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Meuten TK, Dean GA, Thamm DH. Review: The PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal transduction pathway in canine cancer. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:339-356. [PMID: 37905509 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231207021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumors in dogs and humans share many similar molecular and genetic features, incentivizing a better understanding of canine neoplasms not only for the purpose of treating companion animals, but also to facilitate research of spontaneously developing tumors with similar biologic behavior and treatment approaches in an immunologically competent animal model. Multiple tumor types of both species have similar dysregulation of signal transduction through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB; AKT), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), collectively known as the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. This review aims to delineate the pertinent aspects of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in health and in tumor development. It will then present a synopsis of current understanding of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in important canine cancers and advancements in targeted inhibitors of this pathway.
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Rueda JR, Porto CD, Franco RP, da Costa IB, Bueno LMC, Girio RJS, Manhoso FFR, Bueno PCDS, Repetti CSF. Mammary neoplasms in female dogs: Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. VET MED-CZECH 2024; 69:99-114. [PMID: 38751991 PMCID: PMC11093647 DOI: 10.17221/4/2024-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increase in the life expectancy of domestic animals and their increasingly affectionate relationship with their owners, it is possible to observe an increase in cases of neoplasms in these animals. Mammary neoplasia mainly affects older females who have not been castrated, due to hormonal dependence for the development of the tumour. The main form of treatment is surgery. This study aims to carry out an updated review on mammary neoplasms in female dogs covering the anatomy, physiology, prevalence, causes, diagnoses, treatments, prevention and prognosis, based on scientific articles by renowned researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Reato Rueda
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Marilia – UNIMAR, Marilia/SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Dias Porto
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Marilia – UNIMAR, Marilia/SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Raul Jose Silva Girio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Marilia – UNIMAR, Marilia/SP, Brazil
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3
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Jeung S, Kim S, Ah J, Seo S, Jan U, Lee H, Lee JI. Exploring the Tumor-Associated Risk of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:994. [PMID: 38612233 PMCID: PMC11010833 DOI: 10.3390/ani14070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been actively applied in veterinary regenerative medicine to treat various canine and feline diseases. With increasing emphasis on safe cell-based therapies, evaluations of their tumorigenic potential are in great demand. However, a direct confirmation of whether tumors originate from stem cells or host cells is not easily achievable. Additionally, previous studies evaluating injections of high doses of MSCs into nude mice did not demonstrate tumor formation. Recent research focused on optimizing MSC-based therapies for veterinary patients, such as MSC-derived extracellular vesicles in treating different diseases. This progress also signifies a broader shift towards personalized veterinary medicine, where treatments can be tailored to individual pets based on their unique genetic profiles. These findings related to different treatments using MSCs emphasize their future potential for veterinary clinical applications. In summary, because of lower tumor-associated risk of MSCs as compared to embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, MSCs are considered a suitable source for treating various canine and feline diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Jeung
- VIP Animal Medical Center, 73, Dongsomun-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02830, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (S.K.); (J.A.); (S.S.)
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsoo Kim
- VIP Animal Medical Center, 73, Dongsomun-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02830, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (S.K.); (J.A.); (S.S.)
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegon Ah
- VIP Animal Medical Center, 73, Dongsomun-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02830, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (S.K.); (J.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Sanghyuk Seo
- VIP Animal Medical Center, 73, Dongsomun-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02830, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (S.K.); (J.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Umair Jan
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong Ik Lee
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
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Gherman LM, Chiroi P, Nuţu A, Bica C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Profiling canine mammary tumors: A potential model for studying human breast cancer. Vet J 2024; 303:106055. [PMID: 38097103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite all clinical progress recorded in the last decades, human breast cancer (HBC) remains a major challenge worldwide both in terms of its incidence and its management. Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) share similarities with HBC and represent an alternative model for HBC. The utility of the canine model in studying HBC relies on their common features, include spontaneous development, subtype classification, mutational profile, alterations in gene expression profile, and incidence/prevalence. This review describes the similarities between CMTs and HBC regarding genomic landscape, microRNA expression alteration, methylation, and metabolomic changes occurring during mammary gland carcinogenesis. The primary purpose of this review is to highlight the advantages of using the canine model as a translational animal model for HBC research and to investigate the challenges and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana-Madalina Gherman
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Experimental Center of Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Chiroi
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Nuţu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cecilia Bica
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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5
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Mucha A, Nowak B, Dzimira S, Liszka B, Zatoń-Dobrowolska M. Identification of SNP markers for canine mammary gland tumours in females based on a genome-wide association study - preliminary results. J Vet Res 2023; 67:427-436. [PMID: 37786854 PMCID: PMC10541661 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The development of genetic research over recent decades has enabled the discovery of new genetic markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This, as well as the full sequencing of the dog genome, has enabled genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to be used in the search for genetic causes of canine mammary tumours (CMTs). Material and Methods Genotypic data containing 175,000 SNPs, which had been obtained using the Illumina CanineHD BeadChip microarray technique, were available for analysis in this study. The data concerned 118 bitches, including 36 animals with CMT, representing various breeds and age groups. Statistical analysis was performed in two steps: quality control of genotyping data and genome-wide association analysis based on dominant, recessive, overdominant, codominant, and log-additive models with the single SNP effects. Results A total of 40 different SNPs significantly associated with CMT appearance were detected. Moreover, twelve SNPs showed statistical significance in more than one model. Of all the significant SNPs, two, namely BICF2G630136001 in the overdominant model and TIGRP2P107898_rs9044787 in the log-additive model, reached the 5-8 significance level. The other SNPs were significant to a 1-5 level. Conclusion In the group of SNPs indicated as significant in the GWAS analysis, several transpired to be localised within genes that may play an important role in CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mucha
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-631Wrocław, Poland
| | - Błażej Nowak
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-631Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stanisław Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; 50-375Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Liszka
- Department and Clinic of Surgery, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; 50-366Wrocław, Poland
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Soares EDS, Valente FL, Rocha CC, Real Pereira CE, Sarandy TB, de Oliveira FLD, de Morais Calado SL, Borges APB. Prognostic Factors for Cancer-Specific Survival and Disease-Free Interval of Dogs with Mammary Carcinomas. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:6890707. [PMID: 37577730 PMCID: PMC10421712 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6890707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most diagnosed neoplasms in dogs; however, there are few studies analyzing the influence of epidemiological, clinicopathological, and histopathological data on cancer-specific survival (CSS), disease-free interval (DFI), and overall survival (OS) in a large cohort. To contribute to the understanding of the biological behavior of this neoplasm, 385 cases were analyzed, 89% malignant, 4% benign, and 7% non-neoplastic lesions. Among the dogs diagnosed with malignant neoplasms, 86% had early clinical stages (I-III), while 14% had regional or distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Carcinoma in a mixed tumor was the most frequent histological type with 44% of the cases and had the best prognosis. Analyzed factors such as the presence of pseudocyesis, previous history of the disease, advanced clinical stage (IV-V), and presence of ulceration obtained significant results for CSS, DFI, and OS through univariate analysis and had a negative impact on the survival of the patients. Multivariate analysis showed that histological grading and age proved to be the best independent parameters for the prognostic evaluation of CSS and DFI in this study. These factors were also significant in the overall survival analysis. Therefore, these parameters should be considered valuable risk and prognostic factors for CMTs.
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7
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Hormonal Homologies between Canine Mammary Cancer and Human Breast Cancer in a Series of Cases. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080395. [PMID: 36006309 PMCID: PMC9414677 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is worldwide interest in understanding the cancerous diseases that are causing increasing deaths in humans. In recent years, interest has grown in finding suitable models of different types of cancer in animals to lead the scientific community to a better understanding of the disease, in order to win the battle against cancer. The aim of this investigation was to compare breast cancer samples and canine mammary tumors from a hormonal point of view to validate the canine species as a model to study human breast cancer. There was a close similarity between premenopausal human breast cancer and canine mammary cancer in terms of hormonal receptors. In both species, all hormones assayed were increased in tumors compared to normal mammary gland samples. This research not only further supports canine mammary cancer as a spontaneous model for the study of human breast cancer but is also important in providing a deeper understanding of the hormonal pathogenesis of breast/mammary cancer in each independent species. Abstract The validity of spontaneous canine mammary cancer (CMC) as a natural model for the study of human breast cancer (HBC) from a hormonal point of view has never been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of aromatase (Arom) and steroid receptors [estrogen receptor α (ER α), estrogen receptor β (ER β), progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR)] and intratumor steroid hormone levels of 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone sulfate (SO4E1), progesterone (P4), androstenedione (A4), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and testosterone (T) in 78 samples of mammary cancer—51 human breast cancer (HBC) and 27 canine mammary cancer (CMC)—and corresponding controls. Frequency of tumors expressing Arom, ERβ, PR, and AR was similar in both species, whereas ERα+ tumors were less frequent in the canine species. There was a closer similarity between premenopausal HBC and CMC. In HBC and CMC, all hormones assayed were increased in tumors compared to control samples. Intratumor androgen levels were similar in the two species, although levels of progesterone and estrogens were higher in the HBC samples than the CMC samples. Statistical associations among Arom, receptors, and hormones analyzed suggest that the major hormonal influence in both species is estrogenic through the ER, being the α isoform predominant in the human samples. Our findings further support CMC as a spontaneous model for the study of HBC, especially premenopausal HBC, although several differences, such as the more prevalent ERα immunoexpression and higher intratumor levels of estrogens and P4 in HBC, should be taken into account in comparative hormonal studies.
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8
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Development and characterization of a novel mouse anti-canine oncostatin M receptor beta monoclonal antibody. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 614:114-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Miller JL, Bartlett AP, Harman RM, Majhi PD, Jerry DJ, Van de Walle GR. Induced mammary cancer in rat models: pathogenesis, genetics, and relevance to female breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:185-210. [PMID: 35904679 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09522-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary cancer, or breast cancer in women, is a polygenic disease with a complex etiopathogenesis. While much remains elusive regarding its origin, it is well established that chemical carcinogens and endogenous estrogens contribute significantly to the initiation and progression of this disease. Rats have been useful models to study induced mammary cancer. They develop mammary tumors with comparable histopathology to humans and exhibit differences in resistance or susceptibility to mammary cancer depending on strain. While some rat strains (e.g., Sprague-Dawley) readily form mammary tumors following treatment with the chemical carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA), other strains (e.g., Copenhagen) are resistant to DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis. Genetic linkage in inbred strains has identified strain-specific quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting mammary tumors, via mechanisms that act together to promote or attenuate, and include 24 QTLs controlling the outcome of chemical induction, 10 QTLs controlling the outcome of estrogen induction, and 4 QTLs controlling the outcome of irradiation induction. Moreover, and based on shared factors affecting mammary cancer etiopathogenesis between rats and humans, including orthologous risk regions between both species, rats have served as useful models for identifying methods for breast cancer prediction and treatment. These studies in rats, combined with alternative animal models that more closely mimic advanced stages of breast cancer and/or human lifestyles, will further improve our understanding of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Arianna P Bartlett
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Prabin Dhangada Majhi
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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10
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Mondal P, Bailey KL, Cartwright SB, Band V, Carlson MA. Large Animal Models of Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:788038. [PMID: 35186735 PMCID: PMC8855936 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.788038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this mini review the status, advantages, and disadvantages of large animal modeling of breast cancer (BC) will be discussed. While most older studies of large animal BC models utilized canine and feline subjects, more recently there has been interest in development of porcine BC models, with some early promising results for modeling human disease. Widely used rodent models of BC were briefly reviewed to give context to the work on the large animal BC models. Availability of large animal BC models could provide additional tools for BC research, including availability of human-sized subjects and BC models with greater biologic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Mondal
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Department of Surgery, VA Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Katie L. Bailey
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sara B. Cartwright
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Vimla Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Mark A. Carlson
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Department of Surgery, VA Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,Center for Advanced Surgical Technology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States,*Correspondence: Mark A. Carlson,
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11
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VEGF-B, VEGF-A, FLT-1, KDR, ERBB2, EGFR, GRB2, RAC1, CDH1 and HYAL-1 Genes Expression Analysis in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors and the Association with Tumor ClinicoPathological Parameters and Dog Breed Assessment. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100212. [PMID: 34679042 PMCID: PMC8537314 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary gland tumors (CMTs) are one of the most prevalent cancers in dogs and a good model for human breast cancer (BC), however gene expression analysis of CMTs is scarce. Although divergence of genes expression has been found in BC of different human races, no such research of different dog's breeds has been done. The purpose of this study was to investigate expression of the VEGF-B, VEGF-A, FLT-1, KDR, ERBB2, EGFR, GRB2, RAC1, CDH1 and HYAL-1 genes of canine mammary carcinomas, compare the expression levels with clinicopathological parameters and analyze expression disparities between different breeds. Carcinomas and adjacent tissues were collected from female dogs to perform routine histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We found that VEGF-B and EGFR genes were overexpressed in the mammary gland carcinomas compared to adjacent tissue. VEGF-B gene expression had associations with different parameters (tumor size, grade, and absence of metastasis). Furthermore, differences in VEGF-B, FLT1, ERBB2, GRB2, RAC1, CDH1 and HYAL-1 genes expression have been found in different breed dogs (German Shepherd, Yorkshire Terrier) and mixed-breed dogs indicating that a dog's breed could determine a molecular difference, outcome of cancer and should be accounted as a confounding factor in the future gene expression research.
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12
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Figuerêdo SH, Neto RSC, Ferreira E, Cassali GD, Estrela-Lima A, Damasceno KA. Expression of VCAN and its receptors in canine mammary carcinomas with or without myoepithelial proliferation. Res Vet Sci 2021; 140:56-63. [PMID: 34399281 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The proteoglycan versican (VCAN) plays a complex role in cancer. The expression of this molecule has been related to invasion and progression in malignant mixed tumors, such as carcinoma in mixed tumors (CMT) of the canine mammary gland. In addition, its interaction with surface cell receptors EGFR, HER-2 and CD44 in malignant epithelial cells may be responsible for proliferation and cellular motility in early stages of cancer. We comparatively evaluated the expression of this proteoglycan and its receptors in in situ and invasive areas of simple carcinomas (SC) and CMT to investigate similarities and differences between these histological types. Immunohistochemistry was performed with anti-VCAN, anti-CD44, anti-EGFR and anti-HER-2 antibodies in 32 cases of SC or CMT. VCAN was highly expressed in stroma adjacent to invasive areas in SC and CMT. CMTs presented comparatively higher expression of VCAN in stroma adjacent to in situ and in invasive areas than in corresponding areas in SCs. In CMT, EGFR and HER-2 expressions were higher in situ compared to invasive areas. In contrast, increased CD44 and EGFR expression was found in invasive areas in SC compared to CMT. These results indicate that versican expression is similarly associated with invasiveness in SC and CMT, however higher levels were seen in CMT suggesting that the presence of myoepithelial proliferation in this tumor type participates in stromal composition and promoting an increase in the expression of versican.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Figuerêdo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 121 Rua Waldemar Falcão., Salvador BA 40296-710, Brazil
| | - R S Carmo Neto
- Department of Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, s/n° Adhemar de Barros., Salvador BA 40170-110, Brazil
| | - E Ferreira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627 Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - G D Cassali
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627 Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - A Estrela-Lima
- Department of Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, s/n° Adhemar de Barros., Salvador BA 40170-110, Brazil
| | - K A Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 121 Rua Waldemar Falcão., Salvador BA 40296-710, Brazil.
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13
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Mestrinho LA, Santos RR. Translational oncotargets for immunotherapy: From pet dogs to humans. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:296-313. [PMID: 33705879 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies in rodent models have been a pivotal role in human clinical research, but many of them fail in the translational process. Spontaneous tumors in pet dogs have the potential to bridge the gap between preclinical models and human clinical trials. Their natural occurrence in an immunocompetent system overcome the limitations of preclinical rodent models. Due to its reasonable cellular, molecular, and genetic homology to humans, the pet dog represents a valuable model to accelerate the translation of preclinical studies to clinical trials in humans, actually with benefits for both species. Moreover, their unique genetic features of breeding and breed-related mutations have contributed to assess and optimize therapeutics in individuals with different genetic backgrounds. This review aims to outline four main immunotherapy approaches - cancer vaccines, adaptive T-cell transfer, antibodies, and cytokines -, under research in veterinary medicine and how they can serve the clinical application crosstalk with humans.
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Collagen molecular phenotypic switch between non-neoplastic and neoplastic canine mammary tissues. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8659. [PMID: 33883562 PMCID: PMC8060395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of major advances over the past several decades in diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer remains a global cause of morbidity and premature death for both human and veterinary patients. Due to multiple shared clinicopathological features, dogs provide an excellent model of human breast cancer, thus, a comparative oncology approach may advance our understanding of breast cancer biology and improve patient outcomes. Despite an increasing awareness of the critical role of fibrillar collagens in breast cancer biology, tumor-permissive collagen features are still ill-defined. Here, we characterize the molecular and morphological phenotypes of type I collagen in canine mammary gland tumors. Canine mammary carcinoma samples contained longer collagen fibers as well as a greater population of wider fibers compared to non-neoplastic and adenoma samples. Furthermore, the total number of collagen cross-links enriched in the stable hydroxylysine-aldehyde derived cross-links was significantly increased in neoplastic mammary gland samples compared to non-neoplastic mammary gland tissue. The mass spectrometric analyses of type I collagen revealed that in malignant mammary tumor samples, lysine residues, in particular those in the telopeptides, were markedly over-hydroxylated in comparison to non-neoplastic mammary tissue. The extent of glycosylation of hydroxylysine residues was comparable among the groups. Consistent with these data, expression levels of genes encoding lysyl hydroxylase 2 (LH2) and its molecular chaperone FK506-binding protein 65 were both significantly increased in neoplastic samples. These alterations likely lead to an increase in the LH2-mediated stable collagen cross-links in mammary carcinoma that may promote tumor cell metastasis in these patients.
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Deckwirth V, Rajakylä EK, Cattavarayane S, Acheva A, Schaible N, Krishnan R, Valle-Delgado JJ, Österberg M, Björkenheim P, Sukura A, Tojkander S. Cytokeratin 5 determines maturation of the mammary myoepithelium. iScience 2021; 24:102413. [PMID: 34007958 PMCID: PMC8111680 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
At invasion, transformed mammary epithelial cells expand into the stroma through a disrupted myoepithelial (ME) cell layer and basement membrane (BM). The intact ME cell layer has thus been suggested to act as a barrier against invasion. Here, we investigate the mechanisms behind the disruption of ME cell layer. We show that the expression of basal/ME proteins CK5, CK14, and α-SMA altered along increasing grade of malignancy, and their loss affected the maintenance of organotypic 3D mammary architecture. Furthermore, our data suggests that loss of CK5 prior to invasive stage causes decreased levels of Zinc finger protein SNAI2 (SLUG), a key regulator of the mammary epithelial cell lineage determination. Consequently, a differentiation bias toward luminal epithelial cell type was detected with loss of mature, α-SMA-expressing ME cells and reduced deposition of basement membrane protein laminin-5. Therefore, our data discloses the central role of CK5 in mammary epithelial differentiation and maintenance of normal ME layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Deckwirth
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Eeva Kaisa Rajakylä
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sandhanakrishnan Cattavarayane
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Anna Acheva
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Niccole Schaible
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Pia Björkenheim
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Antti Sukura
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sari Tojkander
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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16
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Mathew R, Sajitha IS, Balakrishnan-Nair DK, Nair SS, Kariyil BJ, Abraham MJ. Histological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Phosphorylated Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin in Canine Skin Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2021; 184:60-64. [PMID: 33894879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in cellular functions, including growth and metabolism. Recently, mTOR and the activated phosphorylated form of mTOR (p-mTOR) have been reported as potential prognostic markers in many human tumours. However, there are few studies on its activation in canine tumours. We investigated the expression of p-mTOR in 17 canine skin tumours (CSTs), of which 58.8% were epithelial and melanocytic and 41.2% were mesenchymal tumours. Seventy-six per cent of the CSTs had high or moderate expression of p-mTOR. Mean p-mTOR expression in the epithelial and melanocytic tumours (5.7 ± 0.56) was significantly higher (P <0.05) than that of the mesenchymal tumours (3.14 ± 0.55). The age of the animals had no influence on p-mTOR expression. These findings suggest that activation of m-TOR is important in the development of skin tumours in dogs and the study might form the basis for further research on utilizing m-TOR inhibitors as improved therapeutic modalities in canine skin tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon Mathew
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala, India.
| | - Indira S Sajitha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala, India
| | | | - Sudheesh S Nair
- Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala, India
| | - Bibu J Kariyil
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala, India; Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Mammen J Abraham
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala, India
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17
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Li Z, Zheng W, Wang H, Cheng Y, Fang Y, Wu F, Sun G, Sun G, Lv C, Hui B. Application of Animal Models in Cancer Research: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:2455-2475. [PMID: 33758544 PMCID: PMC7979343 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s302565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models refers to the animal experimental objects and related materials that can simulate human body established in medical research. As the second-largest disease in terms of morbidity and mortality after cardiovascular disease, cancer has always been the focus of human attention all over the world, which makes it a research hotspot in the medical field. At the same time, more and more animal models have been constructed and used in cancer research. With the deepening of research, the construction methods of cancer animal models are becoming more and more diverse, including chemical induction, xenotransplantation, gene programming, and so on. In recent years, patient-derived xenotransplantation (PDX) model has become a research hotspot because it can retain the microenvironment of the primary tumor and the basic characteristics of cells. Animal models can be used not only to study the biochemical and physiological processes of the occurrence and development of cancer in objects but also for the screening of cancer drugs and the exploration of gene therapy. In this paper, several main tumor animal models and the application progress of animal models in tumor research are systematically reviewed. Finally, combined with the latest progress and development trend in this field, the future research of tumor animal model was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wubin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanjin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijiao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangshun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyu Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingqing Hui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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18
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Garcia APV, Reis LA, Nunes FC, Longford FGJ, Frey JG, de Paula AM, Cassali GD. Canine mammary cancer tumour behaviour and patient survival time are associated with collagen fibre characteristics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5668. [PMID: 33707516 PMCID: PMC7952730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise diagnosis and prognosis are key in prevention and reduction of morbidity and mortality in all types of cancers. Here we show that changes in the collagen fibres in the main histological subtypes of canine mammary gland carcinomas are directly associated with the tumour behaviour and the animal survival time and could become a useful tool in helping with diagnosis. Imaging by second harmonic generation and multiphoton excited fluorescence microscopy were performed to evaluate the collagen and cellular segment parameters in cancer biopsies. We present a retrospective study of 45 cases of canine mammary cancer analysing 836 biopsies regions including normal mammary gland tissue, benign mixed tumours, carcinoma in mixed tumour, carcinosarcoma, micropapillary carcinoma and solid carcinoma. The image analyses and the comparison between the tumour types allowed to assess the collagen fibre changes during tumour progression. We demonstrate that the collagen parameters correlate with the clinical and pathological data, the results show that in neoplastic tissues, the collagen fibres are more aligned and shorter as compared to the normal tissues. There is a clear association of the mean fibre length with the dogs survival times, the carcinomas presenting shorter collagen fibres indicate a worse survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. V. Garcia
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Luana A. Reis
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Fernanda C. Nunes
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | | | - Jeremy G. Frey
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Ana M. de Paula
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Geovanni D. Cassali
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
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19
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Bittner ML, Lopes R, Hua J, Sima C, Datta A, Wilson-Robles H. Comprehensive live-cell imaging analysis of cryptotanshinone and synergistic drug-screening effects in various human and canine cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0236074. [PMID: 33544704 PMCID: PMC7864433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have highlighted both the extreme anticancer effects of Cryptotanshinone (CT), a Stat3 crippling component from Salvia miltiorrhiza, as well as other STAT3 inhibitors to fight cancer. Methods Data presented in this experiment incorporates 2 years of in vitro studies applying a comprehensive live-cell drug-screening analysis of human and canine cancer cells exposed to CT at 20 μM concentration, as well as to other drug combinations. As previously observed in other studies, dogs are natural cancer models, given to their similarity in cancer genetics, epidemiology and disease progression compared to humans. Results Results obtained from several types of human and canine cancer cells exposed to CT and varied drug combinations, verified CT efficacy at combating cancer by achieving an extremely high percentage of apoptosis within 24 hours of drug exposure. Conclusions CT anticancer efficacy in various human and canine cancer cell lines denotes its ability to interact across different biological processes and cancer regulatory cell networks, driving inhibition of cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Bittner
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Rosana Lopes
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RL); (HWR)
| | - Jianping Hua
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Chao Sima
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Aniruddha Datta
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Heather Wilson-Robles
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RL); (HWR)
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20
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Béguin J, Gantzer M, Farine I, Foloppe J, Klonjkowski B, Maurey C, Quéméneur É, Erbs P. Safety, biodistribution and viral shedding of oncolytic vaccinia virus TG6002 administered intravenously in healthy beagle dogs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2209. [PMID: 33500518 PMCID: PMC7838210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging strategy that uses replication-competent viruses to kill tumor cells. We have reported the oncolytic effects of TG6002, a recombinant oncolytic vaccinia virus, in preclinical human xenograft models and canine tumor explants. To assess the safety, biodistribution and shedding of TG6002 administered by the intravenous route, we conducted a study in immune-competent healthy dogs. Three dogs each received a single intravenous injection of TG6002 at 105 PFU/kg, 106 PFU/kg or 107 PFU/kg, and one dog received three intravenous injections at 107 PFU/kg. The injections were well tolerated without any clinical, hematological or biochemical adverse events. Viral genomes were only detected in blood at the earliest sampling time point of one-hour post-injection at 107 PFU/kg. Post mortem analyses at day 35 allowed detection of viral DNA in the spleen of the dog which received three injections at 107 PFU/kg. Viral genomes were not detected in the urine, saliva or feces of any dogs. Seven days after the injections, a dose-dependent antibody mediated immune response was identified. In conclusion, intravenous administration of TG6002 shows a good safety profile, supporting the initiation of clinical trials in canine cancer patients as well as further development as a human cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Béguin
- Transgene, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christelle Maurey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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21
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Reis LA, Garcia APV, Gomes EFA, Longford FGJ, Frey JG, Cassali GD, de Paula AM. Canine mammary cancer diagnosis from quantitative properties of nonlinear optical images. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6413-6427. [PMID: 33282498 PMCID: PMC7687940 DOI: 10.1364/boe.400871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present nonlinear microscopy imaging results and analysis from canine mammary cancer biopsies. Second harmonic generation imaging allows information of the collagen structure in the extracellular matrix that together with the fluorescence of the cell regions of the biopsies form a base for comprehensive image analysis. We demonstrate an automated image analysis method to classify the histological type of canine mammary cancer using a range of parameters extracted from the images. The software developed for image processing and analysis allows for the extraction of the collagen fibre network and the cell regions of the images. Thus, the tissue properties are obtained after the segmentation of the image and the metrics are measured specifically for the collagen and the cell regions. A linear discriminant analysis including all the extracted metrics allowed to clearly separate between the healthy and cancerous tissue with a 91%-accuracy. Also, a 61%-accuracy was achieved for a comparison of healthy and three histological cancer subtypes studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana A. Reis
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Ana P. V. Garcia
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Egleidson F. A. Gomes
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | | | - Jeremy G. Frey
- University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Geovanni D. Cassali
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Ana M. de Paula
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
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22
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Béguin J, Foloppe J, Maurey C, Laloy E, Hortelano J, Nourtier V, Pichon C, Cochin S, Cordier P, Huet H, Quemeneur E, Klonjkowski B, Erbs P. Preclinical Evaluation of the Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus TG6002 by Translational Research on Canine Breast Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 19:57-66. [PMID: 33072863 PMCID: PMC7533293 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. TG6002 is a recombinant oncolytic vaccinia virus deleted in the thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase genes and armed with the suicide gene FCU1, which encodes a bifunctional chimeric protein that efficiently catalyzes the direct conversion of the nontoxic 5-fluorocytosine into the toxic metabolite 5-fluorouracil. In translational research, canine tumors and especially mammary cancers are relevant surrogates for human cancers and can be used as preclinical models. Here, we report that TG6002 is able to replicate in canine tumor cell lines and is oncolytic in such cells cultured in 2D or 3D as well as canine mammary tumor explants. Furthermore, intratumoral injections of TG6002 lead to inhibition of the proliferation of canine tumor cells grafted into mice. 5-fluorocytosine treatment of mice significantly improves the anti-tumoral activity of TG6002 infection, a finding that can be correlated with its conversion into 5-fluorouracil within infected fresh canine tumor biopsies. In conclusion, our study suggests that TG6002 associated with 5-fluorocytosine is a promising therapy for human and canine cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Béguin
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d’Andernach, Parc d’innovation, CS80166, Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex 67405, France
- Service de Médecine Interne, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France
- Corresponding author: Jérémy Béguin, UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
| | - Johann Foloppe
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d’Andernach, Parc d’innovation, CS80166, Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex 67405, France
| | - Christelle Maurey
- Service de Médecine Interne, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France
| | - Eve Laloy
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
- Laboratoire d’Anatomo-cytopathologie, Biopôle Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - Julie Hortelano
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d’Andernach, Parc d’innovation, CS80166, Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex 67405, France
| | - Virginie Nourtier
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d’Andernach, Parc d’innovation, CS80166, Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex 67405, France
| | - Christelle Pichon
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d’Andernach, Parc d’innovation, CS80166, Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex 67405, France
| | - Sandrine Cochin
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d’Andernach, Parc d’innovation, CS80166, Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex 67405, France
| | - Pascale Cordier
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d’Andernach, Parc d’innovation, CS80166, Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex 67405, France
| | - Hélène Huet
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
- Laboratoire d’Anatomo-cytopathologie, Biopôle Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - Eric Quemeneur
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d’Andernach, Parc d’innovation, CS80166, Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex 67405, France
| | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - Philippe Erbs
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d’Andernach, Parc d’innovation, CS80166, Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex 67405, France
- Corresponding author: Philippe Erbs, Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d’Andernach, Parc d’innovation, CS80166, Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex 67405, France.
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23
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Safety studies and viral shedding of intramuscular administration of oncolytic vaccinia virus TG6002 in healthy beagle dogs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:307. [PMID: 32843040 PMCID: PMC7446062 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a leading cause of mortality for both humans and dogs. As spontaneous canine cancers appear to be relevant models of human cancers, developing new therapeutic approaches could benefit both species. Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising therapeutic approach in cancer treatment. TG6002 is a recombinant oncolytic vaccinia virus deleted in the thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase genes and armed with the suicide gene FCU1 that encodes a protein which catalyses the conversion of the non-toxic 5-fluorocytosine into the toxic metabolite 5-fluorouracil. Previous studies have shown the ability of TG6002 to infect and replicate in canine tumor cell lines, and demonstrated its oncolytic potency in cell lines, xenograft models and canine mammary adenocarcinoma explants. Moreover, 5-fluorouracil synthesis has been confirmed in fresh canine mammary adenocarcinoma explants infected with TG6002 with 5-fluorocytosine. This study aims at assessing the safety profile and viral shedding after unique or repeated intramuscular injections of TG6002 in seven healthy Beagle dogs. RESULTS Repeated intramuscular administrations of TG6002 at the dose of 5 × 107 PFU/kg resulted in no clinical or biological adverse effects. Residual TG6002 in blood, saliva, urine and feces of treated dogs was not detected by infectious titer assay nor by qPCR, ensuring the safety of the virus in the dogs and their environment. CONCLUSIONS These results establish the good tolerability of TG6002 in healthy dogs with undetectable viral shedding after multiple injections. This study supports the initiation of further studies in canine cancer patients to evaluate the oncolytic potential of TG6002 and provides critical data for clinical development of TG6002 as a human cancer therapy.
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Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, which makes it a very impactful malignancy in the society. Breast cancers can be classified through different systems based on the main tumor features and gene, protein, and cell receptors expression, which will determine the most advisable therapeutic course and expected outcomes. Multiple therapeutic options have already been proposed and implemented for breast cancer treatment. Nonetheless, their use and efficacy still greatly depend on the tumor classification, and treatments are commonly associated with invasiveness, pain, discomfort, severe side effects, and poor specificity. This has demanded an investment in the research of the mechanisms behind the disease progression, evolution, and associated risk factors, and on novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. However, advances in the understanding and assessment of breast cancer are dependent on the ability to mimic the properties and microenvironment of tumors in vivo, which can be achieved through experimentation on animal models. This review covers an overview of the main animal models used in breast cancer research, namely in vitro models, in vivo models, in silico models, and other models. For each model, the main characteristics, advantages, and challenges associated to their use are highlighted.
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25
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Gray M, Turnbull AK, Meehan J, Martínez-Pérez C, Kay C, Pang LY, Argyle DJ. Comparative Analysis of the Development of Acquired Radioresistance in Canine and Human Mammary Cancer Cell Lines. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:439. [PMID: 32851022 PMCID: PMC7396503 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Research using in vitro canine mammary cancer cell lines and naturally-occurring canine mammary tumors are not only fundamental models used to advance the understanding of cancer in veterinary patients, but are also regarded as excellent translational models of human breast cancer. Human breast cancer is commonly treated with radiotherapy; however, tumor response depends on both innate radiosensitivity and on tumor repopulation by cells that develop radioresistance. Comparative canine and human studies investigating the mechanisms of radioresistance may lead to novel cancer treatments that benefit both species. In this study, we developed a canine mammary cancer (REM-134) radioresistant (RR) cell line and investigated the cellular mechanisms related to the development of acquired radioresistance. We performed a comparative analysis of this resistant model with our previously developed human breast cancer radioresistant cell lines (MCF-7 RR, ZR-751 RR, and MDA-MB-231 RR), characterizing inherent differences through genetic, molecular, and cell biology approaches. RR cells demonstrated enhanced invasion/migration capabilities, with phenotypic evidence suggestive of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Similarities were identified between the REM-134 RR, MCF-7 RR, and ZR-751 RR cell lines in relation to the pattern of expression of both epithelial and mesenchymal genes, in addition to WNT, PI3K, and MAPK pathway activation. Following the development of radioresistance, transcriptomic data indicated that parental MCF-7 and ZR-751 cell lines changed from a luminal A classification to basal/HER2-overexpressing (MCF-7 RR) and normal-like/HER2-overexpressing (ZR-751 RR). These radioresistant subtypes were similar to the REM-134 and REM-134 RR cell lines, which were classified as HER2-overexpressing. To our knowledge, our study is the first to generate a canine mammary cancer RR cell line model and provide a comparative genetic and phenotypic analysis of the mechanisms of acquired radioresistance between canine and human cancer cell lines. We demonstrate that the cellular processes that occur with the development of acquired radioresistance are similar between the human and canine cell lines; our results therefore suggest that the canine model is appropriate to study both human and canine radioresistant mammary cancers, and that treatment strategies used in human medicine may also be applicable to veterinary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Arran K Turnbull
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charlene Kay
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Y Pang
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Terzaghi L, Banco B, Groppetti D, Dall'Acqua PC, Giudice C, Pecile A, Grieco V, Lodde V, Luciano AM. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) expression in canine mammary tumors: A preliminary study. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:101-107. [PMID: 32544632 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMT) represent the most common neoplasms in female dogs and their diagnosis and classification relies on histopathological examination. Recently, PGRMC1 has been considered to be a putative biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in many human cancers as it is expressed in a wide variety of tumors. This study represents the first description of PGRMC1 expression in CMT. PGRMC1 expression was initially assessed by immunohistochemistry in healthy or hyperplastic tissues and in four major histopathological types of CMT: simple and complex adenomas and carcinomas. PGRMC1 staining was represented by a scoring system that considered the percentage of positive cells and staining intensity. PGRMC1 expression was defined as either weak, moderate or strong. In healthy and hyperplastic tissues almost 100% of the epithelial cells stained intensely for PGRMC1. Adenomas showed similar features but with a more variable intensity. In tubular areas of adenocarcinomas, a lower percentage of epithelial cells (30-60%) stained for PGRMC1 with a weak intensity. Both the percentage of cells and intensity of PGRMC1 staining became progressively negative in the solid parts of the tumor. Western blot analysis of healthy and neoplastic mammary tissue (carcinomas samples) revealed the presence of the 25 kDa PGRMC1 band in both types of tissue, while the 50 kDa form was mainly detected in the healthy counterpart. This study reveals that PGRMC1 is expressed in CMT and its expression pattern changes depending on the pattern of growth of CMT. Further studies are now needed to determine PGRMC1's putative role and usefulness for typing and prognosis of different CMT subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Terzaghi
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Banco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Priscila C Dall'Acqua
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Animal Reproduction, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil; Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Chiara Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Lodde
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto M Luciano
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Gray M, Meehan J, Martínez-Pérez C, Kay C, Turnbull AK, Morrison LR, Pang LY, Argyle D. Naturally-Occurring Canine Mammary Tumors as a Translational Model for Human Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:617. [PMID: 32411603 PMCID: PMC7198768 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research over many decades, human breast cancer remains a major worldwide health concern. Advances in pre-clinical and clinical research has led to significant improvements in recent years in how we manage breast cancer patients. Although survival rates of patients suffering from localized disease has improved significantly, the prognosis for patients diagnosed with metastatic disease remains poor with 5-year survival rates at only 25%. In vitro studies using immortalized cell lines and in vivo mouse models, typically using xenografted cell lines or patient derived material, are commonly used to study breast cancer. Although these techniques have undoubtedly increased our molecular understanding of breast cancer, these research models have significant limitations and have contributed to the high attrition rates seen in cancer drug discovery. It is estimated that only 3-6% of drugs that show promise in these pre-clinical models will reach clinical use. Models that can reproduce human breast cancer more accurately are needed if significant advances are to be achieved in improving cancer drug research, treatment outcomes, and prognosis. Canine mammary tumors are a naturally-occurring heterogenous group of cancers that have several features in common with human breast cancer. These similarities include etiology, signaling pathway activation and histological classification. In this review article we discuss the use of naturally-occurring canine mammary tumors as a translational animal model for human breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charlene Kay
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Arran K Turnbull
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Linda R Morrison
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Y Pang
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Ferrante MC, Di Vaio P, Magli E, Frecentese F, Meli R, Caliendo G, Corvino A, Fiorino F, Giordano F, Monnolo A, Saccone I, Santagada V, Severino B, Calabria G, Manzo C, Perissutti E. PCB levels in adipose tissue of dogs from illegal dumping sites in Campania region (Italy). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125478. [PMID: 31812762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the potential relationship between exposure to PCBs and cancer. In doing so we relied on a sample of dogs coming from a peculiar area of the Campania region (Italy), that has been suffering for illegal waste dumping and open air burning of plastic waste for many years. The latter determined the release of organic and inorganic pollutants, such as the PCBs. By comparing dogs with cancer and healthy dogs, we found much higher PCB concentrations in the former, with a significant difference (p < 0.05) for the non-indicator ∑10NDL-PCB and the DL-PCBs. A regression analysis, controlling for three potentially confounding factors, that are sex, age and weight, confirmed the higher ∑10NDL-PCB concentration in dogs with cancer. Hence, our evidence suggests a potential health hazard for animals and likewise people living in a risky area due to the presence of environmental organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmela Ferrante
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Di Vaio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Magli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Frecentese
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Corvino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Monnolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Saccone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Santagada
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Calabria
- Veterinary Clinic "Giacomo Calabria VET", Via S. Francesco D'Assisi, 41, 80034, Marigliano (NA), Italy
| | - Cosimo Manzo
- Avantech Group s.r.l, Via Masuccio Salernitano, 28, 84012, Angri (SA), Italy
| | - Elisa Perissutti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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29
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Sobczuk P, Brodziak A, Khan MI, Chhabra S, Fiedorowicz M, Wełniak-Kamińska M, Synoradzki K, Bartnik E, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A, Czarnecka AM. Choosing The Right Animal Model for Renal Cancer Research. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100745. [PMID: 32092671 PMCID: PMC7036425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the life expectancy of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the last decade is due to changes that have occurred in the area of preclinical studies. Understanding cancer pathophysiology and the emergence of new therapeutic options, including immunotherapy, would not be possible without proper research. Before new approaches to disease treatment are developed and introduced into clinical practice they must be preceded by preclinical tests, in which animal studies play a significant role. This review describes the progress in animal model development in kidney cancer research starting from the oldest syngeneic or chemically-induced models, through genetically modified mice, finally to xenograft, especially patient-derived, avatar and humanized mouse models. As there are a number of subtypes of RCC, our aim is to help to choose the right animal model for a particular kidney cancer subtype. The data on genetic backgrounds, biochemical parameters, histology, different stages of carcinogenesis and metastasis in various animal models of RCC as well as their translational relevance are summarized. Moreover, we shed some light on imaging methods, which can help define tumor microstructure, assist in the analysis of its metabolic changes and track metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Sobczuk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Brodziak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mohammed Imran Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Stuti Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
| | - Michał Fiedorowicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marlena Wełniak-Kamińska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Synoradzki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
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30
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Markkanen E. Know Thy Model: Charting Molecular Homology in Stromal Reprogramming Between Canine and Human Mammary Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:348. [PMID: 31921858 PMCID: PMC6927989 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous canine simple mammary tumors (CMTs) are often viewed as models of human breast cancer. Cancer-associated stroma (CAS) is central for initiation and progression of human cancer, and is likely to play a key role in canine tumors as well. Until recently, however, canine CAS in general, and in CMT in particular, lacked detailed characterization and it remained unclear how canine and human CAS compare. This void in knowledge regarding canine CAS and the resulting lack of unbiased cross-species analysis of molecular homologies and differences undermined the validity of the canine model for human disease. To assess stromal reprogramming in canine breast tumors, we have recently established a protocol to specifically isolate and analyze CAS and matched normal stroma from archival, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) clinical tumor samples using laser-capture microdissection followed by next-generation RNA-sequencing. Using this approach, we have analyzed stromal reprogramming in both malignant canine mammary carcinomas (mCAs) as well as benign canine mammary adenomas in a series of studies. Our results demonstrate strong stromal reprogramming in CMTs and identify high-grade molecular homology between human and canine CAS. Here, I aim to give a short background on the value of comparative oncology in general, and spontaneous CMT in particular. This will be followed by a concise review of the current knowledge of stromal reprogramming in both malignant canine mCA and benign adenoma. Finally, I will conclude with insights on highly conserved aspects of stromal reprogramming between CMT and human breast cancer that accentuate the relevance of CAS in CMT as a model for the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Markkanen
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Senhorello ILS, Terra EM, Sueiro FAR, Firmo BF, Anai LA, Goloni C, Canavari IC, Ampuero RAN, Pereira RS, Tinucci-Costa M. Clinical value of carcinoembryonic antigen in mammary neoplasms of bitches. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:315-323. [PMID: 31664787 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the behaviour and understanding the diagnostic value of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in bitches with mammary carcinoma as a tool for monitoring and prognosis of canine cancer patients. Serum samples from 77 bitches were divided into four groups, G1 (n = 21), control group (healthy/neoplasia free bitches); G2 (n = 31), bitches with non-metastatic mammary carcinoma less than 3 cm; G3 (n = 12), bitches with non-metastatic mammary carcinoma greater than 3 cm; and, G4 (n = 13) bitches with mammary carcinoma and lymph node metastasis. The marker was dosed once in G1, whereas in G2, G3 and G4, CEA levels were determined before (M0) and 15 days after (M1) mastectomy, using the ELISA kit for humans while reading used ELISYS ONE human. A group of 11 bitches was followed up 45 days after mastectomy (M2). The results for the concentration of markers in blood serum samples at the evaluated times and their relationship with neoplasia biological behaviour and observed clinicopathological changes were evaluated by the Tukey test at 5% significance. The ROC curve was established to find the cut-off value and calculate the test sensitivity and specificity, the multivariate matching analysis was performed to confirm the association between CEA values and clinicopathological variables. CEA values increased significantly in bitches with mammary carcinoma, metastatic tumours with a diameter larger than 3.0 cm and high grade, compared with healthy ones. In addition, mastectomy reduced the CEA concentration in the blood (P < .05) whereas high CEA levels were associated with unfavourable prognostic factors (P < .05). The biomarker presented good diagnostic value, especially for more aggressive tumours. In conclusion, CEA serum concentrations allowed to follow efficiently the evolution of mammary tumours in bitches, since CEA values increased in bitches with mammary gland tumour and decreased after mastectomy while correlating with prognostic factors such as tumour size, nodal metastasis and histological grade. Further studies are still needed to confirm its diagnostic value for follow-up of relapse and early metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor L S Senhorello
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Erika M Terra
- Veterinarian, Nestlé Purina PetCare, Altinópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe A R Sueiro
- Veterinarian, VETPAT Pathology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna F Firmo
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia A Anai
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Goloni
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabela C Canavari
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto A N Ampuero
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Pereira
- Veterinarian, VETPAT Pathology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirela Tinucci-Costa
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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32
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Overgaard NH, Fan TM, Schachtschneider KM, Principe DR, Schook LB, Jungersen G. Of Mice, Dogs, Pigs, and Men: Choosing the Appropriate Model for Immuno-Oncology Research. ILAR J 2019; 59:247-262. [PMID: 30476148 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays dual roles in response to cancer. The host immune system protects against tumor formation via immunosurveillance; however, recognition of the tumor by immune cells also induces sculpting mechanisms leading to a Darwinian selection of tumor cell variants with reduced immunogenicity. Cancer immunoediting is the concept used to describe the complex interplay between tumor cells and the immune system. This concept, commonly referred to as the three E's, is encompassed by 3 distinct phases of elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Despite impressive results in the clinic, cancer immunotherapy still has room for improvement as many patients remain unresponsive to therapy. Moreover, many of the preclinical results obtained in the widely used mouse models of cancer are lost in translation to human patients. To improve the success rate of immuno-oncology research and preclinical testing of immune-based anticancer therapies, using alternative animal models more closely related to humans is a promising approach. Here, we describe 2 of the major alternative model systems: canine (spontaneous) and porcine (experimental) cancer models. Although dogs display a high rate of spontaneous tumor formation, an increased number of genetically modified porcine models exist. We suggest that the optimal immuno-oncology model may depend on the stage of cancer immunoediting in question. In particular, the spontaneous canine tumor models provide a unique platform for evaluating therapies aimed at the escape phase of cancer, while genetically engineered swine allow for elucidation of tumor-immune cell interactions especially during the phases of elimination and equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana H Overgaard
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | | | - Daniel R Principe
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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33
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Reis J, Oliveira T, Pereira A, Infante P, Leal N, Faísca P. Microtomographic characterization of calcifications in canine mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:281-291. [PMID: 31606921 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes the microtomographic characterization of macro- and microcalcifications present in excised canine mammary glands. In human breast cancer, microcalcifications are highly relevant for diagnosis and prognosis, often being the sole element determining biopsy. Canine mammary tumours are considered a model for human breast cancer, but the morphological features of calcifications had still to be studied in this species. The objective of this research is to contribute to the characterization of the mineralization features of the canine mammary gland. In the present study, the excised mammary glands of 33 bitches underwent fluoroscopic examination. In 30 of the samples, the presence of calcification was suspected, and multiple biopsies were taken of these areas. Biopsy fragments underwent microtomographic scanning. Microcalcifications were found in non-neoplastic glandular tissue, benign and malign lesions, as it is known to happen in humans. Qualitative evaluation regarding morphology of the imaged calcifications showed similarities to breast cancer findings, based on the BI-RADS 2013 classification, such as pleomorphism and shape. No differences in the quantitative morphological parameters of volume, surface, surface/volume, SMI and structure thickness were found when macrocalcifications were considered. However, although significant differences existed in these parameters between microcalcifications from malignant canine mammary tumours and the two other groups, none were found between non-neoplastic and benign tumours. Findings further support the use of this spontaneous animal model for the study of human breast cancer, considering how clinically relevant microcalcifications are in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Reis
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária - Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Teresa Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária - Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Alfredo Pereira
- Departamento de Zootecnica - Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Paulo Infante
- Departamento de Matemática - Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Centro de Investigação em Matemática e Aplicações/IIFA, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Nuno Leal
- DNAtech Laboratório Veterinário; Hospital Veterinário do Oeste, Lourinhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Faísca
- Centro de Investigação em BioCiências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária- Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias/DNAtech Laboratório Veterinário, Lisboa, Portugal
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34
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Liu CH, Abrams ND, Carrick DM, Chander P, Dwyer J, Hamlet MRJ, Kindzelski AL, PrabhuDas M, Tsai SYA, Vedamony MM, Wang C, Tandon P. Imaging inflammation and its resolution in health and disease: current status, clinical needs, challenges, and opportunities. FASEB J 2019; 33:13085-13097. [PMID: 31577913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a normal process in our body; acute inflammation acts to suppress infections and support wound healing. Chronic inflammation likely leads to a wide range of diseases, including cancer. Tools to locate and monitor inflammation are critical for developing effective interventions to arrest inflammation and promote its resolution. To identify current clinical needs, challenges, and opportunities in advancing imaging-based evaluations of inflammatory status in patients, the U.S. National Institutes of Health convened a workshop on imaging inflammation and its resolution in health and disease. Clinical speakers described their needs for image-based capabilities that could help determine the extent of inflammatory conditions in patients to guide treatment planning and undertake necessary interventions. The imaging speakers showcased the state-of-the-art in vivo imaging techniques for detecting inflammation in different disease areas. Many imaging capabilities developed for 1 organ or disease can be adapted for other diseases and organs, whereas some have promise for clinical utility within the next 5-10 yr. Several speakers demonstrated that multimodal imaging measurements integrated with serum-based measures could improve in robustness for clinical utility. All speakers agreed that multiple inflammatory measures should be acquired longitudinally to comprehend the dynamics of unresolved inflammation that leads to disease development. They also agreed that the best strategies for accelerating clinical translation of imaging inflammation capabilities are through integration between new imaging techniques and biofluid-based biomarkers of inflammation as well as already established imaging measurements.-Liu, C. H., Abrams, N. D., Carrick, D. M., Chander, P., Dwyer, J., Hamlet, M. R. J., Kindzelski, A. L., PrabhuDas, M., Tsai, S.-Y. A., Vedamony, M. M., Wang, C., Tandon, P. Imaging inflammation and its resolution in health and disease: current status, clinical needs, challenges, and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Preethi Chander
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Johanna Dwyer
- Office of Dietary Supplements, (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Mercy PrabhuDas
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Shang-Yi Anne Tsai
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Merriline M Vedamony
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Chiayeng Wang
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pushpa Tandon
- National Cancer Institute, (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Pulz LH, Barra CN, Alexandre PA, Huete GC, Cadrobbi KG, Nishiya AT, de Freitas SH, Fukumasu H, Strefezzi RF. Identification of two molecular subtypes in canine mast cell tumours through gene expression profiling. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217343. [PMID: 31216299 PMCID: PMC6583995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumours (MCTs) are common neoplasms in dogs and are usually regarded as potentially malignant. Several studies have attempted to identify biomarkers to better predict biological behaviours for this tumour. The aim of this study was to identify pathways connected to clinical and histopathological malignancies, shorter survival times, and poor prognoses associated with MCTs. We performed genome-wide gene expression analyses on tissues obtained from 15 dogs with single MCTs, and identified two distinct tumour subtypes—high-risk and low-risk—associated with differences in histological grades, survival times, Ki67 indices, and occurrence of death due the disease. Comparative analyses of RNA sequence profiles revealed 71 genes that were differentially expressed between high- and low-risk MCTs. In addition to these analyses, we also examined gene co-expression networks to explore the biological functions of the identified genes. The network construction revealed 63 gene modules, of which 4 were significantly associated with the more aggressive tumour group. Two of the gene modules positively correlated with high-risk MCTs were also associated with cell proliferation and extracellular matrix-related terms. At the top of the extracellular matrix module category, genes with functions directly related to those of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were identified. Immunohistochemical analyses also revealed a greater number of CAFs in high-risk MCTs. This study provides a method for the molecular characterisation of canine MCTs into two distinct subtypes. Our data indicate that proliferation pathways are significantly involved in malignant tumour behaviours, which are known to be relevant for the induction and maintenance of MCTs. Finally, animals presenting high-risk MCTs overexpress genes associated with the extracellular matrix that can be robustly linked to CAF functions. We suggest that CAFs in the MCT stroma contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia H. Pulz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science- FMVZ, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Camila N. Barra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science- FMVZ, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pamela A. Alexandre
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Greice C. Huete
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Karine G. Cadrobbi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana T. Nishiya
- Veterinary Hospital Anhembi Morumbi, R. Conselheiro Lafaiete, São Paulo—SP, Anhembi Morumbi University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvio Henrique de Freitas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo F. Strefezzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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Morissette O, Sirois P, Wilson CC, Laporte M, Bernatchez L. The role of ecotype-environment interactions in intraspecific trophic niche partitioning subsequent to stocking. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01857. [PMID: 30680837 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, stocking of fish represents a valuable tool for conservation and maintenance of species exploited by recreational fishing. Releases of hatchery-reared fish are more and more recognized to have numerous demographic, ecological, and genetic impacts on wild populations. However, consequences on intraspecific trophic relationships have rarely been investigated. In this study, we assessed the impacts of supplementation stocking and resulting introgressive hybridization on the trophic niches occupied by stocked, local, and hybrid lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) within populations of piscivorous and planktivorous ecotypes stocked from a wild piscivorous source population. We compared trophic niches using stable isotope analysis (δ13 C and δ15 N) and trophic position among the three genetic origins. Putative genetic effects were tested with phenotype-genotype association of "life history" ecological traits (body size, growth rate, condition index, and trophic niche) and genotypes (RADseq SNP markers) using redundant discriminant analysis (RDA). Results showed that sympatry resulting from the stocking of contrasting ecotypes is a risk factor for niche partitioning. Planktivorous populations are more susceptible to niche partitioning, by competitive exclusion of the local fish from a littoral niche to an alternative pelagic/profundal niche. Observed niche partitioning is probably a manifestation of competitive interactions between ecotypes. Our results emphasize that ecotypic variation should be considered for more efficient management and conservation practices and in order to mitigate negative impact of supplementation stocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Morissette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V0A6, Canada
- Chaire de recherche sur les espèces aquatiques exploitées, Laboratoire des sciences aquatiques, Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, G7H2B1, Canada
| | - P Sirois
- Chaire de recherche sur les espèces aquatiques exploitées, Laboratoire des sciences aquatiques, Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, G7H2B1, Canada
| | - C C Wilson
- Aquatic Research and Development Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J3C7, Canada
| | - M Laporte
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - L Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, G1V0A6, Canada
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Fish EJ, Irizarry KJ, DeInnocentes P, Ellis CJ, Prasad N, Moss AG, Curt Bird R. Malignant canine mammary epithelial cells shed exosomes containing differentially expressed microRNA that regulate oncogenic networks. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:832. [PMID: 30126376 PMCID: PMC6102898 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast (mammary) cancers in human (BC) and canine (CMT) patients share clinical, pathological, and molecular similarities that suggest dogs may be a useful translational model. Many cancers, including BC, shed exosomes that contain microRNAs (miRs) into the microenvironment and circulation, and these may represent biomarkers of metastasis and tumor phenotype. Methods Three normal canine mammary epithelial cell (CMEC) cultures and 5 CMT cell lines were grown in serum-free media. Exosomes were isolated from culture media by ultracentrifugation then profiled by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Western blot. Exosomal small RNA was deep-sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq2500 sequencer and validated by qRT-PCR. In silico bioinformatic analysis was carried out to determine microRNA gene and pathway targets. Results CMEC and CMT cell lines shed round, “cup-shaped” exosomes approximately 150–200 nm, and were immunopositive for exosomal marker CD9. Deep-sequencing averaged ~ 15 million reads/sample. Three hundred thirty-eight unique miRs were detected, with 145 having > ±1.5-fold difference between one or more CMT and CMEC samples. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the upregulated miRs in this exosomal population regulate a number of relevant oncogenic networks. Several miRNAs including miR-18a, miR-19a and miR-181a were predicted in silico to target the canine estrogen receptor (ESR1α). Conclusions CMEC and CMT cells shed exosomes in vitro that contain differentially expressed miRs. CMT exosomal RNA expresses a limited number of miRs that are up-regulated relative to CMEC, and these are predicted to target biologically relevant hormone receptors and oncogenic pathways. These results may inform future studies of circulating exosomes and the utility of miRs as biomarkers of breast cancer in women and dogs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4750-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Fish
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Kristopher J Irizarry
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Patricia DeInnocentes
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Connor J Ellis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- Genomic Services Laboratory, Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Anthony G Moss
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - R Curt Bird
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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Yu F, Rasotto R, Zhang H, Pei S, Zhou B, Yang X, Jin Y, Zhang D, Lin D. Evaluation of expression of the Wnt signaling components in canine mammary tumors via RT 2 Profiler PCR Array and immunochemistry assays. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:359-367. [PMID: 27586466 PMCID: PMC5639089 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.3.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway and its key component β-catenin have critical roles in the development of diseases such as tumors in mammals. However, little has been reported about involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in canine mammary tumors (CMTs). The present study detected expression of 30 Wnt signaling pathway-related genes in CMTs; the results are potentially useful for molecular-based diagnosis of CMTs and the development of new targeted therapies. Significant upregulations of dickkopf-1 protein, secreted frizzled-related sequence protein 1 (SFRP1), frizzled 3, β-catenin, and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1) were detected in highly malignant CMTs compared to levels in normal mammary gland tissues; moreover, highly significant upregulation of WNT5A was observed in low malignancy CMTs. Downregulation was only detected for SFRP4 in malignant CMT samples. The subcellular location of β-catenin and cyclin D1 in 100 CMT samples was investigated via immunohistochemical analysis, and significantly increased expressions of β-catenin in cytoplasm and cyclin D1 in nuclei were revealed. Western blotting analysis revealed that the expression of β-catenin and LEF1 increased in in the majority of CMT samples. Taken together, the results provide important evidence of the activation status of the Wnt pathway in CMTs and valuable clues to identifying biomarkers for molecular-based diagnosis of CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Roberta Rasotto
- Clinical Pathology Department, Dick White Referrals, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shimin Pei
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yipeng Jin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Degui Lin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Abdelmegeed SM, Mohammed S. Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8195-8205. [PMID: 29928319 PMCID: PMC6004712 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models for examining human breast cancer (HBC) carcinogenesis have been extensively studied and proposed. With the recent advent of immunotherapy, significant attention has been focused on the dog as a model for human cancer. Dogs develop mammary tumors and other cancer types spontaneously with an intact immune system, which exhibit a number of clinical and molecular similarities to HBC. In addition to the spontaneous tumor presentation, the clinical similarities between human and canine mammary tumors (CMT) include the age at onset, hormonal etiology and course of the diseases. Furthermore, factors that affect the disease outcome, including tumor size, stage and lymph node invasion, are similar in HBC and CMT. Similarly, the molecular characteristics of steroid receptor, epidermal growth factor, proliferation marker, metalloproteinase and cyclooxygenase expression, and the mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in CMT, mimic HBC. Furthermore, ductal carcinomas in situ in human and canine mammary glands are particularly similar in their pathological, molecular and visual characteristics. These CMT characteristics and their similarities to HBC indicate that the dog could be an excellent model for the study of human disease. These similarities are discussed in detail in the present review, and are compared with the in vitro and other in vivo animal models available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaia M Abdelmegeed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sulma Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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40
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Brandão YDO, Toledo MB, Chequin A, Cristo TG, Sousa RS, Ramos EAS, Klassen G. DNA Methylation Status of the Estrogen Receptor α Gene in Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:510-516. [PMID: 29566609 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818763711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) has an important role in mammary carcinogenesis, prognosis, and treatment. In human and canine mammary cancer, the most aggressive tumors show loss of ERα expression, which in human breast cancer has been attributed to methylation of the cytosine followed by guanine (CpG) island within the estrogen receptor α gene ( ESR1) promoter. This study aimed to investigate the role of ESR1 CpG island (CGI) methylation in ERα expression in canine mammary tumors. Twenty-one canine mammary samples were sorted into three groups: malignant tumor (n = 9), benign tumor (n = 8), and normal gland (n = 4). Immunohistochemical analysis and reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR were performed to assess ERα expression and ESR1 mRNA levels. The methylation status was determined using sodium-bisulfite-treated DNA sequencing. All normal mammary glands and benign tumors showed high ERα expression (score range, 5-8). Six of the nine malignant tumors did not show ERα expression (score 0), two had score 2, and one had score 4. Lower ERα ( P < .005) and ESR1 mRNA levels ( P < .005) were found in malignant mammary tumors than in the other two groups. Canine ESR1 has an intragenic and non-promoter-associated CGI, different from humans. No significant variation in methylation percentage was observed among the groups, suggesting that ESR1 is not regulated by DNA methylation, unlike that in humans. This difference should be considered in further research using ERα as a biomarker for mammary tumors in canine studies on ERα-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara de Oliveira Brandão
- 1 Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mariana Busato Toledo
- 1 Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andressa Chequin
- 1 Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thierry Grima Cristo
- 2 Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renato Silva Sousa
- 2 Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edneia Amancio Souza Ramos
- 1 Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Giseli Klassen
- 1 Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Zhou B, Jin Y, Zhang D, Lin D. 5-Fluorouracil may enrich cancer stem cells in canine mammary tumor cells in vitro. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7987-7992. [PMID: 29755597 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland carcinomas are the most common neoplasms in women and unsterilized female dogs. Owing to the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), chemotherapy is not able to cure these types of diseases completely. A number of studies have demonstrated that CSCs are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs, but whether canine mammary tumor cells that have acquired resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) exhibited properties of CSCs remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether 5-fluorouracil-resistant canine mammary tumor cells exhibited properties of CSCs. CSCs were analyzed using western blot assays, ultra-low attachment sphere cultures, flow cytometry and migration (wound healing and Transwell) assays. The results indicated that, compared with parental cells, proteins associated with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 were overexpressed, the number and size of spheres in the 5-FU-resistant cells were increased, the ratio of CD44+/CD24-/low cells was increased and the migratory ability was improved in vitro compared with the 5-FU-susceptible cells. In conclusion, stimulation with chemotherapeutic drugs including 5-FU is a good method for increasing the proportion of canine mammary tumor stem cells in vitro, which may provide further understanding of chemotherapeutic methods and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
| | - Yipeng Jin
- The Clinical Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- The Clinical Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Degui Lin
- The Clinical Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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Dolka I, Czopowicz M, Gruk-Jurka A, Wojtkowska A, Sapierzyński R, Jurka P. Diagnostic efficacy of smear cytology and Robinson's cytological grading of canine mammary tumors with respect to histopathology, cytomorphometry, metastases and overall survival. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191595. [PMID: 29360854 PMCID: PMC5779680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytology is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive method used for pre-operative diagnosis of canine mammary tumors (CMTs) in veterinary practice. Studies related to human breast cancer showed the Robinson’s grading system—established for invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (IDC, NOS) and used on cytological material—to not only closely correspond to the histopathological grading but also be helpful in assessing prognosis and selecting most suitable treatments before surgery. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate the accuracy of cytological diagnosis and cytological Robinson’s grading system compared to the histopathological examination of CMTs; to compare of cytological features and cytomorphometric parameters with tumor behavior, as well as cytological and histological grading; and to determine an association of the Robinson’s grading system and cytological background details with metastases, and patients’ survival. We report substantial diagnostic accuracy in detecting simple types and high grade tumors. Cytological diagnosis of tumor behavior showed relatively low sensitivity and specificity compared to human studies, and this might be caused by the heterogeneous morphology of CMTs. The presence of mucosecretory material and extracellular matrix was not significantly associated with tumor behavior. We report a positive correlation between both grading systems and cytological features (included in Robinson’s grading), the presence of necrotic debris, inflammation, and red blood cells. A negative correlation was determined only for the presence of extracellular matrix. The univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed a significantly higher risk of developing metastasis and shorter overall survival for dogs with tumors of grade 2 or 3 on cytology. In addition, these tumors were the most common cause of CMT-related deaths in dogs. Taken together, our findings suggest that the Robinson’s method of cytological grading applied for malignant CMTs evaluated in cytological smears regardless of tumor type can be adapted to veterinary cytology. Additionally, some background features seem to aid malignancy assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gruk-Jurka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW),Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Wojtkowska
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW),Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Jurka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW),Warsaw, Poland
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Abadie J, Nguyen F, Loussouarn D, Peña L, Gama A, Rieder N, Belousov A, Bemelmans I, Jaillardon L, Ibisch C, Campone M. Canine invasive mammary carcinomas as models of human breast cancer. Part 2: immunophenotypes and prognostic significance. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 167:459-468. [PMID: 29063312 PMCID: PMC5790838 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Relevant animal models of human breast cancer are currently needed, especially for the aggressive triple-negative breast cancer subtype. Recent studies and our results (Part 1) indicate that spontaneous canine invasive mammary carcinomas (CMCs) resemble human breast cancer by clinics and pathology as well as behavior and prognostic indicators. We hypothesized that the current molecular classifications of human breast cancer, used for therapeutic decision, could be relevant to dogs. METHODS Three hundred and fifty female dogs with spontaneous CMC and a 2-year follow-up were retrospectively included. By immunohistochemistry, CMCs were classified according to Nielsen (Clin Cancer Res 10:5367-5374, 2004) and Blows (PlosOne doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000279, 2010) into the subtypes of human breast cancer. RESULTS Four immunophenotypes were defined either according to Nielsen classification (luminal A 14.3%, luminal B 9.4%, triple-negative basal-like 58.6%, and triple-negative nonbasal-like 17.7% CMCs); or to Blows classification (luminal 1-: 11.4%, luminal 1+: 12.3%, Core basal phenotype: 58.6%, and five-negative phenotype: 17.7%). No HER2-overexpressing CMC as defined by a 3 + immunohistochemical score was observed in our cohort. By univariate and multivariate analyses, both immunophenotypical classifications applied to CMCs showed strong prognostic significance: luminal A or luminal 1+ CMCs showed a significantly longer disease-free interval (HR = 0.46), Overall (HR = 0.47), and Specific Survival (HR = 0.56) compared to triple-negative carcinomas, after adjustment for stage. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, triple-negative CMCs largely predominated (76%), were much more prevalent than in human beings, and showed an aggressive natural behavior after mastectomy. Dogs are thus potent valuable spontaneous models to test new therapeutic strategies for this particular subtype of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Abadie
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Animal cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC), Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Animal cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC), Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Department of Pathology, University hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Laura Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Natascha Rieder
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anton Belousov
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Laëtitia Jaillardon
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences, LDHVet, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Ibisch
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Animal cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC), Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Mario Campone
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Angers, France
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44
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The Use of Liposomes and Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems to Improve Cancer Treatment in Dogs and Cats. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122167. [PMID: 29215573 PMCID: PMC6149801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer remains a leading cause of death in companion animals. In human medicine, liposomes and nanoparticles have been extensively investigated as drug delivery systems (DDS) for anticancer agents due to their ability to target cancerous cells and reduce the negative side effects of free cytostatic drugs. In this review, the authors discuss the results of clinical trials using liposomes and polymer-based nanoparticles as DDS to improve cancer treatment in dogs and cats, indicating which ones seem worth further evaluation. The authors then overview ongoing animal cancer clinical trials, evaluating nano-DDS registered on the American Veterinary Medical Association Animal Health Studies Database. Finally, the authors indicate the nano-drugs that require further in vivo evaluation based on the encouraging results obtained from in vitro studies. Conclusions: Liposomes have been the most investigated nano-DDS in veterinary medicine. The lack of cardiotoxicity of the commercially available liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil/Caelyx) suggests it should be used in dogs with cardiac disorders, rather than using free doxorubicin. Cisplatin-incorporated hyaluronic acid nanoparticles, nanocrystals of cisplatin, and paclitaxel are the most promising nano-drugs for potent applications in treating various canine cancers (e.g. oral melanoma, oral sarcoma, and anal gland adenocarcinoma) and their translation into the treatment of human diseases.
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45
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Sánchez-Céspedes R, Fernández-Martínez MD, Raya A, Pineda C, López I, Millán Y. Vitamin D receptor expression in canine mammary gland and relationship with clinicopathological parameters and progesterone/oestrogen receptors. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:E185-E193. [PMID: 29178579 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) belongs to the nuclear class II receptor family. VDR is a ligand transcription factor and mediates the actions of calcitriol, the active product of vitamin D synthesis. Nowadays, it is known that the biological actions of calcitriol include the capacity to modulate cancer features, such as proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. VDR expression has been demonstrated in human breast cancer and vitamin D has emerged as a promising targeted therapy. We analyse the VDR expression in normal and neoplastic canine mammary tissue samples and its relationship with clinicopathological parameters and progesterone/oestrogens receptors (PR/ER). Expression of VDR, Ki67 (to evaluate the proliferation index, PI), PR and ER was assessed in 50 mammary gland tissue samples from 41 female dogs by immunohistochemistry. VDR-positive staining was found in the nuclei of both myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cell layers. VDR expression was higher in normal mammary tissue (37/37 cases, 100%) then followed by benign tumours (6/15 cases, 40%) and malignant tumours (9/34 cases, 26.5%) (P = .001). Female dogs aged ≥10 years had lower VDR expression compared with dogs younger (P = .017). Relationship between VDR and breed, number of tumours, tumour size, histologic subtype, histologic grade of malignancy, PI and PR and ER expression was not observed. Studies with more samples are necessary to further evaluate the possible role of VDR in the biological behaviour of canine mammary tumours, and to corroborate the possibility to use the dog as model for human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sánchez-Céspedes
- Department of Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - A Raya
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Pineda
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - I López
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Y Millán
- Department of Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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46
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Bulkowska M, Rybicka A, Senses KM, Ulewicz K, Witt K, Szymanska J, Taciak B, Klopfleisch R, Hellmén E, Dolka I, Gure AO, Mucha J, Mikow M, Gizinski S, Krol M. MicroRNA expression patterns in canine mammary cancer show significant differences between metastatic and non-metastatic tumours. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:728. [PMID: 29115935 PMCID: PMC5678797 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs may act as oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes, which make these small molecules potential diagnostic/prognostic factors and targets for anticancer therapies. Several common oncogenic microRNAs have been found for canine mammary cancer and human breast cancer. On account of this, large-scale profiling of microRNA expression in canine mammary cancer seems to be important for both dogs and humans. Methods Expression profiles of 317 microRNAs in 146 canine mammary tumours of different histological type, malignancy grade and clinical history (presence/absence of metastases) and in 25 control samples were evaluated. The profiling was performed using microarrays. Significance Analysis of Microarrays test was applied in the analysis of microarray data (both unsupervised and supervised data analyses were performed). Validation of the obtained results was performed using real-time qPCR. Subsequently, predicted targets for the microRNAs were searched for in miRBase. Results Results of the unsupervised analysis indicate that the primary factor separating the samples is the metastasis status. Predicted targets for microRNAs differentially expressed in the metastatic vs. non-metastatic group are mostly engaged in cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation and DNA-damage repair. On the other hand, the supervised analysis reveals clusters of differentially expressed microRNAs unique for the tumour type, malignancy grade and metastasis factor. Conclusions The most significant difference in microRNA expression was observed between the metastatic and non-metastatic group, which suggests a more important role of microRNAs in the metastasis process than in the malignant transformation. Moreover, the differentially expressed microRNAs constitute potential metastasis markers. However, validation of cfa-miR-144, cfa-miR-32 and cfa-miR-374a levels in blood samples did not follow changes observed in the non-metastatic and metastatic tumours. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3751-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Bulkowska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Rybicka
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kerem Mert Senses
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, SB Building, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Katarzyna Ulewicz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Witt
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Szymanska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Taciak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, Building 31, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Hellmén
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Izabella Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ali O Gure
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, SB Building, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Joanna Mucha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Mikow
- Veterinary Clinic 'Elwet', Niepodleglosci 24/30, 02-653 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Gizinski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krol
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
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47
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Nguyen F, Peña L, Ibisch C, Loussouarn D, Gama A, Rieder N, Belousov A, Campone M, Abadie J. Canine invasive mammary carcinomas as models of human breast cancer. Part 1: natural history and prognostic factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 167:635-648. [PMID: 29086231 PMCID: PMC5807494 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Dogs have been proposed as spontaneous animal models of human breast cancer, based on clinicopathologic similarities between canine and human mammary carcinomas. We hypothesized that a better knowledge of the natural history and prognostic factors of canine invasive mammary carcinomas would favor the design of preclinical trials using dogs as models of breast cancer. Methods The 2-year outcome of 350 female dogs with spontaneous invasive mammary carcinoma was studied. The investigated prognostic factors included age at diagnosis, pathologic tumor size, pathologic nodal stage, lymphovascular invasion, histological grade, and expression of Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα), Progesterone Receptor, Ki-67, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2, basal cytokeratins 5/6, and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Multivariate survival analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results The overall survival after mastectomy was 11 months. Within 1 year post mastectomy, 41.5% of dogs (145/350) died from their mammary carcinoma. By multivariate analysis, the significant prognostic factors for overall survival included a pathologic tumor size larger than 20 mm [HR 1.47 (95% confidence interval 1.15–1.89)], a positive nodal stage [pN+, HR 1.89 (1.43–2.48)], a histological grade III [HR 1.32 (1.02–1.69)], ERα negativity [HR 1.39 (1.01–1.89)], a high Ki-67 proliferation index [HR 1.32 (1.04–1.67)], and EGFR absence [HR 1.33 (1.04–1.69)]. Conclusion The short natural history of spontaneous canine invasive mammary carcinomas and high rate of cancer-related death allow for rapid termination of preclinical investigations. The prognostic factors of invasive mammary carcinomas are remarkably similar in dogs and humans, highlighting the similarities in cancer biology between both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Nguyen
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering, Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC) Research Unit, Site de La Chantrerie, 102 Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France. .,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Laura Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Ibisch
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering, Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC) Research Unit, Site de La Chantrerie, 102 Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Natascha Rieder
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anton Belousov
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Campone
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Angers, France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering, Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC) Research Unit, Site de La Chantrerie, 102 Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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48
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Case A, Brisson BK, Durham AC, Rosen S, Monslow J, Buza E, Salah P, Gillem J, Ruthel G, Veluvolu S, Kristiansen V, Puré E, Brown DC, Sørenmo KU, Volk SW. Identification of prognostic collagen signatures and potential therapeutic stromal targets in canine mammary gland carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180448. [PMID: 28683102 PMCID: PMC5500345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in regulating the biologic behavior of breast cancer. In veterinary oncology, there is a need for improved prognostic markers to accurately identify dogs at risk for local and distant (metastatic) recurrence of mammary gland carcinoma and therefore would benefit from adjuvant therapy. Collagen density and fiber organization have been shown to regulate tumor progression in both mouse and human mammary tumors, with certain collagen signatures predicting poor outcomes in women with breast cancer. We hypothesized that collagen signatures in canine mammary tumor biopsies can serve as prognostic biomarkers and potential targets for treatment. We used second harmonic generation imaging to evaluate fibrillar collagen density, the presence of a tumor-stromal boundary, tumor associated collagen signatures (TACS) and individual collagen fiber characteristics (width, length and straightness) in grade I/II and grade III canine mammary tumors. Collagen density, as well as fiber width, length and straightness, were inversely correlated with patient overall survival time. Notably, grade III cases were less likely to have a tumor-stromal boundary and the lack of a boundary predicted poor outcome. Importantly, a lack of a defined tumor-stromal boundary and an increased collagen fiber width were associated with decreased survival even when tumor grade, patient stage, ovariohysterectomy status at the time of mammary tumor excision, and histologic evidence of lymphovascular invasion were considered in a multivariable model, indicating that these parameters could augment current methods to identify patients at high risk for local or metastatic progression/recurrence. Furthermore, these data, which identify for the first time, prognostic collagen biomarkers in naturally occurring mammary gland neoplasia in the dog, support the use of the dog as a translational model for tumor-stromal interactions in breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Biopsy
- Collagen/metabolism
- Collagen/ultrastructure
- Disease Progression
- Dogs
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/ultrastructure
- Female
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Mammary Glands, Animal/diagnostic imaging
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/surgery
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/diagnostic imaging
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/mortality
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/surgery
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Survival Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Case
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Becky K. Brisson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Durham
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Rosen
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - James Monslow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Buza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Pascale Salah
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Julie Gillem
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Sridhar Veluvolu
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Veronica Kristiansen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Dorothy C. Brown
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Karin U. Sørenmo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Susan W. Volk
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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49
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Nickoloff JA, Boss MK, Allen CP, LaRue SM. Translational research in radiation-induced DNA damage signaling and repair. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S875-S891. [PMID: 30574452 PMCID: PMC6298755 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective tool in the fight against cancer. It is non-invasive and painless, and with advanced tumor imaging and beam control systems, radiation can be delivered to patients safely, generally with minor or no adverse side effects, accounting for its increasing use against a broad range of tumors. Tumors and normal cells respond to radiation-induced DNA damage by activating a complex network of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways that determine cell fate including survival, death, and genome stability. DNA damage response (DDR) proteins represent excellent targets to augment radiotherapy, and many agents that inhibit key response proteins are being combined with radiation and genotoxic chemotherapy in clinical trials. This review focuses on how insights into molecular mechanisms of DDR pathways are translated to small animal preclinical studies, to clinical studies of naturally occurring tumors in companion animals, and finally to human clinical trials. Companion animal studies, under the umbrella of comparative oncology, have played key roles in the development of clinical radiotherapy throughout its >100-year history. There is growing appreciation that rapid translation of basic knowledge of DNA damage and repair systems to improved radiotherapy practice requires a comprehensive approach that embraces the full spectrum of cancer research, with companion animal clinical trials representing a critical bridge between small animal preclinical studies, and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mary-Keara Boss
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher P Allen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Susan M LaRue
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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50
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Li H, Tong J, Bao J, Tang D, Tian W, Liu Y. Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether combined with He-Ne laser irradiation-induced apoptosis in canine breast cancer cells through the mitochondrial pathway. J Vet Sci 2017; 17:235-42. [PMID: 26645330 PMCID: PMC4921672 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) combined with He-Ne laser irradiation is a novel and promising photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced apoptosis that can be applied in vitro on canine breast cancer cells. However, the exact pathway responsible for HMME-PDT in canine breast cancer cells remains unknown. CHMm cells morphology and apoptosis were analyzed using optical microscope, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling fluorescein staining and DNA ladder assays. Apoptotic pathway was further confirmed by Real-time-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting assays. Our results showed that HMME-PDT induced significant changes in cell morphology, such as formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles and the gradual rounding of cells coupled with decreased size and detachment. DNA fragmentation and cell death was shown to occur in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, HMME-PDT increased the activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and released cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm. HMME-PDT also significantly increased both mRNA and protein levels of Bax and decreased P53 gene expression in a time-dependent manner, while the mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 were repressed. These alterations suggest that HMME-PDT induced CHMm cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and had anti-canine breast cancer effects in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huatao Li
- Department of Clinic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jinjin Tong
- Department of Clinic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Damu Tang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Wenru Tian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Clinic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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