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Guo X, Zhang RR, Sun JY, Liu Y, Yuan XS, Chen YY, Sun H, Liu C. The molecular mechanism of action for the potent antitumor component extracted using supercritical fluid extraction from Croton crassifolius root. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 327:117835. [PMID: 38490290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Croton crassifolius has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), called Radix Croton Crassifolius, and commonly known as "Ji Gu Xiang" in Chinese. Its medicinal value has been recorded in several medical books or handbooks, such as "Sheng Cao Yao Xing Bei Yao", "Ben Cao Qiu Yuan" and "Zhong Hua Ben Cao". It has been traditional employed for treating sore throat, stomach-ache, rheumatism and cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY At present, there are limited studies on the evaluation of low-polarity extracts of roots in C. crassifolius. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumor effect of the low-polarity extract of C. crassifolius root. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction. The extracts were tested for antitumor effects in vitro on several cancer cell lines. A CCK-8 kit was used for further analysis of cell viability. A flow cytometer and propidium iodide staining were used to evaluate the cell cycle and apoptosis. Hoechst staining, JC-1 staining and the fluorescence probe DCFH-DA were used to evaluate apoptotic cells. Molecular mechanisms of action were analyzed by quantitative RT‒PCR and Western blotting. Immunohistochemistry was used for the evaluation of xenograft tumors in male BALB/c mice. Finally, molecular docking was employed to predict the bond between the desired bioactive compound and molecular targets. RESULTS Eleven diterpenoids were isolated from low-polarity C. crassifolius root extracts. Among the compounds, chettaphanin II showed the strongest activity (IC50 = 8.58 μM) against A549 cells. Evaluation of cell viability and the cell cycle showed that Chettaphanin II reduced A549 cell proliferation and induced G2/M-phase arrest. Chttaphanin II significantly induced apoptosis in A549 cells, which was related to the level of apoptosis-related proteins. The growth of tumor tissue was significantly inhibited by chettaphanin II in experiments performed on naked mice. The antitumor mechanism of chettaphanin II is that it can obstruct the mTOR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in A549 cells. Molecular docking established that chettaphanin II could bind to the active sites of Bcl-2 and Bax. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the natural diterpenoid chettaphanin II was identified as the major antitumor active component, and its potential for developing anticancer therapies was demonstrated for the first time by antiproliferation evaluation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Rui-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Jin-Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xian-Shun Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, PR China.
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Hernandez YA, Gonzalez J, Garcia R, Aristizabal-Pachón A. The Expression of Hsa-Mir-1225-5p Limits the Aggressive Biological Be-haviour of Luminal Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Microrna 2024; 13:MIRNA-EPUB-137170. [PMID: 38204280 PMCID: PMC11348466 DOI: 10.2174/0122115366268128231201054005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous genetic and biological processes have been linked to the func-tion of microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNA (mRNA). It is commonly acknowledged that miRNAs play a role in the development of disease and the embryology of mammals. METHOD To further understand its function in the oncogenic process, the expression of the miRNA profile in cancer has been investigated. Despite being referred to as a noteworthy miRNA in cancer, it is unknown whether hsa-miR-1225-5p plays a part in the in vitro progression of the luminal A and luminal B subtypes of breast cancer. We proposed that a synthetic hsa-miR-1225-5p molecule be expressed in breast cancer cell lines and its activity be evaluated with the aim of studying its function in the development of luminal breast cancer. In terms of the typical cancer progression stages, such as proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion, we investigated the role of hsa-miR-1225-5p in luminal A and B breast cancer cell lines. RESULTS Additionally, using bioinformatics databases, we thoroughly explored the target score-based prediction of miRNA-mRNA interaction. Our study showed that the expression of miR-1225-5p significantly inhibited the in vitro growth of luminal A and B breast cancer cell lines. CONCLUSION The results were supported by a bioinformatic analysis and a detailed gene network that boosts the activation of signaling pathways required for cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Andrés Hernandez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Janeth Gonzalez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Reggie Garcia
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Andrés Aristizabal-Pachón
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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Chen XR, Igumenova TI. Regulation of eukaryotic protein kinases by Pin1, a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 87:100938. [PMID: 36496344 PMCID: PMC9992314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 cooperates with proline-directed kinases and phosphatases to regulate multiple oncogenic pathways. Pin1 specifically recognizes phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motifs in proteins and catalyzes their cis-trans isomerization. The Pin1-catalyzed conformational changes determine the stability, activity, and subcellular localization of numerous protein substrates. We conducted a survey of eukaryotic protein kinases that are regulated by Pin1 and whose Pin1 binding sites have been identified. Our analyses reveal that Pin1 target sites in kinases do not fall exclusively within the intrinsically disordered regions of these enzymes. Rather, they fall into three groups based on their location: (i) within the catalytic kinase domain, (ii) in the C-terminal kinase region, and (iii) in regulatory domains. Some of the kinases downregulated by Pin1 activity are tumor-suppressing, and all kinases upregulated by Pin1 activity are functionally pro-oncogenic. These findings further reinforce the rationale for developing Pin1-specific inhibitors as attractive pharmaceuticals for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ru Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Tatyana I Igumenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Del'haye GG, Nulmans I, Bouteille SP, Sermon K, Wellekens B, Rombaut M, Vanhaecke T, Vander Heyden Y, De Kock J. Development of an adverse outcome pathway network for breast cancer: a comprehensive representation of the pathogenesis, complexity and diversity of the disease. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2881-2897. [PMID: 35927586 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03351-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), introduced in modern toxicology, intend to provide an evidence-based representation of toxicological effects and facilitate safety assessment of chemicals not solely based on laboratory animal in vivo experiments. However, some toxicological processes are too complicated to represent in one AOP. Therefore, AOP networks are developed that help understanding and predicting toxicological processes where complex exposure scenarios interact and lead to the emergence of the adverse outcome. In this study, we present an AOP network for breast cancer, developed after an in-depth survey of relevant scientific literature. Several molecular initiating events (MIE) were identified and various key events that link the MIEs with breast cancer were described. The AOP was developed according to Organization of Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) guidance, weight of evidence was assessed through the Bradford Hill criteria and confidence was tested by the OECD key questions. The AOP network provides a straightforward understanding of the disease onset and progression at different biological levels. It can be used to pinpoint knowledge gaps, identify novel therapeutic targets and act as a stepping stone for the development of novel in vitro test methods for hazard identification and risk assessment of newly developed chemicals and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigly G Del'haye
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium. .,Research Group of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ine Nulmans
- Liver Therapy & Evolution Team, Research Group of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sandrine P Bouteille
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karolien Sermon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brecht Wellekens
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias Rombaut
- Liver Therapy & Evolution Team, Research Group of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Liver Therapy & Evolution Team, Research Group of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joery De Kock
- Liver Therapy & Evolution Team, Research Group of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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Yun JH, Lee DH, Jeong HS, Kim SH, Ye SK, Cho CH. STAT3 activation in microglia increases pericyte apoptosis in diabetic retinas through TNF-ɑ/AKT/p70S6 kinase signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 613:133-139. [PMID: 35561580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the vascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus. Pericyte loss is an early characteristic phenomenon in DR. However, the mechanism by which pericyte apoptosis occurs in DR is not fully understood. We have focused on the increased STAT3 activation in diabetic retinas because STAT3 activation is associated with inflammation, and persistent chronic inflammation is closely related to retinal lesions. In this study, we demonstrated that STAT3 was activated by IFN-γ and IL-6 that highly expressed in diabetic retinas. We identified TNF-α as a potent inducer of pericyte apoptosis in diabetic retinas from the gene expression analysis and found that STAT3 activation in microglia increased TNF-α expression in the diabetic retinas. We also demonstrated that increased TNF-α expression in microglia caused pericyte apoptosis through downregulating AKT/p70S6 kinase signaling. Moreover, we took advantage of mice lacking STAT3 in microglia and demonstrated that STAT3 ablation in microglia reduced the pericyte apoptosis and TNF-α expression in the diabetic retinas. These results suggest that STAT3 activation in microglia plays an important role in pericyte apoptosis in the diabetic retinas through increased TNF-α expression and provide STAT3 activation in microglia as a potential therapeutic target for preventing pericyte loss in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Hyuk Yun
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seok Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Systemic Efficacy of Sirolimus via the ERBB Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, inhibits the mTOR pathway in complex diseases such as cancer, and its downstream targets are ribosomal S6 kinases (RPS6K). Sirolimus is involved in regulating cell growth and cell survival through roles such as the mediation of epidermal growth factor signaling. However, the systemic efficacy of sirolimus in pathway regulation is unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine systemic drug efficacy using computational methods and drug-induced datasets. We suggest a computational method using gene expression datasets induced by sirolimus and an inverse algorithm that simultaneously identifies parameters referring to gene–gene interactions. We downloaded two sirolimus-induced microarray gene expression datasets and used a computational method to obtain the most enriched pathway, then adopted an inverse algorithm to discover the gene–gene interactions of that pathway. In the results, RPS6KB1 was a target gene of sirolimus and was associated with genes in the pathway. The common gene interactions from two datasets were a hub gene, RPS6KB1, and 10 related genes (AKT3, CBLC, MAP2K7, NRG1/2, PAK3, PIK3CD/G, PRKCG, and SHC3) in the epidermal growth factor (ERBB) signaling pathway.
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Deglycosylated EpCAM regulates proliferation by enhancing autophagy of breast cancer cells via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:316-329. [PMID: 34983878 PMCID: PMC8791205 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important regulator of cellular homeostasis and its dysregulation often results in cancer. Aberrant glycosylation induced by oncogenic transformation contributes to tumor invasion and metastasis. In a previous study, we have demonstrated that EpCAM, a glycosylation protein, is associated with cell growth and metastasis in breast cancer. But the effect of EpCAM glycosylation on autophagy is not clear. the precise mechanism of regulation remains largely unknown. In this study, breast cancer cells were transfected with N-glycosylation mutation EpCAM plasmid to express deglycosylated EpCAM. The result showed that deglycosylated EpCAM promoted autophagy in breast cancer cells. We further confirmed this conclusion with the activator (Rapamycin, RAP) and inhibitor (Wortmannin) of autophagy. We also found that deglycosylated EpCAM promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation through activating autophagy by suppressing Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. These findings represent a novel mechanism by which deglycosylated EpCAM inhibits proliferation by enhancing autophagy of breast cancer cells via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. In conclusion, the combination of autophagy modulation and EpCAM targeted therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Briggs K, Wang L, Nagashima K, Zengel J, Tripp RA, He B. Regulation of Mumps Virus Replication and Transcription by Kinase RPS6KB1. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00387-20. [PMID: 32295907 PMCID: PMC7307103 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00387-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) caused the most viral meningitis before mass immunization. Unfortunately, MuV has reemerged in the United States in the past several years. MuV is a member of the genus Rubulavirus, in the family Paramyxoviridae, and has a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA genome. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRdRp) of MuV consists of the large protein (L) and the phosphoprotein (P), while the nucleocapsid protein (NP) encapsulates the viral RNA genome. These proteins make up the replication and transcription machinery of MuV. The P protein is phosphorylated by host kinases, and its phosphorylation is important for its function. In this study, we performed a large-scale small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen targeting host kinases that regulated MuV replication. The human kinase ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (RPS6KB1) was shown to play a role in MuV replication and transcription. We have validated the role of RPS6KB1 in regulating MuV using siRNA knockdown, an inhibitor, and RPS6KB1 knockout cells. We found that MuV grows better in cells lacking RPS6KB1, indicating that it downregulates viral growth. Furthermore, we detected an interaction between the MuV P protein and RPS6KB1, suggesting that RPS6KB1 directly regulates MuV replication and transcription.IMPORTANCE Mumps virus is an important human pathogen. In recent years, MuV has reemerged in the United State, with outbreaks occurring in young adults who have been vaccinated. Our work provides insight into a previously unknown mumps virus-host interaction. RPS6KB1 negatively regulates MuV replication, likely through its interaction with the P protein. Understanding virus-host interactions can lead to novel antiviral drugs and enhanced vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Briggs
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaito Nagashima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - James Zengel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Ibrahim K, Abdul Murad NA, Harun R, Jamal R. Knockdown of Tousled‑like kinase 1 inhibits survival of glioblastoma multiforme cells. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:685-699. [PMID: 32468002 PMCID: PMC7307829 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive type of brain tumour that commonly exhibits resistance to treatment. The tumour is highly heterogenous and complex kinomic alterations have been reported leading to dysregulation of signalling pathways. The present study aimed to investigate the novel kinome pathways and to identify potential therapeutic targets in GBM. Meta‑analysis using Oncomine identified 113 upregulated kinases in GBM. RNAi screening was performed on identified kinases using ON‑TARGETplus siRNA library on LN18 and U87MG. Tousled‑like kinase 1 (TLK1), which is a serine/threonine kinase was identified as a potential hit. In vitro functional validation was performed as the role of TLK1 in GBM is unknown. TLK1 knockdown in GBM cells significantly decreased cell viability, clonogenicity, proliferation and induced apoptosis. TLK1 knockdown also chemosensitised the GBM cells to the sublethal dose of temozolomide. The downstream pathways of TLK1 were examined using microarray analysis, which identified the involvement of DNA replication, cell cycle and focal adhesion signalling pathways. In vivo validation of the subcutaneous xenografts of stably transfected sh‑TLK1 U87MG cells demonstrated significantly decreased tumour growth in female BALB/c nude mice. Together, these results suggested that TLK1 may serve a role in GBM survival and may serve as a potential target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamariah Ibrahim
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azian Abdul Murad
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Roslan Harun
- KPJ Ampang Puteri Specialist Hospital, Ampang, Selangor 68000, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Santiago-O’Farrill JM, Weroha SJ, Hou X, Oberg AL, Heinzen EP, Maurer MJ, Pang L, Rask P, Amaravadi RK, Becker SE, Romero I, Rubió MJ, Matias-Guiu X, Santacana M, Llombart-Cussac A, Poveda A, Lu Z, Bast RC. Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase inhibitors induce autophagy-mediated drug resistance in ovarian cancer cells, xenografts, and patient-derived xenograft models. Cancer 2020; 126:894-907. [PMID: 31714594 PMCID: PMC6992526 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors exhibit promising activity against ovarian cancers, but their efficacy can be limited by acquired drug resistance. This study explores the role of autophagy in regulating the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. METHODS Induction of autophagy was detected by punctate LC3 fluorescence staining, LC3I to LC3II conversion on Western blot analysis, and electron microscopy. Enhanced growth inhibition and apoptosis were observed when PARP inhibitors were used with hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine (CQ), or LYS05 to block the hydrolysis of proteins and lipids in autophagosomes or with small interfering RNA against ATG5 or ATG7 to prevent the formation of autophagosomes. The preclinical efficacy of the combination of CQ and olaparib was evaluated with a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and the OVCAR8 human ovarian cancer cell line. RESULTS Four PARP inhibitors (olaparib, niraparib, rucaparib, and talazoparib) induced autophagy in a panel of ovarian cancer cells. Inhibition of autophagy with CQ enhanced the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. In vivo, olaparib and CQ produced additive growth inhibition in OVCAR8 xenografts and a PDX. Olaparib inhibited PARP activity, and this led to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an accumulation of γ-H2AX. Inhibition of autophagy also increased ROS and γ-H2AX and enhanced the effect of olaparib on both entities. Treatment with olaparib increased phosphorylation of ATM and PTEN while decreasing the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR and inducing autophagy. CONCLUSIONS PARP inhibitor-induced autophagy provides an adaptive mechanism of resistance to PARP inhibitors in cancer cells with wild-type BRCA, and a combination of PARP inhibitors with CQ or other autophagy inhibitors could improve outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaonan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann L. Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ethan P. Heinzen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew J. Maurer
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lan Pang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip Rask
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ravi K. Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sarah E. Becker
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ignacio Romero
- Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
- MedSIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Jesús Rubió
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- MedSIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X. Matias-Guiu
- Hospital U Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, University of Lleida, CIBERONC
- MedSIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Santacana
- Hospital U Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, University of Lleida, CIBERONC
- MedSIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Poveda
- Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
- MedSIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert C. Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Wang JY, Wang WP. B7-H4, a promising target for immunotherapy. Cell Immunol 2019; 347:104008. [PMID: 31733822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.104008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coinhibitory molecule B7-H4, an important member of the B7 family, is abnormally expressed in tumors, inflammation and autoimmune diseases. B7-H4 negatively regulates T cell immune response and promotes immune escape by inhibiting the proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cell cycle of T cells. Moreover, B7-H4 plays an extremely important role in tumorigenesis and tumor development including cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, anti-apoptosis, etc. In addition, B7-H4 has the other biological functions, such as protection against type 1 diabetes (T1D) and islet cell transplantation. Therefore, B7-H4 has been identified as a novel marker or a therapeutic target for the treatment of tumors, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplantation. Here, we summarized the expression profiles, physiological and pathological functions, and regulatory mechanisms of B7-H4, the signaling pathways involved, as well as B7-H4-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Wang
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei-Peng Wang
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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12
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Chen M, Zhu LL, Su JL, Li GL, Wang J, Zhang YN. Prucalopride inhibits lung cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration through blocking of the PI3K/AKT/mTor signaling pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:173-181. [PMID: 31640407 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119883409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the main cause of cancer incidence and mortality around the world. Prucalopride is an agonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor, but it was unknown whether prucalopride could be used to treat lung cancer. To investigate the biological effects of prucalopride on proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration of lung cancer cells, and its underlying molecular mechanism in the progression of lung cancer, we performed this study. The Cell Counting Kit 8 assay was used to measure the proliferation of A549/A427 lung cancer cells treated with prucalopride. Transwell assay was applied to evaluate cell invasion and migration. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. The expression levels of related proteins in the PI3K/AKT/mTor signaling pathway were analyzed by Western blotting. Prucalopride inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of A549/A427 human lung cancer cells. It also induced autophagy and apoptosis and decreased the expression of the phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor) in these cells. This study implied an inhibitory role for prucalopride in the progression of human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - L-L Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - J-L Su
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - G-L Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-N Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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13
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Xia T, Zhang J, Zhou C, Li Y, Duan W, Zhang B, Wang M, Fang J. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 displays efficacy against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:725-737. [PMID: 32913402 PMCID: PMC7471214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a kind of aggressive hematological cancer, and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is activated in most patients with T-ALL and responsible for poor prognosis. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (20(S)-GRh2) is a major active compound extracted from ginseng, which exhibits anti-cancer effects. However, the underlying anticancer mechanisms of 20(S)-GRh2 targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in T-ALL have not been explored. Methods Cell growth and cell cycle were determined to investigate the effect of 20(S)-GRh2 on ALL cells. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway–related proteins were detected in 20(S)-GRh2–treated Jurkat cells by immunoblotting. Antitumor effect of 20(S)-GRh2 against T-ALL was investigated in xenograft mice. The mechanisms of 20(S)-GRh2 against T-ALL were examined by cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Results In the present study, the results showed that 20(S)-GRh2 decreased cell growth and arrested cell cycle at the G1 phase in ALL cells. 20(S)-GRh2 induced apoptosis through enhancing reactive oxygen species generation and upregulating apoptosis-related proteins. 20(S)-GRh2 significantly elevated the levels of pEGFP-LC3 and autophagy-related proteins in Jurkat cells. Furthermore, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was effectively blocked by 20(S)-GRh2. 20(S)-GRh2 suppressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis and autophagy by suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in Jurkat cells. Finally, 20(S)-GRh2 alleviated symptoms of leukemia and reduced the number of white blood cells and CD3 staining in the spleen of xenograft mice, indicating antitumor effects against T-ALL invivo. Conclusion These findings indicate that 20(S)-GRh2 exhibits beneficial effects against T-ALL through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and could be a natural product of novel target for T-ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuanxin Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Hospital of Sun Yat Sen University, Sun Yat sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianpei Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
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14
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Yao C, Li H, Zhang W. Triptolide inhibits benign prostatic epithelium viability and migration and induces apoptosis via upregulation of microRNA-218. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019; 32:2058738418812349. [PMID: 30453799 PMCID: PMC6247479 DOI: 10.1177/2058738418812349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) has become a troublesome disease for elder
men. Triptolide (TPL) has been reported to be a potential anticancer agent.
However, the potential effects of TPL on BPH have not been shown out. BPH-1
cells were treated with different concentrations of TPL and/or transfected with
microRNA-218 (miR-218) inhibitor, pc-survivin, sh-survivin, or their
corresponding controls (NC). Thereafter, cell viability was determined by CCK-8
assay. Cell migration was accessed by modified two-chamber migration assay. Cell
apoptosis was checked by propidium iodide (PI) and fluorescein isothiocyanate
(FITC)-conjugated Annexin V staining. In addition, messenger RNA (mRNA) and
protein levels were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain
reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. BPH-1 cell viability
and migration were significantly decreased, while cell apoptosis and expression
of miR-218 were statistically enhanced by TPL (P < 0.05 or
P < 0.01). However, downregulation of miR-218 increased
cell viability and migration, while decreased cell apoptosis compared with the
negative control group (P < 0.05 or
P < 0.01). Furthermore, the expression of cell cycle–related
proteins and cell apoptosis–related proteins were also led to the opposite
results with NC. In addition, we found that miR-218 negatively regulated the
expression of survivin (P < 0.01) and suppression of
survivin significantly enhanced cell apoptosis (P < 0.01).
Moreover, the results demonstrated that TPL could inactivate mammalian target of
rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, while inhibition of miR-218 alleviated the effects.
TPL inhibits viability and migration of BPH-1 cells and induces cell apoptosis
and also inactivates mTOR signal pathway via upregulation of miR-218. This study
provides evidence for the further studies representing triptolide as a potential
agent in the treatment of human BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlei Yao
- 1 Department of Urinary Surgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Hongfa Li
- 1 Department of Urinary Surgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Weitao Zhang
- 2 Department of Urinary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
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15
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Nagaprashantha LD, Singhal J, Chikara S, Gugiu G, Horne D, Awasthi S, Salgia R, Singhal SS. 2′-Hydroxyflavanone induced changes in the proteomic profile of breast cancer cells. J Proteomics 2019; 192:233-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Holst F, Werner HMJ, Mjøs S, Hoivik EA, Kusonmano K, Wik E, Berg A, Birkeland E, Gibson WJ, Halle MK, Trovik J, Cherniack AD, Kalland KH, Mills GB, Singer CF, Krakstad C, Beroukhim R, Salvesen HB. PIK3CA Amplification Associates with Aggressive Phenotype but Not Markers of AKT-MTOR Signaling in Endometrial Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:334-345. [PMID: 30442683 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amplification of PIK3CA, encoding the PI3K catalytic subunit alpha, is common in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) and linked to an aggressive phenotype. However, it is unclear whether PIK3CA amplification acts via PI3K activation. We investigated the association between PIK3CA amplification, markers of PI3K activity, and prognosis in a large cohort of UCEC specimens. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN UCECs from 591 clinically annotated patients including 83 tumors with matching metastasis (n = 188) were analyzed by FISH to determine PIK3CA copy-number status. These data were integrated with mRNA and protein expression and clinicopathologic data. Results were verified in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. RESULTS PIK3CA amplifications were associated with disease-specific mortality and with other markers of aggressive disease. PIK3CA amplifications were also associated with other amplifications characteristic of the serous-like somatic copy-number alteration (SCNA)-high subgroup of UCEC. Tumors with PIK3CA amplification also demonstrated an increase in phospho-p70S6K but had decreased levels of activated phospho-AKT1-3 as assessed by Reverse Phase Protein Arrays and an mRNA signature of MTOR inhibition. CONCLUSIONS PIK3CA amplification is a strong prognostic marker and a potential marker for the aggressive SCNA-high subgroup of UCEC. Although PIK3CA amplification associates with some surrogate measures of increased PI3K activity, markers for AKT1-3 and MTOR signaling are decreased, suggesting that this signaling is not a predominant pathway to promote cancer growth of aggressive serous-like UCEC. Moreover, these associations may reflect features of the SCNA-high subgroup of UCEC rather than effects of PIK3CA amplification itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Holst
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Cancer Biology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrica M J Werner
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siv Mjøs
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erling A Hoivik
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kanthida Kusonmano
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elisabeth Wik
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Berg
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Even Birkeland
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - William J Gibson
- Department of Cancer Biology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mari K Halle
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jone Trovik
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Karl-Henning Kalland
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christian F Singer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Cancer Biology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Helga B Salvesen
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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17
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Zhang W, Long H, He B, Yang J. DECtp: Calling Differential Gene Expression Between Cancer and Normal Samples by Integrating Tumor Purity Information. Front Genet 2018; 9:321. [PMID: 30210526 PMCID: PMC6121016 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumor and normal samples is critical for studying tumorigenesis, and has been routinely applied to identify diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers for many cancers. It is well-known that solid tumor tissue samples obtained from clinical settings are always mixtures of cancer and normal cells. However, the tumor purity information is more or less ignored in traditional differential expression analyses, which might decrease the power of differential gene identification or even bias the results. In this paper, we have developed a novel differential gene calling method called DECtp by integrating tumor purity information into a generalized least square procedure, followed by the Wald test. We compared DECtp with popular methods like t-test and limma on nine simulation datasets with different sample sizes and noise levels. DECtp achieved the highest area under curves (AUCs) for all the comparisons, suggesting that cancer purity information is critical for DEG calling between tumor and normal samples. In addition, we applied DECtp into cancer and normal samples of 14 tumor types collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and compared the DEGs with those called by limma. As a result, DECtp achieved more sensitive, consistent, and biologically meaningful results and identified a few novel DEGs for further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- School of Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Haixia Long
- Department of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Binsheng He
- The First Affiliated Hosptial, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Jialiang Yang
- College of Information Engineering, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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18
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Qiao H, Wang YB, Gao YM, Bi LL. Prucalopride inhibits the glioma cells proliferation and induces autophagy via AKT-mTOR pathway. BMC Neurol 2018; 18:80. [PMID: 29866060 PMCID: PMC5985575 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Glioma is the most fatal primary brain glioma in central nervous system mainly attributed to its high invasion. Prucalopride, a Serotonin-4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist, has been reported to regulate neurodevelopment. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the Prucalopride on glioma cells and unveil underlying mechanism. Methods In this study, glioma cells proliferation was evaluated by Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8). Wound healing and transwell assay were used to test cellular migration and invasion. Flow cytometry was utilized to determine cellular apoptosis rate. Apoptosis related markers, autophagy markers, and protein kinase B (AKT)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway key molecules were detected using western blot assay. Results As a result, the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of glioma cells were impaired by Prucalopride treatment, the apoptosis rate of glioma cells was enhanced by Prucalopride stimulation, accompanied by the increased pro-apoptosis proteins Bax and Cleaved caspase-3 and decreased anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2. Prucalopride significantly promoted autophagy by increased expression level of Beclin 1 and LC3-II, while decreased expression level of p62. Prucalopride administration resulted in obvious inhibitions of key molecules of AKT-mTOR pathway, including phosphorylated- (p-) AKT, p-mTOR and phosphorylated-ribosomal p70S6 kinase (p-P70S6K). Conclusions Taking together, these results indicate that Prucalopride may be likely to play an anti-tumor role in glioma cells, which suggests potential implications for glioma promising therapy alternation in the further clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiao
- Department of General Affairs Section, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, 157009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Bo Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, 157009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mei Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, 157009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Bi
- Department of Medical Instruments, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, 157009, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Yi SA, Lee J, Park JW, Han J, Lee MG, Nam KH, Park JH, Oh H, Ahn SJ, Kim S, Kwon SH, Jo DG, Han JW. S6K1 controls epigenetic plasticity for the expression of pancreatic α/β cell marker genes. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6674-6683. [PMID: 29665055 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The failure of insulin production by pancreatic β cells is a common hallmark of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Because administration of exogenous insulin is associated with diabetes-derived complications, endogenous α to β cell transition can be an attractive alternative. Although decreased β cell size and hypoinsulinaemia have been observed in S6K1-deficient mice, the molecular mechanism underlying the involvement of S6K1 in the transcriptional regulation of insulin remains elusive. Here, we show that the hypoinsulinaemic phenotype of S6K1-deficient mice stems from the dysregulated transcription of a set of genes required for insulin and glucagon production. First, we observed that increased expression of α cell marker genes and decreased expression of β cell marker genes in pancreas tissues from S6K1-deficient mice. Furthermore, S6K1 was highly activated in murine β cell line, βTC6, compared to murine α cell line αTC1. In both α and β cells, active S6K1 promoted the transcription of β cell marker genes, including insulin, whereas S6K1 inhibition increased the transcription of α cell marker genes. Moreover, S6K1 mediated pancreatic gene regulation by modifying two histone marks (activating H3K4me3 and repressing H3K27me3) on gene promoters. These results suggest that S6K1 drives the α to β transition through the epigenetic regulation of cell-specific genes, including insulin and glucagon. This novel role of S6K1 in islet cells provides basic clues to establish therapeutic strategies against T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ah Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hong Nam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hun Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwamok Oh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Saetbyul Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung-Whan Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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20
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Tiwari R, Sahu I, Soni BL, Sathe GJ, Datta KK, Thapa P, Sinha S, Vadivel CK, Dhaka B, Gowda H, Vaidya MM. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis reveals system-wide signaling pathways regulated by site-specific phosphorylation of Keratin-8 in skin squamous cell carcinoma derived cell line. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28176443 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratin 8/18, a simple epithelia specific keratin pair, is often aberrantly expressed in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) where its expression is correlated with increased invasion and poor prognosis. Majority of Keratin 8 (K8) functions are governed by its phosphorylation at Serine73 (head-domain) and Serine431 (tail-domain) residues. Although, deregulation of K8 phosphorylation is associated with progression of different carcinomas, its role in skin-SCC and the underlying mechanism is obscure. In this direction, we performed tandem mass tag-based quantitative phosphoproteomics by expressing K8 wild type, phosphodead, and phosphomimetic mutants in K8-deficient A431 cells. Further analysis of our phosphoproteomics data showed a significant proportion of total phosphoproteome associated with migratory, proliferative, and invasive potential of these cells to be differentially phosphorylated. Differential phosphorylation of CDK1T14,Y15 , EIF4EBP1T46,T50 , EIF4BS422 , AKT1S1T246,S247 , CTTN1T401,S405,Y421 , and CAP1S307/309 in K8-S73A/D mutant and CTTN1T401,S405,Y421 , BUB1BS1043 , and CARHSP1S30,S32 in K8-S431A/D mutants as well as some anonymous phosphosites including MYCS176 , ZYXS344 , and PNNS692 could be potential candidates associated with K8 phosphorylation mediated tumorigenicity. Biochemical validation followed by phenotypic analysis further confirmed our quantitative phosphoproteomics data. In conclusion, our study provides the first global picture of K8 site-specific phosphorylation function in neoplastic progression of A431 cells and suggests various potential starting points for further mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Tiwari
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Indrajit Sahu
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India.,Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bihari Lal Soni
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India.,Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Pankaj Thapa
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Shruti Sinha
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | - Milind M Vaidya
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
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21
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Wang X, Yao J, Wang J, Zhang Q, Brady SW, Arun B, Seewaldt VL, Yu D. Targeting Aberrant p70S6K Activation for Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer Prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:641-650. [PMID: 28877935 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevention of estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast cancer remains a major challenge in the cancer prevention field, although antiestrogen and aromatase inhibitors have shown adequate efficacy in preventing estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Lack of commonly expressed, druggable targets is a major obstacle for meeting this challenge. Previously, we detected the activation of Akt signaling pathway in atypical hyperplasic early-stage lesions of patients. In the current study, we found that Akt and the downstream 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) signaling pathway was highly activated in ER- premalignant breast lesions and ER- breast cancer. In addition, p70S6K activation induced transformation of ER- human mammary epithelial cells (hMEC). Therefore, we explored the potential of targeting Akt/p70S6K in the p70S6K activated, ER- hMEC models and mouse mammary tumor models for the prevention of ER- breast cancer. We found that a clinically applicable Akt/p70S6K dual inhibitor, LY2780301, drastically decreased proliferation of hMECs with ErbB2-induced p70S6K activation via Cyclin B1 inhibition and cell-cycle blockade at G0-G1 phase, while it did not significantly reverse the abnormal acinar morphology of these hMECs. In addition, a brief treatment of LY2780301 in MMTV-neu mice that developed atypical hyperplasia (ADH) and mammary intraepithelial neoplasia (MIN) lesions with activated p70S6K was sufficient to suppress S6 phosphorylation and decrease cell proliferation in hyperplasic MECs. In summary, targeting the aberrant Akt/p70S6K activation in ER- hMEC models in vitro and in the MMTV-neu transgenic mouse model in vivo effectively inhibited Akt/S6K signaling and reduced proliferation of hMECs in vitro and ADH/MIN lesions in vivo, indicating its potential in prevention of p70S6K activated ER- breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 10(11); 641-50. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jinyang Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Samuel W Brady
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Cancer Biology Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences - Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Banu Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Victoria L Seewaldt
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Cancer Biology Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences - Houston, Houston, Texas.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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22
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Jin S, Chang IH, Kim JW, Whang YM, Kim HJ, Hong SA, Lee TJ. Identification of Downstream Genes of the mTOR Pathway that Predict Recurrence and Progression in Non-Muscle Invasive High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32:1327-1336. [PMID: 28665070 PMCID: PMC5494333 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.8.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray analysis was used to investigate the lack of identified mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway downstream genes to overcome cross-talk at non-muscle invasive high-grade (HG)-urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder, gene expression patterns, gene ontology, and gene clustering by triple (p70S6K, S6K, and eIF4E) small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or rapamycin in 5637 and T24 cell lines. We selected mTOR pathway downstream genes that were suppressed by siRNAs more than 2-fold, or were up-regulated or down-regulated by rapamycin more than 2-fold. We validated mTOR downstream genes with immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray (TMA) of 125 non-muscle invasive HG-UC patients and knockout study to evaluate the synergistic effect with rapamycin. The microarray analysis selected mTOR pathway downstream genes consisting of 4 rapamycin up-regulated genes (FABP4, H19, ANXA10, and UPK3A) and 4 rapamycin down-regulated genes (FOXD3, ATP7A, plexin D1, and ADAMTS5). In the TMA, FABP4, and ATP7A were more expressed at T1 and FOXD3 was at Ta. ANXA10 and ADAMTS5 were more expressed in tumors ≤ 3 cm in diameter. In a multivariate Cox regression model, ANXA10 was a significant predictor of recurrence and ATP7A was a significant predictor of progression in non-muscle invasive HG-UC of the bladder. In an ATP7A knock-out model, rapamycin treatment synergistically inhibited cell viability, wound healing, and invasion ability compared to rapamycin only. Activity of the ANXA10 and ATP7A mTOR pathway downstream genes might predict recurrence and progression in non-muscle invasive HG-UC of the bladder. ATP7A knockout overcomes rapamycin cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Jin
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ho Chang
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mi Whang
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Jeong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Soon Auck Hong
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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23
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Abstract
Observations noting the presence of white blood cell infiltrates within tumors date back more than a century, however the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating tumor immunity continue to be elucidated. The recent successful use of monoclonal antibodies to block immune regulatory pathways to enhance tumor-specific immune responses for the treatment of cancer has encouraged the identification of additional immune regulatory receptor/ligand pathways. Over the past several years, a growing body of data has identified B7-H4 (VTCN1/B7x/B7S1) as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. The potential clinical significance of B7-H4 is supported by the high levels of B7-H4 expression found in numerous tumor tissues and correlation of the level of expression on tumor cells with adverse clinical and pathologic features, including tumor aggressiveness. The biological activity of B7-H4 has been associated with decreased inflammatory CD4+ T-cell responses and a correlation between B7-H4-expressing tumor-associated macrophages and FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the tumor microenvironment. Since B7-H4 is expressed on tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages in various cancer types, therapeutic blockade of B7-H4 could favorably alter the tumor microenvironment allowing for antigen-specific clearance tumor cells. The present review highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting B7-H4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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24
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miR-195 Regulates Proliferation and Apoptosis through Inhibiting the mTOR/p70s6k Signaling Pathway by Targeting HMGA2 in Esophageal Carcinoma Cells. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:8317913. [PMID: 28487599 PMCID: PMC5402242 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8317913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
miR-195 is related to tumorigenesis and frequently inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in various cancers, including esophageal carcinoma (EC). The mTOR/p70s6k signaling pathway, which is the major target pathway for HMGA2, regulates the survival and cell proliferation of many tumors and is commonly active in EC. The relationships of miR-195, HMGA2, and the mTOR/p70s6k signaling pathway in EC, however, remain unknown. In the present study, we found that the miR-195 level was significantly downregulated in EC tissues, while the mRNA expressions of HMGA2 were significantly upregulated. Dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that HMGA2 is a target of miR-195. MTT assay and flow cytometry revealed that miR-195 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by targeting HMGA2. We also found that HMGA2 restored the inhibitory effect of miR-195 on phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6K. Furthermore, rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway, decreased the levels of Ki-67 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio, inhibited cell proliferation, and promoted apoptosis in EC cells. In conclusion, upregulation of miR-195 significantly suppressed cell growth and induced apoptosis of EC cells via suppressing the mTOR/p70s6k signaling pathway by targeting HMGA2.
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25
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Tang ZM, Zhai XX, Ding JC. Expression of mTOR/70S6K signaling pathway in pathological scar fibroblasts and the effects of resveratrol intervention. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2546-2550. [PMID: 28447760 PMCID: PMC5428871 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/70S6K signaling pathway in pathological scar fibroblasts and the effects of resveratrol (Res) intervention. The mTOR and 70S6K in pathological scar and normal skin fibroblasts were detected by immunofluorescence following treatment with different concentrations of Res. RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of mTOR and 70S6K mRNA and protein, respectively. Immunofluorescence showed that the expression of 70S6K and mTOR was significantly enhanced in pathological scar fibroblasts, and mainly expressed in the nucleus, but not in normal skin fibroblasts. RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that after different concentrations of Res treatments, the mTOR and 70S6K mRNA and protein expression significantly (P<0.05) decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the expression of mTOR/70S6K signaling pathway in pathological scar fibroblasts was significantly enhanced. Res can downregulate the expression of mTOR and 70S6K to achieve the inhibition of pathological scar fibroblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Zhai
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221003, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Cun Ding
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Xuzhou Center Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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26
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Ding XF, Li LF, Zhou XL, Guo LN, Dou MM, Chi YY, Wu SX, Zhang YN, Shan ZZ, Zhang YJ, Wang F, Fan QX, Zhao J, Sun TW. P-mTOR Expression and Implication in Breast Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170302. [PMID: 28114374 PMCID: PMC5256929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) is a promising prognostic marker in many types of cancer. However, its survival benefit in patients with breast carcinoma remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between p-mTOR expression and prognosis in breast carcinoma based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods Electronic databases (including Pubmed, Embase, ISI web of science, and Cochrane Library) were searched up to November 24, 2015. The outcome measures were hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between the prognosis of breast carcinoma patients and p-mTOR expression. Primary end points were disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Statistical analysis was performed with STATA 12.0. Results Nine cohort studies including 3051 patients met full eligibility criteria. The pooled HRs (95% CI) for OS, DFS, and RFS were 0.84 (0.27–2.63), 0.71 (0.40–1.23), and 0.48 (0.20–1.18), respectively. Conclusions Our findings suggested that p-mTOR overexpression was not significantly related to prognosis in breast carcinoma regarding OS and disease recurrence. Prospective studies are warranted to examine the association between p-mTOR expression and survival outcomes in breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Fei Ding
- Department of General ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li-Feng Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xue-Liang Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Meng-Meng Dou
- Department of Integrated Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shao-Xuan Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ya-Na Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Shan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi-Jie Zhang
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qing-Xia Fan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tong-Wen Sun
- Department of General ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail:
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27
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Xu L, Zhang X, Li Y, Lu S, Lu S, Li J, Wang Y, Tian X, Wei JJ, Shao C, Liu Z. Neferine induces autophagy of human ovarian cancer cells via p38 MAPK/ JNK activation. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8721-9. [PMID: 26738868 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Patients usually have poor prognosis because of late diagnosis, relapse, and chemoresistance. It is pressing to seek novel agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Neferine is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the embryos of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). In this study, we investigated the antitumor effect of neferine on ovarian cancer cells. We found that neferine exhibited growth-inhibitory effect on human ovarian cancer cells, whereas showing less cytotoxic to non-malignant fallopian tube epithelial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that neferine induced autophagy and inactivated the mTOR pathway. Finally, we found that both p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways were activated by neferine treatment and contributed to the induction of autophagy in ovarian cancer cells. In conclusion, our findings showed that neferine induced autophagy of human ovarian cancer cells via p38 MAPK/JNK activation. Neferine may be explored as a promising antitumoral agent in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yinuo Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shuhua Lu
- Hospital Information Center, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jieyin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yuqiong Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaoxue Tian
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Changshun Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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28
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Ye M, Bi YF, Ding L, Zhu WW, Gao W. Saikosaponin a functions as anti-epileptic effect in pentylenetetrazol induced rats through inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 81:281-287. [PMID: 27261605 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Saikosaponin a (SSa), which is one major bioactive compound isolated from radix bupleuri, has been demonstrated to exhibit the properties of anticonvulsant and antiepileptic in few reports. This study aims to clarify the molecular mechanism by which SSa protects against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced epileptic seizure. METHODS PTZ induced rat and hippocampal neuron were established. Treated rats or hippocampal neuron with SSa, and mTOR, P70S6K, IL-1β and TNF-α were then determined. RESULTS In PTZ induced rat, SSa significantly reduced seizure severity and duration while markedly elevated seizure latency, and it also down-regulated hippocampal p-mTOR, p-70S6K, L-1β and TNF-α expression. In hippocampal neurons exposed to PTZ, p-mTOR and p-70S6K expression levels were also decreased by SSa. Pre-incubated hippocampal neurons with leucine, an mTOR agonist, reversed the effects of SSa on decreasing cytokines expression and inhibiting cell apoptosis. The treatment of mTOR inhibitor rapamycin prevented against the increase of cytokines expression and hippocampal neuron apoptosis induced by PTZ. Leucine also canceled the alleviation of seizures and induction of hippocampal caspase-3 activity in PTZ induced rat with the treatment of SSa. CONCLUSION SSa protects against PTZ induced epileptic seizure and hippocampal neuron apoptosis through inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China
| | - Yong-Feng Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China.
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29
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Huang HG, Luo X, Wu S, Jian B. MiR-99a Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Tumorigenesis through Targeting mTOR in Human Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:4937-44. [PMID: 26163618 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.12.4937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as critical regulators in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Recently, miR-99a has been reported as a tumor suppressor gene in various human cancers, but its functions in the context of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) remain unknown. In this study, we reported that miR-99a was commonly downregulated in ATC tissue specimens and cell lines with important functional consequences. Overexpression of miR-99a not only dramatically reduced ATC cell viability by inducing cell apoptosis and accumulation of cells at G1 phase, but also inhibited tumorigenicity in vivo. We then screened and identified a novel miR-99a target, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and it was further confirmed by luciferase assay. Up-regulation of miR-99a would markedly reduce the expression of mTOR and its downstream phosphorylated proteins (p-4E- BP1 and p-S6K1). Similar to restoring miR-99a expression, mTOR down-regulation suppressed cell viability and increased cell apoptosis, whereas restoration of mTOR expression significantly reversed the miR-99a antitumor activity and the inhibition of mTOR/p-4E-BP1/p-S6K1 signal pathway profile. In clinical specimens and cell lines, mTOR was commonly overexpressed and its protein levels were statistically inversely correlated with miR-99a expression. Taken together, our results demonstrated for the first time that miR-99a functions as a tumor suppressor and plays an important role in inhibiting the tumorigenesis through targeting the mTOR/p- 4E-BP1/p-S6K1 pathway in ATC cells. Given these, miR-99a may serve as a novel prognostic/diagnostic and therapeutic target for treating ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Gang Huang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China E-mail :
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30
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Ren HY, Wang J, Yang F, Zhang XL, Wang AL, Sun LL, Diao KX, Wang EH, Mi XY. Cytoplasmic TRAF4 contributes to the activation of p70s6k signaling pathway in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4080-96. [PMID: 25738361 PMCID: PMC4414174 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 4 (TRAF4) is an important adaptor protein that plays a significant role in several signaling pathways. By studying the relationship between TRAF4 and 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k) in vivo, we demonstrated that cytoplasmic TRAF4 was correlated with the activation of p70s6k in breast cancer. Moreover, we found that cytoplasmic TRAF4 expression in breast cancer patients was significantly associated with a poor prognosis. To determine the exact mechanism, we analyzed the interaction between TRAF4 and p70s6k and identified the Zinc fingers domain of TRAF4 was responsible for their interaction in MCF7 cells. Furthermore, we found that activation of p70s6k/S6 signaling pathway by TRAF4 requires the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity; TRAF4 acted as a sensitizer. Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2), as a binding partner of TRAF4, could also promoted activation of p70s6k signaling via upregulating cytoplasm expression of TRAF4 and played a critical role in TNFa-induced activation of p70s6k/S6 pathway. Finally, we demonstrated p70s6k/S6 signaling pathway played an important role in the promoting function of TRAF4 on cell proliferation. In summary, our work suggests a new direction for understanding the oncogenic function of TRAF4 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yan Ren
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Lian Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Sun
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Xin Diao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - En-Hua Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Mi
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
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31
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Yu S, Cai X, Wu C, Wu L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yu Z, Qin S, Ma F, Thiery JP, Chen L. Adhesion glycoprotein CD44 functions as an upstream regulator of a network connecting ERK, AKT and Hippo-YAP pathways in cancer progression. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2951-65. [PMID: 25605020 PMCID: PMC4413630 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies are considered to be the future of cancer treatment. However, the mechanism through which intracellular signaling pathways coordinate to modulate oncogenesis remains to be elucidated. In this study, we describe a novel crosstalk among ERK, AKT and Hippo-YAP pathways, with CD44 as an upstream regulator. High cell density leads to activation of ERK and AKT but inactivation of YAP in cancer cells. CD44 modulates cell proliferation and cell cycle but not apoptosis. The expression and activity of cell cycle genes were cooperatively regulated by ERK, AKT and Hippo-YAP signaling pathways through CD44-mediated mechanisms. In addition, CD44 depletion abrogates cancer stem cell properties of tumor initiating cells. Taken together, we described a paradigm where CD44 functions as an upstream regulator sensing the extracellular environment to modulate ERK, AKT and Hippo-YAP pathways which cooperatively control downstream gene expression to modulate cell contact inhibition of proliferation, cell cycle progression and maintenance of tumor initiating cells. Our current study provides valuable information to design targeted therapeutic strategies in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lele Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhenghong Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Qin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liming Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Wong CP, Seki A, Horiguchi K, Shoji T, Arai T, Nugroho AE, Hirasawa Y, Sato F, Kaneda T, Morita H. Bisleuconothine A Induces Autophagosome Formation by Interfering with AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1656-1662. [PMID: 26176165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that bisleuconothine A (Bis-A), a novel bisindole alkaloid isolated from Leuconotis griffithii, showed cytostatic activity in several cell lines. In this report, the mechanism of Bis-A-induced cytostatic activity was investigated in detail using A549 cells. Bis-A did not cause apoptosis, as indicated by analysis of annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Expression of all tested apoptosis-related proteins was also unaffected by Bis-A treatment. Bis-A was found to increase LC3 lipidation in MCF7 cells as well as A549 cells, suggesting that Bis-A cytostatic activity may be due to induction of autophagy. Subsequent investigation via Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining indicated that Bis-A induced formation but prevented degradation of autophagosomes. Mechanistic studies showed that Bis-A down-regulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) and its downstream kinase, PRAS40, which is an mTOR repressor. Moreover, phosphorylation of p70S6K, an mTOR-dependent kinase, was also down-regulated. Down-regulation of these kinases suggests that the increase in LC3 lipidation may be due to mTOR deactivation. Thus, the cytostatic activity shown by Bis-A may be attributed to its induction of autophagosome formation. The Bis-A-induced autophagosome formation was suggested to be caused by its interference with the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Piow Wong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Ari Seki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Kaori Horiguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Shoji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Arai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Alfarius Eko Nugroho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hirasawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Toshio Kaneda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Ma BL, Shan MH, Sun G, Ren GH, Dong C, Yao X, Zhou M. Immunohistochemical analysis of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin and its downstream signaling components in invasive breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5246-54. [PMID: 26151180 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is activated in invasive breast cancer. The expression levels of phosphorylated (p)‑mTOR at ser2448 were detected, as well as the expression levels of its downstream signaling molecules: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‑binding protein 1 (4E‑BP1), and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). The correlation between p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, p‑S6K1, and the clinicopathological parameters of breast cancer were also determined. p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 expression was detected in 285 breast cancer tumor samples and adjacent normal tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. The expression levels and the location of the proteins were analyzed and compared in the various tissue samples. Multivariate Cox regression was used to analyze the clinicopathological factors and prognosis associated with the tissue samples. The disease‑free survival rate was examined using survival analyses and Log‑rank tests. The results of the present study indicated that the expression levels of p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, and p‑S6K1 were significantly higher in breast cancer tissue, as compared with normal tissue (P<0.01). p‑mTOR was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm, whereas p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 were predominantly co‑expressed in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In addition, p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 were more likely to be expressed in the cytoplasm in breast cancer tissue samples, as compared with normal tissue samples (P<0.001). Positive p‑mTOR was not significantly correlated with positive p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 expression. The survival analyses of the patients with positive p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, and p‑S6K1 tissue samples were not significantly different from those of the patients with negative tissue samples (P>0.05). Thus suggesting that these markers are not adequate risk factors for disease free survival (P>0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, and p‑S6K1 are activated in invasive breast cancer. In addition, the exclusive expression of p‑4E‑BP1 and p‑S6K1 in the cytoplasm may be characteristic of progressive breast cancer. However, p‑mTOR, p‑4E‑BP1, and p‑S6K1 are not prognostic factors for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Lin Ma
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Hui Shan
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Ren
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of Breast and Neck, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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Milioli HH, Vimieiro R, Riveros C, Tishchenko I, Berretta R, Moscato P. The Discovery of Novel Biomarkers Improves Breast Cancer Intrinsic Subtype Prediction and Reconciles the Labels in the METABRIC Data Set. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129711. [PMID: 26132585 PMCID: PMC4488510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prediction of breast cancer intrinsic subtypes has been introduced as a valuable strategy to determine patient diagnosis and prognosis, and therapy response. The PAM50 method, based on the expression levels of 50 genes, uses a single sample predictor model to assign subtype labels to samples. Intrinsic errors reported within this assay demonstrate the challenge of identifying and understanding the breast cancer groups. In this study, we aim to: a) identify novel biomarkers for subtype individuation by exploring the competence of a newly proposed method named CM1 score, and b) apply an ensemble learning, as opposed to the use of a single classifier, for sample subtype assignment. The overarching objective is to improve class prediction. METHODS AND FINDINGS The microarray transcriptome data sets used in this study are: the METABRIC breast cancer data recorded for over 2000 patients, and the public integrated source from ROCK database with 1570 samples. We first computed the CM1 score to identify the probes with highly discriminative patterns of expression across samples of each intrinsic subtype. We further assessed the ability of 42 selected probes on assigning correct subtype labels using 24 different classifiers from the Weka software suite. For comparison, the same method was applied on the list of 50 genes from the PAM50 method. CONCLUSIONS The CM1 score portrayed 30 novel biomarkers for predicting breast cancer subtypes, with the confirmation of the role of 12 well-established genes. Intrinsic subtypes assigned using the CM1 list and the ensemble of classifiers are more consistent and homogeneous than the original PAM50 labels. The new subtypes show accurate distributions of current clinical markers ER, PR and HER2, and survival curves in the METABRIC and ROCK data sets. Remarkably, the paradoxical attribution of the original labels reinforces the limitations of employing a single sample classifiers to predict breast cancer intrinsic subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Helena Milioli
- Priority Research Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Renato Vimieiro
- Priority Research Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Centro de Informática, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Carlos Riveros
- Priority Research Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Inna Tishchenko
- Priority Research Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Regina Berretta
- Priority Research Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Priority Research Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Wheler JJ, Atkins JT, Janku F, Moulder SL, Yelensky R, Stephens PJ, Kurzrock R. Multiple gene aberrations and breast cancer: lessons from super-responders. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:442. [PMID: 26021831 PMCID: PMC4446801 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of multiple molecular aberrations in patients with breast cancer may correlate with worse outcomes. CASE PRESENTATIONS We performed in-depth molecular analysis of patients with estrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, hormone therapy-refractory breast cancer, who achieved partial or complete responses when treated with anastrozole and everolimus. Tumors were analyzed using a targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) assay in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments laboratory. Genomic libraries were captured for 3,230 exons in 182 cancer-related genes plus 37 introns from 14 genes often rearranged in cancer and sequenced to high coverage. Patients received anastrozole (1 g PO daily) and everolimus (5 or 10 mg PO daily). Thirty-two patients with breast cancer were treated on study and 5 (16 %) achieved a partial or complete response. Primary breast tissue was available for NGS testing in three of the responders (partial response with progression free survival of 11 and 14 months, respectively; complete response with progression free survival of 9+ months). The following molecular aberrations were observed: PTEN loss by immunohistochemistry, CCDN1 and FGFR1 amplifications, and PRKDC re-arrangement (NGS) (patient #1); PIK3CA and PIK3R1 mutations, and CCDN1, FGFR1, MYC amplifications (patient #2); TP53 mutation, CCNE1, IRS2 and MCL1 amplifications (patient #3). Some (but not all) of these aberrations converge on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, perhaps accounting for response. CONCLUSIONS Patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer can achieve significant responses on a combination of anastrozole and everolimus, even in the presence of multiple molecular aberrations. Further study of next generation sequencing-profiled tumors for convergence and resistance pathways is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Wheler
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 0455, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Johnique T Atkins
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 0455, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Filip Janku
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 0455, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Stacy L Moulder
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Grasso S, Martínez-Lacaci I, Barberá VM, Castillejo A, Soto JL, Gallego-Plazas J, López-Riquelme N, García-Morales P, Mata-Balaguer T, Ferragut JA, Saceda M. HGUE-C-1 is an atypical and novel colon carcinoma cell line. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:240. [PMID: 25885658 PMCID: PMC4394422 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal carcinoma is a common cause of cancer. Adjuvant treatments include: 5-fluorouracil administered together with folinic acid, or more recently, oral fluoropyrimidines such as capecitabine, in combination with oxaliplatin or irinotecan. Metastatic colorectal cancer patients can benefit from other additional treatments such as cetuximab or bevacizumab. Methods Using cell culture techniques, we isolated clonal populations from primary cultures of ascitic effusion derived from a colon cancer patient and after several passages an established cell line, HGUE-C-1, was obtained. Genetic analysis of HGUE-C-1 cells was performed by PCR of selected exons and sequencing. Cell proliferation studies were performed by MTT assays and cell cycle analyses were performed by flow cytometry. Retinoblastoma activity was measured by luciferase assays and proteins levels and activity were analysed by Western blot or immunohistochemistry. Results We have established a new cell line from ascitic efussion of a colon cancer patient who did not respond to 5-fluorouracil or irinotecan. HGUE-C-1 cells did not show microsatellite instability and did not harbour mutations in KRAS, BRAF, PI3KCA or TP53. However, these cells showed loss of heterozygosity affecting Adenomatous Polyposis Coli and nuclear staining of β-catenin protein. The HGUE-C-1 cell line was sensitive to erlotinib, gefitinib, NVP-BEZ235, rapamycin and trichostatin, among other drugs, but partially resistant to heat shock protein inhibitors and highly resistant to AZD-6244 and oxaliplatin, even though the patient from which this cell line was derived had not been exposed to these drugs. Molecular characterization of this cell line revealed low expression levels and activity of Retinoblastoma protein and elevated basal levels of Erk1/2 activity and p70S6K expression and activity, which may be related to chemoresistance mechanisms. Conclusions HGUE-C-1 represents a novel and peculiar colon carcinoma model to study chemoresistance to chemotherapeutic agents and to novel anti-neoplasic drugs that interrupt signalling pathways such as the APC/βcatenin, Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk, PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K pathways as well as histone regulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Grasso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Isabel Martínez-Lacaci
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain. .,Unidad AECC de Investigación Traslacional en Cáncer, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Víctor Manuel Barberá
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Adela Castillejo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - José Luis Soto
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Javier Gallego-Plazas
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Natividad López-Riquelme
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pilar García-Morales
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Trinidad Mata-Balaguer
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Ferragut
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Miguel Saceda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain. .,Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
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Combination of SF1126 and gefitinib induces apoptosis of triple-negative breast cancer cells through the PI3K/AKT–mTOR pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:422-7. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Wong VKW, Wu AG, Wang JR, Liu L, Law BYK. Neferine attenuates the protein level and toxicity of mutant huntingtin in PC-12 cells via induction of autophagy. Molecules 2015; 20:3496-514. [PMID: 25699594 PMCID: PMC6272412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20033496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant huntingtin aggregation is highly associated with the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease, an adult-onset autosomal dominant disorder, which leads to a loss of motor control and decline in cognitive function. Recent literature has revealed the protective role of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases through degradation of mutant toxic proteins, including huntingtin or a-synuclein. Through the GFP-LC3 autophagy detection platform, we have identified neferine, isolated from the lotus seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera, which is able to induce autophagy through an AMPK-mTOR-dependent pathway. Furthermore, by overexpressing huntingtin with 74 CAG repeats (EGFP-HTT 74) in PC-12 cells, neferine reduces both the protein level and toxicity of mutant huntingtin through an autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7)-dependent mechanism. With the variety of novel active compounds present in medicinal herbs, our current study suggests the possible protective mechanism of an autophagy inducer isolated from Chinese herbal medicine, which is crucial for its further development into a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - An Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Jing Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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San Lucas FA, Fowler J, Chang K, Kopetz S, Vilar E, Scheet P. Cancer in silico drug discovery: a systems biology tool for identifying candidate drugs to target specific molecular tumor subtypes. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:3230-40. [PMID: 25349306 PMCID: PMC4341901 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale cancer datasets such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) allow researchers to profile tumors based on a wide range of clinical and molecular characteristics. Subsequently, TCGA-derived gene expression profiles can be analyzed with the Connectivity Map (CMap) to find candidate drugs to target tumors with specific clinical phenotypes or molecular characteristics. This represents a powerful computational approach for candidate drug identification, but due to the complexity of TCGA and technology differences between CMap and TCGA experiments, such analyses are challenging to conduct and reproduce. We present Cancer in silico Drug Discovery (CiDD; scheet.org/software), a computational drug discovery platform that addresses these challenges. CiDD integrates data from TCGA, CMap, and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) to perform computational drug discovery experiments, generating hypotheses for the following three general problems: (i) determining whether specific clinical phenotypes or molecular characteristics are associated with unique gene expression signatures; (ii) finding candidate drugs to repress these expression signatures; and (iii) identifying cell lines that resemble the tumors being studied for subsequent in vitro experiments. The primary input to CiDD is a clinical or molecular characteristic. The output is a biologically annotated list of candidate drugs and a list of cell lines for in vitro experimentation. We applied CiDD to identify candidate drugs to treat colorectal cancers harboring mutations in BRAF. CiDD identified EGFR and proteasome inhibitors, while proposing five cell lines for in vitro testing. CiDD facilitates phenotype-driven, systematic drug discovery based on clinical and molecular data from TCGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anthony San Lucas
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jerry Fowler
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kyle Chang
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott Kopetz
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Paul Scheet
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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40
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Bahrami-B F, Ataie-Kachoie P, Pourgholami MH, Morris DL. p70 Ribosomal protein S6 kinase (Rps6kb1): an update. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:1019-25. [PMID: 25100792 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Rps6kb1 gene encodes the 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), which is a serine/threonine kinase regulated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. p70S6K plays a crucial role in controlling cell cycle, growth and survival. The PI3K/mTOR signalling pathway is one of the major mechanisms for controlling cell survival, proliferation and metabolism and is the central regulator of translation of some components of protein synthesis system. Upon activation, this kinase phosphorylates S6 protein of ribosomal subunit 40S resulting in selective translation of unique family of mRNAs that contain oligopyrimidine tract on 5' transcriptional site (5'TOP). 5'TOP mRNAs are coding the components of translational apparatus including ribosomal proteins and elongation factors. Due to the role of p70S6K in protein synthesis and also its involvement in a variety of human diseases ranging from diabetes and obesity to cancer, p70S6K is now being considered as a new therapeutic target for drug development. Furthermore, p70S6K acts as a biomarker for response to immunosuppressant as well as anticancer effects of inhibitors of the mTOR. Because of the narrow therapeutic index of mTOR inhibitors, drug monitoring is essential, and this is usually done by measuring blood drug levels, therapeutic response and drug-induced adverse effects. Recent studies have suggested that plasma p70S6K is a reliable index for the monitoring of patient response to mTOR inhibitors. Therefore, a better understanding of p70S6K and its role in various pathological conditions could enable the development of strategies to aid diagnosis, prognosis and treatment schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Bahrami-B
- Cancer research laboratories, Department of Surgery, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - David L Morris
- Cancer research laboratories, Department of Surgery, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Wheler JJ, Moulder SL, Naing A, Janku F, Piha-Paul SA, Falchook GS, Zinner R, Tsimberidou AM, Fu S, Hong DS, Atkins JT, Yelensky R, Stephens PJ, Kurzrock R. Anastrozole and everolimus in advanced gynecologic and breast malignancies: activity and molecular alterations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Oncotarget 2014; 5:3029-38. [PMID: 24912489 PMCID: PMC4102789 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation diminishes the effects of hormone therapy, combining aromatase inhibitors (anatrozole) with mTOR inhibitors (everolimus) was investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated anastrozole and everolimus in 55 patients with metastatic estrogen (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR)-positive breast and gynecologic tumors. Endpoints were safety, antitumor activity and molecular correlates. RESULTS Full doses of anastrozole (1 mg PO daily) and everolimus (10 mg PO daily) were well tolerated. Twelve of 50 evaluable patients (24%) (median = 3 prior therapies) achieved stable disease (SD) ≥ 6 months/partial response (PR)/complete response (CR) (n = 5 (10%) with PR/CR): 9 of 32 (28%) with breast cancer (n=5 (16%) with PR/CR); 2 of 10 (20%), ovarian cancer; and 1 of 6 (17%), endometrial cancer. Six of 22 patients (27%) with molecular alterations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway achieved SD ≥ 6 months/PR/CR. Six of 8 patients (75%) with SD ≥ 6 months/PR/CR with molecular testing demonstrated at least one alteration in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: mutations in PIK3CA (n=3) and AKT1 (n=1) or PTEN loss (n=3). All three responders (CR (n = 1); PR (n=2)) who had next generation sequencing demonstrated additional alterations: amplifications in CCNE1, IRS2, MCL1, CCND1, FGFR1 and MYC and a rearrangement in PRKDC. CONCLUSIONS Combination anastrozole and everolimus is well tolerated at full approved doses, and is active in heavily-pretreated patients with ER and/or PR-positive breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers. Responses were observed in patients with multiple molecular aberrations. CLINICAL TRAILS INCLUDED: NCT01197170.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Wheler
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Stacy L Moulder
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Yan C, Wei H, Minjuan Z, Yan X, Jingyue Y, Wenchao L, Sheng H. The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin synergizes with a fatty acid synthase inhibitor to induce cytotoxicity in ER/HER2-positive breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97697. [PMID: 24866893 PMCID: PMC4035285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with ER/HER2-positive breast cancer have a poor prognosis and are less responsive to selective estrogen receptor modulators; this is presumably due to the crosstalk between ER and HER2. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is essential for the survival and maintenance of the malignant phenotype of breast cancer cells. An intimate relationship exists between FASN, ER and HER2. We hypothesized that FASN may be the downstream effector underlying ER/HER2 crosstalk through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in ER/HER2-positive breast cancer. The present study implicated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the regulation of FASN expression in ER/HER2-positive breast cancer cells and demonstrated that rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, inhibited FASN expression. Cerulenin, a FASN inhibitor, synergized with rapamycin to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell migration and tumorigenesis in ER/HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Our findings suggest that inhibiting the mTOR-FASN axis is a promising new strategy for treating ER/HER2-positive breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cerulenin/pharmacology
- Drug Synergism
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/genetics
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/metabolism
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yan
- Department of Oncology, Xi'jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Huang Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'jing hospital, Fourth military medical university, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Zheng Minjuan
- Department of Ultrasound, Xi'jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xue Yan
- Department of Oncology, Xi'jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yang Jingyue
- Department of Oncology, Xi'jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Liu Wenchao
- Department of Oncology, Xi'jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
- * E-mail: (LW); (HS)
| | - Han Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Information Center, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
- * E-mail: (LW); (HS)
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Hu Y, Zhu Q, Tang L. MiR-99a antitumor activity in human breast cancer cells through targeting of mTOR expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92099. [PMID: 24637915 PMCID: PMC3956864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in human tumorigenesis as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. miR-99a has been reported as a tumor suppressor gene in various cancers in humans. However, only limited information about the function of miR-99a in human breast cancers is available. Here we investigated the expression of miR-99a in breast cancer tissue specimens and its antitumor activity in breast cancer cells. We initially identified that the expression of miR-99a was significantly reduced in four breast cancer cell lines. More importantly, we found downregulation of miR-99a in breast cancer specimens from ten different patients. We then analyzed the mechanism of miR-99a in inhibiting tumorigenesis. Cell-based assays that showed overexpression of miR-99a not only reduced breast cancer cell viability by inducing accumulation of cells at sub-G1 phase and cell apoptosis, but also inhibited tumorigenicity in vivo. As a critical miR-99a target, we have shown that the function of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was greatly inhibited by miR-99a-based Luciferase report assay; overexpression of miR-99a reduced the expression of mTOR and its downstream phosphorylated proteins (p-4E-BP1 and p-S6K1). Similar to restoring miR-99a expression, mTOR downregulation suppressed cell viability and increased cell apoptosis, whereas restoration of mTOR expression significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-99a on the mTOR/p-4E-BP1/p-S6K1 signal pathway and the miR-99a antitumor activity. In clinical specimens and cell lines, mTOR was commonly overexpressed and its protein levels were statistically inversely correlated with miR-99a expression. Taken together, these results have demonstrated that miR-99a antitumor activity is achieved by targeting the mTOR/p-4E-BP1/p-S6K1 pathway in human breast cancer cells. This study suggests a potential therapeutic strategy to effectively control breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail:
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Liu SC, Tsang NM, Chiang WC, Chang KP, Hsueh C, Liang Y, Juang JL, Chow KPN, Chang YS. Leukemia inhibitory factor promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression and radioresistance. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:5269-83. [PMID: 24270418 DOI: 10.1172/jci63428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance of EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is associated with poor prognosis for patients with this form of cancer. Here, we found that NPC patients had increased serum levels of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and that higher LIF levels correlated with local tumor recurrence. Furthermore, in vitro studies with NPC cells and in vivo xenograft mouse studies demonstrated that LIF critically contributes to NPC tumor growth and radioresistance. Using these model systems, we found that LIF treatment activated the mTORC1/p70S6K signaling pathway, enhanced tumor growth, inhibited DNA damage responses, and enhanced radioresistance. Treatment with either soluble LIF receptor (sLIFR), a LIF antagonist, or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin reversed LIF-mediated effects, resulting in growth arrest and increased sensitivity to γ irradiation. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of human NPC biopsies revealed that LIF and LIFR were overexpressed in tumor cells and that LIF expression correlated with the presence of the activated p-p70S6K. Finally, we found that the EBV-encoded protein latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) enhances LIF production. Together, our findings indicate that LIF promotes NPC tumorigenesis and suggest that serum LIF levels may predict local recurrence and radiosensitivity in NPC patients.
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Monitoring of neuronal loss in the hippocampus of Aβ-injected rat: autophagy, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis stand against apoptosis. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 16:175-90. [PMID: 24203394 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we tried to answer the following questions: which kind of defense pathways are activated after Aβ insult? How defense systems react against noxious effects of Aβ and whether they are able to deal against apoptosis or not? So, we traced some molecular pathways including autophagy, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis before reaching to the endpoint of apoptosis. Besides, we measured the function of mitochondria after injection of Aβ (1-42) in CA1 area of hippocampus as a model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on our data, autophagy markers reached to their maximum level and returned to the control level as apoptotic markers started to increase. As a specialized form of autophagy, mitophagy markers followed the trend of autophagy markers. Whereas mitochondrial dynamic processes shifted toward fission, mitochondrial biogenesis was severely affected by Aβ and significantly decreased. Alongside suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis, activity of specific enzymes involved in antioxidant defense system, electron transport chain, and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) decreased in response to the Aβ. Activity of antioxidant enzymes increased at first and then decreased significantly compared to the control. TCA enzymes aconitase and malate dehydrogenase activities reduced immediately while citrate synthase and fumarase activities did not change. Based on our finding, monitoring of the master molecules of intracellular cascades and determining their trends before the destructive function of Aβ could be the target of therapeutic issues for AD.
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46
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Leal P, Garcia P, Sandoval A, Buchegger K, Weber H, Tapia O, Roa JC. AKT/mTOR substrate P70S6K is frequently phosphorylated in gallbladder cancer tissue and cell lines. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1373-84. [PMID: 24124380 PMCID: PMC3794848 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s46897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gallbladder carcinoma is a highly malignant tumor and a public health problem in some parts of the world. It is characterized by a poor prognosis and its resistance to radio and chemotherapy. There is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of gallbladder carcinoma. The mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is activated in about 50% of human malignancies, and its role in gallbladder carcinoma has previously been suggested. In the present study, we investigated the phosphorylation status of the mTOR substrate p70S6K in preneoplastic and neoplastic gallbladder tissues and evaluated the effect of three mTOR inhibitors on cell growth and migration in gallbladder carcinoma cell lines. Methods Immunohistochemical staining of phospho-p70S6K was analyzed in 181 gallbladder carcinoma cases, classified according to lesion type as dysplasia, early carcinoma, or advanced carcinoma. Protein expression of AKT/mTOR members was also evaluated in eight gallbladder carcinoma cell lines by Western blot analysis. We selected two gallbladder carcinoma cell lines (G415 and TGBC-2TKB) to evaluate the effect of rapamycin, RAD001, and AZD8055 on cell viability, cell migration, and protein expression. Results Our results showed that phospho-p70S6K is highly expressed in dysplasia (66.7%, 12/18), early cancer (84.6%, 22/26), and advanced cancer (88.3%, 121/137). No statistical correlation was observed between phospho-p70S6K status and any clinical or pathological features, including age, gender, ethnicity, wall infiltration level, or histological differentiation (P < 0.05). In vitro treatment with rapamycin, RAD001, and AZD8055 reduced cell growth, cell migration, and phospho-p70S6K expression significantly in G-415 and TGBC-2TKB cancer cells (P < 0.001). Conclusion Our findings confirm the upregulation of this signaling pathway in gallbladder carcinoma and provide a rationale for the potential use of mTOR inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy for human gallbladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Leal
- Department of Pathology, Universidad de La Frontera, Center of Genetical and Immunological Studies-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Temuco, Santiago, Chile
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Kaarbø M, Storm ML, Qu S, Wæhre H, Risberg B, Danielsen HE, Saatcioglu F. TCTP is an androgen-regulated gene implicated in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69398. [PMID: 23894469 PMCID: PMC3718683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TCTP has been implicated in a plethora of important cellular processes related to cell growth, cell cycle progression, malignant transformation and inhibition of apoptosis. In addition to these intracellular functions, TCTP has extracellular functions and plays an important role in immune cells. TCTP expression was previously shown to be deregulated in prostate cancer, but its function in prostate cancer cells is largely unknown. Here we show that TCTP expression is regulated by androgens in LNCaP prostate cancer cells in vitro as well as human prostate cancer xenografts in vivo. Knockdown of TCTP reduced colony formation and increased apoptosis in LNCaP cells, implicating it as an important factor for prostate cancer cell growth. Global gene expression profiling in TCTP knockdown LNCaP cells showed that several interferon regulated genes are regulated by TCTP, suggesting that it may have a role in regulating immune function in prostate cancer. In addition, recombinant TCTP treatment increased colony formation in LNCaP cells suggesting that secreted TCTP may function as a proliferative factor in prostate cancer. These results suggest that TCTP may have a role in prostate cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kaarbø
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Su Qu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håkon Wæhre
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Risberg
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard E. Danielsen
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fahri Saatcioglu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Leung J, Suh WK. Host B7-H4 Regulates Antitumor T Cell Responses through Inhibition of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in a 4T1 Tumor Transplantation Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6651-61. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Grosso SHG, Katayama MLH, Roela RA, Nonogaki S, Soares FA, Brentani H, Lima L, Folgueira MAAK, Waitzberg AFL, Pasini FS, Góes JCGS, Brentani MM. Breast cancer tissue slices as a model for evaluation of response to rapamycin. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:671-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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50
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Gene fusions associated with recurrent amplicons represent a class of passenger aberrations in breast cancer. Neoplasia 2013; 14:702-8. [PMID: 22952423 DOI: 10.1593/neo.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of high-throughput transcriptome sequencing has spurred highly sensitive detection and discovery of gene fusions in cancer, but distinguishing potentially oncogenic fusions from random, "passenger" aberrations has proven challenging. Here we examine a distinctive group of gene fusions that involve genes present in the loci of chromosomal amplifications--a class of oncogenic aberrations that are widely prevalent in breast cancers. Integrative analysis of a panel of 14 breast cancer cell lines comparing gene fusions discovered by high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and genome-wide copy number aberrations assessed by array comparative genomic hybridization, led to the identification of 77 gene fusions, of which more than 60% were localized to amplicons including 17q12, 17q23, 20q13, chr8q, and others. Many of these fusions appeared to be recurrent or involved highly expressed oncogenic drivers, frequently fused with multiple different partners, but sometimes displaying loss of functional domains. As illustrative examples of the "amplicon-associated" gene fusions, we examined here a recurrent gene fusion involving the mediator of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, RPS6KB1 kinase in BT-474, and the therapeutically important receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line. These gene fusions comprise a minor allelic fraction relative to the highly expressed full-length transcripts and encode chimera lacking the kinase domains, which do not impart dependence on the respective cells. Our study suggests that amplicon-associated gene fusions in breast cancer primarily represent a by-product of chromosomal amplifications, which constitutes a subset of passenger aberrations and should be factored accordingly during prioritization of gene fusion candidates.
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