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Ji H, Chen D, Fang-Yen C. Segmentation-free measurement of locomotor frequency in Caenorhabditis elegans using image invariants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.16.575892. [PMID: 38293059 PMCID: PMC10827210 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.16.575892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
An animal's locomotor rate is an important indicator of its motility. In studies of the nematode C. elegans, assays of the frequency of body bending waves have often been used to discern the effects of mutations, drugs, or aging. Traditional manual methods for measuring locomotor frequency are low in throughput and subject to human error. Most current automated methods depend on image segmentation, which requires high image quality and is prone to errors. Here, we describe an algorithm for automated estimation of C. elegans locomotor frequency using image invariants, i.e., shape-based parameters that are independent of object translation, rotation, and scaling. For each video frame, the method calculates a combination of 8 Hu's moment invariants and a set of Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSER) invariants. The algorithm then calculates the locomotor frequency by computing the autocorrelation of the time sequence of the invariant ensemble. Results of our method show excellent agreement with manual or segmentation-based results over a wide range of frequencies. We show that compared to a segmentation-based method that analyzes a worm's shape and a method based on video covariance, our technique is more robust to low image quality and background noise. We demonstrate the system's capabilities by testing the effects of serotonin and serotonin pathway mutations on C. elegans locomotor frequency.
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2
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Reisinger L, Demarchi G, Weisz N. Eavesdropping on Tinnitus Using MEG: Lessons Learned and Future Perspectives. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2023; 24:531-547. [PMID: 38015287 PMCID: PMC10752863 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-023-00916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus has been widely investigated in order to draw conclusions about the underlying causes and altered neural activity in various brain regions. Existing studies have based their work on different tinnitus frameworks, ranging from a more local perspective on the auditory cortex to the inclusion of broader networks and various approaches towards tinnitus perception and distress. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) provides a powerful tool for efficiently investigating tinnitus and aberrant neural activity both spatially and temporally. However, results are inconclusive, and studies are rarely mapped to theoretical frameworks. The purpose of this review was to firstly introduce MEG to interested researchers and secondly provide a synopsis of the current state. We divided recent tinnitus research in MEG into study designs using resting state measurements and studies implementing tone stimulation paradigms. The studies were categorized based on their theoretical foundation, and we outlined shortcomings as well as inconsistencies within the different approaches. Finally, we provided future perspectives on how to benefit more efficiently from the enormous potential of MEG. We suggested novel approaches from a theoretical, conceptual, and methodological point of view to allow future research to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of tinnitus and its underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Reisinger
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Gianpaolo Demarchi
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nathan Weisz
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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3
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Celotto M, Bím J, Tlaie A, De Feo V, Lemke S, Chicharro D, Nili H, Bieler M, Hanganu-Opatz IL, Donner TH, Brovelli A, Panzeri S. An information-theoretic quantification of the content of communication between brain regions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.544903. [PMID: 37398375 PMCID: PMC10312682 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the amount, content and direction of communication between brain regions is key to understanding brain function. Traditional methods to analyze brain activity based on the Wiener-Granger causality principle quantify the overall information propagated by neural activity between simultaneously recorded brain regions, but do not reveal the information flow about specific features of interest (such as sensory stimuli). Here, we develop a new information theoretic measure termed Feature-specific Information Transfer (FIT), quantifying how much information about a specific feature flows between two regions. FIT merges the Wiener-Granger causality principle with information-content specificity. We first derive FIT and prove analytically its key properties. We then illustrate and test them with simulations of neural activity, demonstrating that FIT identifies, within the total information flowing between regions, the information that is transmitted about specific features. We then analyze three neural datasets obtained with different recording methods, magneto- and electro-encephalography, and spiking activity, to demonstrate the ability of FIT to uncover the content and direction of information flow between brain regions beyond what can be discerned with traditional anaytical methods. FIT can improve our understanding of how brain regions communicate by uncovering previously hidden feature-specific information flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Celotto
- Department of Excellence for Neural Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Neural Computation Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jan Bím
- Datamole, s. r. o, Vitezne namesti 577/2 Dejvice, 160 00 Praha 6, The Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Tlaie
- Neural Computation Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto (TN), Italy
| | - Vito De Feo
- Artificial Intelligence Team, Future Health Technology, and Brain-Computer Interfaces laboratories, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Stefan Lemke
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Daniel Chicharro
- Department of Computer Science, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Hamed Nili
- Department of Excellence for Neural Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Bieler
- Mobile Technology Lab, School of Economics, Innovation and Technology, University College Kristiania, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias H. Donner
- Section Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Brovelli
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Department of Excellence for Neural Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Neural Computation Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto (TN), Italy
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4
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Jin H, Verma P, Jiang F, Nagarajan S, Raj A. Bayesian Inference of a Spectral Graph Model for Brain Oscillations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.01.530704. [PMID: 36909647 PMCID: PMC10002745 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between brain functional connectivity and structural connectivity has caught extensive attention of the neuroscience community, commonly inferred using mathematical modeling. Among many modeling approaches, spectral graph model (SGM) is distinctive as it has a closed-form solution of the wide-band frequency spectra of brain oscillations, requiring only global biophysically interpretable parameters. While SGM is parsimonious in parameters, the determination of SGM parameters is non-trivial. Prior works on SGM determine the parameters through a computational intensive annealing algorithm, which only provides a point estimate with no confidence intervals for parameter estimates. To fill this gap, we incorporate the simulation-based inference (SBI) algorithm and develop a Bayesian procedure for inferring the posterior distribution of the SGM parameters. Furthermore, using SBI dramatically reduces the computational burden for inferring the SGM parameters. We evaluate the proposed SBI-SGM framework on the resting-state magnetoencephalography recordings from healthy subjects and show that the proposed procedure has similar performance to the annealing algorithm in recovering power spectra and the spatial distribution of the alpha frequency band. In addition, we also analyze the correlations among the parameters and their uncertainty with the posterior distribution which can not be done with annealing inference. These analyses provide a richer understanding of the interactions among biophysical parameters of the SGM. In general, the use of simulation-based Bayesian inference enables robust and efficient computations of generative model parameter uncertainties and may pave the way for the use of generative models in clinical translation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Jin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, USA San Francisco, CA
| | - Parul Verma
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, USA San Francisco, CA
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, USA San Francisco, CA
| | - Srikantan Nagarajan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, USA San Francisco, CA
| | - Ashish Raj
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, USA San Francisco, CA
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5
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Shafiei G, Fulcher BD, Voytek B, Satterthwaite TD, Baillet S, Misic B. Neurophysiological signatures of cortical micro-architecture. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.23.525101. [PMID: 36747831 PMCID: PMC9900796 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Systematic spatial variation in micro-architecture is observed across the cortex. These micro-architectural gradients are reflected in neural activity, which can be captured by neurophysiological time-series. How spontaneous neurophysiological dynamics are organized across the cortex and how they arise from heterogeneous cortical micro-architecture remains unknown. Here we extensively profile regional neurophysiological dynamics across the human brain by estimating over 6 800 timeseries features from the resting state magnetoencephalography (MEG) signal. We then map regional time-series profiles to a comprehensive multi-modal, multi-scale atlas of cortical micro-architecture, including microstructure, metabolism, neurotransmitter receptors, cell types and laminar differentiation. We find that the dominant axis of neurophysiological dynamics reflects characteristics of power spectrum density and linear correlation structure of the signal, emphasizing the importance of conventional features of electromagnetic dynamics while identifying additional informative features that have traditionally received less attention. Moreover, spatial variation in neurophysiological dynamics is colocalized with multiple micro-architectural features, including genomic gradients, intracortical myelin, neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, and oxygen and glucose metabolism. Collectively, this work opens new avenues for studying the anatomical basis of neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golia Shafiei
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ben D. Fulcher
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Bradley Voytek
- Department of Cognitive Science, Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sylvain Baillet
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Bratislav Misic
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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6
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Vidaurre C, Nikulin VV, Herrojo Ruiz M. Identification of spatial patterns with maximum association between power of resting state neural oscillations and trait anxiety. Neural Comput Appl 2023; 35:5737-5749. [PMID: 36212215 PMCID: PMC9525925 DOI: 10.1007/s00521-022-07847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety affects approximately 5-10% of the adult population worldwide, placing a large burden on the health systems. Despite its omnipresence and impact on mental and physical health, most of the individuals affected by anxiety do not receive appropriate treatment. Current research in the field of psychiatry emphasizes the need to identify and validate biological markers relevant to this condition. Neurophysiological preclinical studies are a prominent approach to determine brain rhythms that can be reliable markers of key features of anxiety. However, while neuroimaging research consistently implicated prefrontal cortex and subcortical structures, such as amygdala and hippocampus, in anxiety, there is still a lack of consensus on the underlying neurophysiological processes contributing to this condition. Methods allowing non-invasive recording and assessment of cortical processing may provide an opportunity to help identify anxiety signatures that could be used as intervention targets. In this study, we apply Source-Power Comodulation (SPoC) to electroencephalography (EEG) recordings in a sample of participants with different levels of trait anxiety. SPoC was developed to find spatial filters and patterns whose power comodulates with an external variable in individual participants. The obtained patterns can be interpreted neurophysiologically. Here, we extend the use of SPoC to a multi-subject setting and test its validity using simulated data with a realistic head model. Next, we apply our SPoC framework to resting state EEG of 43 human participants for whom trait anxiety scores were available. SPoC inter-subject analysis of narrow frequency band data reveals neurophysiologically meaningful spatial patterns in the theta band (4-7 Hz) that are negatively correlated with anxiety. The outcome is specific to the theta band and not observed in the alpha (8-12 Hz) or beta (13-30 Hz) frequency range. The theta-band spatial pattern is primarily localised to the superior frontal gyrus. We discuss the relevance of our spatial pattern results for the search of biomarkers for anxiety and their application in neurofeedback studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vidaurre
- Neuroengineering Group, TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain ,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain ,Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vadim V. Nikulin
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany ,Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Herrojo Ruiz
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation ,Psychology Department, Goldsmiths University of London, London, UK
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7
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Al-Sharif DS, Tucker CA, Coffman DL, Keshner EA. The effects of visual context on visual-vestibular mismatch revealed by electrodermal and postural response measures. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2022; 19:113. [PMID: 36266687 PMCID: PMC9584264 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-022-01093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No objective criteria exist for diagnosis and treatment of visual-vestibular mismatch (VVM). Objective To determine whether measures of electrodermal activity (EDA) and trunk acceleration will identify VVM when exposed to visual-vestibular conflict. Methods A modified VVM questionnaire identified the presence of VVM (+ VVM) in 13 of 23 young adults (34 ± 8 years) diagnosed with vestibular migraine. Rod and frame tests and outcome measures for dizziness and mobility were administered. Participants stood on foam while viewing two immersive virtual environments. Trunk acceleration in three planes and electrodermal activity (EDA) were assessed with wearable sensors. Linear mixed effect (LME) models were used to examine magnitude and smoothness of trunk acceleration and tonic and phasic EDA. Welch’s t-test and associations between measures were assessed with a Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Effect sizes of group mean differences were calculated. Results Greater than 80% of all participants were visually dependent. Outcome measures were significantly poorer in the + VVM group: tonic EDA was lower (p < 0.001) and phasic EDA higher (p < 0.001). Postural accelerations varied across groups; LME models indicated a relationship between visual context, postural, and ANS responses in the + VVM group. Conclusions Lower tonic EDA with + VVM suggests canal-otolith dysfunction. The positive association between vertical acceleration, tonic EDA, and visual dependence suggests that increased vertical segmental adjustments are used to compensate. Visual context of the spatial environment emerged as an important control variable when testing or treating VVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa S Al-Sharif
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Carole A Tucker
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Donna L Coffman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Emily A Keshner
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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8
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Jafari Fakhrabad M, Moshiri M, Ariakia F, Askari VR, Salmasi Z, Etemad L. Effect of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) on paraquat-induced brain injury in mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:745-754. [PMID: 35949307 PMCID: PMC9320208 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.64164.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of vit B12 on paraquat-induced neurotoxicity. Materials and Methods Thirty-six male mice were randomly divided into six groups. Three groups were treated intraperitoneally with paraquat (10 mg/kg) twice a week (with a 3-day interval) for 3 weeks. Normal saline, vit B12 (1 mg /kg), or vit C (50 mg/kg) was injected 30 min before paraquat administration. Other groups only received normal saline (control), vit B12, or vit C in the same protocol. Motor performance and coordination were assayed by challenging beam traversal, pole, open field, and rotarod tests. The hippocampus and serum samples were isolated to evaluate the oxidative stress (GSH and ROS), apoptosis (caspase 3), and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β). Results Administration of paraquat leads to induction of motor deficits, which were improved by treatment with vit B12. In addition, vit B12 could prevent oxidative damage, apoptosis, and inflammation caused by paraquat. Conclusion It seems that vit B12 could be a novel therapeutic agent in the management of paraquat induced-neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Jafari Fakhrabad
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ariakia
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Salmasi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Leila Etemad. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel/ Fax: +98-5137112611;
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9
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Dias da Silva MR, Postma M. Straying Off Course: The Negative Impact of Mind Wandering on Fine Motor Movements. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:186-202. [PMID: 34346297 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.1937032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine how various degrees of perceptual decoupling during mind wandering affect fine motor control. We hypothesized that while under normal circumstances attention ensures an optimal control strategy that leads to accurate motor performance, during mind wandering the process becomes disrupted. In this study, we conducted a computer-based experiment with a tracking task. During mind wandering, motor movements were more erratic and less variable, indicative of reduced attentiveness to the continuous demands of the external task. Importantly, the deeper the reported mind wandering, the less accurate and less variable were the mouse movements, suggesting that perceptual decoupling may take place in a graded rather than in an all or nothing manner. Greater movement intermittency was associated with higher tracking accuracy, suggesting that more corrective movements toward a moving target were functional to task performance. Moreover, greater variance in velocity was negatively correlated with tracking accuracy. These findings suggest that periods of inattention to the task have a negative impact on fine motor movement control by making behavior unpredictable, providing support for the idea that there is a decoupling of sensory-motor processes during mind wandering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Postma
- Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence Department, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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10
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Panwar S, Joshi SD, Gupta A, Kunnatur S, Agarwal P. Recursive dynamic functional connectivity reveals a characteristic correlation structure in human scalp EEG. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2822. [PMID: 33531577 PMCID: PMC7854737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-varying neurophysiological activity has been classically explored using correlation based sliding window analysis. However, this method employs only lower order statistics to track dynamic functional connectivity of the brain. We introduce recursive dynamic functional connectivity (rdFC) that incorporates higher order statistics to generate a multi-order connectivity pattern by analyzing neurophysiological data at multiple time scales. The technique builds a hierarchical graph between various temporal scales as opposed to traditional approaches that analyze each scale independently. We examined more than a million rdFC patterns obtained from morphologically diverse EEGs of 2378 subjects of varied age and neurological health. Spatiotemporal evaluation of these patterns revealed three dominant connectivity patterns that represent a universal underlying correlation structure seen across subjects and scalp locations. The three patterns are both mathematically equivalent and observed with equal prevalence in the data. The patterns were observed across a range of distances on the scalp indicating that they represent a spatially scale-invariant correlation structure. Moreover, the number of patterns representing the correlation structure has been shown to be linked with the number of nodes used to generate them. We also show evidence that temporal changes in the rdFC patterns are linked with seizure dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Panwar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Shiv Dutt Joshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anubha Gupta
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | | | - Puneet Agarwal
- Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, 110017, India
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11
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Chen X, Tao X, Wang FL, Xie H. Global research on artificial intelligence-enhanced human electroencephalogram analysis. Neural Comput Appl 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-020-05588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Lo Giudice P, Mammone N, Morabito FC, Pizzimenti RG, Ursino D, Virgili L. Leveraging network analysis to support experts in their analyses of subjects with MCI and AD. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019; 57:1961-1983. [PMID: 31301007 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-019-02004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a network analysis-based approach to help experts in their analyses of subjects with mild cognitive impairment (hereafter, MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (hereafter, AD) and to investigate the evolution of these subjects over time. The inputs of our approach are the electroencephalograms (hereafter, EEGs) of the patients to analyze, performed at a certain time and, again, 3 months later. Given an EEG of a subject, our approach constructs a network with nodes that represent the electrodes and edges that denote connections between electrodes. Then, it applies several network-based techniques allowing the investigation of subjects with MCI and AD and the analysis of their evolution over time. (i) A connection coefficient, supporting experts to distinguish patients with MCI from patients with AD; (ii) A conversion coefficient, supporting experts to verify if a subject with MCI is converting to AD; (iii) Some network motifs, i.e., network patterns very frequent in one kind of patient and absent, or very rare, in the other. Patients with AD, just by the very nature of their condition, cannot be forced to stay motionless while undergoing examinations for a long time. EEG is a non-invasive examination that can be easily done on them. Since AD and MCI, if prodromal to AD, are associated with a loss of cortical connections, the adoption of network analysis appears suitable to investigate the effects of the progression of the disease on EEG. This paper confirms the suitability of this idea Graphical Abstract Ability of our proposed model to distinguish a control subject from a patient with MCI and a patient with AD. Blue edges represent strong connections among the corresponding brain areas; red edges denote middle connections, whereas green edges indicate weak connections. In the control subject (at the top), most connections are blue. In the patient with MCI (at the middle), most connections are red and green. In the patient with AD (at the bottom), most connections are either absent or green. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Lo Giudice
- DIIES, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Nadia Mammone
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luca Virgili
- DII, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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13
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Liu G, Sun C, Liu H, Li F, Zhu Y, Li F. Effects of dietary supplement of vitamin B6 on growth performance and non-specific immune response of weaned rex rabbits. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1512498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gongyan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoran Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongli Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanli Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuchang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Riecke L, Peters JC, Valente G, Poser BA, Kemper VG, Formisano E, Sorger B. Frequency-specific attentional modulation in human primary auditory cortex and midbrain. Neuroimage 2018; 174:274-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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15
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Li J, Zhang S, Li C, Li M, Ma L. Sitagliptin rescues memory deficits in Parkinsonian rats via upregulating BDNF to prevent neuron and dendritic spine loss. Neurol Res 2018; 40:736-743. [PMID: 29781786 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1474840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with high morbidity among adults worldwide that causes tremendous trouble to people's lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sitagliptin on PD and its potential mechanism. METHODS First, the memory of rats in each group was evaluated with the Morris water maze (MWM) test and the passive avoidance test. Then, both brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein and mRNA levels were detected by ELISA and qPCR assays, respectively. Then, rapid Golgi impregnation was used to observe the density of dendritic spines in the hippocampal CA1 area. Finally, k252a, an antagonist of Trk receptors, was used to block the binding of BDNF with its receptors, and the effects of sitagliptin on PD improvement were detected. RESULTS Our study showed that sitagliptin improved memory deficits in PD rats. Meanwhile, the expression level of BDNF and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was upregulated, and the density of dendritic spine was increased by sitagliptin administration. Moreover, K252a administration blocked the positive effects of sitagliptin on memory in PD rats. DISCUSSION Sitagliptin rescued the memory deficits, which was achieved by upregulating BDNF to prevent neuronal death and dendritic spine loss. Our findings indicate that sitagliptin might be a promising potential drug for PD treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- a Department of Geriatrics , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang P.R. China
| | - Shuhu Zhang
- a Department of Geriatrics , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang P.R. China
| | - Chenye Li
- a Department of Geriatrics , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang P.R. China
| | - Mei Li
- a Department of Geriatrics , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang P.R. China
| | - Lan Ma
- a Department of Geriatrics , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang P.R. China
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16
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Manipulation of Auditory Inputs as Rehabilitation Therapy for Maladaptive Auditory Cortical Reorganization. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:2546250. [PMID: 29887880 PMCID: PMC5985139 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2546250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurophysiological and neuroimaging data suggest that the brains of not only children but also adults are reorganized based on sensory inputs and behaviors. Plastic changes in the brain are generally beneficial; however, maladaptive cortical reorganization in the auditory cortex may lead to hearing disorders such as tinnitus and hyperacusis. Recent studies attempted to noninvasively visualize pathological neural activity in the living human brain and reverse maladaptive cortical reorganization by the suitable manipulation of auditory inputs in order to alleviate detrimental auditory symptoms. The effects of the manipulation of auditory inputs on maladaptively reorganized brain were reviewed herein. The findings obtained indicate that rehabilitation therapy based on the manipulation of auditory inputs is an effective and safe approach for hearing disorders. The appropriate manipulation of sensory inputs guided by the visualization of pathological brain activities using recent neuroimaging techniques may contribute to the establishment of new clinical applications for affected individuals.
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17
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Riecke L, Peters JC, Valente G, Kemper VG, Formisano E, Sorger B. Frequency-Selective Attention in Auditory Scenes Recruits Frequency Representations Throughout Human Superior Temporal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3002-3014. [PMID: 27230215 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A sound of interest may be tracked amid other salient sounds by focusing attention on its characteristic features including its frequency. Functional magnetic resonance imaging findings have indicated that frequency representations in human primary auditory cortex (AC) contribute to this feat. However, attentional modulations were examined at relatively low spatial and spectral resolutions, and frequency-selective contributions outside the primary AC could not be established. To address these issues, we compared blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses in the superior temporal cortex of human listeners while they identified single frequencies versus listened selectively for various frequencies within a multifrequency scene. Using best-frequency mapping, we observed that the detailed spatial layout of attention-induced BOLD response enhancements in primary AC follows the tonotopy of stimulus-driven frequency representations-analogous to the "spotlight" of attention enhancing visuospatial representations in retinotopic visual cortex. Moreover, using an algorithm trained to discriminate stimulus-driven frequency representations, we could successfully decode the focus of frequency-selective attention from listeners' BOLD response patterns in nonprimary AC. Our results indicate that the human brain facilitates selective listening to a frequency of interest in a scene by reinforcing the fine-grained activity pattern throughout the entire superior temporal cortex that would be evoked if that frequency was present alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Riecke
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith C Peters
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Valente
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Valentin G Kemper
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elia Formisano
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina Sorger
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
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18
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Martín-Arévalo E, Schintu S, Farnè A, Pisella L, Reilly KT. Adaptation to Leftward Shifting Prisms Alters Motor Interhemispheric Inhibition. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:528-537. [PMID: 27993820 PMCID: PMC6248503 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to rightward shifting prisms (rightward prism adaptation, RPA) ameliorates neglect symptoms in patients while adaptation to leftward shifting prisms (leftward prism adaptation, LPA) induces neglect-like behaviors in healthy subjects. It has been hypothesized that prism adaptation (PA) modulates interhemispheric balance between the parietal cortices by inhibiting the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) contralateral to the prismatic deviation, but PA's effects on interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) have not been directly investigated. Since there are hyper-excitable connections between the PPC and primary motor cortex (M1) in the left hemisphere of neglect patients, we reasoned that LPA might mimic right hemisphere lesions by reducing parietal IHI, hyper-exciting the left PPC and PPC-M1 connections, and in turn altering IHI at the motor level. Namely, we hypothesized that LPA would increase IHI from the left to the right M1. We examined changes in left-to-right and right-to-left IHI between the 2 M1s using the ipsilateral silent period (iSP) (Meyer et al. 1995) before and after either LPA or RPA. The iSP was significantly longer after LPA but only from left-to-right and it did not change at all after RPA. This is the first physiological demonstration that LPA alters IHI in the healthy brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martín-Arévalo
- ImpAct team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM
U1028, CRNS-UMR5292, 16 Ave. Doyen Lépine, 69676 Bron
Cedex, France
- Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Selene Schintu
- ImpAct team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM
U1028, CRNS-UMR5292, 16 Ave. Doyen Lépine, 69676 Bron
Cedex, France
- Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
- Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of
Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health,
10 Center Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- ImpAct team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM
U1028, CRNS-UMR5292, 16 Ave. Doyen Lépine, 69676 Bron
Cedex, France
- Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-immersion & Mouvement
et Handicap, F-69676 Lyon, France
| | - Laure Pisella
- ImpAct team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM
U1028, CRNS-UMR5292, 16 Ave. Doyen Lépine, 69676 Bron
Cedex, France
- Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Karen T Reilly
- ImpAct team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM
U1028, CRNS-UMR5292, 16 Ave. Doyen Lépine, 69676 Bron
Cedex, France
- Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
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19
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Cognitive Performance Enhancement: Do Biofeedback and Neurofeedback Work? JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Pu W, Luo Q, Jiang Y, Gao Y, Ming Q, Yao S. Alterations of Brain Functional Architecture Associated with Psychopathic Traits in Male Adolescents with Conduct Disorder. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11349. [PMID: 28900210 PMCID: PMC5595864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychopathic traits of conduct disorder (CD) have a core callous-unemotional (CU) component and an impulsive-antisocial component. Previous task-driven fMRI studies have suggested that psychopathic traits are associated with dysfunction of several brain areas involved in different cognitive functions (e.g., empathy, reward, and response inhibition etc.), but the relationship between psychopathic traits and intrinsic brain functional architecture has not yet been explored in CD. Using a holistic brain-wide functional connectivity analysis, this study delineated the alterations in brain functional networks in patients with conduct disorder. Compared with matched healthy controls, we found decreased anti-synchronization between the fronto-parietal network (FPN) and default mode network (DMN), and increased intra-network synchronization within the frontothalamic-basal ganglia, right frontoparietal, and temporal/limbic/visual networks in CD patients. Correlation analysis showed that the weakened FPN-DMN interaction was associated with CU traits, while the heightened intra-network functional connectivity was related to impulsivity traits in CD patients. Our findings suggest that decoupling of cognitive control (FPN) with social understanding of others (DMN) is associated with the CU traits, and hyper-functions of the reward and motor inhibition systems elevate impulsiveness in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidan Pu
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
- Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yali Jiang
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
- Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Yidian Gao
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
- Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Qingsen Ming
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
- Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China.
- Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China.
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21
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Sekiya K, Takahashi M, Murakami S, Kakigi R, Okamoto H. Broadened population-level frequency tuning in the auditory cortex of tinnitus patients. J Neurophysiol 2017; 117:1379-1384. [PMID: 28053240 PMCID: PMC5350267 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00385.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although subjective tinnitus is one of the most common public health concerns that impair the quality of life of many individuals, no standard treatment or objective diagnostic method currently exists. We herein revealed that population-level frequency tuning was significantly broader in the tinnitus ear than in the nontinnitus ear. The results of the present study provide an insight into the development of an objective diagnostic method for subjective tinnitus. Tinnitus is a phantom auditory perception without an external sound source and is one of the most common public health concerns that impair the quality of life of many individuals. However, its neural mechanisms remain unclear. We herein examined population-level frequency tuning in the auditory cortex of unilateral tinnitus patients with similar hearing levels in both ears using magnetoencephalography. We compared auditory-evoked neural activities elicited by a stimulation to the tinnitus and nontinnitus ears. Objective magnetoencephalographic data suggested that population-level frequency tuning corresponding to the tinnitus ear was significantly broader than that corresponding to the nontinnitus ear in the human auditory cortex. The results obtained support the hypothesis that pathological alterations in inhibitory neural networks play an important role in the perception of subjective tinnitus. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although subjective tinnitus is one of the most common public health concerns that impair the quality of life of many individuals, no standard treatment or objective diagnostic method currently exists. We herein revealed that population-level frequency tuning was significantly broader in the tinnitus ear than in the nontinnitus ear. The results of the present study provide an insight into the development of an objective diagnostic method for subjective tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Sekiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Mariko Takahashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Shingo Murakami
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Okamoto
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; .,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Japan
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22
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23
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Lewald J. Modulation of human auditory spatial scene analysis by transcranial direct current stimulation. Neuropsychologia 2016; 84:282-93. [PMID: 26825012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Localizing and selectively attending to the source of a sound of interest in a complex auditory environment is an important capacity of the human auditory system. The underlying neural mechanisms have, however, still not been clarified in detail. This issue was addressed by using bilateral bipolar-balanced transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in combination with a task demanding free-field sound localization in the presence of multiple sound sources, thus providing a realistic simulation of the so-called "cocktail-party" situation. With left-anode/right-cathode, but not with right-anode/left-cathode, montage of bilateral electrodes, tDCS over superior temporal gyrus, including planum temporale and auditory cortices, was found to improve the accuracy of target localization in left hemispace. No effects were found for tDCS over inferior parietal lobule or with off-target active stimulation over somatosensory-motor cortex that was used to control for non-specific effects. Also, the absolute error in localization remained unaffected by tDCS, thus suggesting that general response precision was not modulated by brain polarization. This finding can be explained in the framework of a model assuming that brain polarization modulated the suppression of irrelevant sound sources, thus resulting in more effective spatial separation of the target from the interfering sound in the complex auditory scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Lewald
- Auditory Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany; Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystraße 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany.
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24
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Thompson EC, Woodruff Carr K, White-Schwoch T, Tierney A, Nicol T, Kraus N. Hemispheric Asymmetry of Endogenous Neural Oscillations in Young Children: Implications for Hearing Speech In Noise. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19737. [PMID: 26804355 PMCID: PMC4726126 DOI: 10.1038/srep19737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech signals contain information in hierarchical time scales, ranging from short-duration (e.g., phonemes) to long-duration cues (e.g., syllables, prosody). A theoretical framework to understand how the brain processes this hierarchy suggests that hemispheric lateralization enables specialized tracking of acoustic cues at different time scales, with the left and right hemispheres sampling at short (25 ms; 40 Hz) and long (200 ms; 5 Hz) periods, respectively. In adults, both speech-evoked and endogenous cortical rhythms are asymmetrical: low-frequency rhythms predominate in right auditory cortex, and high-frequency rhythms in left auditory cortex. It is unknown, however, whether endogenous resting state oscillations are similarly lateralized in children. We investigated cortical oscillations in children (3–5 years; N = 65) at rest and tested our hypotheses that this temporal asymmetry is evident early in life and facilitates recognition of speech in noise. We found a systematic pattern of increasing leftward asymmetry for higher frequency oscillations; this pattern was more pronounced in children who better perceived words in noise. The observed connection between left-biased cortical oscillations in phoneme-relevant frequencies and speech-in-noise perception suggests hemispheric specialization of endogenous oscillatory activity may support speech processing in challenging listening environments, and that this infrastructure is present during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Thompson
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Kali Woodruff Carr
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Travis White-Schwoch
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Adam Tierney
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Trent Nicol
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Nina Kraus
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Institute for Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Neurobiology &Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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25
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor with a high permeability to calcium and a unique feature of controlling numerous calcium-dependent processes. Apart from being widely distributed in the CNS, the presence of NMDAR and its potential significance in a variety of non-neuronal cells and tissues has become an interesting research topic. AREAS COVERED The current review summarizes prevailing knowledge on the role of NMDARs in the kidney, bone and parathyroid gland, three main organs responsible for calcium homeostasis, as well as in the heart, an organ whose function is highly dependable on balanced intracellular calcium concentrations. The review also examines studies that have advanced our understanding of the therapeutic potential of NMDAR agonists and antagonists in renal, cardiovascular and bone pathologies. EXPERT OPINION NMDARs have a preeminent role in many physiological and pathological processes outside the CNS. In certain organs and/or disease conditions, activating the NMDAR leads to beneficial effects for the target organ, whereas in other diseases cell signaling downstream of NMDAR activation can exacerbate their pathology. Therefore, targeting NMDARs therapeutically is rather intricate work, and surely requires more extensive investigation in order to properly tune up the diverse NMDAR's actions translating them into beneficial cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Bozic
- Institute for Biomedical Research (IRB Lleida), Nephrology Research Department , Edificio Biomedicina 1. Lab B1-10, Lleida , Spain +34 973 003 650 ; +34 973 702 213 ;
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26
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Water-soluble coenzyme q10 inhibits nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor and cell death caused by mitochondrial complex I inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13388-400. [PMID: 25089873 PMCID: PMC4159800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150813388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to explore the mechanism of rotenone-induced cell damage and to examine the protective effects of water-soluble Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on the toxic effects of rotenone. Murine hippocampal HT22 cells were cultured with mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone. Water-soluble CoQ10 was added to the culture media 3 h prior to the rotenone incubation. Cell viability was determined by alamar blue, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by dihydroethidine (DHE) and mitochondrial membrane potential by tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester (TMRM). Cytochrome c, caspase-9 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were measured using Western blotting after 24 h rotenone incubation. Rotenone caused more than 50% of cell death, increased ROS production, AIF nuclear translocation and reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, but failed to cause mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation. Pretreatment with water-soluble CoQ10 enhanced cell viability, decreased ROS production, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential and prevented AIF nuclear translocation. The results suggest that rotenone activates a mitochondria-initiated, caspase-independent cell death pathway. Water-soluble CoQ10 reduces ROS accumulation, prevents the fall of mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibits AIF translocation and subsequent cell death.
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27
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Auditory-cortex short-term plasticity induced by selective attention. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:216731. [PMID: 24551458 PMCID: PMC3914570 DOI: 10.1155/2014/216731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to concentrate on relevant sounds in the acoustic environment is crucial for everyday function and communication. Converging lines of evidence suggests that transient functional changes in auditory-cortex neurons, “short-term plasticity”, might explain this fundamental function. Under conditions of strongly focused attention, enhanced processing of attended sounds can take place at very early latencies (~50 ms from sound onset) in primary auditory cortex and possibly even at earlier latencies in subcortical structures. More robust selective-attention short-term plasticity is manifested as modulation of responses peaking at ~100 ms from sound onset in functionally specialized nonprimary auditory-cortical areas by way of stimulus-specific reshaping of neuronal receptive fields that supports filtering of selectively attended sound features from task-irrelevant ones. Such effects have been shown to take effect in ~seconds following shifting of attentional focus. There are findings suggesting that the reshaping of neuronal receptive fields is even stronger at longer auditory-cortex response latencies (~300 ms from sound onset). These longer-latency short-term plasticity effects seem to build up more gradually, within tens of seconds after shifting the focus of attention. Importantly, some of the auditory-cortical short-term plasticity effects observed during selective attention predict enhancements in behaviorally measured sound discrimination performance.
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28
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Hardiman MJ, Hsu HJ, Bishop DVM. Children with specific language impairment are not impaired in the acquisition and retention of Pavlovian delay and trace conditioning of the eyeblink response. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2013; 127:428-439. [PMID: 24139661 PMCID: PMC3847270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Three converging lines of evidence have suggested that cerebellar abnormality is implicated in developmental language and literacy problems. First, some brain imaging studies have linked abnormalities in cerebellar grey matter to dyslexia and specific language impairment (SLI). Second, theoretical accounts of both dyslexia and SLI have postulated impairments of procedural learning and automatisation of skills, functions that are known to be mediated by the cerebellum. Third, motor learning has been shown to be abnormal in some studies of both disorders. We assessed the integrity of face related regions of the cerebellum using Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning in 7-11year-old children with SLI. We found no relationship between oral language skills or literacy skills with either delay or trace conditioning in the children. We conclude that this elementary form of associative learning is intact in children with impaired language or literacy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn J Hardiman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom.
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29
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CHIP has a protective role against oxidative stress-induced cell death through specific regulation of endonuclease G. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e666. [PMID: 23764847 PMCID: PMC3698548 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in carcinogenesis, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. The E3 ligase C terminus of Hsc-70 interacting protein (CHIP) has a protective role against various stresses by targeting damaged proteins for proteasomal degradation, and thus maintains protein quality control. However, the detailed mechanism by which CHIP protects cells from oxidative stress has not been demonstrated. Here, we show that depletion of CHIP led to elevated Endonuclease G (EndoG) levels and enhanced cell death upon oxidative stress. In contrast, CHIP overexpression reduced EndoG levels, and resulted in reduced or no oxidative stress-induced cell death in cancer cells and primary rat cortical neurons. Under normal conditions Hsp70 mediated the interaction between EndoG and CHIP, downregulating EndoG levels in a Hsp70/proteasome-dependent manner. However, under oxidative stress Hsp70 no longer interacted with EndoG, and the stabilized EndoG translocated to the nucleus and degraded chromosomal DNA. Our data suggest that regulation of the level of EndoG by CHIP in normal conditions may determine the sensitivity to cell death upon oxidative stress. Indeed, injection of H2O2 into the rat brain markedly increased cell death in aged mice compared with young mice, which correlated with elevated levels of EndoG and concurrent downregulation of CHIP in aged mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a novel protective mechanism of CHIP against oxidative stress through regulation of EndoG, and provide an opportunity to modulate oxidative stress-induced cell death in cancer and aging.
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Hairston WD, Letowski TR, McDowell K. Task-related suppression of the brainstem frequency following response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55215. [PMID: 23441150 PMCID: PMC3575437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown top-down modulation of the brainstem frequency following response (FFR), generally in the form of signal enhancement from concurrent stimuli or from switching between attention-demanding task stimuli. However, it is also possible that the opposite may be true--the addition of a task, instead of a resting, passive state may suppress the FFR. Here we examined the influence of a subsequent task, and the relevance of the task modality, on signal clarity within the FFR. Participants performed visual and auditory discrimination tasks in the presence of an irrelevant background sound, as well as a baseline consisting of the same background stimuli in the absence of a task. FFR pitch strength and amplitude of the primary frequency response were assessed within non-task stimulus periods in order to examine influences due solely to general cognitive state, independent of stimulus-driven effects. Results show decreased signal clarity with the addition of a task, especially within the auditory modality. We additionally found consistent relationships between the extent of this suppressive effect and perceptual measures such as response time and proclivity towards one sensory modality. Together these results suggest that the current focus of attention can have a global, top-down effect on the quality of encoding early in the auditory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- W David Hairston
- Human Research and Engineering Directorate, United States Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States of America.
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Kauramäki J, Jääskeläinen IP, Hänninen JL, Auranen T, Nummenmaa A, Lampinen J, Sams M. Two-stage processing of sounds explains behavioral performance variations due to changes in stimulus contrast and selective attention: an MEG study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46872. [PMID: 23071654 PMCID: PMC3469590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectively attending to task-relevant sounds whilst ignoring background noise is one of the most amazing feats performed by the human brain. Here, we studied the underlying neural mechanisms by recording magnetoencephalographic (MEG) responses of 14 healthy human subjects while they performed a near-threshold auditory discrimination task vs. a visual control task of similar difficulty. The auditory stimuli consisted of notch-filtered continuous noise masker sounds, and of 1020-Hz target tones occasionally (p = 0.1) replacing 1000-Hz standard tones of 300-ms duration that were embedded at the center of the notches, the widths of which were parametrically varied. As a control for masker effects, tone-evoked responses were additionally recorded without masker sound. Selective attention to tones significantly increased the amplitude of the onset M100 response at ~100 ms to the standard tones during presence of the masker sounds especially with notches narrower than the critical band. Further, attention modulated sustained response most clearly at 300-400 ms time range from sound onset, with narrower notches than in case of the M100, thus selectively reducing the masker-induced suppression of the tone-evoked response. Our results show evidence of a multiple-stage filtering mechanism of sensory input in the human auditory cortex: 1) one at early (~100 ms) latencies bilaterally in posterior parts of the secondary auditory areas, and 2) adaptive filtering of attended sounds from task-irrelevant background masker at longer latency (~300 ms) in more medial auditory cortical regions, predominantly in the left hemisphere, enhancing processing of near-threshold sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Kauramäki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science (BECS), Brain and Mind Laboratory, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.
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Lange K. The N1 effect of temporal attention is independent of sound location and intensity: implications for possible mechanisms of temporal attention. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1468-80. [PMID: 23046461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been repeatedly shown that the auditory N1 is enhanced for sounds presented at an attended time point. The present study investigated the underlying mechanisms using a temporal cuing paradigm. In each trial, an auditory cue indicated at which time point a second sound could be relevant for response selection. Crucially, in addition to temporal attention, two physical sound features with known effects on the sensory N1 were manipulated: location and intensity. Positive evidence for conjoint effects of attention and location or attention and intensity would corroborate the notion that the sensory N1 was modulated by temporal attention, thus supporting a gain mechanism. However, the N1 effect of temporal attention was not similarly lateralized as the sensory N1, and, moreover, it was independent of sound intensity. Thus, the present results do not provide compelling evidence that temporal attention involves an increase in sensory gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Lange
- Institut für Experimentelle Psychologie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Pantev C, Okamoto H, Teismann H. Music-induced cortical plasticity and lateral inhibition in the human auditory cortex as foundations for tonal tinnitus treatment. Front Syst Neurosci 2012; 6:50. [PMID: 22754508 PMCID: PMC3384223 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, we have studied plasticity in the human auditory cortex by means of magnetoencephalography (MEG). Two main topics nurtured our curiosity: the effects of musical training on plasticity in the auditory system, and the effects of lateral inhibition. One of our plasticity studies found that listening to notched music for 3 h inhibited the neuronal activity in the auditory cortex that corresponded to the center-frequency of the notch, suggesting suppression of neural activity by lateral inhibition. Subsequent research on this topic found that suppression was notably dependent upon the notch width employed, that the lower notch-edge induced stronger attenuation of neural activity than the higher notch-edge, and that auditory focused attention strengthened the inhibitory networks. Crucially, the overall effects of lateral inhibition on human auditory cortical activity were stronger than the habituation effects. Based on these results we developed a novel treatment strategy for tonal tinnitus-tailor-made notched music training (TMNMT). By notching the music energy spectrum around the individual tinnitus frequency, we intended to attract lateral inhibition to auditory neurons involved in tinnitus perception. So far, the training strategy has been evaluated in two studies. The results of the initial long-term controlled study (12 months) supported the validity of the treatment concept: subjective tinnitus loudness and annoyance were significantly reduced after TMNMT but not when notching spared the tinnitus frequencies. Correspondingly, tinnitus-related auditory evoked fields (AEFs) were significantly reduced after training. The subsequent short-term (5 days) training study indicated that training was more effective in the case of tinnitus frequencies ≤ 8 kHz compared to tinnitus frequencies >8 kHz, and that training should be employed over a long-term in order to induce more persistent effects. Further development and evaluation of TMNMT therapy are planned. A goal is to transfer this novel, completely non-invasive and low-cost treatment approach for tonal tinnitus into routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo Pantev
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster Münster, Germany
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Lagemann L, Okamoto H, Teismann H, Pantev C. Involuntary monitoring of sound signals in noise is reflected in the human auditory evoked N1m response. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31634. [PMID: 22389671 PMCID: PMC3289622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Constant sound sequencing as operationalized by repeated stimulation with tones of the same frequency has multiple effects. On the one hand, it activates mechanisms of habituation and refractoriness, which are reflected in the decrease of response amplitude of evoked responses. On the other hand, the constant sequencing acts as spectral cueing, resulting in tones being detected faster and more accurately. With the present study, by means of magnetoencephalography, we investigated the impact of repeated tone stimulation on the N1m auditory evoked fields, while listeners were distracted from the test sounds. We stimulated subjects with trains of either four tones of the same frequency, or with trains of randomly assigned frequencies. The trains were presented either in a silent or in a noisy background. In silence, the patterns of source strength decline originating from repeated stimulation suggested both, refractoriness as well as habituation as underlying mechanisms. In noise, in contrast, there was no indication of source strength decline. Furthermore, we found facilitating effects of constant sequencing regarding the detection of the single tones as indexed by a shortening of N1m latency. We interpret our findings as a correlate of a bottom-up mechanism that is constantly monitoring the incoming auditory information, even when voluntary attention is directed to a different modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Lagemann
- Institut für Biomagnetismus und Biosignalanalyse, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Delayed Exercise-Induced Functional and Neurochemical Partial Restoration Following MPTP. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:210-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Okamoto H, Teismann H, Kakigi R, Pantev C. Broadened population-level frequency tuning in human auditory cortex of portable music player users. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17022. [PMID: 21399676 PMCID: PMC3047532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, many people use portable players to enrich their daily life with enjoyable music. However, in noisy environments, the player volume is often set to extremely high levels in order to drown out the intense ambient noise and satisfy the appetite for music. Extensive and inappropriate usage of portable music players might cause subtle damages in the auditory system, which are not behaviorally detectable in an early stage of the hearing impairment progress. Here, by means of magnetoencephalography, we objectively examined detrimental effects of portable music player misusage on the population-level frequency tuning in the human auditory cortex. We compared two groups of young people: one group had listened to music with portable music players intensively for a long period of time, while the other group had not. Both groups performed equally and normally in standard audiological examinations (pure tone audiogram, speech test, and hearing-in-noise test). However, the objective magnetoencephalographic data demonstrated that the population-level frequency tuning in the auditory cortex of the portable music player users was significantly broadened compared to the non-users, when attention was distracted from the auditory modality; this group difference vanished when attention was directed to the auditory modality. Our conclusion is that extensive and inadequate usage of portable music players could cause subtle damages, which standard behavioral audiometric measures fail to detect in an early stage. However, these damages could lead to future irreversible hearing disorders, which would have a huge negative impact on the quality of life of those affected, and the society as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Okamoto
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, Westfalian Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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Statins in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an overview of animal research, observational studies, randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 110:193-201. [PMID: 21125471 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0356-2_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND the pathophysiology of delayed neurological deficits (DNDs) following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is complex, and is not limited to arterial narrowing (vasospasm) and classical ischemia. Thus, combined drug approaches, or therapies with multiple effects, may have the greatest potential for benefit. Statins are known to have pleiotropic vascular effects, some of which may interrupt the pathogenesis of DNDs. Based on promising preliminary reports, many clinicians routinely administer statins to prevent DNDs. METHODS a systematic review was performed to identify and summarize all animal research, observational studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses which have evaluated the use of statins in the management of SAH. RESULTS nine animal studies, nine observational (cohort and case-control) studies, six RCTs and three meta-analyses were identified. Animal studies have generally administered statin doses that, when adjusted for body weight, are 10-80 times larger than what is used in humans. Nevertheless, these models have consistently reported statins to reduce vasospasm and to demonstrate additional neuroprotective effects. However, observational studies have not revealed an association between statin-use and reduced DNDs or improved neurological outcomes. Results of RCTs have been inconsistent and limited by small sample size, but together suggest that statins may reduce DNDs, with no clear impact on mortality or neurological recovery. Optimal drug administration strategies (timing of initiation, most effective dose and duration) have not been clarified. CONCLUSIONS the role of statins in the management of patients with SAH remains unclear. Although promising, statins should not, at this time, be considered standard care.
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Attention-driven auditory cortex short-term plasticity helps segregate relevant sounds from noise. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:4182-7. [PMID: 21368107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016134108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How can we concentrate on relevant sounds in noisy environments? A "gain model" suggests that auditory attention simply amplifies relevant and suppresses irrelevant afferent inputs. However, it is unclear whether this suffices when attended and ignored features overlap to stimulate the same neuronal receptive fields. A "tuning model" suggests that, in addition to gain, attention modulates feature selectivity of auditory neurons. We recorded magnetoencephalography, EEG, and functional MRI (fMRI) while subjects attended to tones delivered to one ear and ignored opposite-ear inputs. The attended ear was switched every 30 s to quantify how quickly the effects evolve. To produce overlapping inputs, the tones were presented alone vs. during white-noise masking notch-filtered ±1/6 octaves around the tone center frequencies. Amplitude modulation (39 vs. 41 Hz in opposite ears) was applied for "frequency tagging" of attention effects on maskers. Noise masking reduced early (50-150 ms; N1) auditory responses to unattended tones. In support of the tuning model, selective attention canceled out this attenuating effect but did not modulate the gain of 50-150 ms activity to nonmasked tones or steady-state responses to the maskers themselves. These tuning effects originated at nonprimary auditory cortices, purportedly occupied by neurons that, without attention, have wider frequency tuning than ±1/6 octaves. The attentional tuning evolved rapidly, during the first few seconds after attention switching, and correlated with behavioral discrimination performance. In conclusion, a simple gain model alone cannot explain auditory selective attention. In nonprimary auditory cortices, attention-driven short-term plasticity retunes neurons to segregate relevant sounds from noise.
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Lagemann L, Okamoto H, Teismann H, Pantev C. Bottom-up driven involuntary attention modulates auditory signal in noise processing. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:156. [PMID: 21192798 PMCID: PMC3022880 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Auditory evoked responses can be modulated by both the sequencing and the signal-to-noise ratio of auditory stimuli. Constant sequencing as well as intense masking sounds basically lead to N1m response amplitude reduction. However, the interaction between these two factors has not been investigated so far. Here, we presented subjects tone stimuli of different frequencies, which were either concatenated in blocks of constant frequency or in blocks of randomly changing frequencies. The tones were presented either in silence or together with broad-band noises of varying levels. Results In silence, tones presented with random sequencing elicited a larger N1m response than tones presented with constant sequencing. With increasing noise level, this difference decreased and even vanished in the condition where noise intensity exceeded the tone intensity by 10 dB. Furthermore, under noisy conditions, the N1m latency was shorter in the constant sequencing condition compared to the random sequencing condition. Conclusions Besides the well-known neural habituation mechanisms, bottom-up driven attention plays an important role during auditory processing in noisy environments. This bottom-up driven attention would allow us to track a certain auditory signal in noisy situations without voluntarily paying attention to the auditory modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Lagemann
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, Malmedyweg 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Li X, Coyle D, Maguire L, Watson DR, McGinnity TM. Gray matter concentration and effective connectivity changes in Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal structural MRI study. Neuroradiology 2010; 53:733-48. [PMID: 21113707 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-010-0795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding disease progression in Alzheimer's disease (AD) awaits the resolution of three fundamental questions: first, can we identify the location of "seed" regions where neuropathology is first present? Some studies have suggested the medial temporal lobe while others have suggested the hippocampus. Second, are there similar atrophy rates within affected regions in AD? Third, is there evidence of causality relationships between different affected regions in AD progression? METHODS To address these questions, we conducted a longitudinal MRI study to investigate the gray matter (GM) changes in AD progression. Abnormal brain regions were localized by a standard voxel-based morphometry method, and the absolute atrophy rate in these regions was calculated using a robust regression method. Primary foci of atrophy were identified in the hippocampus and middle temporal gyrus (MTG). A model based upon the Granger causality approach was developed to investigate the cause-effect relationship over time between these regions based on GM concentration. RESULTS Results show that in the earlier stages of AD, primary pathological foci are in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Subsequently, atrophy appears to subsume the MTG. CONCLUSION The causality results show that there is in fact little difference between AD and age-matched healthy control in terms of hippocampus atrophy, but there are larger differences in MTG, suggesting that local pathology in MTG is the predominant progressive abnormality during intermediate stages of AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Li
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, Magee Campus, University of Ulster, Derry, BT487JL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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The analysis of simple and complex auditory signals in human auditory cortex: magnetoencephalographic evidence from M100 modulation. Ear Hear 2010; 31:515-26. [PMID: 20445455 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0b013e3181d99a75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ecologically valid signals (e.g., vowels) have multiple components of substantially different frequencies and amplitudes that may not be equally cortically represented. In this study, we investigate a relatively simple signal at an intermediate level of complexity, two-frequency composite tones, a stimulus lying between simple sinusoids and ecologically valid signals such as speech. We aim to characterize the cortical response properties to better understand how complex signals may be represented in auditory cortex. DESIGN Using magnetoencephalography, we assessed the sensitivity of the M100/N100m auditory-evoked component to manipulations of the power ratio of the individual frequency components of the two-frequency complexes. Fourteen right-handed subjects with normal hearing were scanned while passively listening to 10 complex and 12 simple signals. The complex signals were composed of one higher frequency and one lower frequency sinusoid; the lower frequency sinusoidal component was at one of the five loudness levels relative to the higher frequency one: -20, -10, 0, +10, +20 dB. The simple signals comprised all the complex signal components presented in isolation. RESULTS The data replicate and extend several previous findings: (1) the systematic dependence of the M100 latency on signal intensity and (2) the dependence of the M100 latency on signal frequency, with lower frequency signals ( approximately 100 Hz) exhibiting longer latencies than higher frequency signals ( approximately 1000 Hz) even at matched loudness levels. (3) Importantly, we observe that, relative to simple signals, complex signals show increased response amplitude-as one might predict-but decreased M100 latencies. CONCLUSION : The data suggest that by the time the M100 is generated in auditory cortex ( approximately 70 to 80 msecs after stimulus onset), integrative processing across frequency channels has taken place which is observable in the M100 modulation. In light of these data models that attribute more time and processing resources to a complex stimulus merit reevaluation, in that our data show that acoustically more complex signals are associated with robust temporal facilitation, across frequencies and signal amplitude level.
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Okamoto H, Stracke H, Bermudez P, Pantev C. Sound processing hierarchy within human auditory cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 23:1855-63. [PMID: 20521859 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Both attention and masking sounds can alter auditory neural processes and affect auditory signal perception. In the present study, we investigated the complex effects of auditory-focused attention and the signal-to-noise ratio of sound stimuli on three different auditory evoked field components (auditory steady-state response, N1m, and sustained field) by means of magnetoencephalography. The results indicate that the auditory steady-state response originating in primary auditory cortex reflects the signal-to-noise ratio of physical sound inputs (bottom-up process) rather than the listener's attentional state (top-down process), whereas the sustained field, originating in nonprimary auditory cortex, reflects the attentional state rather than the signal-to-noise ratio. The N1m was substantially influenced by both bottom-up and top-down neural processes. The differential sensitivity of the components to bottom-up and top-down neural processes, contingent on their level in the processing pathway, suggests a stream from bottom-up driven sensory neural processing to top-down driven auditory perception within human auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Okamoto
- Institute for Biomagnetismand Biosignal Analysis, University of Muenster, Malmedyweg 15, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Okamoto H, Stracke H, Lagemann L, Pantev C. Bottom-Up Driven Involuntary Auditory Evoked Field Change: Constant Sound Sequencing Amplifies But Does Not Sharpen Neural Activity. J Neurophysiol 2010; 103:244-9. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00530.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of involuntarily tracking certain sound signals during the simultaneous presence of noise is essential in human daily life. Previous studies have demonstrated that top-down auditory focused attention can enhance excitatory and inhibitory neural activity, resulting in sharpening of frequency tuning of auditory neurons. In the present study, we investigated bottom-up driven involuntary neural processing of sound signals in noisy environments by means of magnetoencephalography. We contrasted two sound signal sequencing conditions: “constant sequencing” versus “random sequencing.” Based on a pool of 16 different frequencies, either identical (constant sequencing) or pseudorandomly chosen (random sequencing) test frequencies were presented blockwise together with band-eliminated noises to nonattending subjects. The results demonstrated that the auditory evoked fields elicited in the constant sequencing condition were significantly enhanced compared with the random sequencing condition. However, the enhancement was not significantly different between different band-eliminated noise conditions. Thus the present study confirms that by constant sound signal sequencing under nonattentive listening the neural activity in human auditory cortex can be enhanced, but not sharpened. Our results indicate that bottom-up driven involuntary neural processing may mainly amplify excitatory neural networks, but may not effectively enhance inhibitory neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Okamoto
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Henning Stracke
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lothar Lagemann
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christo Pantev
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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