restricted to small geographic ranges. Here, we provide a multilocus phylogeny for Paratelmatobiinae, a leptodactylid subfamily composed of small-ranged species distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and in the campo rupestre ecosystem. We performed Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses using three mitochondrial and five nuclear markers, and a matrix comprising a broad taxonomic sampling. We then delimitated independently evolving lineages within the group. We recovered Paratelmatobiinae and each of its four genera as monophyletic and robustly supported. Five putatively new species included in our analyses were unambiguously supported in the phylogenetic trees and delimitation analyses. We also recovered other deeply divergent and geographically structured lineages within the four genera of Paratelmatobiinae. Our estimation of divergence times indicates that diversification in the subfamily began in the Eocene and continued until the Pleistocene. We discuss possible scenarios of diversification for the four genera of Paratelmatobiinae, and outline the implications of our findings for taxonomy and conservation.
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27
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Zhu XM, Du Y, Qu YF, Li H, Gao JF, Lin CX, Ji X, Lin LH. The geographical diversification in varanid lizards: the role of mainland versus island in driving species evolution. Curr Zool 2020; 66:165-171. [PMID: 32226443 PMCID: PMC7083093 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitor lizards (Varanidae) inhabit both the mainland and islands of all geological types and have diversified into an exceptionally wide range of body sizes, thus providing an ideal model for examining the role of mainland versus island in driving species evolution. Here we use phylogenetic comparative methods to examine whether a link exists between body size-driven diversification and body size-frequency distributions in varanid lizards and to test the hypothesis that island lizards differ from mainland species in evolutionary processes, body size, and life-history traits (offspring number and size). We predict that: 1) since body size drives rapid diversification in groups, a link exists between body size-driven diversification and body size-frequency distributions; 2) because of various environments on island, island species will have higher speciation, extinction, and dispersal rates, compared with mainland species; 3) as a response to stronger intraspecific competition, island species will maximize individual ability associated with body size to outcompete closely-related species, and island species will produce smaller clutches of larger eggs to increase offspring quality. Our results confirm that the joint effect of differential macroevolutionary rates shapes the species richness pattern of varanid lizards. There is a link between body size-driven diversification and body size-frequency distributions, and the speciation rate is maximized at medium body sizes. Island species will have higher speciation, equal extinction, and higher dispersal rates compared with mainland species. Smaller clutch size and larger hatchling in the island than in mainland species indicate that offspring quality is more valuable than offspring quantity for island varanids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Ming Zhu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yu Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Herpetological Research, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Yan-Fu Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gao
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Chi-Xian Lin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Herpetological Research, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Long-Hui Lin
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
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28
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Condez TH, Haddad CFB, Zamudio KR. Historical biogeography and multi-trait evolution in miniature toadlets of the genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Evolutionary changes towards a miniaturized body plan may directly affect other important phenotypic traits related to the physiology, behaviour and ecology of organisms. The frog genus Brachycephalus is an outstanding example of a radiation of miniaturized species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We inferred ancestral states and historical changes in body size, body colour and hyperossification to test hypotheses about diversification and selective environmental mechanisms leading to the evolution of these specialized traits. The ancestral distribution was associated with high-elevation regions in the northern Serra do Mar mountain range, and diversification in the genus was coincident with important geological and climatic events during the history of the Atlantic Forest. The dynamic historical changes provided an opportunity for multiple lowland lineages and for speciation via dispersal and vicariance in multiple invasions of the highlands. The ancestral Brachycephalus was reconstructed as miniaturized and dull coloured, without hyperossification in the skin, skull or postcranial skeleton. A parallel evolution of phenotypic traits has occurred in northern and southern Atlantic Forest lineages, beginning in the Miocene. Shifts in body size are not related to elevation range or latitude. However, we found a significant correlation between the evolution of hyperossification and aposematism with increasing body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais H Condez
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA), Avenida José Ruschi, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Departamento de Zoologia e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly R Zamudio
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (EEB), Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, New York, United States
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29
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Bloom DD, Kolmann M, Foster K, Watrous H. Mode of miniaturisation influences body shape evolution in New World anchovies (Engraulidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:194-201. [PMID: 31729024 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We explored the macroevolutionary dynamics of miniaturisation in New World anchovies by integrating a time-calibrated phylogeny, geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods. We found that the paedomorphic species Amazonsprattus scintilla occupies a novel region of shape space, while the dwarf species Anchoviella manamensis has an overall shape consistent with other anchovies. We found that miniaturisation did not increase overall clade disparity in size or shape beyond the expectations of Brownian motion, nor were there differences in rates of size or shape evolution among clades. Overall, our study shows that while the mode of miniaturisation influences shape evolution, the phenotypic novelty produced by the evolution of miniaturisation did not seem to alter macroevolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin D Bloom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
- Institute of the Environment & Sustainability, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew Kolmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kimberly Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Helen Watrous
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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30
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Moen DS. What Determines the Distinct Morphology of Species with a Particular Ecology? The Roles of Many-to-One Mapping and Trade-Offs in the Evolution of Frog Ecomorphology and Performance. Am Nat 2019; 194:E81-E95. [DOI: 10.1086/704736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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31
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Wollenberg Valero KC, Marshall JC, Bastiaans E, Caccone A, Camargo A, Morando M, Niemiller ML, Pabijan M, Russello MA, Sinervo B, Werneck FP, Sites JW, Wiens JJ, Steinfartz S. Patterns, Mechanisms and Genetics of Speciation in Reptiles and Amphibians. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090646. [PMID: 31455040 PMCID: PMC6769790 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, the aspects of reptile and amphibian speciation that emerged from research performed over the past decade are reviewed. First, this study assesses how patterns and processes of speciation depend on knowing the taxonomy of the group in question, and discuss how integrative taxonomy has contributed to speciation research in these groups. This study then reviews the research on different aspects of speciation in reptiles and amphibians, including biogeography and climatic niches, ecological speciation, the relationship between speciation rates and phenotypic traits, and genetics and genomics. Further, several case studies of speciation in reptiles and amphibians that exemplify many of these themes are discussed. These include studies of integrative taxonomy and biogeography in South American lizards, ecological speciation in European salamanders, speciation and phenotypic evolution in frogs and lizards. The final case study combines genomics and biogeography in tortoises. The field of amphibian and reptile speciation research has steadily moved forward from the assessment of geographic and ecological aspects, to incorporating other dimensions of speciation, such as genetic mechanisms and evolutionary forces. A higher degree of integration among all these dimensions emerges as a goal for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathon C Marshall
- Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson Street, Dept. 2505, Ogden, UT 84401, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bastiaans
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arley Camargo
- Centro Universitario de Rivera, Universidad de la República, Ituzaingó 667, Rivera 40000, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Morando
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC, CENPAT-CONICET) Bv. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn U9120ACD, Argentina
| | - Matthew L Niemiller
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Maciej Pabijan
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michael A Russello
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Coastal Biology Building, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Fernanda P Werneck
- Programa de Coleções Científicas Biológicas, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus 69060-000, Brazil
| | - Jack W Sites
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sebastian Steinfartz
- Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Scherz MD, Glaw F, Hutter CR, Bletz MC, Rakotoarison A, Köhler J, Vences M. Species complexes and the importance of Data Deficient classification in Red List assessments: The case of Hylobatrachus frogs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219437. [PMID: 31412043 PMCID: PMC6693689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomy is the cornerstone of extinction risk assessments. Currently, the IUCN Red List treats species complexes either under a single overarching species name—resulting in an unhelpfully broad circumscription and underestimated threat assessment that does not apply to any one species lineage—or omits them altogether—resulting in the omission of species that should be assessed. We argue that taxonomic uncertainty alone, as in species complexes, should be grounds for assessment as Data Deficient (DD). Yet, use of the DD category is currently discouraged, resulting in assessments based on poor data quality and dismissal of the importance of taxonomic confidence in conservation. This policy may be leading to volatile and unwarranted assessments of hundreds of species across the world, and needs to be revised. To illustrate this point, we here present a partial taxonomic revision of torrent frogs from eastern Madagascar in the Mantidactylus subgenus Hylobatrachus. Two named species, Mantidactylus (Hylobatrachus) lugubris and M. (H.) cowanii, and several undescribed candidate species are recognised, but the application of the available names has been somewhat ambiguous. In a recent re-assessment of its conservation status, M. (H.) lugubris was assessed including all complex members except M. (H.) cowanii within its distribution, giving it a status of Least Concern and distribution over most of eastern Madagascar. After describing two of the unnamed lineages as Mantidactylus (Hylobatrachus) atsimo sp. nov. (from southeastern Madagascar) and Mantidactylus (Hylobatrachus) petakorona sp. nov. (from the Marojejy Massif in northeastern Madagascar), we show that Mantidactylus (Hylobatrachus) lugubris is restricted to the central east of Madagascar, highlighting the inaccuracy of its current Red List assessment. We propose to re-assess its status under a more restrictive definition that omits well-defined candidate species, thus representing the actual species to which its assessment refers, to the best of current knowledge. We recommend that for species complexes in general, (1) nominal lineages that can be confidently restricted should be assessed under the strict definition, (2) non-nominal species-level lineages and ambiguous names should be prioritised for taxonomic research, and (3) ambiguous names should be assessed as DD to highlight the deficiency in data on their taxonomic status, which is an impediment to their conservation. This would reduce ambiguity and underestimation of threats involved in assessing species complexes, and place the appropriate emphasis on the importance of taxonomy in anchoring conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Scherz
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), München, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Frank Glaw
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), München, Germany
| | - Carl R. Hutter
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Molly C. Bletz
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Jörn Köhler
- Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoological Institute, Braunschweig University of Technology, Braunschweig, Germany
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Integrative evidence confirms new endemic island frogs and transmarine dispersal of amphibians between Madagascar and Mayotte (Comoros archipelago). Naturwissenschaften 2019; 106:19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Crottini A, Orozco-terWengel P, Rabemananjara FCE, Hauswaldt JS, Vences M. Mitochondrial Introgression, Color Pattern Variation, and Severe Demographic Bottlenecks in Three Species of Malagasy Poison Frogs, Genus Mantella. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E317. [PMID: 31018611 PMCID: PMC6523892 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot particularly rich in amphibian diversity and only a few charismatic Malagasy amphibians have been investigated for their population-level differentiation. The Mantellamadagascariensis group is composed of two rainforest and three swamp forest species of poison frogs. We first confirm the monophyly of this clade using DNA sequences of three nuclear and four mitochondrial genes, and subsequently investigate the population genetic differentiation and demography of the swamp forest species using one mitochondrial, two nuclear and a set of nine microsatellite markers. Our results confirm the occurrence of two main mitochondrial lineages, one dominated by Mantellaaurantiaca (a grouping supported also by our microsatellite-based tree) and the other by Mantellacrocea + Mantellamilotympanum. These two main lineages probably reflect an older divergence in swamp Mantella. Widespread mitochondrial introgression suggests a fairly common occurrence of inter-lineage gene flow. However, nuclear admixture seems to play only a limited role in this group, and the analyses of the RAG-1 marker points to a predominant incomplete lineage sorting scenario between all five species of the group, which probably diverged relatively recently. Our demographic analyses show a common, severe and recent demographic contraction, inferred to be in temporal coincidence with the massive deforestation events that took place in the past 1000 years. Current data do not allow to conclusively delimit independent evolutionary units in these frogs, and we therefore refrain to suggest any taxonomic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Crottini
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, N° 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Pablo Orozco-terWengel
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Falitiana C E Rabemananjara
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.
| | - J Susanne Hauswaldt
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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35
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Abstract
This study investigated long-term substitution rate differences using three calibration points, divergences between lobe-finned vertebrates and ray-finned fish, between mammals and sauropsids, and between holosteans (gar and bowfin) and teleost fish with amino acid sequence data of 625 genes for 25 bony vertebrates. The result showed that the substitution rate was two to three times higher in the stem branches of lobe-finned vertebrates before the mammal-sauropsid divergence than in amniotes. The rate in the stem branch of ray-finned fish before the holostean-teleost fish divergence was also a few times higher than the holostean rate, whereas it was similar to or somewhat slower than the teleost fish rate. The phylogenetic relationship of coelacanth and lungfish with tetrapod was difficult to determine because of the short interval of the divergences. Considering the high rate in the stem branches, the divergences of coelacanth and lungfish from the stem branch were estimated as 408–427 Ma and 399–414 Ma, respectively, with the interval of 9–13 Myr. With the external calibration of the mammal-sauropsid split, the estimated times for ordinal divergences within eutherian mammals tend to be smaller than those in previous studies that used the calibration points within the lineage, with deeper divergences before the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary and shallower ones after the boundary. In contrast the estimated times within birds were larger than those of previous studies, with the divergence between Galliformes and Anseriformes ∼80 Ma and that between Galloanserae and Neoaves 110 Ma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takezaki
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kitagun, Kagawa, Japan
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36
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Hutter CR, Lambert SM, Andriampenomanana ZF, Glaw F, Vences M. Molecular phylogeny and diversification of Malagasy bright-eyed tree frogs (Mantellidae: Boophis). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:568-578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Cádiz A, Nagata N, Díaz LM, Suzuki-Ohno Y, Echenique-Díaz LM, Akashi HD, Makino T, Kawata M. Factors affecting interspecific differences in genetic divergence among populations of Anolis lizards in Cuba. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:21. [PMID: 30116552 PMCID: PMC6085692 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographical patterns and degrees of genetic divergence among populations differ between species, reflecting relative potentials for speciation or cladogenesis and differing capacities for environmental adaptation. Identification of factors that contribute to genetic divergence among populations is important to the understanding of why some species exhibit greater interpopulation genetic divergence. In this study, we calculated the mean pairwise genetic distances among populations as species' average genetic divergence by a phylogeny using nuclear and mitochondrial genes of 303 individuals from 33 Cuban Anolis species and estimated species ages by another phylogeny using nuclear and mitochondrial genes of 51 Cuban and 47 non-Cuban Anolis species. We identified factors that influence species' differences in genetic divergence among 26 species of Anolis lizards from Cuba. Species ages, environmental heterogeneity within species ranges, and ecomorph types were considered as factors affecting average genetic divergences among populations. RESULTS The phylogenies presented in this study provide the most comprehensive sampling of Cuban Anolis species to date. The phylogeny showed more conservative evolution of Anolis ecomorphs within Cuba and identified twig anoles as a monophyletic group. Subsequent Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares (PGLS) analyses showed that species age was positively correlated with species' average genetic divergence among populations. CONCLUSION Although previous studies have focused on factors affecting genetic divergence within species, the present study showed for the first time that species differences in genetic divergence could be largely affected by species age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cádiz
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Faculty of Biology, Havana University, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nobuaki Nagata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Luis M. Díaz
- National Museum of Natural History of Cuba, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - Takashi Makino
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masakado Kawata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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38
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Bletz MC, Scherz MD, Rakotoarison A, Lehtinen RM, Glaw F, Vences M. Stumbling upon a New Frog Species ofGuibemantis(Anura: Mantellidae) on Top of the Marojejy Massif in Northern Madagascar. COPEIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1643/ch-17-655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Alhajeri BH, Steppan SJ. Ecological and Ecomorphological Specialization Are Not Associated with Diversification Rates in Muroid Rodents (Rodentia: Muroidea). Evol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-018-9449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Santorelli S, Magnusson WE, Deus CP. Most species are not limited by an Amazonian river postulated to be a border between endemism areas. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2294. [PMID: 29396491 PMCID: PMC5797105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
At broad scales in the Amazon, it is often hypothesized that species distributions are limited by geographical barriers, such as large rivers (river-barrier hypothesis). This hypothesis has been used to explain the spatial-distribution limits of species and to indicate endemism areas for several phylogenetic lineages. We tested the ability of the river-barrier hypothesis to explain patterns of species diversity and spatial-distribution limits for 1952 easily-detected species in 14 taxonomic groups that occur around the Madeira River, and our results indicate that the hypothesis that the Madeira River is the border between endemism areas and explains much of the diversity found in the region is inappropriate for >99% of species. This indicates that alternative hypotheses should be proposed to explain the limits of distributions of species around the Madeira River, as well as a revision of the criteria that are used to determine species-endemism areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Santorelli
- Programa de Pós graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69.067-375, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - William E Magnusson
- Centro de Estudos Integrados da Biodiversidade Amazônica, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69.067-375, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69.067-375, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Claudia P Deus
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, Petrópolis, CEP 69.067-375, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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41
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Garcia VOS, Ivy C, Fu J. Syntopic frogs reveal different patterns of interaction with the landscape: A comparative landscape genetic study of Pelophylax nigromaculatus and Fejervarya limnocharis from central China. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9294-9306. [PMID: 29187969 PMCID: PMC5696414 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are often considered excellent environmental indicator species. Natural and man‐made landscape features are known to form effective genetic barriers to amphibian populations; however, amphibians with different characteristics may have different species–landscape interaction patterns. We conducted a comparative landscape genetic analysis of two closely related syntopic frog species from central China, Pelophylax nigromaculatus (PN) and Fejervarya limnocharis (FL). These two species differ in several key life history traits; PN has a larger body size and larger clutch size, and reaches sexual maturity later than FL. Microsatellite DNA data were collected and analyzed using conventional (FST, isolation by distance (IBD), AMOVA) and recently developed (Bayesian assignment test, isolation by resistance) landscape genetic methods. As predicted, a higher level of population structure in FL (FST′ = 0.401) than in PN (FST′ = 0.354) was detected, in addition to FL displaying strong IBD patterns (r = .861) unlike PN (r = .073). A general north–south break in FL populations was detected, consistent with the IBD pattern, while PN exhibited clustering of northern‐ and southern‐most populations, suggestive of altered dispersal patterns. Species‐specific resistant landscape features were also identified, with roads and land cover the main cause of resistance to FL, and elevation the main influence on PN. These different species–landscape interactions can be explained mostly by their life history traits, revealing that closely related and ecologically similar species have different responses to the same landscape features. Comparative landscape genetic studies are important in detecting such differences and refining generalizations about amphibians in monitoring environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Ivy
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada.,Present address: Department of Biology McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Jinzhong Fu
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
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42
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Bell RC, Parra JL, Badjedjea G, Barej MF, Blackburn DC, Burger M, Channing A, Dehling JM, Greenbaum E, Gvoždík V, Kielgast J, Kusamba C, Lötters S, McLaughlin PJ, Nagy ZT, Rödel M, Portik DM, Stuart BL, VanDerWal J, Zassi‐Boulou AG, Zamudio KR. Idiosyncratic responses to climate‐driven forest fragmentation and marine incursions in reed frogs from Central Africa and the Gulf of Guinea Islands. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5223-5244. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rayna C. Bell
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California, Berkeley CA USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Juan L. Parra
- Grupo de Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados Instituto de Biología Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Colombia
| | - Gabriel Badjedjea
- Département d'Ecologie et Biodiversité des ressources Aquatiques Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité Kisangani Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Michael F. Barej
- Museum für Naturkunde ‐ Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Berlin Germany
| | - David C. Blackburn
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
- Department of Herpetology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco CA USA
| | - Marius Burger
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
- Flora Fauna & Man, Ecological Services Ltd. Tortola British Virgin Islands
| | - Alan Channing
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department University of the Western Cape Bellville South Africa
| | - Jonas Maximilian Dehling
- Abteilung Biologie Institut für Integrierte Naturwissenschaften Universität Koblenz‐Landau Koblenz Germany
| | - Eli Greenbaum
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX USA
| | - Václav Gvoždík
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology National Museum Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jos Kielgast
- Section of Freshwater Biology Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Chifundera Kusamba
- Laboratoire d'Herpétologie Département de Biologie Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles Lwiro Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Zoltán T. Nagy
- Museum für Naturkunde ‐ Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Berlin Germany
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Brussels Belgium
| | - Mark‐Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde ‐ Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Berlin Germany
| | - Daniel M. Portik
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California, Berkeley CA USA
- Department of Biology University of Texas Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Jeremy VanDerWal
- Centre for Tropical Biodiveristy & Climate Change College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- Division of Research and Innovation eResearch Centre James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | | | - Kelly R. Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
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43
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Bletz MC, Archer H, Harris RN, McKenzie VJ, Rabemananjara FCE, Rakotoarison A, Vences M. Host Ecology Rather Than Host Phylogeny Drives Amphibian Skin Microbial Community Structure in the Biodiversity Hotspot of Madagascar. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1530. [PMID: 28861051 PMCID: PMC5563069 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-associated microbiotas of vertebrates are diverse and complex communities that contribute to host health. In particular, for amphibians, cutaneous microbial communities likely play a significant role in pathogen defense; however, our ecological understanding of these communities is still in its infancy. Here, we take advantage of the fully endemic and locally species-rich amphibian fauna of Madagascar to investigate the factors structuring amphibian skin microbiota on a large scale. Using amplicon-based sequencing, we evaluate how multiple host species traits and site factors affect host bacterial diversity and community structure. Madagascar is home to over 400 native frog species, all of which are endemic to the island; more than 100 different species are known to occur in sympatry within multiple rainforest sites. We intensively sampled frog skin bacterial communities, from over 800 amphibians from 89 species across 30 sites in Madagascar during three field visits, and found that skin bacterial communities differed strongly from those of the surrounding environment. Richness of bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and phylogenetic diversity differed among host ecomorphs, with arboreal frogs exhibiting lower richness and diversity than terrestrial and aquatic frogs. Host ecomorphology was the strongest factor influencing microbial community structure, with host phylogeny and site parameters (latitude and elevation) explaining less but significant portions of the observed variation. Correlation analysis and topological congruency analyses revealed little to no phylosymbiosis for amphibian skin microbiota. Despite the observed geographic variation and low phylosymbiosis, we found particular OTUs that were differentially abundant between particular ecomorphs. For example, the genus Pigmentiphaga (Alcaligenaceae) was significantly enriched on arboreal frogs, Methylotenera (Methylophilaceae) was enriched on aquatic frogs, and Agrobacterium (Rhizobiaceae) was enriched on terrestrial frogs. The presence of shared bacterial OTUs across geographic regions for selected host genera suggests the presence of core microbial communities which in Madagascar, might be driven more strongly by a species’ preference for specific microhabitats than by the physical, physiological or biochemical properties of their skin. These results corroborate that both host and environmental factors are driving community assembly of amphibian cutaneous microbial communities, and provide an improved foundation for elucidating their role in disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C Bletz
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany.,Department of Biology, James Madison University, HarrisonburgVA, United States
| | - Holly Archer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, CO, United States
| | - Reid N Harris
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, HarrisonburgVA, United States
| | - Valerie J McKenzie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, CO, United States
| | | | - Andolalao Rakotoarison
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany.,Mention Biologie et Biodiversité Animale, University of AntananarivoAntananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany
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44
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Shift from slow- to fast-water habitats accelerates lineage and phenotype evolution in a clade of Neotropical suckermouth catfishes (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178240. [PMID: 28591189 PMCID: PMC5462362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying habitat characteristics that accelerate organismal evolution is essential to understanding both the origins of life on Earth and the ecosystem properties that are most critical to maintaining life into the future. Searching for these characteristics on a large scale has only recently become possible via advances in phylogenetic reconstruction, time-calibration, and comparative analyses. In this study, we combine these tools with habitat and phenotype data for 105 species in a clade of Neotropical suckermouth catfishes commonly known as cascudinhos. Our goal was to determine whether riverine mesohabitats defined by different flow rates (i.e., pools vs. rapids) and substrates (plants vs. rocks) have affected rates of cascudinho cladogenesis and morphological diversification. In contrast to predictions based on general theory related to life in fast-flowing, rocky riverine habitats, Neoplecostomini lineages associated with these habitats exhibited increased body size, head shape diversity, and lineage and phenotype diversification rates. These findings are consistent with a growing understanding of river rapids as incubators of biological diversification and specialization. They also highlight the urgent need to conserve rapids habitats throughout the major rivers of the world.
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45
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Nowack C, Peram PS, Wenzel S, Rakotoarison A, Glaw F, Poth D, Schulz S, Vences M. Volatile compound secretion coincides with modifications of the olfactory organ in mantellid frogs. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Nowack
- Department of Cell Biology; University of Kassel; Kassel Germany
| | - P. S. Peram
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Technical University of Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - S. Wenzel
- Department of Cell Biology; University of Kassel; Kassel Germany
| | - A. Rakotoarison
- Zoological Institute; Technical University of Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - F. Glaw
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB); München Germany
| | - D. Poth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Technical University of Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - S. Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Technical University of Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - M. Vences
- Zoological Institute; Technical University of Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
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46
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Wollenberg Valero KC, Garcia-Porta J, Rodríguez A, Arias M, Shah A, Randrianiaina RD, Brown JL, Glaw F, Amat F, Künzel S, Metzler D, Isokpehi RD, Vences M. Transcriptomic and macroevolutionary evidence for phenotypic uncoupling between frog life history phases. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15213. [PMID: 28504275 PMCID: PMC5440664 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anuran amphibians undergo major morphological transitions during development, but the contribution of their markedly different life-history phases to macroevolution has rarely been analysed. Here we generate testable predictions for coupling versus uncoupling of phenotypic evolution of tadpole and adult life-history phases, and for the underlying expression of genes related to morphological feature formation. We test these predictions by combining evidence from gene expression in two distantly related frogs, Xenopus laevis and Mantidactylus betsileanus, with patterns of morphological evolution in the entire radiation of Madagascan mantellid frogs. Genes linked to morphological structure formation are expressed in a highly phase-specific pattern, suggesting uncoupling of phenotypic evolution across life-history phases. This gene expression pattern agrees with uncoupled rates of trait evolution among life-history phases in the mantellids, which we show to have undergone an adaptive radiation. Our results validate a prevalence of uncoupling in the evolution of tadpole and adult phenotypes of frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C. Wollenberg Valero
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, Florida 32114, USA
| | - Joan Garcia-Porta
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Campus of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ariel Rodríguez
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnsstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mónica Arias
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-EPHE-UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'Entomologie, CP050, 57 rue Cuvier 75005 Paris, France
| | - Abhijeet Shah
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Animal Behavior, Bielefeld University, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Roger Daniel Randrianiaina
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnsstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Université d'Antananarivo, B.P. 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Jason L. Brown
- Department of Zoology, Cooperative Wildlife Research Lab, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
| | - Frank Glaw
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), Sektion Herpetologie, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 München, Germany
| | - Felix Amat
- Àrea d‘Herpetologia (BIBIO), Museu de Granollers-Ciències Naturals, Palaudàries, 102. Jardins Antoni Jonch Cuspinera, Granollers, Catalonia 08402, Spain
| | - Sven Künzel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Dirk Metzler
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Raphael D. Isokpehi
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, Florida 32114, USA
| | - Miguel Vences
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnsstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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47
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Greenberg DA, Mooers AØ. Linking speciation to extinction: Diversification raises contemporary extinction risk in amphibians. Evol Lett 2017; 1:40-48. [PMID: 30283637 PMCID: PMC6121784 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the traits associated with elevated rates of speciation, including niche specialization and having small and isolated populations, are similarly linked with an elevated risk of extinction. This suggests that rapidly speciating lineages may also be more extinction prone. Empirical tests of a speciation-extinction correlation are rare because assessing paleontological extinction rates is difficult. However, the modern biodiversity crisis allows us to observe patterns of extinction in real time, and if this hypothesis is true then we would expect young clades that have recently diversified to have high contemporary extinction risk. Here, we examine evolutionary patterns of modern extinction risk across over 300 genera within one of the most threatened vertebrate classes, the Amphibia. Consistent with predictions, rapidly diversifying amphibian clades also had a greater share of threatened species. Curiously, this pattern is not reflected in other tetrapod classes and may reflect a greater propensity to speciate through peripheral isolation in amphibians, which is partly supported by a negative correlation between diversification rate and mean geographic range size. This clustered threat in rapidly diversifying amphibian genera means that protecting a small number of species can achieve large gains in preserving amphibian phylogenetic diversity. Nonindependence between speciation and extinction rates has many consequences for patterns of biodiversity and how we may choose to conserve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada.,Earth-to-Ocean Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada.,Crawford Lab for Evolutionary Studies Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Arne Ø Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada.,Crawford Lab for Evolutionary Studies Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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48
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Blanchard BD, Moreau CS. Defensive traits exhibit an evolutionary trade‐off and drive diversification in ants. Evolution 2016; 71:315-328. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Blanchard
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Science and Education, Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Illinois 60605
| | - Corrie S. Moreau
- Department of Science and Education, Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Illinois 60605
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Arbuckle K. Chemical antipredator defence is linked to higher extinction risk. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160681. [PMID: 28018657 PMCID: PMC5180155 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many attributes of species may be linked to contemporary extinction risk, though some such traits remain untested despite suggestions that they may be important. Here, I test whether a trait associated with higher background extinction rates, chemical antipredator defence, is also associated with current extinction risk, using amphibians as a model system-a group facing global population declines. I find that chemically defended species are approximately 60% more likely to be threatened than species without chemical defence, although the severity of the contemporary extinction risk may not relate to chemical defence. The results confirm that background and contemporary extinction rates can be predicted from the same traits, at least in certain cases. This suggests that associations between extinction risk and phenotypic traits can be temporally stable over long periods. The results also provide novel insights into the relevance of antipredator defences for species subject to conservation concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Arbuckle
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 7ZB, UK
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50
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Simon MN, Machado FA, Marroig G. High evolutionary constraints limited adaptive responses to past climate changes in toad skulls. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20161783. [PMID: 27798306 PMCID: PMC5095385 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions among traits that build a complex structure may be represented as genetic covariation and correlation. Genetic correlations may act as constraints, deflecting the evolutionary response from the direction of natural selection. We investigated the relative importance of drift, selection, and constraints in driving skull divergence in a group of related toad species. The distributional range of these species encompasses very distinct habitats with important climatic differences and the species are primarily distinguished by differences in their skulls. Some parts of the toad skull, such as the snout, may have functional relevance in reproductive ecology, detecting water cues. Thus, we hypothesized that the species skull divergence was driven by natural selection associated with climatic variation. However, given that all species present high correlations among skull traits, our second prediction was of high constraints deflecting the response to selection. We first extracted the main morphological direction that is expected to be subjected to selection by using within- and between-species covariance matrices. We then used evolutionary regressions to investigate whether divergence along this direction is explained by climatic variation between species. We also used quantitative genetics models to test for a role of random drift versus natural selection in skull divergence and to reconstruct selection gradients along species phylogeny. Climatic variables explained high proportions of between-species variation in the most selected axis. However, most evolutionary responses were not in the direction of selection, but aligned with the direction of allometric size, the dimension of highest phenotypic variance in the ancestral population. We conclude that toad species have responded to selection related to climate in their skulls, yet high evolutionary constraints dominated species divergence and may limit species responses to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Nouailhetas Simon
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Andrade Machado
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Marroig
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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