1
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Liu L, Chen G, Huang S, Wen F. Receptor Binding Properties of Neuraminidase for influenza A virus: An Overview of Recent Research Advances. Virulence 2023; 14:2235459. [PMID: 37469130 PMCID: PMC10361132 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2235459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a serious risk to both human and animal health. IAVs' receptor binding characteristics account for a major portion of their host range and tissue tropism. While the function of neuraminidase (NA) in promoting the release of progeny virus is well-known, its role in the virus entry process remains poorly understood. Studies have suggested that certain subtypes of NA can act as receptor-binding proteins, either alone or in conjunction with haemagglutinin (HA). An important distinction is that NA from the avian influenza virus have a second sialic acid-binding site (2SBS) that is preserved in avian strains but missing in human or swine strains. Those observations suggest that the 2SBS may play a key role in the adaptation of the avian influenza virus to mammalian hosts. In this review, we provide an update of the recent research advances in the receptor-binding role of NA and highlight its underestimated importance during the early stages of the IAV life cycle. By doing so, we aim to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying IAV host adaptation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Feng Wen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Antigua KJC, Baek YH, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Kim EH, Oh S, Yoon SW, Kim C, Kim EG, Choi SY, Hong SK, Choi YK, Song MS. Multiple HA substitutions in highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses contributed to the change in the NA subtype preference. Virulence 2022; 13:990-1004. [PMID: 36560870 PMCID: PMC9176248 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2082672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses are predominantly circulating worldwide, with an increasing potential threat of an outbreak in humans. It remains largely unknown how the stably maintained HPAI H5N1 suddenly altered its neuraminidase (NA) to other NA subtypes, which resulted in the emergence and evolution of H5Nx viruses. Here, we found that a combination of four specific amino acid (AA) substitutions (S123P-T156A-D183N- S223 R) in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein consistently observed in the H5Nx markedly altered the NA preference of H5N1 viruses. These molecular changes in H5N1 impaired its fitness, particularly viral growth and the functional activities of the HA and NA proteins. Among the AA substitutions identified, the T156A substitution, which contributed to the NA shift, also dramatically altered the antigenicity of H5N1 viruses, suggesting an occurrence of antigenic drift triggered by selective pressure. Our study shows the importance of how HA and NA complement each other and that antigenic drift in HA can potentially cause a shift in the NA protein in influenza A virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C. Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kon Hong
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Center for Study of Emerging and Re-Emerging, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Young Ki Choi
| | - Min Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Min Suk Song
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Wen F, Cheng Q, Guo J, Zhang H, Liu Q. Second receptor binding site of influenza A virus neuraminidase: a key factor for virus host range? Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- College of Life Science & Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- College of Life Science & Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science & Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China
| | - Haoji Zhang
- College of Life Science & Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China
| | - Quan Liu
- College of Life Science & Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China
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4
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Wang H, Zang Y, Zhao Y, Hao D, Kang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Yang Z, Zhang S. Sequence Matching between Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase through Sequence Analysis Using Machine Learning. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030469. [PMID: 35336876 PMCID: PMC8950662 DOI: 10.3390/v14030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, many experiments have revealed that the functional balance between hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) plays a crucial role in viral mobility, production, and transmission. However, whether and how HA and NA maintain balance at the sequence level needs further investigation. Here, we applied principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis on thousands of HA and NA sequences of A/H1N1 and A/H3N2. We discovered significant coevolution between HA and NA at the sequence level, which is closely related to the type of host species and virus epidemic years. Furthermore, we propose a sequence-to-sequence transformer model (S2STM), which mainly consists of an encoder and a decoder that adopts a multi-head attention mechanism for establishing the mapping relationship between HA and NA sequences. The training results reveal that the S2STM can effectively realize the “translation” from HA to NA or vice versa, thereby building a relationship network between them. Our work combines unsupervised and supervised machine learning methods to identify the sequence matching between HA and NA, which will advance our understanding of IAVs’ evolution and also provide a novel idea for sequence analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhiwei Yang
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); Tel.: +86-029-8266-8634 (Z.Y.); +86-029-8266-0915 (S.Z.)
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); Tel.: +86-029-8266-8634 (Z.Y.); +86-029-8266-0915 (S.Z.)
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Overeem NJ, van der Vries E, Huskens J. A Dynamic, Supramolecular View on the Multivalent Interaction between Influenza Virus and Host Cell. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007214. [PMID: 33682339 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how influenza viruses traverse the mucus and recognize host cells is critical for evaluating their zoonotic potential, and for prevention and treatment of the disease. The surface of the influenza A virus is covered with the receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin and the receptor-cleaving enzyme neuraminidase, which jointly control the interactions between the virus and the host cell. These proteins are organized in closely spaced trimers and tetramers to facilitate multivalent interactions with sialic acid-terminated glycans. This review shows that the individually weak multivalent interactions of influenza viruses allow superselective binding, virus-induced recruitment of receptors, and the formation of dynamic complexes that facilitate molecular walking. Techniques to measure the avidity and receptor specificity of influenza viruses are reviewed, and the pivotal role of multivalent interactions with their emergent properties in crossing the mucus and entering host cells is discussed. A model is proposed for the initiation of cell entry through virus-induced receptor clustering. The multivalent interactions of influenza viruses are maintained in a dynamic regime by a functional balance between binding and cleaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Overeem
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, Deventer, 7418 EZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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Du W, Wolfert MA, Peeters B, van Kuppeveld FJM, Boons GJ, de Vries E, de Haan CAM. Mutation of the second sialic acid-binding site of influenza A virus neuraminidase drives compensatory mutations in hemagglutinin. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008816. [PMID: 32853241 PMCID: PMC7480853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Most pandemics occurred upon adaptation of avian IAVs to humans. This adaptation includes a hallmark receptor-binding specificity switch of hemagglutinin (HA) from avian-type α2,3- to human-type α2,6-linked sialic acids. Complementary changes of the receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) are considered to restore the precarious, but poorly described, HA-NA-receptor balance required for virus fitness. In comparison to the detailed functional description of adaptive mutations in HA, little is known about the functional consequences of mutations in NA in relation to their effect on the HA-NA balance and host tropism. An understudied feature of NA is the presence of a second sialic acid-binding site (2SBS) in avian IAVs and absence of a 2SBS in human IAVs, which affects NA catalytic activity. Here we demonstrate that mutation of the 2SBS of avian IAV H5N1 disturbs the HA-NA balance. Passaging of a 2SBS-negative H5N1 virus on MDCK cells selected for progeny with a restored HA-NA balance. These viruses obtained mutations in NA that restored a functional 2SBS and/or in HA that reduced binding of avian-type receptors. Importantly, a particular HA mutation also resulted in increased binding of human-type receptors. Phylogenetic analyses of avian IAVs show that also in the field, mutations in the 2SBS precede mutations in HA that reduce binding of avian-type receptors and increase binding of human-type receptors. Thus, 2SBS mutations in NA can drive acquisition of mutations in HA that not only restore the HA-NA balance, but may also confer increased zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States of America
| | - Ben Peeters
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States of America
| | - Erik de Vries
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Hamming PHE, Overeem NJ, Huskens J. Influenza as a molecular walker. Chem Sci 2020; 11:27-36. [PMID: 32153750 PMCID: PMC7021193 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of the influenza virus is decorated with the receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin (HA) and the receptor-cleaving enzyme neuraminidase (NA). HA is responsible for host cell recognition, while NA prevents aggregation and entrapment, but the intricate mechanism of how the functions of these glycoproteins cooperate and how they are regulated by mutational responses to environmental pressures remains unclear. Recently, several groups have described the motion of influenza over surfaces and reported that this motion is inhibited by NA inhibitors. We argue that the motion of influenza resembles the motility of artificial receptor-cleaving particles called "molecular spiders". The cleaving of receptors by this type of molecular walkers leads to self-avoiding motion across a surface. When the binding and cleaving rates of molecular spiders are balanced, they move both rapidly and efficiently. The studies of molecular spiders offer new insights into the functional balance of HA and NA, but they do not address the asymmetric distribution of HA and NA on the surface of influenza. We propose that receptor-cleaving molecular walkers could play an important role in the further investigation of the motility of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Erik Hamming
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group , MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology , Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217 , 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands .
| | - Nico J Overeem
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group , MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology , Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217 , 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands .
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group , MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology , Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217 , 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands .
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8
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Naguib MM, Verhagen JH, Mostafa A, Wille M, Li R, Graaf A, Järhult JD, Ellström P, Zohari S, Lundkvist Å, Olsen B. Global patterns of avian influenza A (H7): virus evolution and zoonotic threats. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:608-621. [PMID: 31381759 PMCID: PMC8038931 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) continue to impose a negative impact on animal and human health worldwide. In particular, the emergence of highly pathogenic AIV H5 and, more recently, the emergence of low pathogenic AIV H7N9 have led to enormous socioeconomical losses in the poultry industry and resulted in fatal human infections. While H5N1 remains infamous, the number of zoonotic infections with H7N9 has far surpassed those attributed to H5. Despite the clear public health concerns posed by AIV H7, it is unclear why specifically this virus subtype became endemic in poultry and emerged in humans. In this review, we bring together data on global patterns of H7 circulation, evolution and emergence in humans. Specifically, we discuss data from the wild bird reservoir, expansion and epidemiology in poultry, significant increase in their zoonotic potential since 2013 and genesis of highly pathogenic H7. In addition, we analysed available sequence data from an evolutionary perspective, demonstrating patterns of introductions into distinct geographic regions and reassortment dynamics. The integration of all aspects is crucial in the optimisation of surveillance efforts in wild birds, poultry and humans, and we emphasise the need for a One Health approach in controlling emerging viruses such as AIV H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, 7 Nadi El-Seid Street, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Josanne H Verhagen
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 44008 Hus Vita, Kalmar SE-391 82 , Sweden
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth street, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Michelle Wille
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruiyun Li
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sjukhusvägen 85, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sjukhusvägen 85, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Ulls väg 2B, Uppsala SE-75189, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sjukhusvägen 85, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
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Lyons DM, Lauring AS. Mutation and Epistasis in Influenza Virus Evolution. Viruses 2018; 10:E407. [PMID: 30081492 PMCID: PMC6115771 DOI: 10.3390/v10080407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains a persistent public health challenge, because the rapid evolution of influenza viruses has led to marginal vaccine efficacy, antiviral resistance, and the annual emergence of novel strains. This evolvability is driven, in part, by the virus's capacity to generate diversity through mutation and reassortment. Because many new traits require multiple mutations and mutations are frequently combined by reassortment, epistatic interactions between mutations play an important role in influenza virus evolution. While mutation and epistasis are fundamental to the adaptability of influenza viruses, they also constrain the evolutionary process in important ways. Here, we review recent work on mutational effects and epistasis in influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Lyons
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Adam S Lauring
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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10
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Jang J, Bae SE. Comparative Co-Evolution Analysis Between the HA and NA Genes of Influenza A Virus. Virology (Auckl) 2018; 9:1178122X18788328. [PMID: 30038490 PMCID: PMC6053862 DOI: 10.1177/1178122x18788328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus subtypes are determined based on envelope proteins encoded by the hemagglutinin (HA) gene and the neuraminidase (NA) gene, which are involved in attachment to the host, pathogenicity, and progeny production. Here, we evaluated such differences through co-evolution analysis between the HA and NA genes based on subtype and host. Event-based cophylogeny analysis revealed that humans had higher cospeciation values than avian. In particular, the yearly ML phylogenetic trees for the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes in humans displayed similar topologies between the two genes in humans. Substitution analysis was verifying the strong positive correlation between the two genes in the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes in humans compared with those in avian and swine. These results provided a proof of principle for the further development of vaccines according to hosts and subtypes against Influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwa Jang
- Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Division of Supercomputing, Korea Institute ofScience and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Eun Bae
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Construction and comparison of different source neuraminidase candidate vaccine strains for human infection with Eurasian avian-like influenza H1N1 virus. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:635-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses. Evolutionarily, all influenza viruses are zoonoses, arising in the animal reservoir and spilling over into the human population. Several times a century, one of these zoonotic events results in a new influenza virus lineage becoming established in humans and circulating for years or decades as an endemic strain. The worldwide pandemic that occurs shortly after the nascent virus becomes established can have a profound impact on morbidity and mortality. Because influenza viruses continually evolve and the illness they engender can vary considerably based on characteristics of the strain, the weather, other circulating or endemic pathogens, as well as the number of susceptible hosts, the impact of each season on human health is unpredictable. Over time, the general pattern is for pandemic strains to adapt and gradually take on characteristics of seasonal strains with lower virulence and a diminished synergism with bacterial pathogens. Study of this punctuated evolution yields a number of insights into the overall pathogenicity of influenza viruses.
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13
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Scott SD, Kinsley R, Temperton N, Daly JM. The Optimisation of Pseudotyped Viruses for the Characterisation of Immune Responses to Equine Influenza Virus. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5040068. [PMID: 27983716 PMCID: PMC5198168 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudotyped viruses (PVs) produced by co-transfecting cells with plasmids expressing lentiviral core proteins and viral envelope proteins are potentially powerful tools for studying various aspects of equine influenza virus (EIV) biology. The aim of this study was to optimise production of equine influenza PVs. Co-transfection of the HAT protease to activate the haemagglutinin (HA) yielded a higher titre PV than TMPRSS2 with the HA from A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8), whereas for A/equine/Newmarket/79 (H3N8), both proteases resulted in equivalent titres. TMPRSS4 was ineffective with the HA of either strain. There was also an inverse relationship between the amount of protease-expression plasmids and the PV titre obtained. Interestingly, the PV titre obtained by co-transfection of a plasmid encoding the cognate N8 NA was not as high as that generated by the addition of exogenous neuraminidase (NA) from Clostridium perfringens to allow the release of nascent PV particles. Finally, initial characterisation of the reliability of PV neutralisation tests (PVNTs) demonstrated good intra-laboratory repeatability. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that equine influenza PV production can be readily optimised to provide a flexible tool for studying EIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Rebecca Kinsley
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Janet M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK.
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14
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Neverov AD, Kryazhimskiy S, Plotkin JB, Bazykin GA. Coordinated Evolution of Influenza A Surface Proteins. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005404. [PMID: 26247472 PMCID: PMC4527594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of human influenza A virus evolve under selection pressures to escape adaptive immune responses and antiviral drug treatments. In addition to these external selection pressures, some mutations in HA are known to affect the adaptive landscape of NA, and vice versa, because these two proteins are physiologically interlinked. However, the extent to which evolution of one protein affects the evolution of the other one is unknown. Here we develop a novel phylogenetic method for detecting the signatures of such genetic interactions between mutations in different genes – that is, inter-gene epistasis. Using this method, we show that influenza surface proteins evolve in a coordinated way, with mutations in HA affecting subsequent spread of mutations in NA and vice versa, at many sites. Of particular interest is our finding that the oseltamivir-resistance mutations in NA in subtype H1N1 were likely facilitated by prior mutations in HA. Our results illustrate that the adaptive landscape of a viral protein is remarkably sensitive to its genomic context and, more generally, that the evolution of any single protein must be understood within the context of the entire evolving genome. The fitness of an organism depends on the coordinated function of many genes. Thus, how a mutation in one gene affects fitness often depends on what mutations are present in other genes. This dependence is called “genetic interaction” or “epistasis”. The prevalence and type of such interactions are not well understood. Epistasis can be inferred from time-series sequencing data when a mutation in one gene is observed to facilitate the spread of a mutation in another gene. However, the situation is much more complicated when new combinations of genes are formed by processes such as recombination or reassortment. In such cases, deducing the time and order of genetic changes is difficult. Here, we devise a method to infer pairs of mutations in different genes which closely follow one another in the presence of reassortment. We apply it to evolution of two surface proteins of influenza A virus, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which are important targets for the human immune system and drugs. We show that mutations in one of these proteins are often facilitated by prior mutations, or compensated by subsequent mutations, in the other protein. In particular, drug-resistance mutations in neuraminidase were likely made possible by prior mutation in hemagglutinin. Knowledge of such interactions is necessary to fully understand and predict evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey Kryazhimskiy
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joshua B. Plotkin
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Georgii A. Bazykin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Hu W. Computational study of interdependence between hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of pandemic 2009 H1N1. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:157-66. [PMID: 25751873 PMCID: PMC7176471 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2406992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza type A viruses are classified into subtypes based on their two surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The HA protein facilitates the viral binding and entering a host cell and the NA protein helps the release of viral progeny from the infected cell. The complementary roles of HA and NA entail their collaboration, which has important implications for viral replication and fitness. The HA protein from early strains of pandemic 2009 H1N1 of swine origin preferentially binds to human type receptors with a weak binding to avian type receptors. This virus caused several human deaths in December 2013 in Texas, USA, which motivated us to investigate the changes of genetic features that might contribute to the surged virulence of the virus. Our time series analysis on the strains of this virus collected from 2009 to 2013 implied that the HA binding preference of this virus in USA, Europe, and Asia has been the characteristic of swine H1N1 virus since 2009. However, its characteristic of seasonal human H1N1 and its binding avidity for avian type receptors both were on steady rise and had a clear increase in 2013 with American strains having the sharpest surge. The first change could enhance the viral transmission and replication in humans and the second could increase its ability to cause infection deep in lungs, which might account for the recent human deaths in Texas. In light of HA and NA coadaptation and evolutionary interactions, we also explored the NA activity of this virus to reveal the functional balance between HA and NA during the course of virus evolution. Finally we identified amino acid substitutions in HA and NA of the virus that were critical for the observed evolution.
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16
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Onsirisakul N, Nakakita SI, Boonarkart C, Kongchanagul A, Suptawiwat O, Puthavathana P, Chaichuen K, Kittiniyom K, Suzuki Y, Auewarakul P. Substrate specificity of avian influenza H5N1 neuraminidase. World J Virol 2014; 3:30-36. [PMID: 25396120 PMCID: PMC4229813 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v3.i4.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterise neuraminidase (NA) substrate specificity of avian influenza H5N1 strains from humans and birds comparing to seasonal influenza virus.
METHODS: Avian influenza H5N1 strains from humans and birds were recruited for characterising their NA substrate specificity by using a modified commercial fluorescence Amplex Red assay. This method can identify the preference of α2,6-linked sialic acid or α2,3-linked sialic acid. Moreover, to avoid the bias of input virus, reverse genetic virus using NA gene from human isolated H5N1 were generated and used to compare with the seasonal influenza virus. Lastly, the substrate specificity profile was further confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the enzymatic product.
RESULTS: The H5N1 NA showed higher activity on α2,3-linked sialic acid than α2,6-linked (P < 0.0001). To compare the NA activity between the H5N1 and seasonal influenza viruses, reverse genetic viruses carrying the NA of H5N1 viruses and NA from a seasonal H3N2 virus was generated. In these reverse genetic viruses, the NA activity of the H5N1 showed markedly higher activity against α2,3-linked sialic acid than that of the H3N2 virus, whereas the activities on α2,6-linkage were comparable. Interestingly, NA from an H5N1 human isolate that was previously shown to have heamagglutinin (HA) with dual specificity showed reduced activity on α2,3-linkage. To confirm the substrate specificity profile, HPLC analytic of enzymatic product was performed. Similar to Amplex red assay, H5N1 virus showed abundant preference on α2,3-linked sialic acid.
CONCLUSION: H5N1 virus maintains the avian specific NA and NA changes may be needed to accompany changes in HA receptor preference for the viral adaptation to humans.
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17
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Glycan receptor specificity as a useful tool for characterization and surveillance of influenza A virus. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:632-41. [PMID: 25108746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are rapidly evolving pathogens with the potential for novel strains to emerge and result in pandemic outbreaks in humans. Some avian-adapted subtypes have acquired the ability to bind to human glycan receptors and cause severe infections in humans but have yet to adapt to and transmit between humans. The emergence of new avian strains and their ability to infect humans has confounded their distinction from circulating human virus strains through linking receptor specificity to human adaptation. Herein we review the various structural and biochemical analyses of influenza hemagglutinin-glycan receptor interactions. We provide our perspectives on how receptor specificity can be used to monitor evolution of the virus to adapt to human hosts so as to facilitate improved surveillance and pandemic preparedness.
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