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Wang Y, Guo Z, Zhou R, Tang Y, Ye N, Zhang D, Rasel M, Huang N, Qiu L, Wang N, Ma H. JrPPO1/2 play distinct roles in regulating walnut fruit browning by different spatiotemporal expression and enzymatic characteristics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 215:109018. [PMID: 39137678 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity drives walnut fruit browning, but the roles of its only two-family genes, JrPPO1 and JrPPO2, remain unclear. This study explores the spatiotemporal expression and enzymatic characteristics of JrPPO1 and JrPPO2 in walnut. Treatment with the PPO activator CuSO4 and H2O2 accelerated fruit browning and up-regulated JrPPO1/2 expression, whereas treatment with the PPO inhibitor ascorbic acid delayed browning, down-regulating JrPPO1 and up-regulating JrPPO2 expression. Compared to mJrPPO1, mJrPPO2 can exhibited better enzyme activity at higher temperatures (47 °C) and in more acidic environments (pH 4.25). mJrPPO2 exhibited a higher substrate specificity over mJrPPO1, and the preferred substrates are catechol, chlorogenic acid, and epicatechin. Additionally, mJrPPO2 adapted better to low concentration of oxygen (as low as 1.0% O2) and slightly elevated CO2 levels compared to mJrPPO1. Subcellular localization and spatiotemporal expression patterns showed that JrPPO1 is only expressed in green tissues and located in chloroplasts, while JrPPO2 is also located in chloroplasts, partly associated with membranes, and is expressed in both green and non-green tissues. Silencing JrPPO1/2 with virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) reduced fruit browning, maintained higher total phenols, and decreased MDA production. Notably, silencing JrPPO1 had a greater impact on browning than JrPPO2, indicating JrPPO1's greater contribution to PPO activity and fruit browning in walnut fruits. Consequently, JrPPO1 can be effectively regulated both at the molecular level and by manipulating environmental conditions, to achieve the objective of controlling fruit browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhipeng Guo
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ruanbao Zhou
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Yan Tang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Niu Ye
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dongli Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Md Rasel
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ning Huang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lingyu Qiu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Nan Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Perception Data Intelligent Processing of Henan, China
| | - Huiling Ma
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Movahedi A, Hwarari D, Dzinyela R, Ni S, Yang L. A close-up of regulatory networks and signaling pathways of MKK5 in biotic and abiotic stresses. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38797669 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2344584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein Kinase Kinase 5 (MKK5) is a central hub in the complex phosphorylation chain reaction of the Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) cascade, regulating plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. This review manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory mechanism of the MKK5 involved in stress adaptation. This review will delve into the intricate post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications of the MKK5, discussing how they affect its expression, activity, and subcellular localization in response to stress signals. We also discuss the integration of the MKK5 into complex signaling pathways, orchestrating plant immunity against pathogens and its modulating role in regulating abiotic stresses, such as: drought, cold, heat, and salinity, through the phytohormonal signaling pathways. Furthermore, we highlight potential applications of the MKK5 for engineering stress-resilient crops and provide future perspectives that may pave the way for future studies. This review manuscript aims to provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying MKK5 regulation, bridge the gap from numerous previous findings, and offer a firm base in the knowledge of MKK5, its regulating roles, and its involvement in environmental stress regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Movahedi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Arts and Sciences, Arlington International University, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Delight Hwarari
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Raphael Dzinyela
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyi Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Yin Y, Fu H, Mi F, Yang Y, Wang Y, Li Z, He Y, Yue Z. Genomic characterization of WRKY transcription factors related to secoiridoid biosynthesis in Gentiana macrophylla. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:66. [PMID: 38262919 PMCID: PMC10804491 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Gentiana macrophylla is one of Chinese herbal medicines in which 4 kinds of iridoids or secoiridoids, such as loganic acid, sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside, are identified as the dominant medicinal secondary metabolites. WRKY, as a large family of transcription factors (TFs), plays an important role in the synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. Therefore, WRKY genes involved in the biosynthesis of secoiridoids in G. macrophylla were systematically studied. First, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis was performed, and 42 GmWRKY genes were identified, which were unevenly distributed in 12 chromosomes. Accordingly, gene structure, collinearity, sequence alignment, phylogenetic, conserved motif and promoter analyses were performed, and the GmWRKY proteins were divided into three subfamilies based on phylogenetic and multiple sequence alignment analyses. Moreover, the enzyme-encoding genes of the secoiridoid biosynthesis pathway and their promoters were then analysed, and the contents of the four secoiridoids were determined in different tissues. Accordingly, correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient to construct WRKY gene-enzyme-encoding genes and WRKY gene-metabolite networks. Meanwhile, G. macrophylla seedlings were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to detect the dynamic change trend of GmWRKYs, biosynthetic genes, and medicinal ingredient accumulation. Thus, a total of 12 GmWRKYs were identified to be involved in the biosynthesis of secoiridoids, of which 8 (GmWRKY1, 6, 12, 17, 33, 34, 38 and 39) were found to regulate the synthesis of gentiopicroside, and 4 (GmWRKY7, 14, 26 and 41) were found to regulate the synthesis of loganic acid. Taken together, this study systematically identified WRKY transcription factors related to the biosynthesis of secoiridoids in G. macrophylla, which could be used as a cue for further investigation of WRKY gene functions in secondary metabolite accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Fakai Mi
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihan He
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenggang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China.
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Wen Z, Li M, Meng J, Miao R, Liu X, Fan D, Lv W, Cheng T, Zhang Q, Sun L. Genome-Wide Identification of the MAPK and MAPKK Gene Families in Response to Cold Stress in Prunus mume. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108829. [PMID: 37240174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases of the MAPK cascade family (MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK) play an essential role in plant stress response and hormone signal transduction. However, their role in the cold hardiness of Prunus mume (Mei), a class of ornamental woody plant, remains unclear. In this study, we use bioinformatic approaches to assess and analyze two related protein kinase families, namely, MAP kinases (MPKs) and MAPK kinases (MKKs), in wild P. mume and its variety P. mume var. tortuosa. We identify 11 PmMPK and 7 PmMKK genes in the former species and 12 PmvMPK and 7 PmvMKK genes in the latter species, and we investigate whether and how these gene families contribute to cold stress responses. Members of the MPK and MKK gene families located on seven and four chromosomes of both species are free of tandem duplication. Four, three, and one segment duplication events are exhibited in PmMPK, PmvMPK, and PmMKK, respectively, suggesting that segment duplications play an essential role in the expansion and evolution of P. mume and its gene variety. Moreover, synteny analysis suggests that most MPK and MKK genes have similar origins and involved similar evolutionary processes in P. mume and its variety. A cis-acting regulatory element analysis shows that MPK and MKK genes may function in P. mume and its variety's development, modulating processes such as light response, anaerobic induction, and abscisic acid response as well as responses to a variety of stresses, such as low temperature and drought. Most PmMPKs and PmMKKs exhibited tissue-specifific expression patterns, as well as time-specific expression patterns that protect them through cold. In a low-temperature treatment experiment with the cold-tolerant cultivar P. mume 'Songchun' and the cold-sensitive cultivar 'Lve', we find that almost all PmMPK and PmMKK genes, especially PmMPK3/5/6/20 and PmMKK2/3/6, dramatically respond to cold stress as treatment duration increases. This study introduces the possibility that these family members contribute to P. mume's cold stress response. Further investigation is warranted to understand the mechanistic functions of MAPK and MAPKK proteins in P. mume development and response to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Juan Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Runtian Miao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dongqing Fan
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenjuan Lv
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang X, Miao J, Kang W, Shi S. Exogenous application of salicylic acid improves freezing stress tolerance in alfalfa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1091077. [PMID: 36968407 PMCID: PMC10034032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1091077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Freezing stress is one of the most detrimental environmental factors that can seriously impact the growth, development, and distribution of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) has been revealed as a cost-effective method of improving defense against freezing stress due to its predominant role in biotic and abiotic stress resistance. However, how the molecular mechanisms of SA improve freezing stress resistance in alfalfa is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we used leaf samples of alfalfa seedlings pretreatment with 200 μM and 0 μM SA, which were exposed to freezing stress (-10°C) for 0, 0.5, 1, and 2h and allowed to recover at normal temperature in a growth chamber for 2 days, after which we detect the changes in the phenotypical, physiological, hormone content, and performed a transcriptome analysis to explain SA influence alfalfa in freezing stress. The results demonstrated that exogenous SA could improve the accumulation of free SA in alfalfa leaves primarily through the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathway. Moreover, the results of transcriptome analysis revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway-plant play a critical role in SA alleviating freezing stress. In addition, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) found that MPK3, MPK9, WRKY22 (downstream target gene of MPK3), and TGACG-binding factor 1 (TGA1) are candidate hub genes involved in freezing stress defense, all of which are involved in the SA signaling pathway. Therefore, we conclude that SA could possibly induce MPK3 to regulate WRKY22 to participate in freezing stress to induced gene expression related to SA signaling pathway (NPR1-dependent pathway and NPR1-independent pathway), including the genes of non-expresser of pathogenesis-related gene 1 (NPR1), TGA1, pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and heat shock protein (HSP). This enhanced the production of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, POD, and APX, which increases the freezing stress tolerance of alfalfa plants.
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Yang K, Wu J, Wang X, Li H, Jia P, Luan H, Zhang X, Guo S, Yang M, Dong Q, Qi G. Genome-Wide Characterization of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Gene Family and Their Expression Patterns in Response to Drought and Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides in Walnut ( Juglans regia). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:586. [PMID: 36771674 PMCID: PMC9920740 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of Ser/Thr (serine/threonine) protein kinases that play very important roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stressors. However, the MAPK gene family in the important crop walnut (Juglans regia L.) has been less well studied compared with other species. We discovered 25 JrMAPK members in the Juglans genome in this study. The JrMAPK gene family was separated into four subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis, and members of the same subgroup had similar motifs and exons/introns. A variety of cis-acting elements, mainly related to the light response, growth and development, stress response, and hormone responses, were detected in the JrMAPK gene promoters. Collinearity analysis showed that purification selection was the main driving force in JrMAPK gene evolution, and segmental and tandem duplications played key roles in the expansion of the JrMAPK gene family. The RNA-Seq (RNA Sequencing) results indicated that many of the JrMAPK genes were expressed in response to different levels of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection. JrMAPK1, JrMAPK3, JrMAPK4, JrMAPK5, JrMAPK6, JrMAPK7, JrMAPK9, JrMAPK11, JrMAPK12, JrMAPK13, JrMAPK17, JrMAPK19, JrMAPK20, and JrMAPK21 were upregulated at the transcriptional level in response to the drought stress treatment. The results of this study will help in further investigations of the evolutionary history and biological functions of the MAPK gene family in walnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Yang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Jianghao Wu
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xialei Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Han Li
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Xingtai 054000, China
- Institute of Walnut Industry Technology of Hebei Province (Xingtai), Lincheng 054300, China
| | - Peng Jia
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Xingtai 054000, China
- Institute of Walnut Industry Technology of Hebei Province (Xingtai), Lincheng 054300, China
| | - Haoan Luan
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Xingtai 054000, China
- Institute of Walnut Industry Technology of Hebei Province (Xingtai), Lincheng 054300, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Xingtai 054000, China
- Institute of Walnut Industry Technology of Hebei Province (Xingtai), Lincheng 054300, China
| | - Suping Guo
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Xingtai 054000, China
- Institute of Walnut Industry Technology of Hebei Province (Xingtai), Lincheng 054300, China
| | - Minsheng Yang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qinglong Dong
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Xingtai 054000, China
- Institute of Walnut Industry Technology of Hebei Province (Xingtai), Lincheng 054300, China
| | - Guohui Qi
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Xingtai 054000, China
- Institute of Walnut Industry Technology of Hebei Province (Xingtai), Lincheng 054300, China
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Wu J, Liang X, Lin M, Lan Y, Xiang Y, Yan H. Comprehensive analysis of MAPK gene family in Populus trichocarpa and physiological characterization of PtMAPK3-1 in response to MeJA induction. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13869. [PMID: 36723249 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in plant growth and development, as well as hormone and stress responses by signaling to eukaryotic cells, through MAPK cascade, the presence of various cues; thereby, regulating various responses. The MAPK cascade consists mainly of three gene families, MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK, which activate downstream signaling pathways through sequential phosphorylation. Although the MAPK cascade gene family has been reported in several species, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis in poplar. We identified 21 MAPK genes, 11 MAPKK genes, and 104 MAPKKK genes in Populus trichocarpa. The phylogenetic classification was supported by conservative motif, gene structure and motif analysis. Whole genome duplication has an important role in the expansion of MAPK cascade genes. Analysis of promoter cis-elements and expression profiles indicates that MAPK cascade genes have important roles in plant growth and development, abiotic and biotic stresses, and phytohormone response. Expression profiling revealed a significant upregulation of PtMAPK3-1 expression in response to drought, salt and disease stresses. Poplar transiently overexpressing PtMAPK3-1 and treated with methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) had higher catalase and peroxidase levels than non-overexpressing poplar. This work represents the first complete inventory of the MAPK cascade in P. trichocarpa, which reveals that PtMAPK3-1 is induced by the MeJA hormone and participates in the MeJA-induced enhancement of the antioxidant enzyme system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Miao Lin
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yangang Lan
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hanwei Yan
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Identification and Expression Analysis of MPK and MKK Gene Families in Pecan ( Carya illinoinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315190. [PMID: 36499523 PMCID: PMC9737717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases consist of three kinase modules composed of MPKs, MKKs, and MPKKKs. As members of the protein kinase (PK) superfamily, they are involved in various processes, such as developmental programs, cell division, hormonal progression, and signaling responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, a total of 18 MPKs and 10 MKKs were annotated on the pecan genome, all of which could be classified into four subgroups, respectively. The gene structures and conserved sequences of family members in the same branch were relatively similar. All MPK proteins had a conserved motif TxY, and D(L/I/V)K and VGTxxYMSPER existed in all MKK proteins. Duplication events contributed largely to the expansion of the pecan MPK and MKK gene families. Phylogenetic analysis of protein sequences from six plants indicated that species evolution occurred in pecan. Organ-specific expression profiles of MPK and MKK showed functional diversity. Ka/Ks values indicated that all genes with duplicated events underwent strong negative selection. Seven CiPawMPK and four CiPawMKK genes with high expression levels were screened by transcriptomic data from different organs, and these candidates were validated by qRT-PCR analysis of hormone-treated and stressed samples.
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Yu S, Yang F, Zou Y, Yang Y, Li T, Chen S, Wang Y, Xu K, Xia H, Luo L. Overexpressing PpBURP2 in Rice Increases Plant Defense to Abiotic Stress and Bacterial Leaf Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:812279. [PMID: 35599889 PMCID: PMC9121072 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.812279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mosses are one of the earliest diverging land plants that adapted to living on land. The BURP domain-containing proteins (BURP proteins) are plant-specific proteins that appeared when plants shifted from aquatic environments to land. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the BURP domain of higher plants is originated from lower land plants and divergent because of motif conversion. To discover the function of BURP protein in moss, rice transgenics with ectopic expression of PpBURP2 were subjected to different abiotic stresses treatments. The results revealed that the ectopic expression of PpBURP2 enhanced the tolerance to osmotic and saline stresses at the seedling stage and drought stress at the adult stage. Further ectopic expression of PpBURP2 improved the cadmium (2+) (Cd2+) tolerance and reduced Cd2+ accumulation in rice leaves. Transcriptomic analysis of the transgenic PpBURP2 plants showed that the differentially expressed genes were involved in the metabolism of secondary metabolites, energy, oxidation-reduction process, and defense-related genes. Further experiments showed that the photosynthetic efficiency and resistance against bacterial leaf blight were obviously improved in transgenic plants. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays revealed the physical interaction of BURP domain protein from rice and moss with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) from rice. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that overexpressing PpBURP2 in rice confers resistance to abiotic stresses and bacterial leaf blight. They also suggested that the regulatory role of BURP-like proteins across lower and higher plants was evolutionary conservation of responses of different classes of plants to different environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lijun Luo
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Yue P, Zhang H, Tong X, Peng T, Tang P, Gao T, Guo J. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of thes MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK gene families in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Gene 2022; 807:145930. [PMID: 34461151 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have a universal cell signaling mechanism in eukaryotes. A typical MAPK signal transduction module comprises three kinds of sequentially phosphorylated protein kinases: MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK). However, little is known regarding the genes involved in MAPK cascades in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Nine genes (three MAPK, three MAPKK, and three MAPKKK) were identified in this study. The MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK genes were divided into three subfamilies, according to the phylogenetic analysis. TEY and TGY represented the activation domains of the MAPKs; the corresponding domains in MAPKKs were SDIWS and SDVWS, and those in the MAPKKs were GSVFYWMAPEV and GTPMYMSPEV. Transcription data analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that the MAPK cascade was related to the growth of the fruiting body. This is the first study to report a genome-wide identification of the MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKK gene families in O. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Peng
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - TingHui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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11
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Ahmad M, Waraich EA, Skalicky M, Hussain S, Zulfiqar U, Anjum MZ, Habib ur Rahman M, Brestic M, Ratnasekera D, Lamilla-Tamayo L, Al-Ashkar I, EL Sabagh A. Adaptation Strategies to Improve the Resistance of Oilseed Crops to Heat Stress Under a Changing Climate: An Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:767150. [PMID: 34975951 PMCID: PMC8714756 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the decisive environmental factors that is projected to increase by 1. 5°C over the next two decades due to climate change that may affect various agronomic characteristics, such as biomass production, phenology and physiology, and yield-contributing traits in oilseed crops. Oilseed crops such as soybean, sunflower, canola, peanut, cottonseed, coconut, palm oil, sesame, safflower, olive etc., are widely grown. Specific importance is the vulnerability of oil synthesis in these crops against the rise in climatic temperature, threatening the stability of yield and quality. The natural defense system in these crops cannot withstand the harmful impacts of heat stress, thus causing a considerable loss in seed and oil yield. Therefore, a proper understanding of underlying mechanisms of genotype-environment interactions that could affect oil synthesis pathways is a prime requirement in developing stable cultivars. Heat stress tolerance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes and is challenging to study and characterize. However, heat tolerance studies to date have pointed to several sophisticated mechanisms to deal with the stress of high temperatures, including hormonal signaling pathways for sensing heat stimuli and acquiring tolerance to heat stress, maintaining membrane integrity, production of heat shock proteins (HSPs), removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assembly of antioxidants, accumulation of compatible solutes, modified gene expression to enable changes, intelligent agricultural technologies, and several other agronomic techniques for thriving and surviving. Manipulation of multiple genes responsible for thermo-tolerance and exploring their high expressions greatly impacts their potential application using CRISPR/Cas genome editing and OMICS technology. This review highlights the latest outcomes on the response and tolerance to heat stress at the cellular, organelle, and whole plant levels describing numerous approaches applied to enhance thermos-tolerance in oilseed crops. We are attempting to critically analyze the scattered existing approaches to temperature tolerance used in oilseeds as a whole, work toward extending studies into the field, and provide researchers and related parties with useful information to streamline their breeding programs so that they can seek new avenues and develop guidelines that will greatly enhance ongoing efforts to establish heat stress tolerance in oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Tropical Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, United States
| | | | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Zulfiqar
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Anjum
- Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Habib ur Rahman
- Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
- Crop Science Group, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Disna Ratnasekera
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - Laura Lamilla-Tamayo
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ibrahim Al-Ashkar
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman EL Sabagh
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
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12
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Kong F, Dong D, Li N, Sun B, Sun M. Characterization of PyMAPK2, a D group mitogen-activated protein kinase gene from Pyropia yezoensis responding to various abiotic stress. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Raza A, Razzaq A, Mehmood SS, Hussain MA, Wei S, He H, Zaman QU, Xuekun Z, Hasanuzzaman M. Omics: The way forward to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in Brassica napus L. GM CROPS & FOOD 2021; 12:251-281. [PMID: 33464960 PMCID: PMC7833762 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2020.1859898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant abiotic stresses negative affects growth and development, causing a massive reduction in global agricultural production. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a major oilseed crop because of its economic value and oilseed production. However, its productivity has been reduced by many environmental adversities. Therefore, it is a prime need to grow rapeseed cultivars, which can withstand numerous abiotic stresses. To understand the various molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the abiotic stress tolerance and improvement in rapeseed, omics approaches have been extensively employed in recent years. This review summarized the recent advancement in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and their imploration in abiotic stress regulation in rapeseed. Some persisting bottlenecks have been highlighted, demanding proper attention to fully explore the omics tools. Further, the potential prospects of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing to assist molecular breeding in developing abiotic stress-tolerant rapeseed genotypes have also been explained. In short, the combination of integrated omics, genome editing, and speed breeding can alter rapeseed production worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Wuhan, China
| | - Ali Razzaq
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture , Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sundas Saher Mehmood
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Azhar Hussain
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Wuhan, China
| | - Su Wei
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Wuhan, China
| | - Huang He
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Wuhan, China
| | - Qamar U Zaman
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Xuekun
- College of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland of Ministry of Education, Yangtze University Jingzhou , China
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University , Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of MKK and MAPK Gene Families in Brassica Species and Response to Stress in Brassica napus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020544. [PMID: 33430412 PMCID: PMC7827818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are common and conserved signal transduction pathways and play important roles in various biotic and abiotic stress responses and growth and developmental processes in plants. With the advancement of sequencing technology, more systematic genetic information is being explored. The work presented here focuses on two protein families in Brassica species: MAPK kinases (MKKs) and their phosphorylation substrates MAPKs. Forty-seven MKKs and ninety-two MAPKs were identified and extensively analyzed from two tetraploid (B. juncea and B. napus) and three diploid (B. nigra, B. oleracea, and B. rapa) Brassica species. Phylogenetic relationships clearly distinguished both MKK and MAPK families into four groups, labeled A–D, which were also supported by gene structure and conserved protein motif analysis. Furthermore, their spatial and temporal expression patterns and response to stresses (cold, drought, heat, and shading) were analyzed, indicating that BnaMKK and BnaMAPK transcript levels were generally modulated by growth, development, and stress signals. In addition, several protein interaction pairs between BnaMKKs and C group BnaMAPKs were detected by yeast two-hybrid assays, in which BnaMKK3 and BnaMKK9 showed strong interactions with BnaMAPK1/2/7, suggesting that interaction between BnaMKKs and C group BnaMAPKs play key roles in the crosstalk between growth and development processes and abiotic stresses. Taken together, our data provide a deeper foundation for the evolutionary and functional characterization of MKK and MAPK gene families in Brassica species, paving the way for unraveling the biological roles of these important signaling molecules in plants.
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15
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Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:110985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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16
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Wang Y, Cui X, Yang B, Xu S, Wei X, Zhao P, Niu F, Sun M, Wang C, Cheng H, Jiang YQ. WRKY55 transcription factor positively regulates leaf senescence and the defense response by modulating the transcription of genes implicated in the biosynthesis of reactive oxygen species and salicylic acid in Arabidopsis. Development 2020; 147:dev.189647. [PMID: 32680933 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA) are two factors regulating leaf senescence and defense against pathogens. However, how a single gene integrates both ROS and SA pathways remains poorly understood. Here, we show that Arabidopsis WRKY55 transcription factor positively regulates ROS and SA accumulation, and thus leaf senescence and resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae WRKY55 is predominantly expressed in senescent leaves and encodes a transcriptional activator localized to nuclei. Both inducible and constitutive overexpression of WRKY55 accelerates leaf senescence, whereas mutants delay it. Transcriptomic sequencing identified 1448 differentially expressed genes, of which 1157 genes are upregulated by WRKY55 expression. Accordingly, the ROS and SA contents in WRKY55-overexpressing plants are higher than those in control plants, whereas the opposite occurs in mutants. Moreover, WRKY55 positively regulates defense against P. syringae Finally, we show that WRKY55 activates the expression of RbohD, ICS1, PBS3 and SAG13 by binding directly to the W-box-containing fragments. Taken together, our work has identified a new WRKY transcription factor that integrates both ROS and SA pathways to regulate leaf senescence and pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shutao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiangyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fangfang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mengting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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17
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Cui X, Zhao P, Liang W, Cheng Q, Mu B, Niu F, Yan J, Liu C, Xie H, Kav NNV, Deyholos MK, Jiang YQ, Yang B. A Rapeseed WRKY Transcription Factor Phosphorylated by CPK Modulates Cell Death and Leaf Senescence by Regulating the Expression of ROS and SA-Synthesis-Related Genes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7348-7359. [PMID: 32530625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are two well-defined inducers of leaf senescence. Here, we identified a novel WRKY transcription factor gene WSR1 (WRKY regulating SA and ROS 1) in Brassica napus (rapeseed) in promoting SA and ROS production, which eventually led to leaf senescence thereafter. Its expression increased in senescing leaves. Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (CPK) 5 and -6 interacted with and phosphorylated BnaWSR1. Overexpression of phosphomimic BnaWSR1 (BnaWSR1ca) in rapeseed protoplasts elicited ROS production and cell death while its ectopic expression in Arabidopsis enhanced SA and ROS levels and, hence, accelerated leaf senescence. Furthermore, BnaWSR1ca activated the expression of Isochorismate Synthase 1 (ICS1), Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologue (Rboh) D, and Senescence-Associated Gene 14 (SAG14). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) assays demonstrated that BnaWSR1ca directly bound to promoter regions of ICS1, RbohD, and SAG14. These data have identified a CPK-WSR1 module that integrates SA and ROS to control cell death and leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wanwan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bangbang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fangfang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Hunan State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Agrobiotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Nat N V Kav
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Michael K Deyholos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Lohani N, Jain D, Singh MB, Bhalla PL. Engineering Multiple Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Canola, Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:3. [PMID: 32161602 PMCID: PMC7052498 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of climate change like global warming, drought, flooding, and other extreme events are posing severe challenges to global crop production. Contribution of Brassica napus towards the oilseed industry makes it an essential component of international trade and agroeconomics. Consequences from increasing occurrences of multiple abiotic stresses on this crop are leading to agroeconomic losses making it vital to endow B. napus crop with an ability to survive and maintain yield when faced with simultaneous exposure to multiple abiotic stresses. For an improved understanding of the stress sensing machinery, there is a need for analyzing regulatory pathways of multiple stress-responsive genes and other regulatory elements such as non-coding RNAs. However, our understanding of these pathways and their interactions in B. napus is far from complete. This review outlines the current knowledge of stress-responsive genes and their role in imparting multiple stress tolerance in B. napus. Analysis of network cross-talk through omics data mining is now making it possible to unravel the underlying complexity required for stress sensing and signaling in plants. Novel biotechnological approaches such as transgene-free genome editing and utilization of nanoparticles as gene delivery tools are also discussed. These can contribute to providing solutions for developing climate change resilient B. napus varieties with reduced regulatory limitations. The potential ability of synthetic biology to engineer and modify networks through fine-tuning of stress regulatory elements for plant responses to stress adaption is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Prem L. Bhalla
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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19
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Neupane S, Schweitzer SE, Neupane A, Andersen EJ, Fennell A, Zhou R, Nepal MP. Identification and Characterization of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Genes in Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E28. [PMID: 30678298 PMCID: PMC6409774 DOI: 10.3390/plants8020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) genes encode proteins that regulate biotic and abiotic stresses in plants through signaling cascades comprised of three major subfamilies: MAP Kinase (MPK), MAPK Kinase (MKK), and MAPKK Kinase (MKKK). The main objectives of this research were to conduct genome-wide identification of MAPK genes in Helianthus annuus and examine functional divergence of these genes in relation to those in nine other plant species (Amborella trichopoda, Aquilegia coerulea, Arabidopsis thaliana, Daucus carota, Glycine max, Oryza sativa, Solanum lycopersicum, Sphagnum fallax, and Vitis vinifera), representing diverse taxonomic groups of the Plant Kingdom. A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) profile of the MAPK genes utilized reference sequences from A. thaliana and G. max, yielding a total of 96 MPKs and 37 MKKs in the genomes of A. trichopoda, A. coerulea, C. reinhardtii, D. carota, H. annuus, S. lycopersicum, and S. fallax. Among them, 28 MPKs and eight MKKs were confirmed in H. annuus. Phylogenetic analyses revealed four clades within each subfamily. Transcriptomic analyses showed that at least 19 HaMPK and seven HaMKK genes were induced in response to salicylic acid (SA), sodium chloride (NaCl), and polyethylene glycol (Peg) in leaves and roots. Of the seven published sunflower microRNAs, five microRNA families are involved in targeting eight MPKs. Additionally, we discussed the need for using MAP Kinase nomenclature guidelines across plant species. Our identification and characterization of MAP Kinase genes would have implications in sunflower crop improvement, and in advancing our knowledge of the diversity and evolution of MAPK genes in the Plant Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Neupane
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Sarah E Schweitzer
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Achal Neupane
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Ethan J Andersen
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Anne Fennell
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Ruanbao Zhou
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Madhav P Nepal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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Yang L, Ye C, Zhao Y, Cheng X, Wang Y, Jiang YQ, Yang B. An oilseed rape WRKY-type transcription factor regulates ROS accumulation and leaf senescence in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis through modulating transcription of RbohD and RbohF. PLANTA 2018; 247:1323-1338. [PMID: 29511814 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Overexpression of BnaWGR1 causes ROS accumulation and promotes leaf senescence. BnaWGR1 binds to promoters of RbohD and RbohF and regulates their expression. Manipulation of leaf senescence process affects agricultural traits of crop plants, including biomass, seed yield and stress resistance. Since delayed leaf senescence usually enhances tolerance to multiple stresses, we analyzed the function of specific MAPK-WRKY cascades in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance as well as leaf senescence in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), one of the important oil crops. In the present study, we showed that expression of one WRKY gene from oilseed rape, BnaWGR1, induced an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death and precocious leaf senescence both in Nicotiana benthamiana and transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). BnaWGR1 regulates the transcription of two genes encoding key enzymes implicated in production of ROS, that is, respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh) D and RbohF. A dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed the transcriptional regulation of RbohD and RbohF by BnaWGR1. In vitro electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that BnaWGR1 could bind to W-box cis-elements within promoters of RbohD and RbohF. Moreover, RbohD and RbohF were significantly upregulated in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing BnaWGR1. In summary, these results suggest that BnaWGR1 could positively regulate leaf senescence through regulating the expression of RbohD and RbohF genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaofei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Jiang M, Chu Z. Comparative analysis of plant MKK gene family reveals novel expansion mechanism of the members and sheds new light on functional conservation. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:407. [PMID: 29843611 PMCID: PMC5975520 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play critical functions in almost every aspect of plant growth and development, which regulates many physiological and biochemical processes. As a middle nodal point of the MAPK cascades, although evolutionary analysis of MKK from individual plant families had some reports, their evolutionary history in entire plants is still not clear. Results To better understand the evolution and function of plant MKKs, we performed systematical molecular evolutionary analysis of the MAPKK gene family and also surveyed their gene organizations, sequence features and expression patterns in different subfamilies. Phylogenetic analysis showed that plant MAPKK fall into five different groups (Group A–E). Majority orthology groups seemed to be a single or low-copy genes in all plant species analyzed in Group B, C and D, whereas group A MKKs undergo several duplication events, generating multiple gene copies. Further analysis showed that these duplication events were on account of whole genome duplications (WGDs) in plants and the duplicate genes maybe have undergone functional divergence. We also found that group E MKKs had mutation with one change of serine or theronine might lead to inactivity originated through the ancient tandem duplicates in monocots. Moreover, we also identified MKK3 integrated NTF2 domain that might have gradually lost the cytoplasmic-nuclear trafficking activity, which suggests that they may involve with the gene function more and more sophistication in the evolutionary process. Moreover, expression analyses indicated that plant MKK genes play probable roles in UV-B signaling. Conclusion In general, ancient gene and genome duplications are significantly conducive to the expansion of the plant MKK gene family. Our study reveals two distinct evolutionary patterns for plant MKK proteins and sheds new light on the functional evolution of this gene family. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4793-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoqing Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Goyal RK, Tulpan D, Chomistek N, González-Peña Fundora D, West C, Ellis BE, Frick M, Laroche A, Foroud NA. Analysis of MAPK and MAPKK gene families in wheat and related Triticeae species. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:178. [PMID: 29506469 PMCID: PMC5838963 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is involved in signal transduction networks that underpin many different biological processes in plants, ranging from development to biotic and abiotic stress responses. To date this class of enzymes has received little attention in Triticeae species, which include important cereal crops (wheat, barley, rye and triticale) that represent over 20% of the total protein food-source worldwide. Results The work presented here focuses on two subfamilies of Triticeae MAPKs, the MAP kinases (MPKs), and the MAPK kinases (MKKs) whose members phosphorylate the MPKs. In silico analysis of multiple Triticeae sequence databases led to the identification of 152 MAPKs belonging to these two sub-families. Some previously identified MAPKs were renamed to reflect the literature consensus on MAPK nomenclature. Two novel MPKs, MPK24 and MPK25, have been identified, including the first example of a plant MPK carrying the TGY activation loop sequence common to mammalian p38 MPKs. An EF-hand calcium-binding domain was found in members of the Triticeae MPK17 clade, a feature that appears to be specific to Triticeae species. New insights into the novel MEY activation loop identified in MPK11s are offered. When the exon-intron patterns for some MPKs and MKKs of wheat, barley and ancestors of wheat were assembled based on transcript data in GenBank, they showed deviations from the same sequence predicted in Ensembl. The functional relevance of MAPKs as derived from patterns of gene expression, MPK activation and MKK-MPK interaction is discussed. Conclusions A comprehensive resource of accurately annotated and curated Triticeae MPK and MKK sequences has been created for wheat, barley, rye, triticale, and two ancestral wheat species, goat grass and red wild einkorn. The work we present here offers a central information resource that will resolve existing confusion in the literature and sustain expansion of MAPK research in the crucial Triticeae grains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4545-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder K Goyal
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Dan Tulpan
- Information and Communication Technologies, National Research Council of Canada, 100 des Aboiteaux Street, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 7R1, Canada
| | - Nora Chomistek
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Dianevys González-Peña Fundora
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Connor West
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Brian E Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, #301 - 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michele Frick
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - André Laroche
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada.
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Singh A, Nath O, Singh S, Kumar S, Singh IK. Genome-wide identification of the MAPK gene family in chickpea and expression analysis during development and stress response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Piao Y, Jin K, He Y, Liu J, Liu S, Li X, Piao Z. Genome-wide identification and role of MKK and MPK gene families in clubroot resistance of Brassica rapa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191015. [PMID: 29444111 PMCID: PMC5812557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MPK) cascades play key roles in responses to various biotic stresses, as well as in plant growth and development. However, the responses of MPK and MPK kinase (MKK) in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) to Plasmodiophora brassicae, a causal agent of clubroot disease in Brassica crops, are still not clear. In the present study, a total of 11 B. rapa MKK (BraMKK) and 30 BraMPK genes were identified and unevenly distributed in 6 and 10 chromosomes, respectively. The synteny analysis indicated that these genes experienced whole-genome triplication and segmental and tandem duplication during or after the divergence of B. rapa, accompanied by the loss of three MKK and two MPK orthologs of Arabidopsis. The BraMKK and BraMPK genes were classified into four groups with similar intron/exon structures and conserved motifs in each group. A quantitative PCR analysis showed that the majority of BraMKK and BraMPK genes were natively expressed in roots, hypocotyls, and leaves, whereas 5 BraMKK and 16 BraMPK genes up-regulated in the roots upon P. brassicae infection. Additionally, these 5 BraMKK and 16 BraMPK genes exhibited a significantly different expression pattern between a pair of clubroot-resistant/susceptible near-isogenic lines (NILs). Furthermore, the possible modules of MKK-MPK involved in B. rapa-P. brassicae interaction are also discussed. The present study will provide functional clues for further characterization of the MAPK cascades in B. rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglan Piao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kaining Jin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying He
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaxiu Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail: (ZP); (XL)
| | - Zhongyun Piao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail: (ZP); (XL)
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Yan J, Tong T, Li X, Chen Q, Dai M, Niu F, Yang M, Deyholos MK, Yang B, Jiang YQ. A Novel NAC-Type Transcription Factor, NAC87, from Oilseed Rape Modulates Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation and Cell Death. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:290-303. [PMID: 29186531 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to play a dual role in plants by functioning as signaling molecules and toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism. The hypersensitive response (HR) is a typical feature of immune responses in plants and also a type of programmed cell death (PCD). How these two processes are regulated in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) at the transcriptional level remains largely unknown. In this study, we report that an oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) NAM-ATAF-CUC (NAC)-type transcription factor NAC87 modulates ROS and cell death accompanied by typical changes at the morphological and cellular levels. The BnaNAC87 gene was induced by multiple stress and hormone treatments and was highly expressed in senescent leaves by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). BnaNAC87 is located in nuclei and has transcriptional activation activity. Expression of BnaNAC87 promoted significant ROS production, cell death as well as death of protoplasts, as indicated by histological staining. In addition, putative downstream target genes of NAC87 were identified through both qRT-PCR and dual luciferase reporter assays. We found that genes implicated in ROS generation (RbohB), cell death (VPE1a, ZEN1), leaf senescence (WRKY6, ZAT12) and defense (PR2, PR5 and HIN1) were significantly induced. Through an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we confirmed that BnaNAC87 directly binds to the NACRS-containing promoter fragments of ZEN1, ZAT12, HIN1 and PR5 genes. From these results, we conclude that oilseed rape NAC87 is a novel NAC transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of ROS metabolism and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tiantian Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qinqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Moyu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fangfang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mingfeng Yang
- College of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Michael K Deyholos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Jagodzik P, Tajdel-Zielinska M, Ciesla A, Marczak M, Ludwikow A. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Plant Hormone Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1387. [PMID: 30349547 PMCID: PMC6187979 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling targets, including other kinases, enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins or transcription factors, in all eukaryotic cells. A typical MAPK cascade consists of at least three sequentially acting serine/threonine kinases, a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK) and finally, the MAP kinase (MAPK) itself, with each phosphorylating, and hence activating, the next kinase in the cascade. Recent advances in our understanding of hormone signaling pathways have led to the discovery of new regulatory systems. In particular, this research has revealed the emerging role of crosstalk between the protein components of various signaling pathways and the involvement of this crosstalk in multiple cellular processes. Here we provide an overview of current models and mechanisms of hormone signaling with a special emphasis on the role of MAPKs in cell signaling networks. One-sentence summary: In this review we highlight the mechanisms of crosstalk between MAPK cascades and plant hormone signaling pathways and summarize recent findings on MAPK regulation and function in various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Jagodzik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tajdel-Zielinska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Ciesla
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Marczak
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ludwikow
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Ludwikow,
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27
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Bigeard J, Hirt H. Nuclear Signaling of Plant MAPKs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:469. [PMID: 29696029 PMCID: PMC5905223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved protein kinases in eukaryotes that establish signaling modules where MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) activate MAPK kinases (MAPKKs) which in turn activate MAPKs. In plants, they are involved in the signaling of multiple environmental stresses and developmental programs. MAPKs phosphorylate their substrates and this post-translational modification (PTM) contributes to the regulation of proteins. PTMs may indeed modify the activity, subcellular localization, stability or trans-interactions of modified proteins. Plant MAPKs usually localize to the cytosol and/or nucleus, and in some instances they may also translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus. Upon the detection of environmental changes at the cell surface, MAPKs participate in the signal transduction to the nucleus, allowing an adequate transcriptional reprogramming. The identification of plant MAPK substrates largely contributed to a better understanding of the underlying signaling mechanisms. In this review, we highlight the nuclear signaling of plant MAPKs. We discuss the activation, regulation and activity of plant MAPKs, as well as their nuclear re-localization. We also describe and discuss known nuclear substrates of plant MAPKs in the context of biotic stress, abiotic stress and development and consider future research directions in the field of plant MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bigeard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Heribert Hirt
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28
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Iftikhar H, Naveed N, Virk N, Bhatti MF, Song F. In silico analysis reveals widespread presence of three gene families, MAPK, MAPKK and MAPKKK, of the MAPK cascade from crop plants of Solanaceae in comparison to the distantly-related syntenic species from Rubiaceae, coffee. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3255. [PMID: 28603666 PMCID: PMC5463992 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are an important family of genes which play roles in vital plant processes, and they also help in coping against various kinds of environmental stresses including abiotic as well as biotic factors. The advancement of genomics calls for the annotation, identification, and detailed processing of the essential gene families in plants in order to provide insights into the importance of their central roles as well as for providing the basis for making their growth vigorous even under stressed conditions and, ultimately, to benefit from them by foreseeing the potential threats to their growth. In the current study, MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK families of the MAPK cascade were identified and reported from five different agriculturally and economically important crop species of the Solanaceae and Rubiaceae families based on conserved signature motifs aligned throughout the members of the families under this gene superfamily. Genes reported from the species after strict filtering were: 89, tomato; 108, potato; 63, eggplant; 79, pepper; 64, coffee. These MAPKs were found to be randomly distributed throughout the genome on the chromosomes of the respective species. Various characteristics of the identified genes were studied including gene structure, gene and coding sequence length, protein length, isoelectric point, molecular weight, and subcellular localization. Moreover, maximum likelihood test of phylogeny was conducted on the retrieved sequences for the three MAPK cascade families to determine their homologous relationships which were also analyzed quantitatively by heat plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Iftikhar
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nayab Naveed
- University Institute of Information Technology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nasar Virk
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faraz Bhatti
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Chen Q, Niu F, Yan J, Chen B, Wu F, Guo X, Yang B, Jiang YQ. Oilseed rape NAC56 transcription factor modulates reactive oxygen species accumulation and hypersensitive response-like cell death. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:209-221. [PMID: 28097691 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) transcription factor gene family is plant-specific and plays diverse roles in development and responses to abiotic stresses and pathogen challenge. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) or canola is an important oil crop worldwide, however, the function of NAC genes in it remains largely elusive. In the present study, we identified and characterized the NAC56 gene isolated from oilseed rape. Expression of BnaNAC56 was induced by abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), methyl viologen (MV) and a necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, but repressed by cold. BnaNAC56 is a transcription activator and localized to nuclei. Overexpression of BnaNAC56 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death, with various physiological measurements supporting these. Furthermore, BnaNAC56 expression caused evident nuclear DNA fragmentation. Moreover, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis identified that the expression levels of multiple genes regulating ROS homeostasis, cell death and defense response were significantly induced. Using a dual luciferase reporter assay, we further confirmed that BnaNAC56 could activate the expression of a few ROS- and cell death-related genes. In summary, our data demonstrate that BnaNAC56 functions as a stress-responsive transcriptional activator and plays a role in modulating ROS accumulation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangfang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bisi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feifei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, China
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Fei X, Yu J, Li Y, Deng X. CrMAPK3 regulates the expression of iron-deficiency-responsive genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 18:6. [PMID: 28511672 PMCID: PMC5434638 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-017-0081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under iron-deficient conditions, Chlamydomonas exhibits high affinity for iron absorption. Nevertheless, the response, transmission, and regulation of downstream gene expression in algae cells have not to be investigated. Considering that the MAPK pathway is essential for abiotic stress responses, we determined whether this pathway is involved in iron deficiency signal transduction in Chlamydomonas. RESULTS Arabidopsis MAPK gene sequences were used as entry data to search for homologous genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome database to investigate the functions of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene family in C. reinhardtii under iron-free conditions. Results revealed 16 C. reinhardtii MAPK genes labeled CrMAPK2-CrMAPK17 with TXY conserved domains and low homology to MAPK in yeast, Arabidopsis, and humans. The expression levels of these genes were then analyzed through qRT-PCR and exposure to high salt (150 mM NaCl), low nitrogen, or iron-free conditions. The expression levels of these genes were also subjected to adverse stress conditions. The mRNA levels of CrMAPK2, CrMAPK3, CrMAPK4, CrMAPK5, CrMAPK6, CrMAPK8, CrMAPK9, and CrMAPK11 were remarkably upregulated under iron-deficient stress. The increase in CrMAPK3 expression was 43-fold greater than that in the control. An RNA interference vector was constructed and transformed into C. reinhardtii 2A38, an algal strain with an exogenous FOX1:ARS chimeric gene, to silence CrMAPK3. After this gene was silenced, the mRNA levels and ARS activities of FOX1:ARS chimeric gene and endogenous CrFOX1 were decreased. The mRNA levels of iron-responsive genes, such as CrNRAMP2, CrATX1, CrFTR1, and CrFEA1, were also remarkably reduced. CONCLUSION CrMAPK3 regulates the expression of iron-deficiency-responsive genes in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Fei
- School of Science, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Junmei Yu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Yajun Li
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xiaodong Deng
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China.
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31
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Hamid MH, Rozano L, Yeong WC, Abdullah JO, Saidi NB. Analysis of MAP kinase MPK4/MEKK1/MKK genes of Carica papaya L. comparative to other plant homologues. Bioinformation 2017; 13:31-41. [PMID: 28642634 PMCID: PMC5463617 DOI: 10.6026/97320630013031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (MPK4) interacts with the (Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1) MEKK1/ Mitogenactivated protein kinase kinase 1 (MKK1)/ Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MKK2) complex to affect its function in plant development or against pathogen attacks. The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) network analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana revealed close interactions between those four genes in the same plant-pathogen interaction pathway, which warrants further study of these genes due to their evolutionary conservation in different plant species. Through targeting the signature sequence in MPK4 of papaya using orthologs from Arabidopsis, the predicted sequence of MPK4 was studied using a comparative in silico approach between different plant species and the MAP cascade complex of MEKK1/MKK1/MKK2. This paper reported that MPK4 was highly conserved in papaya with 93% identical across more than 500 bases compared in each species predicted. Slight variations found in the MEKK1/MKK1/MKK2 complex nevertheless still illustrated sequence similarities between most of the species. Localization of each gene in the cascade network was also predicted, potentiating future functional verification of these genes interactions using knock out or/and gene silencing tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hanam Hamid
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lina Rozano
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Chien Yeong
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Baity Saidi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Wu P, Wang W, Li Y, Hou X. Divergent evolutionary patterns of the MAPK cascade genes in Brassica rapa and plant phylogenetics. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2017; 4:17079. [PMID: 29285397 PMCID: PMC5744264 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2017.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade signal transduction modules play crucial roles in regulating many biological processes in plants. These cascades are composed of three classes of hierarchically organized protein kinases, MAPKKKs, MAPKKs and MAPKs. Here, we analyzed gene retention, phylogenetic, evolution and expression patterns of MAPK cascade genes in Brassica rapa. We further found that the MAPK branches, classes III and IV, appeared after the split of bryophytes and green algae after analyzing the MAPK cascade genes in 8 species, and their rapid expansion led to the great size of the families of MAPKs. In contrast, the ancestral class I subfamily of MAPKK gene families have been highly conserved from algae to angiosperms. For the MAPKKK family, the MEKK and Raf subfamily share a common evolutionary origin, and Raf plays a major role in the expansion of the MAPKKK gene family. The cis-elements and interaction network analyses showed the important function of MAPK cascade genes in development and stress responses in B. rapa. This study provides a solid foundation for molecular evolution analyses of MAPK cascade genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Li W, Lu J, Lu K, Yuan J, Huang J, Du H, Li J. Cloning and Phylogenetic Analysis of Brassica napus L. Caffeic Acid O-Methyltransferase 1 Gene Family and Its Expression Pattern under Drought Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165975. [PMID: 27832102 PMCID: PMC5104432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
For many plants, regulating lignin content and composition to improve lodging resistance is a crucial issue. Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a lignin monomer-specific enzyme that controls S subunit synthesis in plant vascular cell walls. Here, we identified 12 BnCOMT1 gene homologues, namely BnCOMT1-1 to BnCOMT1-12. Ten of 12 genes were composed of four highly conserved exons and three weakly conserved introns. The length of intron I, in particular, showed enormous diversification. Intron I of homologous BnCOMT1 genes showed high identity with counterpart genes in Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea, and intron I from positional close genes in the same chromosome were relatively highly conserved. A phylogenetic analysis suggested that COMT genes experience considerable diversification and conservation in Brassicaceae species, and some COMT1 genes are unique in the Brassica genus. Our expression studies indicated that BnCOMT1 genes were differentially expressed in different tissues, with BnCOMT1-4, BnCOMT1-5, BnCOMT1-8, and BnCOMT1-10 exhibiting stem specificity. These four BnCOMT1 genes were expressed at all developmental periods (the bud, early flowering, late flowering and mature stages) and their expression level peaked in the early flowering stage in the stem. Drought stress augmented and accelerated lignin accumulation in high-lignin plants but delayed it in low-lignin plants. The expression levels of BnCOMT1s were generally reduced in water deficit condition. The desynchrony of the accumulation processes of total lignin and BnCOMT1s transcripts in most growth stages indicated that BnCOMT1s could be responsible for the synthesis of a specific subunit of lignin or that they participate in other pathways such as the melatonin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Junxing Lu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants Environment Adaption, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, PR China
| | - Kun Lu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Jianglian Yuan
- Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Jieheng Huang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Hai Du
- Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Jiana Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Dong Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Geng H, Rasheed A, Xiao Y, Cao S, Fu L, Yan J, Wen W, Zhang Y, Jing R, Xia X, He Z. Genome-Wide Association of Stem Water Soluble Carbohydrates in Bread Wheat. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164293. [PMID: 27802269 PMCID: PMC5089554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in stems play an important role in buffering grain yield in wheat against biotic and abiotic stresses; however, knowledge of genes controlling WSC is very limited. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a high-density 90K SNP array to better understand the genetic basis underlying WSC, and to explore marker-based breeding approaches. WSC was evaluated in an association panel comprising 166 Chinese bread wheat cultivars planted in four environments. Fifty two marker-trait associations (MTAs) distributed across 23 loci were identified for phenotypic best linear unbiased estimates (BLUEs), and 11 MTAs were identified in two or more environments. Liner regression showed a clear dependence of WSC BLUE scores on numbers of favorable (increasing WSC content) and unfavorable alleles (decreasing WSC), indicating that genotypes with higher numbers of favorable or lower numbers of unfavorable alleles had higher WSC content. In silico analysis of flanking sequences of trait-associated SNPs revealed eight candidate genes related to WSC content grouped into two categories based on the type of encoding proteins, namely, defense response proteins and proteins triggered by environmental stresses. The identified SNPs and candidate genes related to WSC provide opportunities for breeding higher WSC wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jindong Liu
- Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Geng
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830052, China
| | - Awais Rasheed
- Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) China Office, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonggui Xiao
- Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuanghe Cao
- Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luping Fu
- Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Weie Wen
- Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830052, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilian Jing
- Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianchun Xia
- Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghu He
- Institute of Crop Science/National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) China Office, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Niu F, Wang C, Yan J, Guo X, Wu F, Yang B, Deyholos MK, Jiang YQ. Functional characterization of NAC55 transcription factor from oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) as a novel transcriptional activator modulating reactive oxygen species accumulation and cell death. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:89-104. [PMID: 27312204 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
NAC transcription factors (TFs) are plant-specific and play important roles in development, responses to biotic and abiotic cues and hormone signaling. So far, only a few NAC genes have been reported to regulate cell death. In this study, we identified and characterized a NAC55 gene isolated from oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). BnaNAC55 responds to multiple stresses, including cold, heat, abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and a necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. BnaNAC55 has transactivation activity and is located in the nucleus. BnaNAC55 is able to form homodimers in planta. Unlike ANAC055, full-length BnaNAC55, but not either the N-terminal NAC domain or C-terminal regulatory domain, induces ROS accumulation and hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death when expressed both in oilseed rape protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, BnaNAC55 expression causes obvious nuclear DNA fragmentation. Moreover, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis identified that the expression levels of multiple genes regulating ROS production and scavenging, defense response as well as senescence are significantly induced. Using a dual luciferase reporter assay, we further confirm that BnaNAC55 could activate the expression of a few ROS and defense-related gene expression. Taken together, our work has identified a novel NAC TF from oilseed rape that modulates ROS accumulation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Feifei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Michael K Deyholos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Wang C, Lu W, He X, Wang F, Zhou Y, Guo X, Guo X. The Cotton Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 3 Functions in Drought Tolerance by Regulating Stomatal Responses and Root Growth. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1629-42. [PMID: 27335349 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play critical roles in signal transduction processes in eukaryotes. The MAPK kinases (MAPKKs) that link MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs) and MAPKs are key components of MAPK cascades. However, the intricate regulatory mechanisms that control MAPKKs under drought stress conditions are not fully understood, especially in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Here, we isolated and characterized the cotton group B MAPKK gene GhMKK3 Overexpressing GhMKK3 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced tolerance to drought, and the results of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays suggest that GhMKK3 plays an important role in responses to abiotic stresses by regulating stomatal responses and root hair growth. Further evidence demonstrated that overexpressing GhMKK3 promoted root growth and ABA-induced stomatal closure. In contrast, silencing GhMKK3 in cotton using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) resulted in the opposite phenotypes. More importantly, we identified an ABA- and drought-induced MAPK cascade that is composed of GhMKK3, GhMPK7 and GhPIP1 that compensates for deficiency in the MAPK cascade pathway in cotton under drought stress conditions. Together, these findings significantly improve our understanding of the mechanism by which GhMKK3 positively regulates drought stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaowen He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Yuli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Xulei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, PR China
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Integration analysis of MKK and MAPK family members highlights potential MAPK signaling modules in cotton. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29781. [PMID: 27417377 PMCID: PMC4945917 DOI: 10.1038/srep29781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a crucial role in plant growth and development, as well as their biotic and abiotic stress responses. As a nodal point of the MAPK cascade, the MKK gene family has not been systematically studied in cotton. Here, we identified 11 putative MKK genes in the Gossypium raimondii genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the MKKs were supported by architectures of conserved protein motifs. Expression patterns of MKKs under hormone treatments or abiotic stresses revealed their diverse functions in stress responses. Based on a yeast two hybrid, a total of 63 interactive pairs of MKKs and MAPKs were identified in cotton. Among these, 40 interactive pairs were newly identified compared to that reported previously in Arabidopsis. Integration analysis of the interaction network and expression patterns of MKK and MAPK family members revealed 13 potential MAPK signaling modules that are involved in the complicated cross-talk between hormones and abiotic stresses. Taken together, our data enhance the understanding of the evolution and function of MAPK cascades in cotton, and lay the foundation for the improvement of various defense responses that use MAPK signaling modules in the future.
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Wei L, Jian H, Lu K, Filardo F, Yin N, Liu L, Qu C, Li W, Du H, Li J. Genome-wide association analysis and differential expression analysis of resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot in Brassica napus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1368-80. [PMID: 26563848 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus is one of the most important oil crops in the world, and stem rot caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum results in major losses in yield and quality. To elucidate resistance genes and pathogenesis-related genes, genome-wide association analysis of 347 accessions was performed using the Illumina 60K Brassica SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array. In addition, the detached stem inoculation assay was used to select five highly resistant (R) and susceptible (S) B. napus lines, 48 h postinoculation with S. sclerotiorum for transcriptome sequencing. We identified 17 significant associations for stem resistance on chromosomes A8 and C6, five of which were on A8 and 12 on C6. The SNPs identified on A8 were located in a 409-kb haplotype block, and those on C6 were consistent with previous QTL mapping efforts. Transcriptome analysis suggested that S. sclerotiorum infection activates the immune system, sulphur metabolism, especially glutathione (GSH) and glucosinolates in both R and S genotypes. Genes found to be specific to the R genotype related to the jasmonic acid pathway, lignin biosynthesis, defence response, signal transduction and encoding transcription factors. Twenty-four genes were identified in both the SNP-trait association and transcriptome sequencing analyses, including a tau class glutathione S-transferase (GSTU) gene cluster. This study provides useful insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the plant's response to S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wei
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongju Jian
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fiona Filardo
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (QDAF), Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Old, Australia
| | - Nengwen Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liezhao Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cunmin Qu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai Du
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiana Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Chen B, Niu F, Liu WZ, Yang B, Zhang J, Ma J, Cheng H, Han F, Jiang YQ. Identification, cloning and characterization of R2R3-MYB gene family in canola (Brassica napus L.) identify a novel member modulating ROS accumulation and hypersensitive-like cell death. DNA Res 2016; 23:101-14. [PMID: 26800702 PMCID: PMC4833418 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The R2R3-MYB proteins comprise one of the largest families of transcription factors in plants. Although genome-wide analysis of this family has been carried out in some plant species, little is known about R2R3-MYB genes in canola (Brassica napus L.). In this study, we have identified 76 R2R3-MYB genes in the canola genome through mining of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). The cDNA sequences of 44 MYB genes were successfully cloned. The transcriptional activities of BnaMYB proteins encoded by these genes were assayed in yeast. The subcellular localizations of representative R2R3-MYB proteins were investigated through GFP fusion. Besides, the transcript abundance level analysis during abiotic conditions and ABA treatment identified a group of R2R3-MYB genes that responded to one or more treatments. Furthermore, we identified a previously functionally unknown MYB gene-BnaMYB78, which modulates reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, through regulating the transcription of a few ROS- and defence-related genes. Taken together, this study has provided a solid foundation for understanding the roles and regulatory mechanism of canola R2R3-MYB genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fangfang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wu-Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jieyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Feng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Comparative transcriptomic analysis uncovers the complex genetic network for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica napus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19007. [PMID: 26743436 PMCID: PMC4705546 DOI: 10.1038/srep19007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating diseases in many important crops including Brassica napus worldwide. Quantitative resistance is the only source for genetic improvement of Sclerotinia-resistance in B. napus, but the molecular basis for such a resistance is largely unknown. Here, we performed dynamic transcriptomic analyses to understand the differential defense response to S. sclerotiorum in a resistant line (R-line) and a susceptible line (S-line) of B. napus at 24, 48 and 96 h post-inoculation. Both the numbers of and fold changes in differentially expressed genes in the R-line were larger than those in the S-line. We identified 9001 relative differentially expressed genes in the R-line compared with the S-line. The differences between susceptibility and resistance were associated with the magnitude of expression changes in a set of genes involved in pathogen recognition, MAPK signaling cascade, WRKY transcription regulation, jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathways, and biosynthesis of defense-related protein and indolic glucosinolate. The results were supported by quantitation of defense-related enzyme activity and glucosinolate contents. Our results provide insights into the complex molecular mechanism of the defense response to S. sclerotiorum in B. napus and for development of effective strategies in Sclerotinia-resistance breeding.
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Song Q, Li D, Dai Y, Liu S, Huang L, Hong Y, Zhang H, Song F. Characterization, expression patterns and functional analysis of the MAPK and MAPKK genes in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:298. [PMID: 26700161 PMCID: PMC5477810 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, which consist of three functionally associated protein kinases, namely MEKKs, MKKs and MPKs, are universal signaling modules in all eukaryotes and have been shown to play critical roles in many physiological and biochemical processes in plants. However, little or nothing is known about the MPK and MKK families in watermelon. RESULTS In the present study, we performed a systematic characterization of the ClMPK and ClMKK families including the identification and nomenclature, chromosomal localization, phylogenetic relationships, ClMPK-ClMKK interactions, expression patterns in different tissues and in response to abiotic and biotic stress and transient expression-based functional analysis for their roles in disease resistance. Genome-wide survey identified fifteen ClMPK and six ClMKK genes in watermelon genome and phylogenetic analysis revealed that both of the ClMPK and ClMKK families can be classified into four distinct groups. Yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated significant interactions between members of the ClMPK and ClMKK families, defining putative ClMKK2-1/ClMKK6-ClMPK4-1/ClMPK4-2/ClMPK13 and ClMKK5-ClMPK6 cascades. Most of the members in the ClMPK and ClMKK families showed differential expression patterns in different tissues and in response to abiotic (e.g. drought, salt, cold and heat treatments) and biotic (e.g. infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum) stresses. Transient expression of ClMPK1, ClMPK4-2 and ClMPK7 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea and upregulated expression of defense genes while transient expression of ClMPK6 and ClMKK2-2 led to increased susceptibility to B. cinerea. Furthermore, transient expression of ClMPK7 also led to hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death and significant accumulation of H2O2 in N. benthamiana. CONCLUSION We identified fifteen ClMPK and six ClMKK genes from watermelon and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships, expression patterns and protein-protein interactions and functions in disease resistance. Our results demonstrate that ClMPK1, ClMPK4-2 and ClMPK7 positively but ClMPK6 and ClMKK2-2 negatively regulate the resistance to B. cinerea when transiently expressed in N. benthamiana and that ClMPK7 functions as a regulator of HR-like cell death through modulating the generation of H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Song
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P. R. China
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P. R. China
| | - Yi Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P. R. China
| | - Shixia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P. R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P. R. China
| | - Yongbo Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P. R. China
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318001 P. R. China
| | - Fengming Song
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P. R. China
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Chu X, Wang C, Chen X, Lu W, Li H, Wang X, Hao L, Guo X. The Cotton WRKY Gene GhWRKY41 Positively Regulates Salt and Drought Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143022. [PMID: 26562293 PMCID: PMC4643055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors constitute a very large family of proteins in plants and participate in modulating plant biological processes, such as growth, development and stress responses. However, the exact roles of WRKY proteins are unclear, particularly in non-model plants. In this study, Gossypium hirsutum WRKY41 (GhWRKY41) was isolated and transformed into Nicotiana benthamiana. Our results showed that overexpression of GhWRKY41 enhanced the drought and salt stress tolerance of transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. The transgenic plants exhibited lower malondialdehyde content and higher antioxidant enzyme activity, and the expression of antioxidant genes was upregulated in transgenic plants exposed to osmotic stress. A β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining assay showed that GhWRKY41 was highly expressed in the stomata when plants were exposed to osmotic stress, and plants overexpressing GhWRKY41 exhibited enhanced stomatal closure when they were exposed to osmotic stress. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that GhWRKY41 may enhance plant tolerance to stress by functioning as a positive regulator of stoma closure and by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and the expression of antioxidant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Lili Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
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Genome-wide identification of MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK gene families and transcriptional profiling analysis during development and stress response in cucumber. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:386. [PMID: 25976104 PMCID: PMC4432876 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade consists of three types of reversibly phosphorylated kinases, namely, MAPK, MAPK kinase (MAPKK/MEK), and MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK/MEKK), playing important roles in plant growth, development, and defense response. The MAPK cascade genes have been investigated in detail in model plants, including Arabidopsis, rice, and tomato, but poorly characterized in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), a major popular vegetable in Cucurbitaceae crops, which is highly susceptible to environmental stress and pathogen attack. Results A genome-wide analysis revealed the presence of at least 14 MAPKs, 6 MAPKKs, and 59 MAPKKKs in the cucumber genome. Phylogenetic analyses classified all the CsMAPK and CsMAPKK genes into four groups, whereas the CsMAPKKK genes were grouped into the MEKK, RAF, and ZIK subfamilies. The expansion of these three gene families was mainly contributed by segmental duplication events. Furthermore, the ratios of non-synonymous substitution rates (Ka) and synonymous substitution rates (Ks) implied that the duplicated gene pairs had experienced strong purifying selection. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that some MAPK, MAPKK and MAPKKK genes are preferentially expressed in specific organs or tissues. Moreover, the expression levels of most of these genes significantly changed under heat, cold, drought, and Pseudoperonospora cubensis treatments. Exposure to abscisic acid and jasmonic acid markedly affected the expression levels of these genes, thereby implying that they may play important roles in the plant hormone network. Conclusion A comprehensive genome-wide analysis of gene structure, chromosomal distribution, and evolutionary relationship of MAPK cascade genes in cucumber are present here. Further expression analysis revealed that these genes were involved in important signaling pathways for biotic and abiotic stress responses in cucumber, as well as the response to plant hormones. Our first systematic description of the MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK families in cucumber will help to elucidate their biological roles in plant. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1621-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wang B, Guo X, Wang C, Ma J, Niu F, Zhang H, Yang B, Liang W, Han F, Jiang YQ. Identification and characterization of plant-specific NAC gene family in canola (Brassica napus L.) reveal novel members involved in cell death. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:395-411. [PMID: 25616736 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
NAC transcription factors are plant-specific and play important roles in plant development processes, response to biotic and abiotic cues and hormone signaling. However, to date, little is known about the NAC genes in canola (or oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.). In this study, a total of 60 NAC genes were identified from canola through a systematical analysis and mining of expressed sequence tags. Among these, the cDNA sequences of 41 NAC genes were successfully cloned. The translated protein sequences of canola NAC genes with the NAC genes from representative species were phylogenetically clustered into three major groups and multiple subgroups. The transcriptional activities of these BnaNAC proteins were assayed in yeast. In addition, by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, we further observed that some of these BnaNACs were regulated by different hormone stimuli or abiotic stresses. Interestingly, we successfully identified two novel BnaNACs, BnaNAC19 and BnaNAC82, which could elicit hypersensitive response-like cell death when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, which was mediated by accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Overall, our work has laid a solid foundation for further characterization of this important NAC gene family in canola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China,
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Mohanta TK, Arora PK, Mohanta N, Parida P, Bae H. Identification of new members of the MAPK gene family in plants shows diverse conserved domains and novel activation loop variants. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:58. [PMID: 25888265 PMCID: PMC4363184 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling is of critical importance in plants and other eukaryotic organisms. The MAPK cascade plays an indispensible role in the growth and development of plants, as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses. The MAPKs are constitute the most downstream module of the three tier MAPK cascade and are phosphorylated by upstream MAP kinase kinases (MAPKK), which are in turn are phosphorylated by MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK). The MAPKs play pivotal roles in regulation of many cytoplasmic and nuclear substrates, thus regulating several biological processes. Results A total of 589 MAPKs genes were identified from the genome wide analysis of 40 species. The sequence analysis has revealed the presence of several N- and C-terminal conserved domains. The MAPKs were previously believed to be characterized by the presence of TEY/TDY activation loop motifs. The present study showed that, in addition to presence of activation loop TEY/TDY motifs, MAPKs are also contain MEY, TEM, TQM, TRM, TVY, TSY, TEC and TQY activation loop motifs. Phylogenetic analysis of all predicted MAPKs were clustered into six different groups (group A, B, C, D, E and F), and all predicted MAPKs were assigned with specific names based on their orthology based evolutionary relationships with Arabidopsis or Oryza MAPKs. Conclusion We conducted global analysis of the MAPK gene family of plants from lower eukaryotes to higher eukaryotes and analyzed their genomic and evolutionary aspects. Our study showed the presence of several new activation loop motifs and diverse conserved domains in MAPKs. Advance study of newly identified activation loop motifs can provide further information regarding the downstream signaling cascade activated in response to a wide array of stress conditions, as well as plant growth and development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1244-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Daehak Gyeongsan, Gyeonsangbook, 712749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pankaj Kumar Arora
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Daehak Gyeongsan, Gyeonsangbook, 712749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nibedita Mohanta
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Sri Ramchandra Vihar, Takatpur, Baripada, Mayurbhanj, Orissa, 757003, India.
| | - Pratap Parida
- Center for Studies in Biotechnology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India.
| | - Hanhong Bae
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Daehak Gyeongsan, Gyeonsangbook, 712749, Republic of Korea.
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Identification of a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase gene (MKK2) in the oilseed rape Brassica campestris. Biologia (Bratisl) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhang X, Wang L, Xu X, Cai C, Guo W. Genome-wide identification of mitogen-activated protein kinase gene family in Gossypium raimondii and the function of their corresponding orthologs in tetraploid cultivated cotton. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:345. [PMID: 25492847 PMCID: PMC4270029 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a crucial role in plant growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. Knowledge about the MAPK gene family in cotton is limited, and systematic investigation of MAPK family proteins has not been reported. RESULTS By performing a bioinformatics homology search, we identified 28 putative MAPK genes in the Gossypium raimondii genome. These MAPK members were anchored onto 11 chromosomes in G. raimondii, with uneven distribution. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the MAPK candidates could be classified into the four known A, B, C and D groups, with more MAPKs containing the TEY phosphorylation site (18 members) than the TDY motif (10 members). Furthermore, 21 cDNA sequences of MAPKs with complete open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in G. hirsutum via PCR-based approaches, including 13 novel MAPKs and eight with homologs reported previously in tetraploid cotton. The expression patterns of 23 MAPK genes reveal their important roles in diverse functions in cotton, in both various developmental stages of vegetative and reproductive growth and in the stress response. Using a reverse genetics approach based on tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing (TRV-VIGS), we further verified that MPK9, MPK13 and MPK25 confer resistance to defoliating isolates of Verticillium dahliae in cotton. Silencing of MPK9, MPK13 and MPK25 can significantly enhance cotton susceptibility to this pathogen. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a comprehensive identification of 28 mitogen-activated protein kinase genes in G. raimondii. Their phylogenetic relationships, transcript expression patterns and responses to various stressors were verified. This study provides the first systematic analysis of MAPKs in cotton, improving our understanding of defense responses in general and laying the foundation for future crop improvement using MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Liman Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Caiping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Wangzhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, MOE, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
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Niu F, Wang B, Wu F, Yan J, Li L, Wang C, Wang Y, Yang B, Jiang YQ. Canola (Brassica napus L.) NAC103 transcription factor gene is a novel player inducing reactive oxygen species accumulation and cell death in plants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:30-5. [PMID: 25450358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NAC transcription factors are plant-specific and play important roles in many processes including plant development, response to biotic and abiotic stresses and hormone signaling. So far, only a few NAC genes have been identified to mediate cell death. In this study, we identified a novel NAC gene from canola (Brassica napus L.), BnaNAC103 which induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell death in Nicotianabenthamiana leaves. We found that BnaNAC103 responded to multiple signalings, including cold, salicylic acid (SA) and a fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. BnaNAC103 is located in the nucleus. Expression of full-length BnaNAC103, but not either the N-terminal NAC domain or C-terminal regulatory domain, was identified to induce hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death when expressed in N. benthamiana. The cell death triggered by BnaNAC103 is preceded by accumulation of ROS, with diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining supporting this. Moreover, quantification of ion leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) of leaf discs indicates significant cell membrane breakage and lipid peroxidation induced by BnaNAC103 expression. Taken together, our work has identified a novel NAC transcription factor gene modulating ROS level and cell death in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Boya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Feifei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Jingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yiqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Lazar A, Coll A, Dobnik D, Baebler Š, Bedina-Zavec A, Žel J, Gruden K. Involvement of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) MKK6 in response to potato virus Y. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104553. [PMID: 25111695 PMCID: PMC4128675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have crucial roles in the regulation of plant development and in plant responses to stress. Plant recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pathogen-derived effector proteins has been shown to trigger activation of several MAPKs. This then controls defence responses, including synthesis and/or signalling of defence hormones and activation of defence related genes. The MAPK cascade genes are highly complex and interconnected, and thus the precise signalling mechanisms in specific plant–pathogen interactions are still not known. Here we investigated the MAPK signalling network involved in immune responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to Potato virus Y, an important potato pathogen worldwide. Sequence analysis was performed to identify the complete MAPK kinase (MKK) family in potato, and to identify those regulated in the hypersensitive resistance response to Potato virus Y infection. Arabidopsis has 10 MKK family members, of which we identified five in potato and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and eight in Nicotiana benthamiana. Among these, StMKK6 is the most strongly regulated gene in response to Potato virus Y. The salicylic acid treatment revealed that StMKK6 is regulated by the hormone that is in agreement with the salicylic acid-regulated domains found in the StMKK6 promoter. The involvement of StMKK6 in potato defence response was confirmed by localisation studies, where StMKK6 accumulated strongly only in Potato-virus-Y-infected plants, and predominantly in the cell nucleus. Using a yeast two-hybrid method, we identified three StMKK6 targets downstream in the MAPK cascade: StMAPK4_2, StMAPK6 and StMAPK13. These data together provide further insight into the StMKK6 signalling module and its involvement in plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lazar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Coll
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Dobnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Apolonija Bedina-Zavec
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Žel
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Li X, Zhang Y, Huang L, Ouyang Z, Hong Y, Zhang H, Li D, Song F. Tomato SlMKK2 and SlMKK4 contribute to disease resistance against Botrytis cinerea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:166. [PMID: 24930014 PMCID: PMC4094914 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules that mediate the transduction of extracellular stimuli via receptors/sensors into intracellular responses and play key roles in plant immunity against pathogen attack. However, the function of tomato MAPK kinases, SlMKKs, in resistance against Botrytis cinerea remains unclear yet. RESULTS A total of five SlMKK genes with one new member, SlMKK5, were identified in tomato. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that expression of SlMKK2 and SlMKK4 was strongly induced by B. cinerea and by jasmonic acid and ethylene precursor 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)-based knockdown of individual SlMKKs and disease assays identified that SlMKK2 and SlMKK4 but not other three SlMKKs (SlMKK1, SlMKK3 and SlMKK5) are involved in resistance against B. cinerea. Silencing of SlMKK2 or SlMKK4 resulted in reduced resistance to B. cinerea, increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species and attenuated expression of defense genes after infection of B. cinerea in tomato plants. Furthermore, transient expression of constitutively active phosphomimicking forms SlMKK2DD and SlMKK4DD in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana plants led to enhanced resistance to B. cinerea and elevated expression of defense genes. CONCLUSIONS VIGS-based knockdown of SlMKK2 and SlMKK4 expression in tomato and gain-of-function transient expression of constitutively active phosphomimicking forms SlMKK2DD and SlMKK2DD in N. benthamiana demonstrate that both SlMKK2 and SlMKK4 function as positive regulators of defense response against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yafen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lei Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhigang Ouyang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yongbo Hong
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Dayong Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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