1
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Wang J, Shewell LK, Day CJ, Jennings MP. N-glycolylneuraminic acid as a carbohydrate cancer biomarker. Transl Oncol 2023; 31:101643. [PMID: 36805917 PMCID: PMC9971276 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the forms of aberrant glycosylation in human tumors is the expression of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). The only known enzyme to biosynthesize Neu5Gc in mammals, cytidine-5'-monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMAH), appears to be genetically inactivated in humans. Regardless, low levels of Neu5Gc have been detected in healthy humans. Therefore, it is proposed that the presence of Neu5Gc in humans is from dietary acquisition, such as red meat. Notably, detection of elevated Neu5Gc levels has been repeatedly found in cancer tissues, cells and serum samples, thereby Neu5Gc-containing antigens may be exploited as a class of cancer biomarkers. Here we review the findings to date on using Neu5Gc-containing tumor glycoconjugates as a class of cancer biomarkers for cancer detection, surveillance, prognosis and therapeutic targets. We review the evidence that supports an emerging hypothesis of de novo Neu5Gc biosynthesis in human cancer cells as a source of Neu5Gc in human tumors, generated under certain metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Lucy K Shewell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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2
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Ogun OJ, Soremekun OS, Thaller G, Becker D. An In Silico Functional Analysis of Non-Synonymous Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Bovine CMAH Gene and Potential Implication in Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040591. [PMID: 37111477 PMCID: PMC10142285 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sugar molecule N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is one of the most common sialic acids discovered in mammals. Cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) catalyses the conversion of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) to Neu5Gc, and it is encoded by the CMAH gene. On the one hand, food metabolic incorporation of Neu5Gc has been linked to specific human diseases. On the other hand, Neu5Gc has been shown to be highly preferred by some pathogens linked to certain bovine diseases. We used various computational techniques to perform an in silico functional analysis of five non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of the bovine CMAH (bCMAH) gene identified from the 1000 Bull Genomes sequence data. The c.1271C>T (P424L) nsSNP was predicted to be pathogenic based on the consensus result from different computational tools. The nsSNP was also predicted to be critical based on sequence conservation, stability, and post-translational modification site analysis. According to the molecular dynamic simulation and stability analysis, all variations promoted stability of the bCMAH protein, but mutation A210S significantly promoted CMAH stability. In conclusion, c.1271C>T (P424L) is expected to be the most harmful nsSNP among the five detected nsSNPs based on the overall studies. This research could pave the way for more research associating pathogenic nsSNPs in the bCMAH gene with diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwamayowa Joshua Ogun
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Opeyemi S Soremekun
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe 5159, Uganda
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Georg Thaller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Doreen Becker
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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3
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Jajosky RP, Wu SC, Zheng L, Jajosky AN, Jajosky PG, Josephson CD, Hollenhorst MA, Sackstein R, Cummings RD, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. ABO blood group antigens and differential glycan expression: Perspective on the evolution of common human enzyme deficiencies. iScience 2023; 26:105798. [PMID: 36691627 PMCID: PMC9860303 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions and play critical roles in human health and disease. Enzyme variants and deficiencies can lead to variable expression of glycans, which can affect physiology, influence predilection for disease, and/or directly contribute to disease pathogenesis. Although certain well-characterized enzyme deficiencies result in overt disease, some of the most common enzyme deficiencies in humans form the basis of blood groups. These carbohydrate blood groups impact fundamental areas of clinical medicine, including the risk of infection and severity of infectious disease, bleeding risk, transfusion medicine, and tissue/organ transplantation. In this review, we examine the enzymes responsible for carbohydrate-based blood group antigen biosynthesis and their expression within the human population. We also consider the evolutionary selective pressures, e.g. malaria, that may account for the variation in carbohydrate structures and the implications of this biology for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Biconcavity Inc, Lilburn, GA, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leon Zheng
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Audrey N. Jajosky
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, West Henrietta, NY, USA
| | | | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Blood Bank/Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marie A. Hollenhorst
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Spada E, Galluzzo P, Torina A, Loria GR, Perego R, Grippi F, Blanda V, Baggiani L, D'Amico A, Pennisi MG, Helps CR, Malik R, Westman M, Gandolfi B, Spencer S, Proverbio D, Tasker S. Evaluating the association between blood genotype or phenotype and haemoplasma infection in UK and Italian cats. Vet Rec 2022:e2282. [PMID: 36222468 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, blood groups are associated with varying prevalence of infections. The aim of this study was to determine if associations exist between the feline AB blood group system and haemoplasma infection. METHODS Data from two studies were combined. In the first study, DNA samples from 131 haemoplasma-infected and 132 haemoplasma-uninfected UK cats underwent pyrosequencing to determine their blood genotype as AA, Ab or bb. In the second study, blood samples from 160 Italian cats of known blood phenotype A, B or AB underwent PCR testing for feline haemoplasma species DNA. RESULTS Haemoplasma infection was demonstrated in cats of all phenotypes and genotypes. A significantly higher number of Ab genotype cats tested positive for overall haemoplasma infection status (p = 0.04) and for Mycoplasma haemofelis infection (p = 0.03). LIMITATIONS Haemoplasma-infected Italian cats were few, possibly increasing the chance of type II error, and the presence of purebred cats in the sample population may have had a confounding effect. CONCLUSIONS Feline haemoplasmas do not appear to preferentially use either blood type A or B antigens as attachment sites for erythrocyte colonisation. Further investigations in a larger number of haemoplasma-infected cats of known blood phenotype are warranted to explain the association between genotype Ab and haemoplasma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia 'Adelmo Mirri', Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Torina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia 'Adelmo Mirri', Palermo, Italy
| | - Guido R Loria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia 'Adelmo Mirri', Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesca Grippi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia 'Adelmo Mirri', Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Blanda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia 'Adelmo Mirri', Palermo, Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessia D'Amico
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria G Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chris R Helps
- Langford Vets, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarah Spencer
- Comparative Biological Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.,Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Linnaeus Veterinary, Shirley, UK
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5
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Spada E, Jung H, Proverbio D, Perego R, Baggiani L, Ciuti S, Sharp CR, Nash KJ, Westman M, Lait PJP, Davidow EB. Lack of association between feline AB blood groups and retroviral status: a multicenter, multicountry study. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e194-e202. [PMID: 35635064 PMCID: PMC10812261 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between blood group antigens and disease has been studied in humans. Blood types have been associated with both decreased and increased rates of various infections. In addition, blood group expression has been shown to vary with some cancers and gastrointestinal diseases. The objective of this study was to explore whether there is a relationship between blood type and retroviral infections in cats. METHODS Case records from a veterinary research laboratory, veterinary teaching hospitals and veterinary blood banks were retrospectively searched for cats where both blood type and retroviral status (feline leukemia [FeLV], feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV] or both) were listed (part 1). In addition, a sample of 33 cats with confirmed FIV infection was genotyped to determine blood groups (part 2). RESULTS In part 1, 709 cats were identified, 119 of which were positive for retroviral infection. Among all cases, 621 were type A (87.6%), 68 were type B (9.6%) and 20 were type AB (2.8%). There was no relationship between overall retroviral status (positive/negative) and blood type (P = 0.43), between FeLV status and blood type (P = 0.86) or between FIV status and blood type (P = 0.94). There was no difference in the distribution of blood types between cats that were healthy and typed as possible blood donors vs sick cats that were typed prior to a possible transfusion (P = 0.13). In part 2, of the 33 FIV-infected cats, all blood group genotypes were identified, although this test did not discriminate type A from type AB. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE No relationship was identified between feline retroviral status and blood type in this study. The relationship between blood type and other disease states requires further study in veterinary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Hyein Jung
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Ciuti
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Claire R Sharp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Katherine J Nash
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philippa JP Lait
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Vets, Langford, Bristol, UK
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6
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Nemanichvili N, Spruit CM, Berends AJ, Gröne A, Rijks JM, Verheije MH, de Vries RP. Wild and domestic animals variably display Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc sialic acids. Glycobiology 2022; 32:791-802. [PMID: 35648131 PMCID: PMC9387512 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are used as a receptor by several viruses and variations in the linkage type or C-5 modifications affect the binding properties. A species barrier for multiple viruses is present due to α2,3- or α2,6-linked sialic acids. The C-5 position of the sialic acid can be modified to form N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), which acts as a determinant for host susceptibility for pathogens such as influenza A virus, rotavirus, and transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. Neu5Gc is present in most mammals such as pigs and horses but is absent in humans, ferrets, and dogs. However, little is known about C-5 content in wildlife species or how many C-5 modified sialic acids are present on N-linked glycans or glycolipids. Using our previously developed tissue microarray system, we investigated how 2 different lectins specific for Neu5Gc can result in varying detection levels of Neu5Gc glycans. We used these lectins to map Neu5Gc content in wild Suidae, Cervidae, tigers, and European hedgehogs. We show that Neu5Gc content is highly variable among different species. Furthermore, the removal of N-linked glycans reduces the binding of both Neu5Gc lectins while retention of glycolipids by omitting methanol treatment of tissues increases lectin binding. These findings highlight the importance of using multiple Neu5Gc lectins as the rich variety in which Neu5Gc is displayed can hardly be detected by a single lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy M Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alinda J Berends
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolianne M Rijks
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique H Verheije
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Silvestre-Ferreira A, Pastor J. Wild Felids Blood Group System. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3533. [PMID: 34944308 PMCID: PMC8698159 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild felids and domestic cats share the AB blood group. However, there have been few studies regarding the characterization and prevalence of the different blood types in wild animals. The erythrocyte membrane glycolipids of the wild cats correspond to the major disialoganglioside patterns observed in domestic cats. Like in domestic cats, type A blood seems to be the most common, although wild felid species seem to exhibit one single blood type. Of the species studied, the wild domestic cats, and the Panthera and ocelot lineages, all had type A blood; the Puma lineage showed almost exclusively type B blood. The prevalence of wild felids blood types show that there seems to be variation between species, but not within species, and no evidence of geographical variation has yet been found, showing apparently no genetic variability. The presence of alloantibodies has also been demonstrated, so the risk of life-threatening transfusion reactions due to mismatched transfusions and neonatal isoerythrolysis is a possibility. Like in other species, the recognition of wild felids blood groups is clinically relevant, as it can also be important in establishing phylogenetic relationships within the Felidae family. We will review the current knowledge on this topic and give insights into the wild felids blood groups potential for zoo transfusion medicine and phylogenetic studies in order to help support reintroduction projects and to preserve genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Silvestre-Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Josep Pastor
- Department de Medicinia i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universititat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
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8
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Feline Blood Groups: A Systematic Review of Phylogenetic and Geographical Origin. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123339. [PMID: 34944117 PMCID: PMC8698024 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Numerous breeds have been identified in the domestic cat, grouped according to their phylogenetic or geographical origin. In the cat, the AB blood group system is the most important feline system, and the determination of the blood group by specific methods is an essential step to avoid or reduce the risk of an adverse reaction in the recipient patient. Many studies have been published on the distribution and prevalence of blood types in pedigree and non-pedigree cats, but the information has never been collated in a systematic manner. Abstract Domestic cats descended from the African wildcat several thousand years ago. Cats have spread to all parts of the world, probably along routes between civilizations or geographical boundaries, leading to the movement of species, from Asia to the African continent through the Mediterranean basin, and finally to the American continent, Australia, and New Zealand. Currently, 73 cat breeds are recognized by the International Cat Association. With the increasing interest in the selection of breeds, the determination of blood groups in cats has acquired importance over time. The AB blood group system is the most important blood system in cats, in which A, B, and AB or C blood groups are identified. This systematic review describes data from previously published reports about cat blood types and cat breeds. After applying specific criteria, 28 eligible studies were identified in which the prevalence percentages for each blood group in correlation with specific cat breeds were reported. The breeds were, in turn, divided into four groups according to their geographic and phylogenetic origins as follows: Asian cat breeds, American cat breeds, European cat breeds, and breeds from Oceania. Although numerous studies were carried out before 2021, gaps in the literature on the AB system and, in particular, the Mik group are highlighted.
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9
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Uno Y, Yaguchi M, Kobayashi T, Onozawa E, Ochiai K, Yoshida K, Nakamura C, Udagawa C, Omi T. Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization for Incompatible Cross-Match Cases in the Feline AB Blood Group System. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:720445. [PMID: 34589535 PMCID: PMC8473794 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.720445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The feline AB blood group system (blood types A, B, and AB) encoding the cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene is the most significant in transfusion medicine and hemolysis of the newborn for cats. Blood typing and cross-matching in pre-transfusion testing are crucial to determining blood compatibility and thus prevent hemolytic transfusion reactions. We here performed serological and genetic investigations to characterize blood samples from cats with discordant results for card agglutination (CARD) and the alloantibody agglutination test for blood typing in two cats (subjects K and R). Subject K showed incompatible cross-matching in pre-transfusion testing. Red blood cells from subjects K and R determined blood type B from the CARD method showed blood type AB by alloanti-A and alloanti-B antibodies in agglutination testing. Genomic DNA sequencing of the coding region (exons 1a to 14) for the cat CMAH gene showed that subject K had four mutations with heterozygosity at c.139C>T, c.179G>T, c.327A>C, and c.364C>T. Similarly, the CMAH gene of subject R carried six mutations with heterozygosity at c.142G>A, c.187A>G, c.268T>A, c.327A>C, c.773G>A and c.1603G>A, representing a new diplotype including a novel synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 7 (c.773 G>A: Arg258Gln). The CMAH diplotype in subjects K and R was different from major diplotype in blood type B cats. This study is the first to report CMAH variants in cats with discordant blood types between CARD and TUBE methods. These results could assist in the classification of feline AB blood types for transfusion medicine to avoid blood incompatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Uno
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Yaguchi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Eri Onozawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karin Yoshida
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chihiro Udagawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Omi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Can H, Erkunt Alak S, Köseoğlu AE, Şahar U, Bostanbaş B, Baydarlı S, Döşkaya M, Ün C. Molecular characterization of cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene and frequency of blood types in stray cats of İzmir, Turkey. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:282. [PMID: 33874895 PMCID: PMC8054402 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytidine monophospho-n-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene associated with blood groups in cats encodes CMAH enzyme that converts Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc. Although variations in CMAH gene of pedigree cats have been revealed, the presence/lack of them in non-pedigree stray cats is unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the variations in CMAH gene and the quantity of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc on erythrocytes of non-pedigree stray cats (n:12) living in İzmir, Turkey. Also, the frequency of blood types was determined in 76 stray cats including 12 cats that were used for CMAH and Neu5A/Neu5Gc analysis. Results In total, 14 SNPs were detected in 5’UTR as well as in exon 2, 4, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of CMAH gene. Among these SNPs, -495 C > T in 5’UTR was detected for the first time as heterozygous in type A and AB cats, and homozygous and heterozygous in type B cats. The remaining 13 that have been detected in previous studies were also found as homozygous or heterozygous. Both Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac were detected in type A and AB cats. In type B cats, only Neu5Ac was detected. Among two type AB cats, the level of Neu5Ac was found higher in cat carrying heterozygous form (T/C) of 1392T > C. The prevalence of type B cats (67.1 %) was higher than others. Conclusions The presence of a new SNP as well as previous SNPs indicates that more variations can be found in stray cats with a more comprehensive study in the future. Also, the high prevalence of type B cats demonstrates the possible risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis among stray cats living in İzmir, Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Can
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Bornova, 35040, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sedef Erkunt Alak
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Bornova, 35040, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Efe Köseoğlu
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Bornova, 35040, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Umut Şahar
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Bornova, 35040, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Berna Bostanbaş
- Department of Veterinary Affairs, Municipality of Narlıdere, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Serdar Baydarlı
- Department of Veterinary Affairs, Municipality of Narlıdere, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cemal Ün
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Bornova, 35040, İzmir, Turkey.
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11
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Abstract
The era of Precision / Genomic Medicine has arrived and can improve the veterinary healthcare of companion animals. The goal of Precision / Genomic Medicine is to use an individual's DNA signature / profile to tailor their treatments of their specific health problems. Whole genome sequencing is now a cost-effective diagnostic tool, leading to the discovery of DNA variants associated with health outcomes. These DNA variants become genetic tests and can readily be applied to future cases of individuals with similar symptoms. This article addresses the current state of Precision Medicine in domestic cats and the implications for veterinary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben M Buckley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, E109 Vet Med Building, 825 East Campus Loop, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, E109 Vet Med Building, 825 East Campus Loop, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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12
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Spada E, Perego R, Baggiani L, Salatino E, Priolo V, Mangano C, Pennisi MG, Proverbio D. Prevalence of Blood Types and Alloantibodies of the AB Blood Group System in Non-Pedigree Cats from Northern (Lombardy) and Southern (Sicily) Italy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071129. [PMID: 32635140 PMCID: PMC7401586 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The most important blood group system in cats is the AB, in which cats are classified as type-A, B or AB. Cats have antibodies against the blood type they do not possess, called alloantibodies. The aims of this study were to update blood type prevalence in cats from Northern Italy and study for the first time the blood type in cats from an insular region of Southern Italy, Sicily; to detect alloantibodies in these feline populations; to compare results with previous studies performed in Italy and between regions in Northern and Southern Italy. Cats from Southern Italy had the highest prevalence of type-B and type-AB, and the lowest prevalence of type-A blood in Italy. In particular, type-AB prevalence was higher than all previous reports in non-pedigree cats in Europe and the Italian prevalence of anti-type-B alloantibodies in type-A cats was the lowest reported worldwide. These results highlight the usefulness of regional studies to report different prevalences in feline blood types. Compatibility tests such as blood typing and cross matching must be considered fundamental in cats of any origin to ensure safe and efficient blood transfusion and to prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis. Abstract The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of A, B and AB blood types and alloantibodies in non-pedigree cats from two regions, one in Northern and one in Southern Italy (Lombardy and Sicily, respectively). A total of 448 samples (52.0% from Northern and 48.0% from Southern Italy) were blood typed. The prevalence of A, B and AB blood types in northern and southern cats were 91.0%, 5.2%, 3.8%, and 77.2%, 12.1% and 10.7%, respectively. The prevalence of type-A blood in southern cats was significantly lower (p = 0.0001) than in northern cats, while type-B and AB blood were significantly higher (p = 0.0085 and p = 0.0051, respectively) in Southern compared to Northern Italian cats. Alloantibodies against type-A blood were found in 94.1% of type-B cats, 11.2% of type-A cats had alloantibodies against type-B blood, while no type-AB cats had alloantibodies with no significant difference between the two Italian populations. Type-AB prevalence in non-pedigree cats in Southern Italy was the highest reported in Europe. Italian type-A cats had the lowest worldwide prevalence of alloantibodies against type-B blood. These results highlight the usefulness of regional studies to report different prevalences in feline blood types and reinforce the importance of blood typing cats before transfusions and mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberta Perego
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Salatino
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Vito Priolo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.P.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Cyndi Mangano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.P.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.P.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (E.S.); (D.P.)
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13
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Uno Y, Kawakami S, Ochiai K, Omi T. Molecular characterization of cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase ( CMAH) associated with the erythrocyte antigens in dogs. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2019; 6:9. [PMID: 31728195 PMCID: PMC6842231 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-019-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is synthesized from its precursor N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) by cytidine-5′-monophospho-N acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), which is encoded by the CMAH gene. Most mammals have both Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac, but humans and ferrets have only Neu5Ac because of loss-of-function mutations. Dogs and cats are polymorphic for Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac expression like cats, in which the CMAH gene is responsible for the AB Blood group system. Although the CMAH gene has been characterized in many species, not much is known about it in dogs. In this study, we cloned the dog CMAH cDNA, and performed mRNA expression analysis of this gene in several organs. We also identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CMAH gene. Results We cloned the 1737-bp open reading frame of the dog CMAH gene. This gene consists of at least 14 coding exons and codes for a polypeptide of 578 amino acids and is located on chromosome 35. The amino acid identities of dog CMAH with the corresponding sequences from cat, pig, chimpanzee, mouse, and rat were high (89 to 93%). RT-PCR analysis showed that the dog CMAH cDNA was expressed in various tissues. We identified four exonic SNPs (three synonymous and one non-synonymous), 11 intronic SNPs, and an indel in 11 dog breeds by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the 14 exons, including the coding region of CMAH. In the genotype of the non-synonymous SNP, c.554 A > G (p.Lys185Arg), in a total of 285 dogs of seven different breeds, the allele G was widely distributed, and the allele A was the most frequent in the Shiba dogs. The dogs expressing Neu5Ac did not carry the loss-of-function deletion of CMAH found in humans and ferrets, and it remains unclear whether the point mutations influence the expression of Neu5Ac. Conclusions We characterized the canine CMAH gene at the molecular level for the first time. The results obtained in this study provide essential information that will help in understanding the molecular roles of the CMAH gene in canine erythrocyte antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Uno
- Department of Basic Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602 Japan
| | - Shota Kawakami
- Department of Basic Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Basic Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602 Japan
| | - Toshinori Omi
- Department of Basic Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602 Japan
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14
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Altman MO, Gagneux P. Absence of Neu5Gc and Presence of Anti-Neu5Gc Antibodies in Humans-An Evolutionary Perspective. Front Immunol 2019; 10:789. [PMID: 31134048 PMCID: PMC6524697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx of human cells differs from that of many other mammals by the lack of the sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and increased abundance of its precursor N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Most humans also have circulating antibodies specifically targeting the non-human sialic acid Neu5Gc. Recently, several additional mammalian species have been found to also lack Neu5Gc. In all cases, loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the sialic acid-modifying enzyme CMAH are responsible for the drastic change in these species. Unlike other glycan antigens, Neu5Gc apparently cannot be produced by microbes, raising the question about the origin of these antibodies in humans. Dietary exposure and presentation on bacteria coating themselves with Neu5Gc from the diet are distinct possibilities. However, the majority of the non-human species that lack Neu5Gc do not consume diets rich in Neu5Gc, making it unlikely that they will have been immunized against this sialic acid. A notable exception are mustelids (ferrets, martens and their relatives) known for preying on various small mammal species rich in Neu5Gc. No studies exist on levels of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in non-human species. Evolutionary scenarios for the repeated, independent fixation of CMAH loss-of-function mutations at various time points in the past include strong selection by parasites, especially enveloped viruses, stochastic effects of genetic drift, and directional selection via female immunity to paternal Neu5Gc. Convergent evolution of losses of the vertebrate-specific self-glycan Neu5Gc are puzzling and may represent a prominent way in which glycans become agents of evolutionary change in their own right. Such change may include the reconfiguration of innate immune lectins that use self-sialic acids as recognition patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan O Altman
- Department of Pathology, Biomedical Research and Training Facility 2, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Department of Pathology, Biomedical Research and Training Facility 2, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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15
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Kehl A, Mueller E, Giger U. CMAH genotyping survey for blood types A, B and C (AB) in purpose-bred cats. Anim Genet 2019; 50:303-306. [PMID: 30854707 DOI: 10.1111/age.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In domestic cats, the AB blood group system consists of the three types A, B and C (also called AB). Mismatches can cause acute hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolysis of the newborn (neonatal isoerythrolysis, NI). As blood types B and C are inherited recessively to A, breeders need to know the genotype to predict blood types in offspring and avoid NI. Several CMAH variants have been described as being associated with the b and ac alleles, and different genotyping schemes exist. Here, we genotyped 2145 cats with the original SNV panel, including SNVs c.142G>A and ∆-53, and our new scheme, with SNVs c.179G>T, c.268T>A and c.1322delT, to differentiate types A and B and added the SNV for the common ac (c.364C>T). Based upon the new scheme, all samples were assigned the correct genotype. No discordances appeared for the A allele, and new breed-specific SNVs (c.179G>T, c.1322delT) for the b allele were discovered. Furthermore, the genotypes A/ac (type A), ac /ac (C) and ac /b (C) could be detected. We found the variant c.179G>T in additional breeds: Ragdoll, Siberian, Scottish Fold, Chartreux, Neva Masquerade, British Shorthair and Highlander. Also, the variant c.364C>T was detected in additional breeds: Bengal, British Shorthair, Maine Coon, and Scottish Fold. We conclude that our new SNV panel is superior in genotyping cats than the original SNV panel and assures correct assignments of types A, B and C to assist veterinary clinicians and breeders to recognize, confirm and avoid blood incompatibilities such as acute hemolytic transfusion reactions and NI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kehl
- Laboklin, Steubenstraße 4, Bad Kissingen, D-97688, Germany
| | - E Mueller
- Laboklin, Steubenstraße 4, Bad Kissingen, D-97688, Germany
| | - U Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6010, USA
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16
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Zaremba R, Brooks A, Thomovsky E. Transfusion Medicine: An Update on Antigens, Antibodies and Serologic Testing in Dogs and Cats. Top Companion Anim Med 2019; 34:36-46. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Peri S, Kulkarni A, Feyertag F, Berninsone PM, Alvarez-Ponce D. Phylogenetic Distribution of CMP-Neu5Ac Hydroxylase (CMAH), the Enzyme Synthetizing the Proinflammatory Human Xenoantigen Neu5Gc. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:207-219. [PMID: 29206915 PMCID: PMC5767959 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) is responsible for the synthesis of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a sialic acid present on the cell surface proteins of most deuterostomes. The CMAH gene is thought to be present in most deuterostomes, but it has been inactivated in a number of lineages, including humans. The inability of humans to synthesize Neu5Gc has had several evolutionary and biomedical implications. Remarkably, Neu5Gc is a xenoantigen for humans, and consumption of Neu5Gc-containing foods, such as red meats, may promote inflammation, arthritis, and cancer. Likewise, xenotransplantation of organs producing Neu5Gc can result in inflammation and organ rejection. Therefore, knowing what animal species contain a functional CMAH gene, and are thus capable of endogenous Neu5Gc synthesis, has potentially far-reaching implications. In addition to humans, other lineages are known, or suspected, to have lost CMAH; however, to date reports of absent and pseudogenic CMAH genes are restricted to a handful of species. Here, we analyze all available genomic data for nondeuterostomes, and 322 deuterostome genomes, to ascertain the phylogenetic distribution of CMAH. Among nondeuterostomes, we found CMAH homologs in two green algae and a few prokaryotes. Within deuterostomes, putatively functional CMAH homologs are present in 184 of the studied genomes, and a total of 31 independent gene losses/pseudogenization events were inferred. Our work produces a list of animals inferred to be free from endogenous Neu5Gc based on the absence of CMAH homologs and are thus potential candidates for human consumption, xenotransplantation research, and model organisms for investigation of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sateesh Peri
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno
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18
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Kehl A, Heimberger K, Langbein-Detsch I, Boehmer S, Raj K, Mueller E, Giger U. Molecular characterization of blood type A, B, and C (AB) in domestic cats and a CMAH genotyping scheme. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204287. [PMID: 30235335 PMCID: PMC6147723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In domestic cats, the AB blood group system consists of the three types A, B, and C (usually called AB), which vary in frequency among breeds and geographic regions. Mismatches cause acute hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolysis of the newborn due to the presence of naturally occurring anti-A alloantibodies. Cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) converts N-acetylneuraminic acid (type B) to N-glycolylneuraminic acid (type A), and type C erythrocytes express both antigens. We examined the feline CMAH coding regions and genotyped cats to characterize type A, B, and C animals. Of 421 phenotypically typed cats, 60% were A, 35% B and 5% C. Among the 70 cats for which the CMAH coding region was sequenced, 13 new variants were identified in addition to 16 of the previously reported 18 variants. The CMAH variant c.268T>A is seen in type B cats of most breeds, and the variant c.179G>T results in type B in Turkish breeds. The variants c.1322delT and c.933delA cause frameshifts with early stop codons and thereby type B in some Ragdolls and domestic shorthair cats, respectively. Protein modeling with PROVEAN affirmed their deleterious effects. No type A and C cats had more than one allele with one of the above variants. Variant analysis of three SNVs (c.142G>A, c.268T>A and Δ-53) and blood typing of an additional 351 typed cats showed complete phenotype-genotype concordance. In conclusion, the three CMAH variants c.179G>T, c.268T>A and c.1322delT are the main reasons for the defective NeuGc synthesis causing blood type B in domestic purebred and non-pedigreed cats. Together with the variant c.364C>T for type C in Ragdolls they offer a molecular screening scheme for clinical diagnostics to assure blood type compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karthik Raj
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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19
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Vieira SM, Ferreira RRF, de Matos AJ, Cardoso IM, Graça RMC, Soares AR, Blasi-Brugué C, Sánchez IM, Gopegui RR. Distribution of feline AB blood types: a review of frequencies and its implications in the Iberian Peninsula. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917727693. [PMID: 28975035 PMCID: PMC5613844 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917727693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to document the prevalence of feline blood types in the Iberian Peninsula and to determine the potential risk of incompatibility-related transfusion reactions in unmatched transfusions and the potential risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) in kittens born to parents of unknown blood type. Methods Blood samples were obtained from blood donors of the Animal Blood Bank (BSA-Banco de Sangue Animal). Blood typing was performed using a card method (RapidVet-H Feline Blood Typing; MDS). Results The studied population comprised 1070 purebred and non-purebred cats from Portugal and Spain aged between 1 and 8 years. Overall, frequencies of blood types A and B were 96.5% and 3.5%, respectively. No AB cats were found. Based on these data, the potential risks of NI and transfusion reactions in unmatched transfusions were calculated to be 6.8% and 2.8%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance Unlike previous studies, no type AB cats were found in this study. Although the calculated potential risks of transfusion reaction in unmatched transfusions and neonatal isoerythrolysis were low, blood typing prior to blood transfusion and blood typing of cats for breeding purposes are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui R F Ferreira
- Animal Blood Bank, Porto, Portugal.,Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusto Jf de Matos
- Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Carles Blasi-Brugué
- Animal Blood Bank, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rafael R Gopegui
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Okerblom J, Varki A. Biochemical, Cellular, Physiological, and Pathological Consequences of Human Loss of N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1155-1171. [PMID: 28423240 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
About 2-3 million years ago, Alu-mediated deletion of a critical exon in the CMAH gene became fixed in the hominin lineage ancestral to humans, possibly through a stepwise process of selection by pathogen targeting of the CMAH product (the sialic acid Neu5Gc), followed by reproductive isolation through female anti-Neu5Gc antibodies. Loss of CMAH has occurred independently in some other lineages, but is functionally intact in Old World primates, including our closest relatives, the chimpanzee. Although the biophysical and biochemical ramifications of losing tens of millions of Neu5Gc hydroxy groups at most cell surfaces remains poorly understood, we do know that there are multiscale effects functionally relevant to both sides of the host-pathogen interface. Hominin CMAH loss might also contribute to understanding human evolution, at the time when our ancestors were starting to use stone tools, increasing their consumption of meat, and possibly hunting. Comparisons with chimpanzees within ethical and practical limitations have revealed some consequences of human CMAH loss, but more has been learned by using a mouse model with a human-like Cmah inactivation. For example, such mice can develop antibodies against Neu5Gc that could affect inflammatory processes like cancer progression in the face of Neu5Gc metabolic incorporation from red meats, display a hyper-reactive immune system, a human-like tendency for delayed wound healing, late-onset hearing loss, insulin resistance, susceptibility to muscular dystrophy pathologies, and increased sensitivity to multiple human-adapted pathogens involving sialic acids. Further studies in such mice could provide a model for other human-specific processes and pathologies involving sialic acid biology that have yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Okerblom
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California in San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0687, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, GRTC) and, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California in San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0687, USA
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21
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Omi T, Nakazawa S, Udagawa C, Tada N, Ochiai K, Chong YH, Kato Y, Mitsui H, Gin A, Oda H, Azakami D, Tamura K, Sako T, Inagaki T, Sakamoto A, Tsutsui T, Bonkobara M, Tsuchida S, Ikemoto S. Molecular Characterization of the Cytidine Monophosphate-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase (CMAH) Gene Associated with the Feline AB Blood Group System. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165000. [PMID: 27755584 PMCID: PMC5068781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat’s AB blood group system (blood types A, B, and AB) is of major importance in feline transfusion medicine. Type A and type B antigens are Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac, respectively, and the enzyme CMAH participating in the synthesis of Neu5Gc from Neu5Ac is associated with this cat blood group system. Rare type AB erythrocytes express both Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac. Cat serum contains naturally occurring antibodies against antigens occurring in the other blood types. To understand the molecular genetic basis of this blood group system, we investigated the distribution of AB blood group antigens, CMAH gene structure, mutation, diplotypes, and haplotypes of the cat CMAH genes. Blood-typing revealed that 734 of the cats analyzed type A (95.1%), 38 cats were type B (4.9%), and none were type AB. A family of three Ragdoll cats including two type AB cats and one type A was also used in this study. CMAH sequence analyses showed that the CMAH protein was generated from two mRNA isoforms differing in exon 1. Analyses of the nucleotide sequences of the 16 exons including the coding region of CMAH examined in the 34 type B cats and in the family of type AB cats carried the CMAH variants, and revealed multiple novel diplotypes comprising several polymorphisms. Haplotype inference, which was focused on non-synonymous SNPs revealed that eight haplotypes carried one to four mutations in CMAH, and all cats with type B (n = 34) and AB (n = 2) blood carried two alleles derived from the mutated CMAH gene. These results suggested that double haploids selected from multiple recessive alleles in the cat CMAH loci were highly associated with the expression of the Neu5Ac on erythrocyte membrane in types B and AB of the feline AB blood group system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Omi
- Department of Basic Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shota Nakazawa
- Department of Basic Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Udagawa
- Department of Basic Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Tada
- International Institute of Small Animal Medicine (Bio Plus), AHB Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Basic Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yong Hwa Chong
- Department of Basic Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuiko Kato
- Department of Basic Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Mitsui
- International Institute of Small Animal Medicine (Bio Plus), AHB Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Azusa Gin
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Oda
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daigo Azakami
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Tamura
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sako
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inagaki
- Department of Legal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- Department of Legal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tsutsui
- International Institute of Small Animal Medicine (Bio Plus), AHB Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Bonkobara
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tsuchida
- Laboratory of Comparative Cellular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenori Ikemoto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Euler CC, Raj K, Mizukami K, Murray L, Chen CY, Mackin A, Giger U. Xenotransfusion of anemic cats with blood compatibility issues: pre- and posttransfusion laboratory diagnostic and crossmatching studies. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:244-53. [PMID: 27243621 PMCID: PMC4907801 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finding compatible feline blood donors can be challenging. Canine blood has been occasionally used when compatible feline blood was not available in emergency situations. OBJECTIVES The study goals were to describe the effects of xenotransfusion in 2 anemic cats receiving canine blood because of discordant blood types and acute transfusion reaction, respectively, and to report in vitro heterotyping and crossmatching results between canine and feline blood samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood samples from patients and other cats and dogs were typed, crossmatched, and assessed for alloantibodies using gel, card, and immunochromatographic strip techniques. RESULTS Cat 1 was found to have type AB blood. Cat 2, which experienced an acute transfusion reaction, had type A blood. Neither had detectable alloantibodies against feline RBC. Both cats transiently improved after transfusion with canine blood; however, acute intravascular hemolysis occurred and the PCV rapidly declined. Blood typing post xenotransfusion with DEA 1 strips revealed a positive control band that was absent in feline blood, thus allowing for the identification of transfused canine RBC. Longitudinal assessment revealed that canine RBC could no longer be detected 4 days after xenotransfusion. Major crossmatching (feline plasma with canine RBC) resulted in both positive and negative reactions, depending on the cat. Minor crossmatching results showed mostly incompatibility. CONCLUSION While both cats survived xenotransfusion, the positive control band on the DEA 1 strip revealed that transfused canine RBC were short-lived and intravascular hemolysis occurred. Crossmatch results between cats and dogs showed varied incompatibilities and may not predict transfusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina C. Euler
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Karthik Raj
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Keijiro Mizukami
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Chi-Ya Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS
| | - Andrew Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS
| | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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A Novel Variant in CMAH Is Associated with Blood Type AB in Ragdoll Cats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154973. [PMID: 27171395 PMCID: PMC4865243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase is associated with the production of sialic acids on cat red blood cells. The cat has one major blood group with three serotypes; the most common blood type A being dominant to type B. A third rare blood type is known as AB and has an unclear mode of inheritance. Cat blood type antigens are defined, with N-glycolylneuraminic acid being associated with type A and N-acetylneuraminic acid with type B. Blood type AB is serologically characterized by agglutination using typing reagents directed against both A and B epitopes. While a genetic characterization of blood type B has been achieved, the rare type AB serotype remains genetically uncharacterized. A genome-wide association study in Ragdoll cats (22 cases and 15 controls) detected a significant association between blood type AB and SNPs on cat chromosome B2, with the most highly associated SNP being at position 4,487,432 near the candidate gene cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase. A novel variant, c.364C>T, was identified that is highly associated with blood type AB in Ragdoll cats and, to a lesser degree, with type AB in random bred cats. The newly identified variant is probably linked with blood type AB in Ragdoll cats, and is associated with the expression of both antigens (N-glycolylneuraminic acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid) on the red blood cell membrane. Other variants, not identified by this work, are likely to be associated with blood type AB in other breeds of cat.
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Alhaddad H, Zhang C, Rannala B, Lyons LA. A Glance at Recombination Hotspots in the Domestic Cat. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148710. [PMID: 26859385 PMCID: PMC4747544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination has essential roles in increasing genetic variability within a population and in ensuring successful meiotic events. The objective of this study is to (i) infer the population-scaled recombination rate (ρ), and (ii) identify and characterize regions of increased recombination rate for the domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus. SNPs (n = 701) were genotyped in twenty-two East Asian feral cats (random bred). The SNPs covered ten different chromosomal regions (A1, A2, B3, C2, D1, D2, D4, E2, F2, X) with an average region size of 850 Kb and an average SNP density of 70 SNPs/region. The Bayesian method in the program inferRho was used to infer regional population recombination rates and hotspots localities. The regions exhibited variable population recombination rates and four decisive recombination hotspots were identified on cat chromosome A2, D1, and E2 regions. As a description of the identified hotspots, no correlation was detected between the GC content and the locality of recombination spots, and the hotspots enclosed L2 LINE elements and MIR and tRNA-Lys SINE elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Alhaddad
- College of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruce Rannala
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States of America
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Gandolfi B, Grahn RA, Creighton EK, Williams DC, Dickinson PJ, Sturges BK, Guo LT, Shelton GD, Leegwater PAJ, Longeri M, Malik R, Lyons LA. COLQ variant associated with Devon Rex and Sphynx feline hereditary myopathy. Anim Genet 2015; 46:711-5. [PMID: 26374066 PMCID: PMC4637250 DOI: 10.1111/age.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Some Devon Rex and Sphynx cats have a variably progressive myopathy characterized by appendicular and axial muscle weakness, megaesophagus, pharyngeal weakness and fatigability with exercise. Muscle biopsies from affected cats demonstrated variable pathological changes ranging from dystrophic features to minimal abnormalities. Affected cats have exacerbation of weakness following anticholinesterase dosing, a clue that there is an underlying congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). A genome-wide association study and whole-genome sequencing suggested a causal variant for this entity was a c.1190G>A variant causing a cysteine to tyrosine substitution (p.Cys397Tyr) within the C-terminal domain of collagen-like tail subunit (single strand of homotrimer) of asymmetric acetylcholinesterase (COLQ). Alpha-dystroglycan expression, which is associated with COLQ anchorage at the motor end-plate, has been shown to be deficient in affected cats. Eighteen affected cats were identified by genotyping, including cats from the original clinical descriptions in 1993 and subsequent publications. Eight Devon Rex and one Sphynx not associated with the study were identified as carriers, suggesting an allele frequency of ~2.0% in Devon Rex. Over 350 tested cats from other breeds did not have the variant. Characteristic clinical features and variant presence in all affected cats suggest a model for COLQ CMS. The association between the COLQ variant and this CMS affords clinicians the opportunity to confirm diagnosis via genetic testing and permits owners and breeders to identify carriers in the population. Moreover, accurate diagnosis increases available therapeutic options for affected cats based on an understanding of the pathophysiology and experience from human CMS associated with COLQ variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Erica K Creighton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - D Colette Williams
- The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Peter J Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Beverly K Sturges
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ling T Guo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Peter A J Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Longeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Gandolfi B, Alhaddad H. Investigation of inherited diseases in cats: genetic and genomic strategies over three decades. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:405-15. [PMID: 25896240 PMCID: PMC10816245 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15581133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The health of the cat mirrors a complex interaction between its environment (nurture) and its genetics (nature). To date, over 70 genetic mutations (variants) have been defined in the cat; many involve diseases, structural anomalies, coat color and texture, including numerous that are clinically relevant. This trend will continue as more of the feline genome is deciphered. Genetic testing, and eventually whole-genome sequencing, should become routine diagnostic tools in feline healthcare within the foreseeable future. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE Cat breeds have dispersed around the world. Thus, feline medicine clinicians should be aware of breeds common to their region and common mutations found within those regional populations. Random-bred populations of domestic cats can also have defined genetic characteristics and mutations, which are equally worthy of understanding by feline medicine clinicians. OUTLINE This article reviews the chronology and evolution of genetic and genomic tools pertinent to feline medicine. Possible strategies for mapping genetic traits and defects, and how these impact on feline health, are also discussed. The focus is on three historical periods: (1) research conducted before the availability of the cat genome; (2) research performed immediately after the availability of sequences of the cat genome; and (3) current research that goes beyond one cat genome and utilizes the genome sequences of many cats. EVIDENCE BASE The data presented are extracted from peer-reviewed publications pertaining to mutation identification, and relevant articles concerning heritable traits and/or diseases. The authors draw upon their personal experience and expertise in feline genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, W106 Vet Med Building, 1600 E Rollins St, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- College of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The health of the cat is a complex interaction between its environment (nurture) and its genetics (nature). Over 70 genetic mutations (variants) have been defined in the cat, many involving diseases, structural abnormalities and clinically relevant health concerns. As more of the cat's genome is deciphered, less commonly will the term 'idiopathic' be used regarding the diagnosis of diseases and unique health conditions. State-of-the-art health care will include DNA profiling of the individual cat, and perhaps its tumor, to establish the best treatment approaches. Genetic testing and eventually whole genome sequencing should become routine diagnostics for feline health care. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE Cat breeds have disseminated around the world. Thus, practitioners should be aware of the breeds common to their region and the mutations found in those regional populations. Specific random-bred populations can also have defined genetic characteristics and mutations. AUDIENCE This review of 'the good, the bad and the ugly' DNA variants provides the current state of knowledge for genetic testing and genetic health management for cats. It is aimed at feline and general practitioners wanting to update and review the basics of genetics, what tests are available for cats and sources for genetic testing. The tables are intended to be used as references in the clinic. Practitioners with a high proportion of cat breeder clientele will especially benefit from the review. EVIDENCE BASE The data presented is extracted from peer-reviewed publications pertaining to mutation identification, and relevant articles concerning the heritable trait and/or disease. The author also draws upon personal experience and expertise in feline genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Zimring JC, Spitalnik SL. Pathobiology of Transfusion Reactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:83-110. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Zimring
- Puget Sound Blood Center Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98102;
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Steven L. Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
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Abstract
The sialic acids N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) differ by a single oxygen atom and are widely found at the terminal position of glycans on vertebrate cell surfaces. In animals capable of synthesizing Neu5Gc, most tissues and cell types express both sialic acids, in proportions that vary between species. However, it has long been noted that Neu5Gc is consistently expressed at trace to absent levels in the brains of all vertebrates studied to date. Although several reports have claimed to find low levels of Neu5Gc-containing glycans in neural tissue, no study definitively excludes the possibility of contamination with glycans from non-neural cell types. This distribution of a molecule - prominently but variably expressed in extraneural tissues but very low or absent in the brain - is, to our knowledge, unique. The evolutionarily conserved brain-specific suppression of Neu5Gc may indicate that its presence is toxic to this organ; however, no studies to date have directly addressed this very interesting question. Here we provide a historical background to this issue and discuss potential mechanisms causing the suppression of Neu5Gc expression in brain tissue, as well as mechanisms by which Neu5Gc may exert the presumed toxicity. Finally, we discuss future approaches towards understanding the mechanisms and implications of this unusual finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela R L Davies
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC 0687, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0687, USA
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30
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Tasker S, Barker EN, Day MJ, Helps CR. Feline blood genotyping versus phenotyping, and detection of non-AB blood type incompatibilities in UK cats. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:185-9. [PMID: 24697343 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between AB blood phenotyping and genotyping and determine whether non-AB blood type incompatibilities exist in UK cats. METHODS Blood samples underwent phenotyping (A, B or AB) using microplate agglutination, and genotyping (AA, Ab or bb) using pyrosequencing of a fragment of the cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene. Non-AB blood type incompatibilities were investigated by cross-matching against reference blood of the same phenotype. RESULTS Of 112 cats tested, 86 (77%) were blood phenotype A, 19 (17%) type B and 7 (6%) type AB. Genotype and initial phenotype agreed in 96% (107 of 112) of cats, but 5 were discordant; these were all B phenotype with either AA (n=2) or Ab (n=3) genotype. Two of the five cats had repeat blood samples tested: one was reclassified as phenotype A; the other remained phenotype B. Two cats had incompatibilities on minor cross-match, but these were attributed to phenotyping errors. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Unknown mutation(s) associated with phenotype B, resulting in false AA or Ab genotyping, were evident in a small number of cases in this study. No conclusive evidence for non-AB blood type incompatibilities was found.
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Abstract
This prospective study evaluated a novel immunochromatographic (IC) blood typing test for the AB blood group system. Typing was conducted comparatively on ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid-anticoagulated blood samples from 89 sick and 16 healthy cats with the IC test, as well as two tests as reference methods, a tube agglutination and a gel column test. The samples were between 0 and 10 days old (median 3 days) and were tested for haemolysis and agglutination; the packed cell volume ranged from 0.07 to 0.57 l/l (median 0.40 l/l). The reference methods agreed with each other in 100% of the test runs. Of the 85 samples tested as blood type A by the two reference methods, 80 were correctly identified by the IC test, four were misidentified as AB and one was rated inconclusive. All B samples were correctly typed. Two of the three AB samples were correctly identified by the IC test and one was rated inconclusive. The sample quality had no influence on test performance. Of 30 repeats, 28 were readable and showed agreement in 27 cases. The agreement of the IC test with the control methods was 96.1% for the 103 conclusive tests, and it showed high sensitivity and specificity for A and B antigen detection. It is suggested that AB results be reconfirmed with a laboratory method and that a 'back-typing' be performed with plasma from B samples to detect the presence of alloantibodies. Given its very good performance and ease of use, the IC test can be recommended for clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Hourani
- Clinic of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Weingart
- Clinic of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Clinic of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Proverbio D, Spada E, Perego R, Della Pepa A, Bagnagatti De Giorgi G, Baggiani L. Assessment of blood types of Ragdoll cats for transfusion purposes. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:157-62. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Proverbio
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Eva Spada
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Alessandra Della Pepa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Giada Bagnagatti De Giorgi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; Unit of Veterinary Transfusion Medicine; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
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Golovko L, Lyons LA, Liu H, Sørensen A, Wehnert S, Pedersen NC. Genetic susceptibility to feline infectious peritonitis in Birman cats. Virus Res 2013; 175:58-63. [PMID: 23619280 PMCID: PMC4342855 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is caused by a mutant enteric coronavirus. Susceptibility to FIP appears to be heritable in pedigreed cats. Birman cats suffer a high incidence of FIP and are highly inbred. Heritable factors were interrogated in Birman cats by genome wide association study. Five relevant candidate genes were strongly associated with FIP susceptibility.
Genetic factors are presumed to influence the incidence of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), especially among pedigreed cats. However, proof for the existence of such factors has been limited and mainly anecdotal. Therefore, we sought evidence for genetic susceptibility to FIP using feline high density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Birman cats were chosen for GWAS because they are highly inbred and suffer a high incidence of FIP. DNA from 38 Birman cats that died of FIP and 161 healthy cats from breeders in Denmark and USA were selected for genotyping using 63K SNPs distributed across the feline genome. Danish and American Birman cats were closely related and the populations were therefore combined and analyzed in two manners: (1) all cases (FIP) vs. all controls (healthy) regardless of age, and (2) cases 1½ years of age and younger (most susceptible) vs. controls 2 years of age and older (most resistant). GWAS of the second cohort was most productive in identifying significant genome-wide associations between case and control cats. Four peaks of association with FIP susceptibility were identified, with two being identified on both analyses. Five candidate genes ELMO1, RRAGA, TNFSF10, ERAP1 and ERAP2, all relevant to what is known about FIP virus pathogenesis, were identified but no single association was fully concordant with the disease phenotype. Difficulties in doing GWAS in cats and interrogating complex genetic traits were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Golovko
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Löfling J, Lyi SM, Parrish CR, Varki A. Canine and feline parvoviruses preferentially recognize the non-human cell surface sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid. Virology 2013; 440:89-96. [PMID: 23497940 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a pathogen whose canine-adapted form (canine parvovirus (CPV)) emerged in 1978. These viruses infect by binding host transferrin receptor type-1 (TfR), but also hemagglutinate erythrocytes. We show that hemagglutination involves selective recognition of the non-human sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) but not N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), which differs by only one oxygen atom from Neu5Gc. Overexpression of α2-6 sialyltransferase did not change binding, indicating that both α2-3 and α2-6 linkages are recognized. However, Neu5Gc expression on target cells did not enhance CPV or FPV infection in vitro. Thus, the conserved Neu5Gc-binding preference of these viruses likely plays a role in the natural history of the virus in vivo. Further studies must clarify relationships between virus infection and host Neu5Gc expression. As a first step, we show that transcripts of CMAH (which generates Neu5Gc from Neu5Ac) are at very low levels in Western dog breed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Löfling
- Department of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, 9500 Gilman Drive, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Gandolfi B, Alhaddad H, Joslin SEK, Khan R, Filler S, Brem G, Lyons LA. A splice variant in KRT71 is associated with curly coat phenotype of Selkirk Rex cats. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2000. [PMID: 23770706 PMCID: PMC3683669 DOI: 10.1038/srep02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the salient features of the domestic cat is the aesthetics of its fur. The Selkirk Rex breed is defined by an autosomal dominant woolly rexoid hair (ADWH) abnormality that is characterized by tightly curled hair shafts. A genome-wide case - control association study was conducted using 9 curly coated Selkirk Rex and 29 controls, including straight-coated Selkirk Rex, British Shorthair and Persian, to localize the Selkirk autosomal dominant rexoid locus (SADRE). Although the control cats were from different breed lineages, they share recent breeding histories and were validated as controls by Bayesian clustering, multi-dimensional scaling and genomic inflation. A significant association was found on cat chromosome B4 (Praw = 2.87 × 10(-11)), and a unique haplotype spanning ~600 Kb was found in all the curly coated cats. Direct sequencing of four candidate genes revealed a splice site variant within the KRT71 gene associated with the hair abnormality in Selkirk Rex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Gandolfi B, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Malik R, Cortes A, Jones BR, Helps CR, Prinzenberg EM, Erhardt G, Lyons LA. First WNK4-hypokalemia animal model identified by genome-wide association in Burmese cats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53173. [PMID: 23285264 PMCID: PMC3532348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burmese is an old and popular cat breed, however, several health concerns, such as hypokalemia and a craniofacial defect, are prevalent, endangering the general health of the breed. Hypokalemia, a subnormal serum potassium ion concentration ([K+]), most often occurs as a secondary problem but can occur as a primary problem, such as hypokalaemic periodic paralysis in humans, and as feline hypokalaemic periodic polymyopathy primarily in Burmese. The most characteristic clinical sign of hypokalemia in Burmese is a skeletal muscle weakness that is frequently episodic in nature, either generalized, or sometimes localized to the cervical and thoracic limb girdle muscles. Burmese hypokalemia is suspected to be a single locus autosomal recessive trait. A genome wide case-control study using the illumina Infinium Feline 63K iSelect DNA array was performed using 35 cases and 25 controls from the Burmese breed that identified a locus on chromosome E1 associated with hypokalemia. Within approximately 1.2 Mb of the highest associated SNP, two candidate genes were identified, KCNH4 and WNK4. Direct sequencing of the genes revealed a nonsense mutation, producing a premature stop codon within WNK4 (c.2899C>T), leading to a truncated protein that lacks the C-terminal coiled-coil domain and the highly conserved Akt1/SGK phosphorylation site. All cases were homozygous for the mutation. Although the exact mechanism causing hypokalemia has not been determined, extrapolation from the homologous human and mouse genes suggests the mechanism may involve a potassium-losing nephropathy. A genetic test to screen for the genetic defect within the active breeding population has been developed, which should lead to eradication of the mutation and improved general health within the breed. Moreover, the identified mutation may help clarify the role of the protein in K+ regulation and the cat represents the first animal model for WNK4-associated hypokalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alejandro Cortes
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Boyd R. Jones
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Chris R. Helps
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Eva M. Prinzenberg
- Institute of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - George Erhardt
- Institute of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lyons LA. Genetic testing in domestic cats. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 26:224-30. [PMID: 22546621 PMCID: PMC3541004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Varieties of genetic tests are currently available for the domestic cat that support veterinary health care, breed management, species identification, and forensic investigations. Approximately thirty-five genes contain over fifty mutations that cause feline health problems or alterations in the cat's appearance. Specific genes, such as sweet and drug receptors, have been knocked-out of Felidae during evolution and can be used along with mtDNA markers for species identification. Both STR and SNP panels differentiate cat race, breed, and individual identity, as well as gender-specific markers to determine sex of an individual. Cat genetic tests are common offerings for commercial laboratories, allowing both the veterinary clinician and the private owner to obtain DNA test results. This article will review the genetic tests for the domestic cat, and their various applications in different fields of science. Highlighted are genetic tests specific to the individual cat, which are a part of the cat's genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Grahn RA, Grahn JC, Penedo MC, Helps CR, Lyons LA. Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency mutation identified in multiple breeds of domestic cats. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:207. [PMID: 23110753 PMCID: PMC3534511 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency (PK deficiency) is an inherited hemolytic anemia that has been documented in the Abyssinian and Somali breeds as well as random bred domestic shorthair cats. The disease results from mutations in PKLR, the gene encoding the regulatory glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK). Multiple isozymes are produced by tissue-specific differential processing of PKLR mRNA. Perturbation of PK decreases erythrocyte longevity resulting in anemia. Additional signs include: severe lethargy, weakness, weight loss, jaundice, and abdominal enlargement. In domestic cats, PK deficiency has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance with high variability in onset and severity of clinical symptoms. Results Sequence analysis of PKLR revealed an intron 5 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 304 concordant with the disease phenotype in Abyssinian and Somali cats. Located 53 nucleotides upstream of the exon 6 splice site, cats with this SNP produce liver and blood processed mRNA with a 13 bp deletion at the 3’ end of exon 5. The frame-shift mutation creates a stop codon at amino acid position 248 in exon 6. The frequency of the intronic SNP in 14,179 American and European cats representing 38 breeds, 76 western random bred cats and 111 cats of unknown breed is 6.31% and 9.35% when restricted to the 15 groups carrying the concordant SNP. Conclusions PK testing is recommended for Bengals, Egyptian Maus, La Perms, Maine Coon cats, Norwegian Forest cats, Savannahs, Siberians, and Singapuras, in addition to Abyssinians and Somalis as well an any new breeds using the afore mentioned breeds in out crossing or development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Abstract
Sialic acids are a diverse family of monosaccharides widely expressed on all cell surfaces of vertebrates and so-called "higher" invertebrates, and on certain bacteria that interact with vertebrates. This overview surveys examples of biological roles of sialic acids in immunity, with emphasis on an evolutionary perspective. Given the breadth of the subject, the treatment of individual topics is brief. Subjects discussed include biophysical effects regulation of factor H; modulation of leukocyte trafficking via selectins; Siglecs in immune cell activation; sialic acids as ligands for microbes; impact of microbial and endogenous sialidases on immune cell responses; pathogen molecular mimicry of host sialic acids; Siglec recognition of sialylated pathogens; bacteriophage recognition of microbial sialic acids; polysialic acid modulation of immune cells; sialic acids as pathogen decoys or biological masks; modulation of immunity by sialic acid O-acetylation; sialic acids as antigens and xeno-autoantigens; antisialoglycan antibodies in reproductive incompatibility; and sialic-acid-based blood groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0687, USA.
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Zheng L, Zhong Y, Shi Z, Giger U. Frequencies of blood types A, B, and AB in non-pedigree domestic cats in Beijing. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:513-517. [PMID: 22092346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequencies of blood types A, B, and AB in domestic cats vary geographically and among breeds and have not been reported in China. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to survey the frequency of blood types in domestic cats in the Beijing area. METHODS A total of 262 cats from the city of Beijing were blood-typed using a standard tube agglutination assay. All cats were nonpedigree domestic shorthaired and longhaired cats; purebred cats were excluded. Serum obtained from type-B cats and a lectin (Triticum vulgaris) solution served as anti-A and anti-B reagents, respectively. The presence of alloantibodies was also determined in some cats. RESULTS The frequency of blood types was 88.2% type A, 11.4% type B, and 0.4% type AB. The tube assay resulted in 3+ to 4+ agglutination reactions with either the anti-A or anti-B reagents. The 1 type AB sample showed 3+ agglutination with both anti-A and anti-B reagents; the plasma of that sample did not react with either type-A or type-B RBCs. Tested type-B cats had strong anti-A antibodies. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of blood type B in the Beijing area was relatively high and similar to that reported for other Asian countries and Australia. Blood-typing is recommended to match donors and recipients before transfusion therapy and planned matings to avoid hemolytic transfusion and neonatal isoerythrolysis reactions, respectively, due to blood-type incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yougang Zhong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhensheng Shi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sexual selection by female immunity against paternal antigens can fix loss of function alleles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17743-8. [PMID: 21987817 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102302108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans lack the common mammalian cell surface molecule N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) due to a CMAH gene inactivation, which occurred approximately three million years ago. Modern humans produce antibodies specific for Neu5Gc. We hypothesized that anti-Neu5Gc antibodies could enter the female reproductive tract and target Neu5Gc-positive sperm or fetal tissues, reducing reproductive compatibility. Indeed, female mice with a human-like Cmah(-/-) mutation and immunized to express anti-Neu5Gc antibodies show lower fertility with Neu5Gc-positive males, due to prezygotic incompatibilities. Human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies are also capable of targeting paternally derived antigens and mediate cytotoxicity against Neu5Gc-bearing chimpanzee sperm in vitro. Models of populations polymorphic for such antigens show that reproductive incompatibility by female immunity can drive loss-of-function alleles to fixation from moderate initial frequencies. Initially, the loss of a cell-surface antigen can occur due to drift in isolated populations or when natural selection favors the loss of a receptor exploited by pathogens, subsequently the same loss-of-function allele can come under sexual selection because it avoids being targeted by the female immune system. Thus, we provide evidence of a link between sexual selection and immune function: Antigenicity in females can select against foreign paternal antigens on sperm and rapidly fix loss-of-function alleles. Similar circumstances existed when the CMAH null allele was polymorphic in ancestral hominins, just before the divergence of Homo from australopithecines.
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Wickramasinghe S, Medrano JF. Primer on genes encoding enzymes in sialic acid metabolism in mammals. Biochimie 2011; 93:1641-6. [PMID: 21689720 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid, a nine-carbon sugar acid usually is present in the non-reducing terminal position of free oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. Sialylated conjugates in mammals perform important roles in cellular recognition, signaling, host-pathogen interaction and neuronal development. Metabolism of sialylated conjugates involves a complex pathway consisting of enzymes distributed among the different compartments in the cell. These enzymes are encoded by 32 genes diversely distributed throughout the mammalian genome. Genetic variants in some of these genes are associated with embryonic lethality and abnormal phenotypes in mice and neuromuscular diseases, carcinomas and immune-mediated diseases in humans. In humans, the CMP-NeuAc-hydroxylase (CMAH) enzyme is inactivated due to a deletion mutation in the encoded enzyme. This lack of Neu5Gc phenotype makes humans unique among mammals. This review focuses on genes encoding enzymes in sialic acid metabolism pathways in mammalian cells with special emphasis on the human, mouse and cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Wickramasinghe
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616-8521, USA
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Seth M, Jackson KV, Giger U. Comparison of five blood-typing methods for the feline AB blood group system. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:203-9. [PMID: 21281194 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective-To compare the ease of use and accuracy of 5 feline AB blood-typing methods: card agglutination (CARD), immunochromatographic cartridge (CHROM), gel-based (GEL), and conventional slide (SLIDE) and tube (TUBE) agglutination assays. Sample Population-490 anticoagulated blood samples from sick and healthy cats submitted to the Transfusion or Clinical Laboratory at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Procedures-Sample selection was purposely biased toward those from anemic, type B, or type AB cats or those with autoagglutination. All blood samples were tested by use of GEL, SLIDE, and TUBE methods. Fifty-eight samples were also tested by use of CARD and CHROM methods. The presence of alloantibodies in all cats expressing the B antigen as detected by use of any method was also assessed. Results-Compared with the historical gold-standard TUBE method, good to excellent agreement was achieved with the other typing tests: CARD, 53 of 58 (91% agreement); CHROM, 55 of 58 (95%); GEL, 487 of 490 (99%); and SLIDE, 482 of 487 (99%; 3 samples were excluded because of autoagglutination). Four of the samples with discordant test results originated from cats with FeLV-related anemia. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Current laboratory and in-clinic methods provide simple and accurate typing for the feline AB blood group system with few discrepancies. Retyping after in-clinic typing with the GEL or TUBE laboratory methods is recommended to confirm any type B or AB cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Seth
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Proverbio D, Spada E, Baggiani L, Perego R, Milici A, Ferro E. Comparison of gel column agglutination with monoclonal antibodies and card agglutination methods for assessing the feline AB group system and a frequency study of feline blood types in northern Italy. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:32-9. [PMID: 21299585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new commercial gel column agglutination system is reported to have high sensitivity in detecting cats with blood type AB. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to compare gel column agglutination and card agglutination methods for feline blood-typing and to determine the frequency distribution of feline blood types in northern Italy. METHODS Blood-typing was performed on 120 cats using both a commercial gel column containing monoclonal antibodies (ID Gel-Test Micro Typing System) and a card agglutination method (RapidVet-H Feline). Results were confirmed with back-typing. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for the 2 methods. A second group of 140 Domestic Shorthair (DSH) cats was blood-typed using the gel column technique to determine the frequency distribution of feline blood types in northern Italy. RESULTS The card agglutination method demonstrated poor sensitivity in identification of type-AB cats (61%) and was only 95% specific when identifying type-B cats. The gel column agglutination technique demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity for typing all 3 blood types (A, B, and AB). The frequency distribution study of 140 cats demonstrated that 127 (90.7%) cats were type A, 10 (7.1%) were type B, and 3 (2.1%) were type AB. CONCLUSION When blood-typing cats of breeds with a relatively high frequency of blood types B and AB, methods that use monoclonal antibodies for detection of blood types B and AB are recommended. Alternatively, blood type can be confirmed by more sensitive supplemental testing, such as back-typing. The high frequency of blood type A in DSH cats in northern Italy was comparable to previously reported frequencies in Italy and world-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Proverbio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
DNA testing for domestic cat diseases and appearance traits is a rapidly growing asset for veterinary medicine. Approximately 33 genes contain 50 mutations that cause feline health problems or alterations in the cat's appearance. A variety of commercial laboratories can now perform cat genetic diagnostics, allowing both the veterinary clinician and the private owner to obtain DNA test results. DNA is easily obtained from a cat via a buccal swab with a standard cotton bud or cytological brush, allowing DNA samples to be easily sent to any laboratory in the world. The DNA test results identify carriers of the traits, predict the incidence of traits from breeding programs, and influence medical prognoses and treatments. An overall goal of identifying these genetic mutations is the correction of the defect via gene therapies and designer drug therapies. Thus, genetic testing is an effective preventative medicine and a potential ultimate cure. However, genetic diagnostic tests may still be novel for many veterinary practitioners and their application in the clinical setting needs to have the same scrutiny as any other diagnostic procedure. This article will review the genetic tests for the domestic cat, potential sources of error for genetic testing, and the pros and cons of DNA results in veterinary medicine. Highlighted are genetic tests specific to the individual cat, which are a part of the cat's internal genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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46
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Gandolfi B, Outerbridge CA, Beresford LG, Myers JA, Pimentel M, Alhaddad H, Grahn JC, Grahn RA, Lyons LA. The naked truth: Sphynx and Devon Rex cat breed mutations in KRT71. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:509-15. [PMID: 20953787 PMCID: PMC2974189 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hair is a unique structure, characteristic of mammals, controlling body homeostasis, as well as cell and tissue integration. Previous studies in dog, mouse, and rat have identified polymorphisms in Keratin 71 (KRT71) as responsible for the curly/wavy phenotypes. The coding sequence and the 3′ UTR of KRT71 were directly sequenced in randomly bred and pedigreed domestic cats with different pelage mutations, including hairless varieties. A SNP altering a splice site was identified in the Sphynx breed and suggested to be the hairless (hr) allele, and a complex sequence alteration, also causing a splice variation, was identified in the Devon Rex breed and suggested to be the curly (re) allele. The polymorphisms were genotyped in approximately 200 cats. All the Devon Rex were homozygous for the complex alterations and most of the Sphynx were either homozygous for the hr allele or compound heterozygotes with the Devon-associated re allele, suggesting that the phenotypes are a result of the identified SNPs. Two Sphynx carrying the proposed hr mutation did not carry the Devon-associated alteration. No other causative mutations for eight different rexoid and hairless cat phenotypes were identified. The allelic series KRT71+ > KRT71hr > KRT71re is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Catherine A. Outerbridge
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Leslie G. Beresford
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Myers
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Monica Pimentel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jennifer C. Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Robert A. Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Schlafer DH, Valentine B, Fahnestock G, Froenicke L, Grahn RA, Lyons LA, Meyers-Wallen VN. A case of SRY-positive 38,XY true hermaphroditism (XY sex reversal) in a cat. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:817-22. [PMID: 20861501 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810382093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of abnormal sexual development in companion animals can allow for the elimination of inherited disorders from breeding populations while contributing to the understanding of the complex process of mammalian sexual development and differentiation. A 1-year-old mixed-breed cat, presented for neutering, was tentatively diagnosed as a male with bilateral cryptorchidism. During surgery, the surgeon identified gonads in an ovarian position and a complete bicornuate uterus. Both testicular and ovarian architecture in the gonads and Mullerian and Wolffian duct derivatives were identified histologically. The karyotype was that of a normal male (38,XY), and no causative mutation was identified in the feline SRY coding sequence amplified from genomic DNA. All features of the case were compatible with a diagnosis of SRY-positive 38,XY sex reversal, true hermaphrodite phenotype. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of this disorder in a domestic cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Schlafer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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48
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High-performance liquid chromatography ganglioside pattern of the AB feline blood group. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-010-1039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Silvestre-Ferreira AC, Pastor J. Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis and the importance of feline blood types. Vet Med Int 2010; 2010:753726. [PMID: 20631821 PMCID: PMC2899707 DOI: 10.4061/2010/753726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although feline neonatal isoerythrolysis is rare, associated mortality rate is high. It results from mating of type B blood queens with type A or AB blood toms. A comprehensive review on feline blood types and feline neonatal isoerythrolysis physiopathology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Silvestre-Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Hospital, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Josep Pastor
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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50
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Pontius JU, Mullikin JC, Smith DR, Lindblad-Toh K, Gnerre S, Clamp M, Chang J, Stephens R, Neelam B, Volfovsky N, Schäffer AA, Agarwala R, Narfström K, Murphy WJ, Giger U, Roca AL, Antunes A, Menotti-Raymond M, Yuhki N, Pecon-Slattery J, Johnson WE, Bourque G, Tesler G, O'Brien SJ. Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome. Genome Res 2008; 17:1675-89. [PMID: 17975172 DOI: 10.1101/gr.6380007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The genome sequence (1.9-fold coverage) of an inbred Abyssinian domestic cat was assembled, mapped, and annotated with a comparative approach that involved cross-reference to annotated genome assemblies of six mammals (human, chimpanzee, mouse, rat, dog, and cow). The results resolved chromosomal positions for 663,480 contigs, 20,285 putative feline gene orthologs, and 133,499 conserved sequence blocks (CSBs). Additional annotated features include repetitive elements, endogenous retroviral sequences, nuclear mitochondrial (numt) sequences, micro-RNAs, and evolutionary breakpoints that suggest historic balancing of translocation and inversion incidences in distinct mammalian lineages. Large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), deletion insertion polymorphisms (DIPs), and short tandem repeats (STRs), suitable for linkage or association studies were characterized in the context of long stretches of chromosome homozygosity. In spite of the light coverage capturing approximately 65% of euchromatin sequence from the cat genome, these comparative insights shed new light on the tempo and mode of gene/genome evolution in mammals, promise several research applications for the cat, and also illustrate that a comparative approach using more deeply covered mammals provides an informative, preliminary annotation of a light (1.9-fold) coverage mammal genome sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan U Pontius
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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