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Baindara P, Ganguli S, Chakraborty R, Mandal SM. Preventing Respiratory Viral Diseases with Antimicrobial Peptide Master Regulators in the Lung Airway Habitat. Clin Pract 2023; 13:125-147. [PMID: 36648852 PMCID: PMC9844411 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract13010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast surface area of the respiratory system acts as an initial site of contact for microbes and foreign particles. The whole respiratory epithelium is covered with a thin layer of the airway and alveolar secretions. Respiratory secretions contain host defense peptides (HDPs), such as defensins and cathelicidins, which are the best-studied antimicrobial components expressed in the respiratory tract. HDPs have an important role in the human body's initial line of defense against pathogenic microbes. Epithelial and immunological cells produce HDPs in the surface fluids of the lungs, which act as endogenous antibiotics in the respiratory tract. The production and action of these antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are critical in the host's defense against respiratory infections. In this study, we have described all the HDPs secreted in the respiratory tract as well as how their expression is regulated during respiratory disorders. We focused on the transcriptional expression and regulation mechanisms of respiratory tract HDPs. Understanding how HDPs are controlled throughout infections might provide an alternative to relying on the host's innate immunity to combat respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Baindara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sriradha Ganguli
- OMICS Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, P.O. NBU, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranadhir Chakraborty
- OMICS Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, P.O. NBU, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Santi M. Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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2
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Ramírez Thomé S, Ávila Curiel B, Hernández Huerta MT, Solórzano Mata C. β-defensinas como posibles indicadores de la actividad inflamatoria en la enfermedad periodontal. INVESTIGACIÓN CLÍNICA 2022. [DOI: 10.54817/ic.v63n4a08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis) is an inflam-matory process caused by the activity of pathogenic bacteria and their products on the gingival sulcus, with the consequent activation of the immune response. Saliva and crevicular fluid contain a wide variety of enzymes and antimicrobial factors that are in contact with the supragingival and subgingival region, in-cluding β-defensins (hBDs). hHBDs are non-glycosylated, cysteine-rich cationic peptides produced by epithelial cells with antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects, thus contributing to maintaining homeostasis in periodontal tissues. The changes in the microbiota and the immune response from a healthy peri-odontium to gingivitis and, finally, to periodontitis are complex. Their sever-ity depends on a dynamic balance between bacteria associated with plaque, genetic and environmental factors. Recent advances have made it possible to understand the implication of hBDs in the detection, diagnosis, and therapy of periodontal disease and the relationship between periodontitis and other inflammatory conditions. This review aims to describe the effect of hBDs on the immune response and its use as a possible marker of the inflammatory activity of the periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Ramírez Thomé
- Facultad de Odontología. Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
| | | | | | - Carlos Solórzano Mata
- Facultad de Odontología. Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
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3
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Soldati KR, Gutierrez LS, Anovazzi G, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Zandim-Barcelos DL. Impact of smoking on protein levels of beta-defensins in periodontal disease. Braz Dent J 2022; 33:79-86. [PMID: 36043572 PMCID: PMC9645181 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202204685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important components of the host response against invading pathogens. In addition to their direct antimicrobial activity, they can also participate in the immune system modulation. However, the role of AMPs in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease and the risk factors that may influence their expression in the oral cavity are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of smoking on beta-defensin (hBD) 1 and 2 levels analyzing samples from periodontitis patients. Fifty patients with periodontitis, 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers, and 20 periodontally healthy patients were recruited. After periodontal clinical evaluation, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from healthy sites of patients without periodontal disease and from healthy and diseased sites of patients with periodontitis. Peptides quantification was performed by sandwich ELISA technique. Smokers showed reduced GCF hBD 1 levels and increased hBD 2 levels compared to non-smokers in diseased sites (p <0.05). Higher levels of hBD 1 were observed in healthy sites of patients without periodontal disease than in healthy sites of patients with periodontitis (p<0.0001). Diseased sites of non-smokers presented higher levels of hBD 2 than healthy sites (p <0.05). These results reveal that protein levels of hBDs 1 and 2 can be impaired by cigarette smoking in the presence of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahena Rodrigues Soldati
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University
(Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena Silva Gutierrez
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University
(Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Anovazzi
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University
(Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Mantuaneli Scarel-Caminaga
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric
Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP,
Brazil
| | - Daniela Leal Zandim-Barcelos
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University
(Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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4
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Yamamoto M, Aizawa R. Maintaining a protective state for human periodontal tissue. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:142-156. [PMID: 33690927 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis, caused by infection with periodontal pathogens, is primarily characterized by inflammatory bone resorption and destruction of connective tissue. Simply describing periodontitis as a specific bacterial infection cannot completely explain the various periodontal tissue destruction patterns observed. Periodontal tissue damage is thought to be caused by various factors. In recent years, research goals for periodontal pathogens have shifted from searching for specific pathogens to investigating mechanisms that damage periodontal tissues. Bacteria interact directly with the host in several ways, influencing expression and activity of molecules that evade host defenses, and destroying local tissues and inhibiting their repair. The host's innate and acquired immune systems are important defense mechanisms that protect periodontal tissues from attack and invasion of periodontal pathogens, thus preventing infection. Innate and acquired immunity have evolved to confront the microbial challenge, forming a seamless defense network in periodontal tissues. In the innate immune response, host cells quickly detect, via specialized receptors, macromolecules and nucleic acids present on bacterial cell walls, and this triggers a protective, inflammatory response. The work of this subsystem of host immunity is performed mainly by phagocytes, beta-defensin, and the complement system. In addition, the first line of defense in oral innate immunity is the junctional epithelium, which acts as a physical barrier to the entry of oral bacteria and other nonself substances. In the presence of a normal flora, junctional epithelial cells differentiate actively and proliferate apically, with concomitant increase in chemotactic factor expression recruiting neutrophils. These immune cells play an important role in maintaining homeostasis and the protective state in periodontal tissue because they eliminate unwanted bacteria over time. Previous studies indicate a mechanism for attracting immune cells to periodontal tissue with the purpose of maintaining a protective state; although this mechanism can function without bacteria, it is enhanced by the normal flora. A better understanding of the relationship between the protective state and its disruption in periodontal disease could lead to the development of new treatment strategies for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Aizawa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Jiang Y, Fu J, Du J, Luo Z, Guo L, Xu J, Liu Y. DNA methylation alterations and their potential influence on macrophage in periodontitis. Oral Dis 2020; 28:249-263. [PMID: 32989880 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore how various methylation mechanisms function and affect macrophages in periodontitis, with an aim of getting a comprehensive understanding of pathogenesis of the disease. SUBJECT Alterations in DNA methylation are associated with different periodontitis susceptible factors and disrupt immunity homeostasis. The host's immune response to stimulus plays a vital role in the progression of periodontitis. Macrophages are key immune cells of immune system. They act as critical regulators in maintaining issue homeostasis with their nature of high plasticity. The altered methylation status of genes may cause abnormal expression of proteins in the progress of periodontitis, thus, exert potential influence on macrophages. RESULTS Certain genes are selectively activated or silenced due to the changes in the methylation status, which causes the alteration of the expression level of cytokines/chemokines, signal molecules, extracellular matrix molecules, leads to the change in local microenvironment, affects activation states of immune cells including macrophages, thus influences the host immune response during periodontitis.. This results in differential susceptibility and therapeutic outcome. CONCLUSION DNA methylation alteration may cause aberrant expression level of genes associated with periodontal diseases, thus results in deregulation of macrophages, which supports the prospect of using DNA methylation-related parameter as a new biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Jiang
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingfei Fu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junji Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
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6
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Tabatabaei F, Moharamzadeh K, Tayebi L. Three-Dimensional In Vitro Oral Mucosa Models of Fungal and Bacterial Infections. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 26:443-460. [PMID: 32131719 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucosa is the target tissue for many microorganisms involved in periodontitis and other infectious diseases affecting the oral cavity. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro and ex vivo oral mucosa equivalents have been used for oral disease modeling and investigation of the mechanisms of oral bacterial and fungal infections. This review was conducted to analyze different studies using 3D oral mucosa models for the evaluation of the interactions of different microorganisms with oral mucosa. In this study, based on our inclusion criteria, 43 articles were selected and analyzed. Different types of 3D oral mucosa models of bacterial and fungal infections were discussed in terms of the biological system used, culture conditions, method of infection, and the biological endpoints assessed in each study. The critical analysis revealed some contradictory reports in this field of research in the literature. Challenges in recovering bacteria from oral mucosa models were further discussed, suggesting possible future directions in microbiomics, including the use of oral mucosa-on-a-chip. The potential use of these 3D tissue models for the evaluation of the effects of antiseptic agents on bacteria and oral mucosa was also addressed. This review concluded that there were many aspects that would require optimization and standardization with regard to using oral mucosal models for infection by microorganisms. Using new technologies-such as microfluidics and bioreactors-could help to reproduce some of the physiologically relevant conditions and further simulate the clinical situation. Impact statement Tissue-engineered or commercial models of the oral mucosa are very useful for the study of diseases that involve the interaction of microorganisms and oral epithelium. In this review, challenges in recovering bacteria from oral mucosa models, the potential use of these three-dimensional tissue models for the evaluation of the effects of antiseptic agents, and future directions in microbiomics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Tabatabaei
- School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Brown JL, Johnston W, Delaney C, Rajendran R, Butcher J, Khan S, Bradshaw D, Ramage G, Culshaw S. Biofilm-stimulated epithelium modulates the inflammatory responses in co-cultured immune cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15779. [PMID: 31673005 PMCID: PMC6823452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gingival epithelium is a physical and immunological barrier to the microbiota of the oral cavity, which interact through soluble mediators with the immune cells that patrol the tissue at the gingival epithelium. We sought to develop a three-dimensional gingivae-biofilm interface model using a commercially available gingival epithelium to study the tissue inflammatory response to oral biofilms associated with “health”, “gingivitis” and “periodontitis”. These biofilms were developed by sequential addition of microorganisms to mimic the formation of supra- and sub-gingival plaque in vivo. Secondly, to mimic the interactions between gingival epithelium and immune cells in vivo, we integrated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD14+ monocytes into our three-dimensional model and were able to assess the inflammatory response in the immune cells cultured with and without gingival epithelium. We describe a differential inflammatory response in immune cells cultured with epithelial tissue, and more so following incubation with epithelium stimulated by “gingivitis-associated” biofilm. These results suggest that gingival epithelium-derived soluble mediators may control the inflammatory status of immune cells in vitro, and therefore targeting of the epithelial response may offer novel therapies. This multi-cellular interface model, both of microbial and host origin, offers a robust in vitro platform to investigate host-pathogens at the epithelial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Brown
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK.,Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - William Johnston
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Chris Delaney
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - John Butcher
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK
| | - Shaz Khan
- Oral Healthcare R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Weybridge, KT13 0DE, UK
| | - David Bradshaw
- Oral Healthcare R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Weybridge, KT13 0DE, UK
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Shauna Culshaw
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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8
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Stebe-Frick S, Ostaff MJ, Stange EF, Malek NP, Wehkamp J. Histone deacetylase-mediated regulation of the antimicrobial peptide hBD2 differs in intestinal cell lines and cultured tissue. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12886. [PMID: 30150730 PMCID: PMC6110836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibition (HDACi) has been suggested as a promising approach to bolster TLR-mediated induction of antimicrobial peptides such as human β-defensin 2 (hBD2). In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease (CD) patients display an attenuated expression of hBD2 as compared to ulcerative colitis (UC). Here, we aimed to study if combining HDACi with the therapeutic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), a strong hBD2 inducer, might be a feasible strategy to further modify protective immune responses. Monolayer epithelial cell lines versus cultured human biopsies from healthy controls and CD and UC patients showed diverse effects. In mono-cell systems, we observed a strong NF-kB-dependent enhancement of TLR- but also IL1β-mediated hBD2 induction after HDACi. In contrast, multicellular colonic biopsy culture showed the opposite result and HDACi was associated with an abolished TLR-mediated hBD2 induction in all tested patient groups. Of note, CD patients showed an attenuated induction of hBD2 by E. coli Nissle as compared to UC. We conclude that the role of HDACs in hBD2 regulation is context-dependent and likely modified by different cell types. Differential induction in different IBD entities suggests different clinical response patterns based on still unknown hBD2-associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Stebe-Frick
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectiology, University Hospital, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maureen J Ostaff
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany.,Scientific Affairs - Philips Image guided therapy devices, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Eduard F Stange
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectiology, University Hospital, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectiology, University Hospital, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Wehkamp
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectiology, University Hospital, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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9
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Nicu EA, Rijkschroeff P, Wartewig E, Nazmi K, Loos BG. Characterization of oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils in periodontitis patients: a case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:149. [PMID: 30143044 PMCID: PMC6109268 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maintaining oral health is a continuous and dynamic process that also involves the immune system. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) migrate from blood circulation and become apparent in the oral fluid. Controversies exist regarding the specific role of the oral PMNs (oPMNs) in the presence of chronic oral inflammation, such as periodontitis. In this study we characterized cell counts, activation status, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by oPMNs and circulatory (cPMNs), and the salivary protease activity, in subjects with and without periodontitis. Methods Venous blood and oral rinse samples were obtained from 19 patients with untreated periodontitis and 16 control subjects for PMN isolation. Apoptosis and expression of cell activation markers CD11b, CD63, and CD66b were analyzed using flow cytometry. Constitutive ROS generation was detected using dihydrorhodamine123. Additionally, ROS production in response to stimulation was evaluated in samples incubated with 10 μM phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or Fusobacterium nucleatum. Total protease activity was measured using substrate PEK-054. Results Periodontitis patients presented with over 4 times higher oPMN counts compared to controls (p = 0.007), which was a predictor for the total protease activity (r2 = 0.399, P = 0.007). More oPMNs were apoptotic in periodontitis patients compared to the controls (P = 0.004). All three activation markers were more expressed on the oPMNs compared to the cPMNs (p < 0.05), and a higher expression of CD11b on the oPMNs from periodontitis patients was observed compared to the control subjects (P = 0.024). Constitutive ROS production per oPMN was higher compared to the cPMN (P < 0.001). Additional analysis showed that the oPMNs retained their ability to respond to stimulation, with no apparent differences between the periodontitis and control subjects. Conclusions Higher numbers of oral PMNs, being more apoptotic and having increased levels of degranulation markers were found in periodontitis compared to periodontal health. However, since the oPMNs in periodontitis were responsive to ex vivo stimulation, we conclude that the oPMNs are active in the oral ecosystem. It is currently unknown whether the oPMN counts, which correlated with the detected protease levels, are detrimental in the long term for the oral mucosa integrity. Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered at the ISRCTN registry (trial ID ISRCTN15252886). Registration date August 11, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Nicu
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Opris Dent SRL, Sibiu, Romania.
| | - Patrick Rijkschroeff
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Wartewig
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno G Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Park MS, Kim JI, Lee I, Park S, Bae JY, Park MS. Towards the Application of Human Defensins as Antivirals. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:242-254. [PMID: 29310427 PMCID: PMC5933891 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that participate in the innate immunity of hosts. Humans constitutively and/or inducibly express α- and β-defensins, which are known for their antiviral and antibacterial activities. This review describes the application of human defensins. We discuss the extant experimental results, limited though they are, to consider the potential applicability of human defensins as antiviral agents. Given their antiviral effects, we propose that basic research be conducted on human defensins that focuses on RNA viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and dengue virus (DENV), which are considered serious human pathogens but have posed huge challenges for vaccine development for different reasons. Concerning the prophylactic and therapeutic applications of defensins, we then discuss the applicability of human defensins as antivirals that has been demonstrated in reports using animal models. Finally, we discuss the potential adjuvant-like activity of human defensins and propose an exploration of the ‘defensin vaccine’ concept to prime the body with a controlled supply of human defensins. In sum, we suggest a conceptual framework to achieve the practical application of human defensins to combat viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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11
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Human beta-defensin 3 contributes to the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer via activation of NF-κB signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75902-75913. [PMID: 27713149 PMCID: PMC5342786 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human beta-defensin 3 (hBD3), an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expressed in epithelium in response to various stimulations including human papillomavirus infection, has recently been found to be overexpressed in head and neck cancers and exhibit tumorigenic activities. However, the role of hBD3 in cervical cancer remains to be investigated. In this study, we showed by immunohistochemistry that hBD3 expression was elevated in cervical cancer samples of different stages versus the normal tissue, and was positively correlated with the progression of the disease. Overexpression of hBD3 in cervical cancer cell lines promoted cell proliferation by accelerating G1/S progression and enhanced cell migration and invasion in vitro. These oncogenic effects of hBD3 were associated with activation of NF-κB signaling. Using a mouse xenograft model, we further demonstrated that hBD3 overexpression promoted the growth of cervical cancer cells in vivo. Our results suggested that hBD3 is involved in the carcinogenesis and development of cervical cancer, and may serve as a biomarker or therapeutic target of this disease.
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12
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Phan TK, Lay FT, Hulett MD. Importance of phosphoinositide binding by human β-defensin 3 for Akt-dependent cytokine induction. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 96:54-67. [PMID: 29359392 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are well-characterized for their antimicrobial activities but also variously display potent immunomodulatory effects. Human β-defensin 3 (HBD-3) belongs to a well-known HDP family known as defensins and is able to induce leukocyte chemotactic recruitment, leukocyte activation/maturation, proinflammatory cytokine release, and co-stimulatory marker expression. HBD-3-stimulated cytokine induction is NF-κB-dependent and was initially suggested to act via G protein-coupled C-C chemokine receptor phospholipase C (PLC) and/or Toll-like receptor signaling. Subsequent pharmacological inhibition, however, revealed that NF-κB activation by HBD-3 is receptor-independent and instead involves the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, the mechanism of which remains undetermined. Recently, we have shown that HBD-3 can enter mammalian cells and bind to inner membrane phosphoinositide 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], an important second lipid messenger of PLC and PI3K-Akt pathways. In this study, we report that the interaction of HBD-3 with PI(4,5)P2 is important for PI3K-Akt-NF-κΒ-mediated induction of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6. These data provide insights into the mechanism of immunomodulation by HBD-3, and more generally, highlight the complex multifaceted signaling roles of HDPs in innate defense. Furthermore, it is suggested that the proposed mode of action may be conserved in other HDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Kha Phan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fung T Lay
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Li S, Schmalz G, Schmidt J, Krause F, Haak R, Ziebolz D. Antimicrobial peptides as a possible interlink between periodontal diseases and its risk factors: A systematic review. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:145-155. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Li
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - G. Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - J. Schmidt
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - F. Krause
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - R. Haak
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - D. Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Oral administration of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 is effective in preventing Porphyromonas gingivalis-accelerated periodontal disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:545. [PMID: 28373699 PMCID: PMC5428773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. However, the effect of orally intubated probiotics on oral disease remains unclear. We assessed the potential of oral administration of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) for Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. LG2055 treatment significantly reduced alveolar bone loss, detachment and disorganization of the periodontal ligament, and bacterial colonization by subsequent P. gingivalis challenge. Furthermore, the expression and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in gingival tissue was significantly decreased in LG2055-administered mice after bacterial infection. Conversely, mouse β-defensin-14 (mBD-14) mRNA and its peptide products were significantly increased in distant mucosal components as well as the intestinal tract to which LG2055 was introduced. Moreover, IL-1β and TNF-α production from THP-1 monocytes stimulated with P. gingivalis antigen was significantly reduced by the addition of human β-defensin-3. These results suggest that gastrically administered LG2055 can enhance immunoregulation followed by periodontitis prevention in oral mucosa via the gut immune system; i.e., the possibility of homing in innate immunity.
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Crespo FA, Klaes CK, Switala AE, DeWitte SN. Do leprosy and tuberculosis generate a systemic inflammatory shift? Setting the ground for a new dialogue between experimental immunology and bioarchaeology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 162:143-156. [PMID: 27704524 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is possible that during long lasting chronic infections such as tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy individuals who generate a stronger immune response will produce a chronic shift in the systemic levels of inflammatory proteins. Consequently, the systemic immunological shift could affect inflammatory responses against other persistent pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis associated with periodontal disease (PD). OBJECTIVE To determine if in vitro exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. leprae lysates impacts subsequent immune responses to P. gingivalis; and to propose a new dialogue between experimental immunology and paleopathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS We sequentially (2 days protocol) exposed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors to bacterial lysates either from M. tuberculosis, or M. leprae, or P. gingivalis. After collecting all supernatants, we measured the expression of immune proteins TNFα and IFNγ using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Early exposure (day 1) of PBMCs to M. leprae or M. tuberculosis lysates induces an inflammatory shift detected by the increase of TNFα and IFNγ when the same cells are subsequently (day 2) exposed to oral pathogen P. gingivalis. DISCUSSION By extrapolating these results, we suggest that chronic infections, such as TB and leprosy, could generate a systemic immunological shift that can affect other inflammatory processes such the one present in PD. We propose that the presence and severity of PD should be explored as a proxy for inflammatory status or competence when reconstructing the health profile in past populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Crespo
- Department of Anthropology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Andrew E Switala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sharon N DeWitte
- Departments of Anthropology and Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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Marshall A, Celentano A, Cirillo N, Mignogna MD, McCullough M, Porter S. Antimicrobial activity and regulation of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in oral keratinocytes. Eur J Oral Sci 2016; 124:433-439. [PMID: 27671889 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)9 and CXCL10 are dysregulated in oral inflammatory conditions, and it is not known if these chemokines target microorganisms that form oral biofilm. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of CXCL9 and CXCL10 on oral microflora and their expression profiles in oral keratinocytes following exposure to inflammatory and infectious stimuli. Streptococcus sanguinis was used as a model and Escherichia coli as a positive control. The antimicrobial effect of CXCL9/CXCL10 was tested using a radial diffusion assay. mRNA transcripts were isolated from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated and untreated (control) oral keratinocyte cell lines at 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-h time-points of culture. The CXCL9/10 expression profile in the presence or absence of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was assessed using semiquantitative PCR. Although both chemokines demonstrated antimicrobial activity, CXCL9 was the most effective chemokine against both S. sanguinis and E coli. mRNA for CXCL10 was expressed in control cells and its production was enhanced at all time-points following stimulation with LPS. Conversely, CXCL9 mRNA was not expressed in control or LPS-stimulated cells. Finally, stimulation with IFN-γ enhanced basal expression of both CXCL9 and CXCL10 in oral keratinocytes. Chemokines derived from oral epithelium, particularly CXCL9, demonstrate antimicrobial properties. Bacterial and inflammatory-stimulated up-regulation of CXCL9/10 could represent a key element in oral bacterial colonization homeostasis and host-defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Marshall
- University College London, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Antonio Celentano
- University Federico II of Naples, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Naples, Italy. .,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michele D Mignogna
- University Federico II of Naples, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael McCullough
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Stephen Porter
- University College London, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
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Grdović N, Rajić J, Petrović SM, Dinić S, Uskoković A, Mihailović M, Jovanović JA, Tolić A, Pucar A, Milašin J, Vidaković M. Association of CXCL12 gene promoter methylation with periodontitis in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 72:124-133. [PMID: 27580404 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CXCL12 is widely expressed, constitutive chemokine involved in tissue repair and regeneration, while the extent of its expression is important in various chronic inflammatory conditions. Involvement of DNA methylation in CXCL12 gene suppression (CXCL12) has been shown in malignancy and some autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the alterations in DNA methylation of CXCL12 are also involved in progression of periodontitis in combination with diabetes, as these chronic inflammatory conditions are strongly interrelated. DESIGN Study included 72 subjects divided in three groups: healthy control (C, n=21), periodontitis (P, n=29) and diabetes/periodontitis group (D/P, n=22). DNA extracted from epithelial cells obtained by sterile cotton swabs from buccal mucosa was subjected to methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) to obtain DNA methylation pattern of CXCL12 promoter. RESULTS CXCL12 promoter was predominantly unmethylated in all groups. However, increase in the frequency of the methylated form and increase in percent of methylation of CXCL12 promoter in periodontitis and diabetes/periodontitis group compared to control group were found, although without statistical significance. However, statistically significant increase in Tm of MSP products in diabetes/periodontitis group was observed. Correlation analysis revealed statistically significant relationship between the extent of DNA methylation of the CXCL12 promoter and periodontal parameters, as well as between DNA methylation of CXCL12 and glycosylated hemoglobin. CONCLUSION Presented results suggest that chronic inflammation contributes to the change of CXCL12 DNA methylation in buccal cells and that DNA methylation profile of CXCL12 promoter plays important role in development and progression of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Grdović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Molecular Biology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Rajić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Molecular Biology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Matić Petrović
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Dinić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Molecular Biology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Uskoković
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Molecular Biology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Mihailović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Molecular Biology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Arambašić Jovanović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Molecular Biology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anja Tolić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Molecular Biology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Pucar
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milašin
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Melita Vidaković
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Molecular Biology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Xie S, Spelmink L, Codemo M, Subramanian K, Pütsep K, Henriques-Normark B, Olliver M. Cinobufagin Modulates Human Innate Immune Responses and Triggers Antibacterial Activity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160734. [PMID: 27529866 PMCID: PMC4986986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine Chan-Su is widely used for treatment of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, but also as a remedy for infections such as furunculosis, tonsillitis and acute pharyngitis. The clinical use of Chan-Su suggests that it has anti-infective effects, however, the mechanism of action is incompletely understood. In particular, the effect on the human immune system is poorly defined. Here, we describe previously unrecognized immunomodulatory activities of cinobufagin (CBG), a major bioactive component of Chan-Su. Using human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), we show that LPS-induced maturation and production of a number of cytokines was potently inhibited by CBG, which also had a pro-apoptotic effect, associated with activation of caspase-3. Interestingly, CBG triggered caspase-1 activation and significantly enhanced IL-1β production in LPS-stimulated cells. Finally, we demonstrate that CBG upregulates gene expression of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hBD-2 and hBD-3 in DCs, and induces secretion of HNP1-3 and hCAP-18/LL-37 from neutrophils, potentiating neutrophil antibacterial activity. Taken together, our data indicate that CBG modulates the inflammatory phenotype of DCs in response to LPS, and triggers an antibacterial innate immune response, thus proposing possible mechanisms for the clinical effects of Chan-Su in anti-infective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Laura Spelmink
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mario Codemo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karthik Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katrin Pütsep
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Henriques-Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Olliver
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Gürsoy M, Gürsoy UK, Liukkonen A, Kauko T, Penkkala S, Könönen E. Salivary antimicrobial defensins in pregnancy. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:807-15. [PMID: 27191801 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Susceptibility to and severity of gingival inflammation are enhanced during pregnancy; however, regulation of oral innate immune response, including antimicrobial peptides, during pregnancy is still unknown. We analysed salivary levels of human beta-defensin (hBD)-1, -2, -3, and human neutrophil peptide (HNP)-1 in pregnant women, and related those to their periodontal status. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this cohort study, 30 generally healthy, non-smoking Caucasian women without periodontitis were followed at three time points during pregnancy and twice post-partum. The non-pregnant group consisted of 24 women, who were examined three times at the following months. At each visit, periodontal status was recorded and stimulated saliva samples were collected. Salivary estradiol, progesterone, and defensin concentrations were measured by ELISA assays. RESULTS After adjusting for visible plaque and gingival bleeding, reduced salivary concentrations of hBD-1, hBD-2, and HNP-1 were found especially during the third trimester, whereas hBD-3 concentrations did not change during pregnancy and post-partum visits. Weak associations were observed between salivary defensin and hormone concentrations and clinical parameters. CONCLUSION There seems to be an independent regulation cascade for each antimicrobial defensin in the oral cavity during pregnancy, despite of the similarities between these antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Ulvi K Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Liukkonen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tommi Kauko
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Penkkala
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Könönen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, City of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Short Wavelength Visible Light Suppresses Innate Immunity-Related Responses by Modulating Protein S-Nitrosylation in Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:727-731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tongaonkar P, Trinh KK, Schaal JB, Tran D, Gulko PS, Ouellette AJ, Selsted ME. Rhesus macaque θ-defensin RTD-1 inhibits proinflammatory cytokine secretion and gene expression by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:1061-70. [PMID: 26269197 PMCID: PMC4661038 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0315-102r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti‐inflammatory effects of θ‐defensin RTD‐1 are mediated by cell signaling pathways that down‐regulate expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. θ‐Defensins are pleiotropic, macrocyclic peptides that are expressed uniquely in Old World monkeys. The peptides are potent, broad‐spectrum microbicides that also modulate inflammatory responses in vitro and in animal models of viral infection and polymicrobial sepsis. θ‐Defensins suppress proinflammatory cytokine secretion by leukocytes stimulated with diverse Toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands. Studies were performed to delineate anti‐inflammatory mechanisms of rhesus θ‐defensin 1 (RTD‐1), the most abundant θ‐defensin isoform in macaque granulocytes. RTD‐1 reduced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐1β, and IL‐8 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated human blood monocytes and THP‐1 macrophages, and this was accompanied by inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) activation and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Peptide inhibition of NF‐κB activation occurred following stimulation of extracellular (TLRs 1/2 and 4) and intracellular (TLR9) receptors. Although RTD‐1 did not inhibit MAPK in unstimulated cells, it induced phosphorylation of Akt in otherwise untreated monocytes and THP‐1 cells. In the latter, this occurred within 10 min of RTD‐1 treatment and produced a sustained elevation of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) for at least 4 h. pAkt is a negative regulator of MAPK and NF‐κB activation. RTD‐1 inhibited IκBα degradation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and stimulated Akt phosphorylation in LPS‐treated human primary monocytes and THP‐1 macrophages. Specific inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) blocked RTD‐1‐stimulated Akt phosphorylation and reversed the suppression of NF‐κB activation by the peptide. These studies indicate that the anti‐inflammatory properties of θ‐defensins are mediated by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and suppression of proinflammatory signals in immune‐stimulated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Tongaonkar
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katie K Trinh
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Justin B Schaal
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dat Tran
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Percio S Gulko
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - André J Ouellette
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael E Selsted
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Depressed production of beta-defensins from mouse splenic dendritic cells following thermal injury and its influence on susceptibility to infection. J Anesth 2014; 29:78-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-014-1882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang P, Duan D, Zhou X, Li X, Yang J, Deng M, Xu Y. Relationship between expression of human gingival beta-defensins and levels of periodontopathogens in subgingival plaque. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:113-22. [PMID: 24814979 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human beta-defensins (hBDs) are a group of antimicrobial peptides important in epithelial innate immunity, and their differential expression is associated with periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to explore relationships among hBDs, total subgingival bacteria and periodontopathogens in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The periodontal clinical parameters of 29 healthy subjects and 25 patients with chronic periodontitis were recorded. The relative expression of hBD1, hBD2 and hBD3 genes in gingival biopsies was measured using real-time PCR. The numbers of total bacteria and of Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Tannerella forsythia in subgingival plaque were quantified by real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's rank correlation test. RESULTS No significant differences in expression of the hBD genes were found between the group of healthy subjects and the group of patients with chronic periodontitis. Total bacteria and T. denticola were detected in all participants. F. nucleatum and T. forsythia were detected in all patients with chronic periodontitis and in 86.21% and 51.72%, respectively, of healthy volunteers. P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were detected in 24.14% and 17.24%, respectively, of the healthy group and in 84.00% and 12.00%, respectively, of the chronic periodontitis group. The prevalence of all bacteria, except A. actinomycetemcomitans, was significantly higher in the group of patients with chronic periodontitis than in the group of healthy subjects (p < 0.05). A significant, negative correlation was observed between total bacteria and hBD-2 (r = -0.384, p = 0.011). Upon analyzing the data in different groups, total bacteria and hBD-2 were significantly correlated (r = -0.492, p = 0.026) only in the group of healthy subjects. CONCLUSION The negative correlations between hBD-2 and total bacteria, especially in the group of healthy subjects, indicate that hBDs may play an important role by limiting an increase of bacterial load at the initial stage of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China; Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Greer A, Zenobia C, Darveau RP. Defensins and LL-37: a review of function in the gingival epithelium. Periodontol 2000 2013; 63:67-79. [PMID: 23931055 PMCID: PMC3744237 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides represent an important aspect of the innate defense system that contributes to the control of bacterial colonization and infection. As studies have progressed it has become clear that antimicrobial peptides manifest other functions in addition to their antimicrobial effects. These functions include chemotaxis of numerous types of host cells involved in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, the antimicrobial activity, the regulation and the contribution to host homeostasis of alpha-defensins and LL-37, as well as of beta-defensins, are discussed in the context of their specific tissue locations in the junctional epithelium and oral epithelium, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard P. Darveau
- Corresponding Author: Richard P. Darveau, University of Washington, Department of Periodontics, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357444, Seattle, WA 98195-7444, Tel: 206-543-5043, Fax: 206-616-7478,
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25
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Olliver M, Spelmink L, Hiew J, Meyer-Hoffert U, Henriques-Normark B, Bergman P. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on innate and adaptive immune responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1474-81. [PMID: 23922371 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae forms part of the normal nasopharyngeal flora but can also cause a broad spectrum of inflammatory diseases. Vitamin D has potent effects on human immunity, including induction of antimicrobial peptides and suppression of T-cell proliferation, but its ability to modulate the immune response to pneumococci is unknown. METHODS Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were stimulated with pneumococcal peptidoglycan (PGN) in the presence or absence of vitamin D. Expression of maturation markers, cytokines, pattern recognition receptors, and antimicrobial peptides were measured with flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Stimulated DCs were cocultured with autologous T-helper cells, and concentrations of T-helper (Th) 1-, Th17-, and regulatory T-cell-related cytokines were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Vitamin D enhanced DC maturation and expression of the migration marker C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) in PGN-stimulated cells. It also enhanced expression of key pattern recognition receptors (Toll-like receptor 2, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 [Nod2]) and induced a synergistic up-regulation of the inflammatory mediator IL-1β and the β-defensin Human Beta Defensin 3 (hBD-3). Furthermore, vitamin D skewed the DC-mediated T-helper response to PGN from an inflammatory Th1/Th17 phenotype toward a regulatory T-cell phenotype. CONCLUSION Vitamin D modulates key elements of innate immunity while dampening adaptive immune responses in DCs after pneumococcal challenge, which may have implications for prevention and treatment of pneumococcus-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Olliver
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Niebler M, Qian X, Höfler D, Kogosov V, Kaewprag J, Kaufmann AM, Ly R, Böhmer G, Zawatzky R, Rösl F, Rincon-Orozco B. Post-translational control of IL-1β via the human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncoprotein: a novel mechanism of innate immune escape mediated by the E3-ubiquitin ligase E6-AP and p53. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003536. [PMID: 23935506 PMCID: PMC3731255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causally involved in the development of anogenital cancer. HPVs apparently evade the innate immune response of their host cells by dysregulating immunomodulatory factors such as cytokines and chemokines, thereby creating a microenvironment that favors malignancy. One central key player in the immune surveillance interactome is interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) which not only mediates inflammation, but also links innate and adaptive immunity. Because of its pleiotropic physiological effects, IL-1β production is tightly controlled on transcriptional, post-translational and secretory levels. Here, we describe a novel mechanism how the high-risk HPV16 E6 oncoprotein abrogates IL-1β processing and secretion in a NALP3 inflammasome-independent manner. We analyzed IL-1β regulation in immortalized keratinocytes that harbor the HPV16 E6 and/or E7 oncogenes as well as HPV-positive cervical tumor cells. While in primary and in E7-immortalized human keratinocytes the secretion of IL-1β was highly inducible upon inflammasome activation, E6-positive cells did not respond. Western blot analyses revealed a strong reduction of basal intracellular levels of pro-IL-1β that was independent of dysregulation of the NALP3 inflammasome, autophagy or lysosomal activity. Instead, we demonstrate that pro-IL-1β is degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner in E6-positive cells which is mediated via the ubiquitin ligase E6-AP and p53. Conversely, in E6- and E6/E7-immortalized cells pro-IL-1β levels were restored by siRNA knock-down of E6-AP and simultaneous recovery of functional p53. In the context of HPV-induced carcinogenesis, these data suggest a novel post-translational mechanism of pro-IL-1β regulation which ultimately inhibits the secretion of IL-1β in virus-infected keratinocytes. The clinical relevance of our results was further confirmed in HPV-positive tissue samples, where a gradual decrease of IL-1β towards cervical cancer could be discerned. Hence, attenuation of IL-1β by the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein in immortalized cells is apparently a crucial step in viral immune evasion and initiation of malignancy. Persistently high-risk HPV-infected individuals have an increased risk to develop anogenital cancer. HPV encodes the viral proteins E6 and E7 that interact with and induce the degradation of the cell cycle regulators p53 and pRb, respectively, priming immortalized keratinocytes towards malignant transformation. In early antiviral immune response, IL-1β is an important factor for the initiation of inflammation and activation of immune cells such as macrophages and T cells. Our study describes a post-translationally controlled pathway where E6 mediates proteasomal degradation of IL-1β in HPV16-immortalized human keratinocytes. This process depends on the cellular ubiquitin ligase E6-AP and p53 highlighting a novel molecular mechanism of a virus-host interaction that is critical for evading innate immune defense. IL-1β dysregulation is also found in tissue sections which represent different stages of virus-induced carcinogenesis, underlining the clinical relevance of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Niebler
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xu Qian
- Gynecological Tumor-Immunology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Höfler
- Division of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vlada Kogosov
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jittranan Kaewprag
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andreas M. Kaufmann
- Gynecological Tumor-Immunology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Ly
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Böhmer
- Deutsche Klinik Bad Münder, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Zawatzky
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rösl
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (FR); (BRO)
| | - Bladimiro Rincon-Orozco
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (FR); (BRO)
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Yu L, Su J, Zou D, Mariano Z. The concentrations of IL-8 and IL-6 in gingival crevicular fluid during nickel-chromium alloy porcelain crown restoration. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:1717-1722. [PMID: 23564008 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-4924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We explored gum irritation and cytotoxicity caused by nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloy porcelain by interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volumes at different time points peri-crown restoration. This prospective study was conducted in 60 young adults. The total amount and concentrations of IL-8 and IL-6 per site, GCF volumes, and blood neutrophil counts were performed prior to and at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months after Ni-Cr alloy-porcelain crown restoration. Thirty male and 30 female subjects, aged 20-35 years old were enrolled. The total amount and concentrations of IL-8 and IL-6 per site, GCF volumes increased after nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloy-porcelain crown restoration, and reached its peak at the third month as the GCF volume increased by 52.20 %, the total amount and concentrations of IL-8 increased by 112.11 and 22.75 %; the total amount and concentrations of IL-6 increased by 77.66 and 17.17 % when compared to baseline. In particular, the increase of IL-8 concentration was found in female patients at 3 months after restoration; while the neutrophil count of the peripheral blood did not change significantly. The increase in the total amount and the concentrations of IL-8 and IL-6 and GCF volume may be related to the cytotoxicity induced by Ni-Cr alloy. The significant increase of IL-8 concentration in females indicates that more attention should be given to women during Ni-Cr alloy porcelain crown restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Yu
- Department of Stomatology, The Sixth Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Wilensky A, Segev H, Mizraji G, Shaul Y, Capucha T, Shacham M, Hovav AH. Dendritic cells and their role in periodontal disease. Oral Dis 2013; 20:119-26. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Wilensky
- Department of Periodontology; Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Jerusalem Israel
| | - H Segev
- Institute of Dental Sciences; Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Jerusalem Israel
| | - G Mizraji
- Institute of Dental Sciences; Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Y Shaul
- Institute of Dental Sciences; Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Jerusalem Israel
| | - T Capucha
- Institute of Dental Sciences; Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Jerusalem Israel
| | - M Shacham
- Institute of Dental Sciences; Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Jerusalem Israel
| | - A-H Hovav
- Institute of Dental Sciences; Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Jerusalem Israel
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29
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Gollwitzer H, Dombrowski Y, Prodinger PM, Peric M, Summer B, Hapfelmeier A, Saldamli B, Pankow F, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Imhoff AB, Schauber J, Thomas P, Burgkart R, Banke IJ. Antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines in periprosthetic joint infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95:644-51. [PMID: 23553300 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.l.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation between septic and aseptic loosening of joint replacements is essential for successful revision surgery, but reliable markers for the diagnosis of low-grade infection are lacking. The present study was performed to assess intra-articular and systemic levels of antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines as diagnostic markers for periprosthetic joint infection. METHODS Fifteen consecutive patients with staphylococcal periprosthetic joint infections and twenty control patients with aseptic loosening of total hip and knee replacements were included in this prospective, single-center, controlled clinical trial. Expression of the antimicrobial peptides human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2), human β-defensin-3 (HBD-3), and cathelicidin LL-37 (LL-37) was determined by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in serum and joint aspirates. Proinflammatory cytokines were assessed in serum and joint aspirates with use of cytometric bead arrays. C-reactive protein in serum, microbiology, and histopathology of periprosthetic tissue served as the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of infection. RESULTS The antimicrobial peptides HBD-3 and LL-37 were significantly elevated in joint aspirates from patients with periprosthetic joint infection compared with patients with aseptic loosening, and the area under the curve (AUC) in a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was equal to 0.745 and 0.875, respectively. Additionally, significant local increases in the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were observed to be associated with infection. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the combination of an antimicrobial peptide with another synovial fluid biomarker improved diagnostic accuracy; the AUC value was 0.916 for LL-37 and IL-4, 0.895 for LL-37 and IL-6, 0.972 for HBD-3 and IL-4, and 0.849 for HBD-3 and IL-6. In contrast, the only antimicrobial peptides and cytokines in serum that showed a significant systemic increase in association with infection were HBD-2, IL-4, and IL-6 (all of which had an AUC value of <0.75). CONCLUSIONS The present study showed promising results for the use of antimicrobial peptides and other biomarkers in synovial fluid for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection, and analysis of the levels in synovial fluid was more accurate than analysis of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Gollwitzer
- Clinic of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straβe 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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Weinberg A, Jin G, Sieg S, McCormick TS. The yin and yang of human Beta-defensins in health and disease. Front Immunol 2012; 3:294. [PMID: 23060878 PMCID: PMC3465815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly evolving research examining the extended role of human beta-defensins (hBDs) in chemoattraction, innate immune-mediated response, and promotion of angiogenesis suggest that the collective effects of hBDs extend well beyond their antimicrobial mechanism(s). Indeed, the numerous basic cellular functions associated with hBDs demonstrate that these peptides have dual impact on health, as they may be advantageous under certain conditions, but potentially detrimental in others. The consequences of these functions are reflected in the overexpression of hBDs in diseases, such as psoriasis, and recently the association of hBDs with pro-tumoral signaling. The mechanisms regulating hBD response in health and disease are still being elucidated. Clearly the spectrum of function now attributed to hBD regulation identifies these molecules as important cellular regulators, whose appropriate expression is critical for proper immune surveillance; i.e., expression of hBDs in proximity to areas of cellular dysregulation may inadvertently exacerbate disease progression. Understanding the mechanism(s) that regulate contextual signaling of hBDs is an important area of concentration in our laboratories. Using a combination of immunologic, biochemical, and molecular biologic approaches, we have identified signaling pathways associated with hBD promotion of immune homeostasis and have begun to dissect the inappropriate role that beta-defensins may assume in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine Cleveland, OH, USA
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Jones EA, McGillivary G, Bakaletz LO. Extracellular DNA within a nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced biofilm binds human beta defensin-3 and reduces its antimicrobial activity. J Innate Immun 2012; 5:24-38. [PMID: 22922323 DOI: 10.1159/000339961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms formed by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) are associated with multiple chronic infections of the airway, including otitis media. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is part of the biofilm matrix and serves as a structural component. Human β-defensin-3 (hBD-3) is a cationic antimicrobial host defense protein (AMP) critical to the protection of the middle ear. We hypothesized that anionic eDNA could interact with and bind hBD-3 and thus shield NTHI in biofilms from its antimicrobial activity. We demonstrated that recombinant hBD-3 [(r)hBD-3] bound eDNA in vitro and that eDNA in biofilms produced by NTHI in the chinchilla middle ear co-localized with the orthologue of this AMP. Incubation of physiological concentrations of (r)hBD-3 with NTHI genomic DNA abrogated the ability of this innate immune effector to prevent NTHI from forming robust biofilms in vitro. Establishment of NTHI biofilms in the presence of both DNase I and (r)hBD-3 resulted in a marked reduction in the overall height and thickness of the biofilms and rescued the antimicrobial activity of the AMP. Our results demonstrated that eDNA in NTHI biofilms sequestered hBD-3 and thus diminished the biological activity of an important effector of innate immunity. Our observations have important implications for chronicity of NTHI-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Jones
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
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Shuyi Y, Feng W, Jing T, Hongzhang H, Haiyan W, Pingping M, Liwu Z, Zwahlen RA, Hongyu Y. Human beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3) upregulated by LPS via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways to enhance lymphatic invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 112:616-25. [PMID: 22035653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the hypothesis that hBD-3 is upregulated by LPS via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways to enhance metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was tested. STUDY DESIGN hBD-3 expression in human tissue specimens was evaluated by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical staining. The presence of hBD-3 peptide in the culture supernatants of each type of treated cells was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The chemotaxis response to LPS or hBD-3 protein of SCC-25 cells or siRNA-hBD-3 transfected cells were also measured by chemotaxis assay. Paired, 2-tailed Student t test and analysis of variance was used to assess the statistical significance between 2 groups or many groups. RESULTS hBD-3 is highly expressed and associated with lymphatic invasion of OSCC. hBD-3 expression and EGFR phosphorylation were markedly upregulated when SCC-25 cells were treated with LPS. When SCC-25 cells were preincubated with EGFR inhibitor or TLR4-neutralizing Ab before LPS stimulation, a decrease in the expression of hBD-3 was observed. hBD-3 markedly enhanced cancer metastasis, and the chemotaxis response to LPS of SCC-25 cells was partly blocked by siRNA target hBD-3. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that hBD-3 is upregulated by LPS via EGFR signaling pathways to enhance lymphatic invasion of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shuyi
- Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
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Gursoy UK, Könönen E. Understanding the roles of gingival beta-defensins. J Oral Microbiol 2012; 4:JOM-4-15127. [PMID: 22389759 PMCID: PMC3290911 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v4i0.15127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingival epithelium produces β-defensins, small cationic peptides, as part of its contribution to the innate host defense against the bacterial challenge that is constantly present in the oral cavity. Besides their functions in healthy gingival tissues, β-defensins are involved in the initiation and progression, as well as restriction of periodontal tissue destruction, by acting as antimicrobial, chemotactic, and anti-inflammatory agents. In this article, we review the common knowledge about β-defensins, coming from in vivo and in vitro monolayer studies, and present new aspects, based on the experience on three-dimensional organotypic culture models, to the important role of gingival β-defensins in homeostasis of the periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulvi Kahraman Gursoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Gursoy UK, Pöllänen M, Könönen E, Uitto VJ. A Novel Organotypic Dento-Epithelial Culture Model: Effect of Fusobacterium nucleatum Biofilm on B-Defensin-2, -3, and LL-37 Expression. J Periodontol 2012; 83:242-7. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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In vitro evidence of involvement of the epithelial y+ transporter in β-defensin production on the ocular surface. Ann Anat 2011; 193:479-85. [PMID: 22056339 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To analyse the hypothesis as to whether there is a functional relationship between human cationic amino acid transporters (hCATs, y(+) transporter, the main transporter of L-arginine and L-lysine) and human β-defensin (important components of immune function) production on the ocular surface, arginase and nitrate monoxide synthase (NOS), enzymes that compete for L-arginine, were inhibited by norNOHA (N(omega)-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine) and/or L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) in cultured human corneal epithelial cells. In addition, the transport activity of hCAT proteins was inhibited or activated through α-tocopherol or PMA (phorbol myristate acetate), respectively. Concentrations of the human inducible β-defensins (hBD) 2 and 3 were determined by ELISA experiments. The basic expression of hBD3 in non-stimulated HCE cells significantly exceeded that of hBD2. Both β-defensins also differed as to how readily their excretion could be stimulated. HBD2 excretion rate was 3.5 time more by L-NAME, whereas norNOHA had no effect. In contrast, hBD3 excretion was increased by norNOHA by a factor of 1.5 but L-NAME alone had no effect. The excretion of both β-defensins was increased 3- and 6-fold by combined administration of L-NAME, norNOHA and interleukin (IL)-1β. Administration of α-tocopherol increased hBD2 excretion twofold. No effect was observed for hBD3. With PMA, on the other hand, a reduction in secretion for both β-defensins was observed. These in vitro findings provide evidence of a functional association between CAT proteins and β-defensins 2 and 3 opening up a new field of research with pharmacological perspectives for treatment of inflammatory diseases such as keratitis or dry eye disease.
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Yin L, Chung WO. Epigenetic regulation of human β-defensin 2 and CC chemokine ligand 20 expression in gingival epithelial cells in response to oral bacteria. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:409-19. [PMID: 21248725 PMCID: PMC3118861 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gingival epithelia utilize multiple signaling pathways to regulate innate immune responses to various oral bacteria, but little is understood about how these bacteria alter epithelial epigenetic status. In this study we report that DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1) and histone deacetylase expression were decreased in gingival epithelial cells treated with oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and nonpathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum. Pretreatment with trichostatin A and sodium butyrate, which increase acetylation of chromatin histones, significantly enhanced the gene expression of antimicrobial proteins human β-defensin 2 (hBD2) and CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) in response to both bacterial challenges. Pretreatment with DNMT inhibitor 5'-azacytidine increased hBD2 and CCL20 expression in response to F. nucleatum, but not to P. gingivalis. Furthermore, we observed a differential pattern of protein levels of H3K4me3, which has been associated with chromatin remodeling and activation of gene transcription, in response to P. gingivalis vs. F. nucleatum. This study provides a new insight into the bacteria-specific innate immune responses via epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yin
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,()
| | - W O Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
Initially identified as broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides, the members of the β-defensin family have increasingly been observed to exhibit numerous other activities, both in vitro and in vivo, that do not always relate directly to host defense. Much research has been carried out in the oral cavity, where the presence of commensal bacteria further complicates the definition of their role. In addition to direct antimicrobial activity, β-defensins exhibit potent chemotactic activity for a variety of innate immune cells, as well as stimulating other cells to secrete cytokines. They can also inhibit the inflammatory response, however, by the specific binding of microbe-associated molecular patterns. These patterns are also able to induce the expression of β-defensins in gingival epithelial cells, although significant differences are observed between different species of bacteria. Together these results suggest a complex model of a host-defense related function in maintenance of bacterial homeostasis and response to pathogens. This model is complicated, however, by numerous other observations of β-defensin involvement in cell proliferation, wound healing and cancer. Together, the in vitro, in vivo and human studies suggest that these peptides are important in the biology of the oral cavity; exactly how is still subject to speculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
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