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Toumasis P, Vrioni G, Tsinopoulos IT, Exindari M, Samonis G. Insights into Pathogenesis of Trachoma. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1544. [PMID: 39203386 PMCID: PMC11355952 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Trachoma is the most common infectious cause of blindness worldwide. This review investigates the pathogenesis of trachoma, focusing on its causative agent, transmission pathways, disease progression, and immune responses. Trachoma is caused by serovars A-C of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). Transmission occurs through direct or indirect exchanges of ocular and nasal secretions, especially in regions with poor hygiene and overcrowded living conditions. The disease is initiated in early childhood by repeated infection of the ocular surface by Ct. This triggers recurrent chronic inflammatory episodes, leading to the development of conjunctival scarring and potentially to trichiasis, corneal opacity, and visual impairment. Exploring the pathogenesis of trachoma not only unveils the intricate pathways and mechanisms underlying this devastating eye disease but also underscores the multifaceted dimensions that must be considered in its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Toumasis
- MSc in Ocular Surgery, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.T.); (I.T.T.); (M.E.)
| | - Georgia Vrioni
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 25 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioannis T. Tsinopoulos
- MSc in Ocular Surgery, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.T.); (I.T.T.); (M.E.)
- Second Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 564 29 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Exindari
- MSc in Ocular Surgery, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.T.); (I.T.T.); (M.E.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Samonis
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 715 00 Heraklion, Greece
- Metropolitan Hospital, 185 47 Piraeus, Greece
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Pant S, Bhati T, Dimri A, Arora R, Siraj F, Rastogi S. Screening of single nucleotide polymorphism in matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and tetraspanin CD63 genes in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected tubal ectopic pregnancy patients. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 166:99-106. [PMID: 38650387 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tubal ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Studies have suggested that infection-induced inflammatory responses are major risk factors for EP. The aim of the present study was to find an association between MMP2 and CD63 gene variants and risk of EP during Chlamydia trachomatis infection in an Indian population. METHODS Fallopian tube samples of 120 EP and 120 tubal ligation women were collected. C. trachomatis was detected by PCR. The genotyping of MMP2 (rs17859882 G/T, rs7201A/C) and CD63(rs2231464 C/T, rs376086542 A/G) gene variants was done by qualitative real-time PCR using allelic discrimination method (VIC- and FAM-labeled). RESULTS The frequency of GG or GT genotype of MMP2 G/T polymorphism (rs17859882) was 66.6% in infected EP and 36.7% in uninfected EP and 22% in tubal ligation controls (P < 0.0001), while the frequency of AC or CC genotype of MMP2 A/C polymorphism (rs7201) was 66.6% in infected EP and 20.6% in uninfected EP and 13.5% in tubal ligation controls (P < 0.0001). The frequency of CT or TT genotype of CD63 C/T polymorphism (rs2231464) was 74% in infected EP and 21.8% in uninfected EP and 11.8% tubal ligation controls (P < 0.0001), while the frequency of AG or GG genotype of CD63 A/G polymorphism (rs376086542) was 48.1% in infected EP and 41.3% in uninfected EP and 18.6% tubal ligation controls (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed a strong association between the presence of gene variants MMP2 (rs17859882 G/T, rs7201A/C) and CD63 (rs2231464 C/T, rs376086542 A/G) and risk of tubal EP during C. trachomatis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Pant
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Sriramachari Bhawan, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanu Bhati
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Sriramachari Bhawan, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Astha Dimri
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Sriramachari Bhawan, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Arora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC) and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Fouzia Siraj
- Pathology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Sriramachari Bhawan, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sangita Rastogi
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Sriramachari Bhawan, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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Subedi L, Gaire BP, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Crother TR. Chlamydia pneumoniae in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1393293. [PMID: 38770241 PMCID: PMC11102982 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1393293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
While recent advances in diagnostics and therapeutics offer promising new approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and treatment, there is still an unmet need for an effective remedy, suggesting new avenues of research are required. Besides many plausible etiologies for AD pathogenesis, mounting evidence supports a possible role for microbial infections. Various microbes have been identified in the postmortem brain tissues of human AD patients. Among bacterial pathogens in AD, Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) has been well characterized in human AD brains and is a leading candidate for an infectious involvement. However, no definitive studies have been performed proving or disproving Cp's role as a causative or accelerating agent in AD pathology and cognitive decline. In this review, we discuss recent updates for the role of Cp in human AD brains as well as experimental models of AD. Furthermore, based on the current literature, we have compiled a list of potential mechanistic pathways which may connect Cp with AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Subedi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children's at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Timothy R. Crother
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children's at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Ghorbani R, Rasouli M, Sefat F, Heidari Keshel S. Pathogenesis of Common Ocular Diseases: Emerging Trends in Extracellular Matrix Remodeling. Semin Ophthalmol 2024; 39:27-39. [PMID: 37424085 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2023.2233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of visual impairments in human societies is worrying due to retinopathy complications of several chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and many more that are on the rise worldwide. Since the proper function of this organ plays a pivotal role in people's quality of life, identifying factors affecting the development/exacerbation of ocular diseases is of particular interest among ophthalmology researchers. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a reticular, three-dimensional (3D) structure that determines the shape and dimensions of tissues in the body. The ECM remodeling/hemostasis is a critical process in both physiological and pathological conditions. It consists of ECM deposition, degradation, and decrease/increase in the ECM components. However, disregulation of this process and an imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of ECM components are associated with many pathological situations, including ocular disorders. Despite the impact of ECM alterations on the development of ocular diseases, there is not much research conducted in this regard. Therefore, a better understanding in this regard, can pave the way toward discovering plausible strategies to either prevent or treat eye disorders. In this review, we will discuss the importance of ECM changes as a sentimental factor in various ocular diseases based on the research done up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Ghorbani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rasouli
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science & Technology (Polymer IRC), University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Turman BJ, Darville T, O'Connell CM. Plasmid-mediated virulence in Chlamydia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1251135. [PMID: 37662000 PMCID: PMC10469868 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1251135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis infection of ocular conjunctiva can lead to blindness, while infection of the female genital tract can lead to chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and/or infertility. Conjunctival and fallopian tube inflammation and the resulting disease sequelae are attributed to immune responses induced by chlamydial infection at these mucosal sites. The conserved chlamydial plasmid has been implicated in enhancing infection, via improved host cell entry and exit, and accelerating innate inflammatory responses that lead to tissue damage. The chlamydial plasmid encodes eight open reading frames, three of which have been associated with virulence: a secreted protein, Pgp3, and putative transcriptional regulators, Pgp4 and Pgp5. Although Pgp3 is an important plasmid-encoded virulence factor, recent studies suggest that chlamydial plasmid-mediated virulence extends beyond the expression of Pgp3. In this review, we discuss studies of genital, ocular, and gastrointestinal infection with C. trachomatis or C. muridarum that shed light on the role of the plasmid in disease development, and the potential for tissue and species-specific differences in plasmid-mediated pathogenesis. We also review evidence that plasmid-associated inflammation can be independent of bacterial burden. The functions of each of the plasmid-encoded proteins and potential molecular mechanisms for their role(s) in chlamydial virulence are discussed. Although the understanding of plasmid-associated virulence has expanded within the last decade, many questions related to how and to what extent the plasmid influences chlamydial infectivity and inflammation remain unknown, particularly with respect to human infections. Elucidating the answers to these questions could improve our understanding of how chlamydia augment infection and inflammation to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna J. Turman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Toni Darville
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Insights from mathematical modelling and quantitative analysis on the proposed 2030 goals for trachoma. Gates Open Res 2021; 3:1721. [PMID: 34027309 PMCID: PMC8111938 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13086.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trachoma is a neglected tropical disease and the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The current World Health Organization goal for trachoma is elimination as a public health problem, defined as reaching a prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular below 5% in children (1-9 years) and a prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in adults below 0.2%. Current targets to achieve elimination were set to 2020 but are being extended to 2030. Mathematical and statistical models suggest that 2030 is a realistic timeline for elimination as a public health problem in most trachoma endemic areas. Although the goal can be achieved, it is important to develop appropriate monitoring tools for surveillance after having achieved the elimination target to check for the possibility of resurgence. For this purpose, a standardized serological approach or the use of multiple diagnostics in complement would likely be required.
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Insights from mathematical modelling and quantitative analysis on the proposed 2030 goals for trachoma. Gates Open Res 2021; 3:1721. [PMID: 34027309 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13086.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachoma is a neglected tropical disease and the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The current World Health Organization goal for trachoma is elimination as a public health problem, defined as reaching a prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular below 5% in children (1-9 years) and a prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in adults below 0.2%. Current targets to achieve elimination were set to 2020 but are being extended to 2030. Mathematical and statistical models suggest that 2030 is a realistic timeline for elimination as a public health problem in most trachoma endemic areas. Although the goal can be achieved, it is important to develop appropriate monitoring tools for surveillance after having achieved the elimination target to check for the possibility of resurgence. For this purpose, a standardized serological approach or the use of multiple diagnostics in complement would likely be required.
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Li T, Zhang X, Sang L, Li XT, Sun HY, Yang J, Yuan Y. The interaction effects between TLR4 and MMP9 gene polymorphisms contribute to aortic aneurysm risk in a Chinese Han population. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19:72. [PMID: 30922233 PMCID: PMC6439981 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-1049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A cross-talk between Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) plays a vital role in aortic pathophysiology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interactions between TLR4 and MMP9 polymorphisms in the risk of aortic aneurysm (AA) and its subtypes. Methods KASP method was used to detect polymorphisms of TLR4 (rs11536889 and rs1927914) and MMP9 (rs17576) in 472 AA patients and 498 controls. According to location and size, AA patients were further classified into abdominal AA (AAA), thoracic AA (TAA), and large AA (>5.0 cm), small AA(≤5.0 cm), respectively. Results The significant interaction effect of TLR4rs1927914 with MMP9rs17576 polymorphisms was observed for the risk of TAA (Pinteraction = 0.038, OR = 6.186) and large AA (Pinteraction = 0.044, OR = 5.892). There were epistatic effects between TLR4rs1927914 and MMP9rs17576 polymorphisms on the risk of overall AA, AAA, TAA and large AA when they were present together. Moreover, the cumulative effects of the pairwise interaction TLR4rs1927914-MMP9rs17576 were associated with an increased risk of overall AA (Ptrend = 0.032) and AAA (Ptrend = 0.031). Conclusions The novel interaction between TLR4rs1927914 and MMP9rs17576 polymorphisms could increase the risk of AA disease or its subtypes by exerting epistatic and cumulative effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12872-019-1049-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Li
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China, 110001.,Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Medical Administration Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Liang Sang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China, 110001
| | - Xin-Tong Li
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Hai-Yang Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China, 110001.
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Wang T, Li W, Zhong L, Ye H, Deng J, Chen Y, Wang T, Ling S. Evaluation of the Effects of Biohcly in an In Vivo Model of Mechanical Wounds in the Rabbit Cornea. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:189-199. [PMID: 30888249 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Biohcly is a type of acidic nanoclustered water shown to exert an antimicrobial effect and play a role in the tissue-healing process in previous experiments. This study was performed to evaluate the in vivo effects of Biohcly treatment on mechanical corneal wound healing. METHODS Rabbit cornea "acute" mechanical wounds were created with an 8-mm hydraulic pressure trephine. The corneal wounds were treated with either Biohcly (left eye) or sterile saline (right eye) 4 times per day. To determine the state of the wounds, the wound healing rate (WHR), inflammatory index (IF), neovascularization, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) were evaluated. The expression of inflammatory factors was examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Biohcly was more effective than saline in healing corneal ulcers as demonstrated by the WHR calculated on the 9th and 14th days after surgery (P < 0.05). The histological and AS-OCT examinations revealed better regeneration and reduced corneal scars in the Biohcly-treated corneas. No neovascularization formed in the corneas treated with Biohcly, whereas 25% of the saline-treated wounds developed this complication. In addition, the IF scores of the Biohcly-treated wounds were significantly lower than those of the saline-treated wounds. Compared with the right-eye corneas, the left-eye corneas had much lower protein and mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) after the injury. CONCLUSIONS Biohcly plays a role in wound healing and anti-inflammation in the treatment of corneal wounds. The downregulation of MMP-9 in the Biohcly-treated corneas might have been responsible for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Li
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhong
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ye
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Deng
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongge Chen
- 3 APR Applied Pharma Research, s.a., Balerna, Switzerland
| | - Tao Wang
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Ling
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Rodas PI, Pérez D, Jauffret C, González Y, Carreño C, Tapia CV, Osorio E, Velasquez LA, Christodoulides M. Modified Profile of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 and 9 Production by Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells After Infection In Vitro With Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:452-455. [PMID: 27932616 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial shedding and scarring of fallopian tube mucosa are the main consequences of sexually transmitted Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection and probably involve an imbalance of host extracellular matrix components and their regulators such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In the current study, primary human fallopian tube epithelial cells were infected with N. gonorrhoeae, and MMP patterns were examined. Gonococcal infection induced a significant increase in secreted MMP-9 and an accumulation of cytoplasmic MMP-2 over time, but no significant MMP-3 or MMP-8 production was observed. Thus, MMP-9 in particular could play a role in tubal scarring in response to gonococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Rodas
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science
| | - Doris Pérez
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science.,School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Claudia Jauffret
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science.,School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine
| | | | - Carolina Carreño
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello
| | - Cecilia V Tapia
- Laboratorio Clínica Dávila.,Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Programa de Microbiología y Micología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile
| | - Eduardo Osorio
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Clínica Dávila, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, United Kingdom
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Jansen AFM, Schoffelen T, Textoris J, Mege JL, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Roest HIJ, Wever PC, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, van de Vosse E, van Deuren M. Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in chronic Q fever. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:487.e7-487.e13. [PMID: 28179203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic Q fever is a persistent infection with the intracellular Gram-negative bacterium Coxiella burnetii, which can lead to complications of infected aneurysms. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) cleave extracellular matrix and are involved in infections as well as aneurysms. We aimed to study the role of MMPs in the pathogenesis of chronic Q fever. METHODS We investigated gene expression of MMPs through microarray analysis and MMP production with ELISA in C. burnetii-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with chronic Q fever and healthy controls. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MMP and tissue inhibitor of MMP genes were genotyped in 139 patients with chronic Q fever and 220 controls with similar cardiovascular co-morbidity. Additionally, circulating MMPs levels in patients with chronic Q fever were compared with those in cardiovascular controls with and without a history of past Q fever. RESULTS In healthy controls, the MMP pathway involving four genes (MMP1, MMP7, MMP10, MMP19) was significantly up-regulated in C. burnetii-stimulated but not in Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide -stimulated PBMCs. Coxiella burnetii induced MMP-1 and MMP-9 production in PBMCs of healthy individuals (both p<0.001), individuals with past Q fever (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively) and of patients with chronic Q fever (both p<0.001). SNPs in MMP7 (rs11568810) (p<0.05) and MMP9 (rs17576) (p<0.05) were more common in patients with chronic Q fever. Circulating MMP-7 serum levels were higher in patients with chronic Q fever (median 33.5 ng/mL, interquartile range 22.3-45.7 ng/mL) than controls (20.6 ng/mL, 15.9-33.8 ng/mL). CONCLUSION Coxiella burnetii-induced MMP production may contribute to the development of chronic Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F M Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Expert Centre for Q fever and Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
| | - T Schoffelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Expert Centre for Q fever and Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - J Textoris
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux; "Pathophysiology of Injury Induced Immunosuppression (PI3)", Hôpital E. Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - J L Mege
- URMITE, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - C P Bleeker-Rovers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Expert Centre for Q fever and Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - H I J Roest
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - P C Wever
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - L A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Expert Centre for Q fever and Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - M G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Expert Centre for Q fever and Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - E van de Vosse
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M van Deuren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Expert Centre for Q fever and Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Ko R, Macleod C, Pahau D, Sokana O, Keys D, Burnett A, Willis R, Wabulembo G, Garap J, Solomon AW. Population-Based Trachoma Mapping in Six Evaluation Units of Papua New Guinea. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2016; 23:22-31. [PMID: 27893297 PMCID: PMC5706965 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2016.1235715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to determine the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) in children aged 1-9 years, and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) in those aged ≥15 years, in suspected trachoma-endemic areas of Papua New Guinea (PNG). METHODS We carried out six population-based prevalence surveys using the protocol developed as part of the Global Trachoma Mapping Project. RESULTS A total of 19,013 individuals were sampled for inclusion, with 15,641 (82.3%) consenting to participate. Four evaluation units had prevalences of TF in children ≥10%, above which threshold the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends mass drug administration (MDA) of azithromycin for at least three years; Western Province (South Fly/Daru) 11.2% (95% confidence interval, CI, 6.9-17.0%), Southern Highlands (East) 12.2% (95% CI 9.6-15.0%), Southern Highlands (West) 11.7% (95% CI 8.5-15.3%), and West New Britain 11.4% (95% CI 8.7-13.9%). TF prevalence was 5.0-9.9% in Madang (9.4%, 95% CI 6.1-13.0%) and National Capital District (6.0%. 95% CI 3.2-9.1%) where consideration of a single round of MDA is warranted. Cases of TT were not found outside West New Britain, in which four cases were seen, generating an estimated population-level prevalence of TT in adults of 0.10% (95% CI 0.00-0.40%) for West New Britain, below the WHO elimination threshold of 0.2% of those aged ≥15 years. CONCLUSION Trachoma is a public health issue in PNG. However, other than in West New Britain, there are few data to support the idea that trachoma is a cause of blindness in PNG. Further research is needed to understand the stimulus for the active trachoma phenotype in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ko
- a School of Medicine & Health Sciences , University of Papua New Guinea , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea.,b National Department of Health, Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea
| | - Colin Macleod
- c Clinical Research Department , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK.,d Sightsavers, Haywards Heath , UK
| | - David Pahau
- b National Department of Health, Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea.,e Wewak General Hospital , Papua New Guinea
| | - Oliver Sokana
- f Eye Care Department , Ministry of Health , Honiara , The Solomon Islands
| | - Drew Keys
- g Brien Holden Vision Institute , Sydney , Australia
| | - Anthea Burnett
- g Brien Holden Vision Institute , Sydney , Australia.,h School of Optometry and Vision Science , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | | | - Geoffrey Wabulembo
- a School of Medicine & Health Sciences , University of Papua New Guinea , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea.,j CBM, Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea
| | - Jambi Garap
- a School of Medicine & Health Sciences , University of Papua New Guinea , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea.,b National Department of Health, Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea.,k PNG Eye Care, Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea.,l National Prevention of Blindness Committee , Papua New Guinea
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- c Clinical Research Department , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK
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Rong SS, Tang FY, Chu WK, Ma L, Yam JCS, Tang SM, Li J, Gu H, Young AL, Tham CC, Pang CP, Chen LJ. Genetic Associations of Primary Angle-Closure Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:1211-21. [PMID: 26854036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
TOPIC Systematic review and meta-analysis of the genetic associations of primary angle-closure disease (PACD). CLINICAL RELEVANCE To confirm the genetic biomarkers for PACD, including primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and related phenotypes. METHODS We searched in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for genetic studies of PACG or other PACD published from the start dates of the databases to May 11, 2015. We estimated the summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each polymorphism in PACG, primary angle-closure suspect (PACS), and primary angle-closure (PAC) using fixed- or random-effect models. We also performed sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the results. RESULTS Our literature search yielded 6463 reports. Among them, we identified 24 studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria for meta-analysis, involving 28 polymorphisms in 11 genes/loci. We affirmed the association of PACG and combined PACS/PAC/PACG with 10 polymorphisms in 8 genes/loci, including COL11A1 (rs3753841-G, OR, 1.22; P = 0.00046), HGF (rs17427817-C, OR, 2.02; P = 6.9E-07; rs5745718-A, OR, 2.11; P = 9.9E-07), HSP70 (rs1043618, GG+GC, OR, 0.52; P = 0.0010), MFRP (rs2510143-C, OR, 0.66; P = 0.012; rs3814762-G, OR, 1.40; P = 0.0090), MMP9 (rs3918249-C, OR, 1.35; P = 0.034), NOS3 (rs7830-A, OR, 0.80; P = 0.036), PLEKHA7 (rs11024102-G, OR, 1.24; P = 8.3E-05), and PCMTD1-ST18 (rs1015213-A, OR, 1.59; P = 0.00013). Sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were robust. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we confirmed multiple polymorphisms in 8 genes/loci as genetic biomarkers for PACD, among which 3 were identified in a genome-wide association study (COL11A1, PLEKHA7, and PCMTD1-ST18), and 5 were identified in candidate gene studies (HGF, HSP70, MFRP, MMP9, and NOS3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Song Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Yao Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Kit Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason C S Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu Min Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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Conjunctival fibrosis and the innate barriers to Chlamydia trachomatis intracellular infection: a genome wide association study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17447. [PMID: 26616738 PMCID: PMC4663496 DOI: 10.1038/srep17447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis causes both trachoma and sexually transmitted
infections. These diseases have similar pathology and potentially similar genetic
predisposing factors. We aimed to identify polymorphisms and pathways associated
with pathological sequelae of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infections in The
Gambia. We report a discovery phase genome-wide association study (GWAS) of scarring
trachoma (1090 cases, 1531 controls) that identified 27 SNPs with strong, but not
genome-wide significant, association with disease
(5 × 10−6 > P > 5 × 10−8).
The most strongly associated SNP (rs111513399,
P = 5.38 × 10−7)
fell within a gene (PREX2) with homology to factors known to facilitate
chlamydial entry to the host cell. Pathway analysis of GWAS data was significantly
enriched for mitotic cell cycle processes (P = 0.001), the
immune response (P = 0.00001) and for multiple cell surface
receptor signalling pathways. New analyses of published transcriptome data sets from
Gambia, Tanzania and Ethiopia also revealed that the same cell cycle and immune
response pathways were enriched at the transcriptional level in various disease
states. Although unconfirmed, the data suggest that genetic associations with
chlamydial scarring disease may be focussed on processes relating to the immune
response, the host cell cycle and cell surface receptor signalling.
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15
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Bchir S, Nasr HB, Hakim IR, Anes AB, Yacoub S, Garrouch A, Benzarti M, Bauvois B, Tabka Z, Chahed K. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (279R/Q) Polymorphism is Associated with Clinical Severity and Airflow Limitation in Tunisian Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Mol Diagn Ther 2015; 19:375-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-015-0163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Maral S, Acar M, Balcik OS, Uctepe E, Hatipoglu OF, Akdeniz D, Altun HU, Kosar A, Gunduz M, Gunduz E. Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 Polymorphism in Patients With Myeloproliferative Diseases: A STROBE-Compliant Observational Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e732. [PMID: 25906101 PMCID: PMC4602695 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloproliferative disorders such as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), and idiopathic myelofibrosis arise from clonal proliferation of neoplastic stem cells in the bone marrow. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that have potential to degrade all types of extracellular matrix (ECM) and also play a role in remodeling of the ECM. It is known that MMPs play a role in bone marrow remodeling.The primary goal of our study is to explore the relationship between chronic myeloproliferative diseases and some of MMP gene polymorphisms. The demonstration of a relationship will help to understand whether these polymorphisms may be a potential early diagnosis marker of the diseases.Patients were selected from outpatient clinics of Turgut Ozal University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, between December 2010 and May 2011. Twenty-eight patients that previously diagnosed and followed-up with PV, 17 with secondary polycythemia (SP), and 12 with ET were enrolled in the study, along with a control group of 22 healthy people.DNA was isolated from peripheral blood. Using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, MMP2 and MMP9 gene polymorphisms were analyzed with agarose gel electrophoresis. There was a statistically significant difference between the study groups and the control group in terms of Gln279Arg polymorphisms rates of MMP9. The highest MMP9 Gln279Arg polymorphism rate was observed in the ET group. But nobody from the control group had polymorphic MMP9. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of MMP2-735 C > T polymorphism rates.In conclusion, MMP9 gene Gln279Arg polymorphism was associated with ET, SP, and PV diseases. Hence, we believe that these gene polymorphisms may play a role in the mechanism of bone marrow fibrosis and may be a factor that increases the risk of thrombosis. Illumination of the molecular basis of the relationship between MMP-thrombosis and MMP-fibrosis provides a better understanding of the pathophysiology of PV and ET diseases and will allow new approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Maral
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (SM, DA); Division of Hematology (OSB, AK); Department of Medical Genetics (MA, EU, OFH, MG, EG); Department of Medical Microbiology (HUA); and Department of Otolaryngology (MG), Turgut Özal University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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DREYFUSS JULIANAL, REGATIERI CAIOV, COELHO BRUNO, BARBOSA JOSÉB, FREITAS DENISEDE, NADER HELENAB, MARTINS JOÃOR. Altered hyaluronic acid content in tear fluid of patients with adenoviral conjunctivitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 87:455-62. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The adenoviral conjunctivitis is one of the biggest causes of conjunctival infection in the world. Conjunctivitis causes relatively nonspecific symptoms, as hyperaemia and chemosis. Even after biomicroscopy, complex laboratory tests, such as viral culture, are necessary to identify the pathogen or its etiology. To contribute to the better understanding of the pathobiology of the adenoviral conjunctivitis, the tear fluids of patients with unilateral acute adenovirus conjunctivitis (UAAC), normal donors (control) and patients with allergic conjunctivitis were analyzed. Tear samples were collected with Schirmer strips from control, allergic conjunctivitis and UAAC patients, diagnosed by clinical signs. UAAC tears were tested positive in viral cultures. After the elution, HA was quantified using an ELISA-like fluorometric assay and the protein profile was determined by SDS-PAGE. A profound increase in the HA tear content in UAAC patients was found when compared to control and ALC. This HA increase in UAAC tears remarkably was not observed in tears from contralateral eyes without clinical signs, nor in allergic conjunctivitis. In addition a distinct profile of UAAC tear proteins was observed in patients with UAAC. The quantification of HA in the tear fluid is a rapid, sensitive and specific test. This molecule might be a biomarker candidate for acute conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- JULIANA L. DREYFUSS
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil
| | - CAIO V. REGATIERI
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil; New England Eye Center, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - JOÃO R. MARTINS
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil
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18
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Naouali A, Kaabachi W, Tizaoui K, Amor AB, Hamzaoui A, Hamzaoui K. Association of MMP-9 gene polymorphisms with Behçet's disease risk. Immunol Lett 2015; 164:18-24. [PMID: 25639450 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are importantly involved in aneurysm formation. Since the clinical manifestations in Behçet disease (BD) include aneurysm formation among major symptoms, polymorphisms in MMP-9 might be associated with BD susceptibility. The aim of the current case-control study was to investigate the association of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MMP-9 gene: -1562 C/T, 2003 G/A (R668Q), 836 A/G (Q279R) and 1721 C/G (R574P) with BD risk in the Tunisian population. The distribution of MMP-9 gene polymorphisms was analyzed by polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for 240 BD patients and 288 controls. Our study indicated that the MMP-9 -1562 C/T polymorphism (rs3918242) was not associated with BD risk. We found a significant association of the MMP-9 2003 G/A (rs17577) with an increased susceptibility to BD. However, the MMP-9 1721 C/G polymorphism (rs2250889) had a protective role against the development of BD. Subgroup analysis based on stratification by gender revealed that the MMP-9 2003 G/A polymorphism was associated with a highly significant BD risk in women's group (G vs. A: P=0.0000001). However, the MMP-9 836 A/G polymorphism had a protective role in men's group (G vs. A: P=0.00043). The MMP-9 1721 C/G polymorphism was associated with a protective effect in both men and women groups (CG+GG vs. CC: P=0.04 and P=0.0002, respectively). The haplotype analysis did not show any association with BD risk. A significant difference in the MMP-9 serum levels were observed in the patient subgroup with ocular lesions manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Naouali
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia.
| | - Wajih Kaabachi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia.
| | - Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia.
| | - Amira Ben Amor
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia.
| | - Agnès Hamzaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; A. Mami Hospital, Ariana Homeostasis and Cell Dysfunction, UR/12-SP-15, Tunisia.
| | - Kamel Hamzaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia.
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Jasper DK, Sigar IM, Schripsema JH, Sainvil CK, Smith CL, Yeruva L, Rank RG, Murthy AK, Widder JR, Ramsey KH. Genomic variant representation in a Chlamydia population is dynamic and adaptive with dependence on in vitro and in vivo passage. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:1-12. [PMID: 25673672 PMCID: PMC4399565 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Chlamydia muridarum has multiple genomic variants that concomitantly vary in their in vitro and in vivo phenotype. Herein, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping assays to query plaque-cloned isolates of C. muridarum for the frequency of eight selected polymorphisms. These strains had no history of passage in vivo since their original isolation from laboratory mice. There was significant variance in the frequency of two of the eight polymorphisms assessed with the remaining exhibiting a low rate of variance. To determine if any of these polymorphisms were more favorable for in vivo conditions, we blindly passaged non-clonal C. muridarum three times at 7-day intervals through the urogenital tract of mice. Seven of the eight polymorphisms varied in frequency following in vivo passage and four of these varied between C. muridarum strains. Selected isolates displayed variable growth rates and cytopathic effect in vitro. We conclude that multiple genotypic variants are present within the existing known C. muridarum strains and that the frequency of these variants changes upon introduction into the mouse host. These findings lend support to the concept that genotypic proportional representation in a chlamydial population is dynamic and adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deana K Jasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Ira M Sigar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Justin H Schripsema
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Carlyn K Sainvil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Christopher L Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
| | - Roger G Rank
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
| | - Ashlesh K Murthy
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Jared R Widder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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20
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Abstract
Trachoma is the most common infectious cause of blindness. Repeated episodes of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in childhood lead to severe conjunctival inflammation, scarring, and potentially blinding inturned eyelashes (trichiasis or entropion) in later life. Trachoma occurs in resource-poor areas with inadequate hygiene, where children with unclean faces share infected ocular secretions. Much has been learnt about the epidemiology and pathophysiology of trachoma. Integrated control programmes are implementing the SAFE Strategy: surgery for trichiasis, mass distribution of antibiotics, promotion of facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement. This strategy has successfully eliminated trachoma in several countries and global efforts are underway to eliminate blinding trachoma worldwide by 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh R Taylor
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Danny Haddad
- Global Vision Initiative, Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sheila West
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heathcote Wright
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Mabey DCW, Hu V, Bailey RL, Burton MJ, Holland MJ. Towards a safe and effective chlamydial vaccine: lessons from the eye. Vaccine 2014; 32:1572-8. [PMID: 24606636 PMCID: PMC3991328 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As well as being the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection, Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the leading infectious cause of blindness. The pathogenesis of ocular chlamydial infection (trachoma) is similar to that of genital infection. In the 1960s the efficacy of Ct vaccines against ocular infection was evaluated in major field trials in Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, The Gambia, India and Ethiopia. These trials showed that it was possible to induce short term immunity to ocular infection, and to reduce the incidence of inflammatory trachoma, by parenteral immunisation with killed or live whole organism vaccines. In one study, it was also shown that the incidence of scarring sequelae was reduced in vaccinated children. Detailed studies in non-human primates conducted at this time suggested that vaccination could lead to more severe inflammatory disease on subsequent challenge. Since that time there have been many studies on the immunological correlates of protective immunity and immunopathology in ocular Ct infection in humans and non-human primates, and on host genetic polymorphisms associated with protection from adverse sequelae. These have provided important information to guide the development and evaluation of a human Ct vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C W Mabey
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
| | - Victor Hu
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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22
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Abdelsamed H, Peters J, Byrne GI. Genetic variation in Chlamydia trachomatis and their hosts: impact on disease severity and tissue tropism. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:1129-1146. [PMID: 24020741 PMCID: PMC4009991 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis infections are a global health problem. This obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen comprises lymphogranuloma venereum (L1-L3), ocular (A-C) and genital (D-K) serovars. Although genetically similar, each serovar group differs in disease severity and tissue tropism through mechanisms that are not well understood. It is clear that host genetic differences also play a role in chlamydial disease outcome and key host polymorphisms are beginning to emerge from both human and experimental animal studies. In this review, we will highlight pathogen and host genes that link genetic diversity, disease severity and tissue tropism. We will also use this information to provide new insights that may be helpful in developing improved management strategies for these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Abdelsamed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jan Peters
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gerald I Byrne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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23
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Micheal S, Yousaf S, Khan MI, Akhtar F, Islam F, Khan WA, den Hollander AI, Qamar R, Ahmed A. Polymorphisms in matrix metalloproteinases MMP1 and MMP9 are associated with primary open-angle and angle closure glaucoma in a Pakistani population. Mol Vis 2013; 19:441-7. [PMID: 23441116 PMCID: PMC3580990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in remodeling of the extracellular matrix during development and growth of various tissues including the eye. Various functional polymorphisms in MMPs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of different types of glaucoma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of various polymorphisms in Pakistani patients with glaucoma. METHODS The present case-control study included 112 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), 82 patients with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and 118 control subjects. Genotyping of polymorphisms was done using PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS A significant difference in the genotype frequencies of MMP1 rs1799750 (-1607 1G/2G) was observed between the patients with POAG and the control subjects (p = 0.001). This was attributed to the female subjects (p < 0.001), while the association was not significant in male subjects (p > 0.47). In addition, a significant difference was observed in genotype frequencies of MMP9 rs17576 (c.836A>G) in patients with PACG compared to the control subjects (p < 0.001), which after gender stratification remained significant in men (p = 0.009) but not in women (p = 0.14). No significant associations were found for MMP7 (c.-181T>C) and MMP9 (c.-1562C>T) polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the MMP1 rs1799750 (-1607 1G/2G) and MMP9 rs17576 polymorphisms might be of value for further study as potential gender-dependent risk factors for developing POAG and PACG, respectively, in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Micheal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan,Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sajeela Yousaf
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Farah Akhtar
- Al-Shifa Eye Trust Hospital Jhelum Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Farah Islam
- Al-Shifa Eye Trust Hospital Jhelum Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Ali Khan
- Al-Shifa Eye Trust Hospital Jhelum Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Anneke I. den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan,Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asifa Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Abstract
Trachoma, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), is the leading infectious blinding disease worldwide. Chronic conjunctival inflammation develops in childhood and leads to eyelid scarring and blindness in adulthood. The immune response to Ct provides only partial protection against re-infection, which can be frequent. Moreover, the immune response is central to the development of scarring pathology, leading to loss of vision. Here we review the current literature on both protective and pathological immune responses in trachoma. The resolution of Ct infection in animal models is IFNγ-dependent, involving Th1 cells, but whether this is the case in human ocular infection still needs to be confirmed. An increasing number of studies indicate that innate immune responses arising from the epithelium and other innate immune cells, along with changes in matrix metalloproteinase activity, are important in the development of tissue damage and scarring. Current trachoma control measures, which are centred on repeated mass antibiotic treatment of populations, are logistically challenging and have the potential to drive antimicrobial resistance. A trachoma vaccine would offer significant advantages. However, limited understanding of the mechanisms of both protective immunity and immunopathology to Ct remain barriers to vaccine development.
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Loiselle AE, Frisch BJ, Wolenski M, Jacobson JA, Calvi LM, Schwarz EM, Awad HA, O’Keefe RJ. Bone marrow-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 is associated with fibrous adhesion formation after murine flexor tendon injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40602. [PMID: 22792383 PMCID: PMC3394706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of adhesions following primary tendon repair is poorly understood, but is thought to involve dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (Mmps). We have previously demonstrated that Mmp9 gene expression is increased during the inflammatory phase following murine flexor digitorum (FDL) tendon repair in association with increased adhesions. To further investigate the role of Mmp9, the cellular, molecular, and biomechanical features of healing were examined in WT and Mmp9−/− mice using the FDL tendon repair model. Adhesions persisted in WT, but were reduced in Mmp9−/− mice by 21 days without any decrease in strength. Deletion of Mmp9 resulted in accelerated expression of neo-tendon associated genes, Gdf5 and Smad8, and delayed expression of collagen I and collagen III. Furthermore, WT bone marrow cells (GFP+) migrated specifically to the tendon repair site. Transplanting myeloablated Mmp9−/− mice with WT marrow cells resulted in greater adhesions than observed in Mmp9−/− mice and similar to those seen in WT mice. These studies show that Mmp9 is primarily derived from bone marrow cells that migrate to the repair site, and mediates adhesion formation in injured tendons. Mmp9 is a potential target to limit adhesion formation in tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alayna E. Loiselle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Frisch
- Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew Wolenski
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Justin A. Jacobson
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Calvi
- Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hani A. Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Regis J. O’Keefe
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Innate immune responses and modified extracellular matrix regulation characterize bacterial infection and cellular/connective tissue changes in scarring trachoma. Infect Immun 2011; 80:121-30. [PMID: 22038912 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05965-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trachoma is the most common infectious cause of blindness and a major public health problem in many developing countries. It is caused by recurrent ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in childhood, with conjunctival scarring seen later in life. The pathogenesis of trachomatous scarring, however, is poorly understood, and this study was carried out to investigate the immunofibrogenic correlates of trachomatous conjunctival scarring. A case-control study of 363 cases with conjunctival scarring and 363 control participants was conducted. Investigations included in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) assessment, quantitative real-time PCR gene expression, C. trachomatis detection, and nonchlamydial bacterial culture. Trachomatous scarring was found to be strongly associated with a proinflammatory, innate immune response with increased expression of psoriasin, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha, defensin-β4A, chemokine ligand 5, and serum amyloid A1. There was also differential expression of various modifiers of the extracellular matrix, including metalloproteinases 7, 9, 10, and 12, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1, and secreted protein acidic cystein-rich-like 1. The expression of many of these genes was also significantly associated with the presence of nonchlamydial bacterial infection. These infections had a marked effect on conjunctival immune processes, including an increased inflammatory infiltrate and edema seen with IVCM. This study supports the possibility that the immunofibrogenic response in scarring trachoma is partly stimulated by nonchlamydial bacterial infection, which is characterized by the expression of innate factors.
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Tanner RM, Lynch AI, Brophy VH, Eckfeldt JH, Davis BR, Ford CE, Boerwinkle E, Arnett DK. Pharmacogenetic associations of MMP9 and MMP12 variants with cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23609. [PMID: 21887284 PMCID: PMC3160956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives MMP-9 and -12 function in tissue remodeling and may play roles in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We assessed associations of four MMP polymorphisms and three antihypertensive drugs with cardiovascular outcomes. Methods Hypertensives (n = 42,418) from a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial were randomized to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, lisinopril, or doxazosin treatment (mean follow up, 4.9 years). The primary outcome was coronary heart disease (CHD). Secondary outcomes included combined CHD, all CVD outcomes combined, stroke, heart failure (HF), and mortality. Genotype-treatment interactions were tested. Results There were 38,698 participants genotyped for at least one of the polymorphisms included here. For MMP9 R668Q (rs2274756), lower hazard ratios (HRs) were found for AA subjects for most outcomes when treated with chlorthalidone versus amlodipine (eg., CCHD: GG = 1.00, GA = 1.01, AA = 0.64; P = 0.038). For MMP9 R279Q (rs17576), modest pharmacogenetic findings were observed for combined CHD and the composite CVD outcome. For MMP12 N122S (rs652438), lower HRs were observed for CHD in subjects carrying at least one G allele and being treated with chlorthalidone versus lisinopril (CHD: AA = 1.07, AG = 0.80, GG = 0.49; P = 0.005). In the lisinopril-amlodipine comparison, higher HRs were observed for participants having at least one G allele at the MMP12 N122S locus (CHD: AA = 0.94, AG = 1.19, GG = 1.93; P = 0.041). For MMP12 −82A>G (rs2276109), no pharmacogenetic effect was found for the primary outcome, although lower HRs were observed for AA homozygotes in the chlorthalidone-amlodipine comparison for HF (P = 0.015). Conclusions We observed interactions between antihypertensive drugs and MMP9 and MMP12 for CHD and composite CVD. The data suggest that these genes may provide useful clinical information with respect to treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki M. Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Amy I. Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Victoria H. Brophy
- Department of Human Genetics, Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, California, United States of America
| | - John H. Eckfeldt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Barry R. Davis
- School of Public Health, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Ford
- School of Public Health, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donna K. Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Awadalla MS, Burdon KP, Kuot A, Hewitt AW, Craig JE. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 genetic variation and primary angle closure glaucoma in a Caucasian population. Mol Vis 2011; 17:1420-4. [PMID: 21655354 PMCID: PMC3108894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between genetic variation at the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) locus and primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) in an Australian Caucasian population. METHODS A total of 107 Australian patients with PACG and 288 age and sex-matched controls were included in the current study. Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected and genotyped to cover the majority of common variation within MMP9. Allele, genotype and haplotype association analyses were conducted using PLINK. RESULTS Two SNPs from MMP9, rs3918249 and rs17576 were significantly associated under the allelic model with p values of 0.006 for both SNPs. In addition, haplotype analysis revealed a protective haplotype TACGG to be significantly more frequent in controls (69%) than in PACG cases (59%), with p=0.006. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an association between MMP9 SNPs rs3918249 and rs17576 and PACG in the Australian population, suggesting MMP9 may be involved in the pathogenesis of this blinding disease. Further replication will be helpful in confirming this finding before future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona S. Awadalla
- Ophthalmology Department, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn P. Burdon
- Ophthalmology Department, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Abraham Kuot
- Ophthalmology Department, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Ophthalmology Department, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Ophthalmology Department, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Bermudez-Fajardo A, Stark AK, El-Kadri R, Penichet ML, Hölzle K, Wittenbrink MM, Hölzle L, Oviedo-Orta E. The effect of Chlamydophila pneumoniae Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) on macrophage and T cell-mediated immune responses. Immunobiology 2011; 216:152-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
Trachoma is a poorly understood immunofibrogenic disease process, initiated by Chlamydia trachomatis. Differences in conjunctival gene expression profiles between Ethiopians with trachomatous trichiasis (with [TTI] or without [TT] inflammation) and controls (C) were investigated to identify relevant host responses. Tarsal conjunctival swab samples were collected for RNA isolation and C. trachomatis PCR. Transcriptome-wide microarray experiments were conducted on 42 samples (TTI, n = 13; TT, n = 15; C, n =14). Specific results were confirmed by using multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-PCR for 16 mRNA targets in an independent collection of case-control samples: 386 case-control pairs (TTI, n = 244; TT, n = 142; C, n = 386). The gene expression profiles of cases were consistent with squamous metaplasia (keratins, SPRR), proinflammatory cytokine production (IL1β, CXCL5, and S100A7), and tissue remodeling (MMP7, MMP9, MMP12, and HAS3). There was no difference in the level of IFNγ between cases and controls. However, cases had increased INDO, NOS2A, and IL13RA2 and reduced IL13. C. trachomatis was detected in 1/772. Cases show evidence of ongoing inflammation and tissue remodeling, which were more marked where clinical inflammation was also present. Significantly, these processes appear to be active in the absence of current C. trachomatis infection. There was limited evidence of a T(H)1 response (INDO and NOS2A) and no association between a T(H)2 response and cases. The epithelium appears to be actively involved in late cicatricial stages of trachoma through the production of proinflammatory factors (IL1β, CXCL5, and S100A7). Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate which etiological factors and pathways are associated with progressive scarring and whether simply controlling chlamydial infection will halt progression in people with established cicatricial disease.
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Human conjunctival transcriptome analysis reveals the prominence of innate defense in Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4895-911. [PMID: 20823212 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00844-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness and is endemic in 52 countries. There is a critical need to further our understanding of the host response during disease and infection, as millions of individuals are still at risk of developing blinding sequelae. Infection of the conjunctival epithelial cells by the causative bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, stimulates an acute host response. The main clinical feature is a follicular conjunctivitis that is incompletely defined at the tissue-specific gene expression and molecular levels. To explore the features of disease and the response to infection, we measured host gene expression in conjunctival samples from Gambian children with active trachoma and healthy controls. Genome-wide expression and transcription network analysis identified signatures characteristic of the expected infiltrating immune cell populations, such as neutrophils and T/B lymphocytes. The expression signatures were also significantly enriched for genes in pathways which regulate NK cell activation and cytotoxicity, antigen processing and presentation, chemokines, cytokines, and cytokine receptors. The data suggest that in addition to polymorph and adaptive cellular responses, NK cells may contribute to a significant component of the conjunctival inflammatory response to chlamydial infection.
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Mossböck G, Weger M, Faschinger C, Zimmermann C, Schmut O, Renner W, El-Shabrawi Y. Role of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of MMP1, MMP2, and MMP9 in open angle glaucomas. Mol Vis 2010; 16:1764-70. [PMID: 20808730 PMCID: PMC2929940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an essential role in the turnover of the extracellular matrix and cellular behavior. MMP1, MMP2, and MMP9 have previously been implicated in the pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and open angle glaucoma secondary to exfoliation syndrome (XFG), respectively. Functional gene polymorphisms of these MMPs such as MMP1 -1607 1G/2G (rs1799750), MMP2 -1306 C/T (rs243865), MMP2 -1575 G/A (rs243866), and MMP9 Q279R (rs17576) are thus plausible candidates as risk factors for open angle glaucomas. The purpose of the present study was to investigate hypothesized associations between these polymorphisms and the presence of POAG and XFG in a Caucasian population. METHODS The present case-control study included 322 patients with POAG, 202 patients with XFG, and 248 control subjects. Genotyping of polymorphisms was done using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS No significant differences in either genotype distributions or allelic frequencies of MMP1 -1607 1G/2G, MMP2 -1306 C/T, MMP2 -1575 G/A, and MMP9 Q279R were found between patients with POAG and control subjects and patients with XFG and control subjects, respectively (p>0.05). The presence of POAG or XFG was not predicted by any of the investigated polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the MMP1 -1607 1G/2G, MMP2 -1306 C/T, MMP2 -1575 G/A, and MMP9 Q279R polymorphisms themselves are unlikely major risk factors among Caucasian patients with either POAG or XFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Mossböck
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Weger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Otto Schmut
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wilfried Renner
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Yosuf El-Shabrawi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Burton MJ, Bailey RL, Jeffries D, Rajak SN, Adegbola RA, Sillah A, Mabey DCW, Holland MJ. Conjunctival expression of matrix metalloproteinase and proinflammatory cytokine genes after trichiasis surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:3583-90. [PMID: 20237245 PMCID: PMC2904010 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE. Trachoma, the leading infectious cause of blindness, is a chronic inflammatory scarring condition. Blindness follows the development of trichiasis, which is treated surgically. Unfortunately, it frequently recurs, compromising the treatment. In this study, gene expression analysis was used to examine factors that may be involved in the inflammation and tissue remodeling after surgery. METHODS. Subjects were examined before and at 1 and 4 years after surgery. Conjunctival swab samples were collected for bacterial culture, Chlamydia trachomatis PCR, and RNA isolation at 1 year. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to measure the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin-1beta (IL1B), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1), MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), TIMP-2, and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase-1 (HPRT1). RESULTS. Two hundred forty individuals with trachomatous trichiasis were recruited. One year after surgery, recurrent trichiasis was associated with a reduced MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio (P = 0.029). IL1B expression was elevated in the presence of either conjunctival bacterial infection (P = 0.011) or inflammation (P = 0.002). TNF expression was greater in the Mandinka ethnic group (P < 0.0001), and it was increased when clinical inflammation was associated with nonchlamydial bacterial infection (P = 0.012). MMP-9 expression increased when conjunctival inflammation was associated with bacterial infection (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS. Recurrent trichiasis was associated with a reduced MMP-1 to TIMP-1 ratio, which may favor the accumulation of fibrotic tissue. Nonchlamydial bacterial infection may induce factors that contribute to conjunctival tissue remodeling and recurrent trichiasis in trachoma. Prospective studies are needed to assess the potential importance of these and other factors in progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Burton
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Rajak SN, Makalo P, Sillah A, Holland MJ, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Burton MJ. Trichiasis surgery in The Gambia: a 4-year prospective study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:4996-5001. [PMID: 20505197 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness. Conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis infection causes scarring, entropion, trichiasis, and blinding corneal opacification. Worldwide, there are 8 million people with trichiasis. Although trichiasis surgery can reduce the risk of blindness, retrospective data suggest that long-term recurrence rates may be high. A 4-year prospective investigation of recurrent trichiasis was conducted in The Gambia. METHODS Patients with trichiasis were examined at baseline, 6 months, 1 year, and 4 years after posterior lamellar tarsal rotation surgery. Conjunctival swabs for bacteriology and PCR for C. trachomatis were collected at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year. RESULTS Three hundred fifty-six Gambian patients were enrolled at baseline and 266 were reassessed at 4 years (94% of surviving patients). The recurrence rates were 32%, 40%, and 41% at 6 months, 1 year, and 4 years, respectively. At 4 years, 30% of patients had bilateral trichiasis and 21% had bilateral corneal opacity. Recurrence was associated with severe conjunctival inflammation and severe trichiasis (>10 lashes) at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Trichiasis recurrence rates were high, and most cases recurred within 6 months of surgery. The results suggest that there are important aspects of surgical technique and quality that should to be addressed. Persistent inflammation is strongly associated with recurrence at 4 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul N Rajak
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Dean D. Chlamydia trachomatis today: treatment, detection, immunogenetics and the need for a greater global understanding of chlamydial disease pathogenesis. Drugs Today (Barc) 2009; 45 Suppl B:25-31. [PMID: 20011691 PMCID: PMC3278962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an important human pathogen causing a myriad of severe and debilitating diseases. While antibiotics have been a mainstay of treatment, there is increasing evidence for potential drug resistance, reinfection and persistent infections that require a reevaluation of treatment strategies. A critical need to address these issues will be a rapid, sensitive and cost-effective diagnostic that can be used for global screening, treatment and test-of-cure of infected individuals instead of empirical therapy that not only drives drug resistance but is not costeffective. This type of diagnostic would allow clinicians and researchers to evaluate the true incidence and prevalence of chlamydial infections in both developed and developing countries. There are extremely limited data on chlamydial sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in many developing countries, including those in Central and South America. In addition, advancing our understanding of chlamydial disease pathogenesis will require an evaluation of host genetic susceptibility to infection and sequelae. We provide preliminary data on rates of chlamydial STDs and host genetic factors that predispose to infection among adolescent pregnant and nonpregnant commercial sex worker populations residing in Quito, Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dean
- Children's Global Health Initiative, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
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Abstract
Trachoma is the commonest infectious cause of blindness worldwide. Recurrent infection of the ocular surface by Chlamydia trachomatis, the causative agent, leads to inturning of the eyelashes (trichiasis) and blinding corneal opacification. Trachoma is endemic in more than 50 countries. It is currently estimated that there are about 1.3 million people blind from the disease and a further 8.2 million have trichiasis. Several estimates for the burden of disease from trachoma have been made, giving quite variable results. The variation is partly because different prevalence data have been used and partly because different sequelae have been included. The most recent estimate from the WHO placed it at around 1.3 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). A key issue in producing a reliable estimate of the global burden of trachoma is the limited amount of reliable survey data from endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Burton
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Matrix metalloproteinases as drug targets in infections caused by gram-negative bacteria and in septic shock. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009; 22:224-39, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19366913 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00047-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian immune system is optimized to cope effectively with the constant threat of pathogens. However, when the immune system overreacts, sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock can develop. Despite extensive research, these conditions remain the leading cause of death in intensive care units. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of proteases that are expressed in developmental, physiological, and pathological processes and also in response to infections. Studies using MMP inhibitors and MMP knockout mice indicate that MMPs play essential roles in infection and in the host defense against infection. This review provides a brief introduction to some basic concepts of infections caused by gram-negative bacteria and reviews reports describing MMP expression and inhibition, as well as studies with MMP-deficient mice in models of infection caused by gram-negative bacteria and of septic shock. We discuss whether MMPs should be considered novel drug targets in infection and septic shock.
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The development of an age-structured model for trachoma transmission dynamics, pathogenesis and control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e462. [PMID: 19529762 PMCID: PMC2691478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachoma, the worldwide leading infectious cause of blindness, is due to repeated conjunctival infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. The effects of control interventions on population levels of infection and active disease can be promptly measured, but the effects on severe ocular sequelae require long-term monitoring. We present an age-structured mathematical model of trachoma transmission and disease to predict the impact of interventions on the prevalence of blinding trachoma. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The model is based on the concept of multiple reinfections leading to progressive conjunctival scarring, trichiasis, corneal opacity and blindness. It also includes aspects of trachoma natural history, such as an increasing rate of recovery from infection and a decreasing chlamydial load with subsequent infections that depend upon a (presumed) acquired immunity that clears infection with age more rapidly. Parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood by fitting the model to pre-control infection prevalence data from hypo-, meso- and hyperendemic communities from The Gambia and Tanzania. The model reproduces key features of trachoma epidemiology: 1) the age-profile of infection prevalence, which increases to a peak at very young ages and declines at older ages; 2) a shift in this prevalence peak, toward younger ages in higher force of infection environments; 3) a raised overall profile of infection prevalence with higher force of infection; and 4) a rising profile, with age, of the prevalence of the ensuing severe sequelae (trachomatous scarring, trichiasis), as well as estimates of the number of infections that need to occur before these sequelae appear. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We present a framework that is sufficiently comprehensive to examine the outcomes of the A (antibiotic) component of the SAFE strategy on disease. The suitability of the model for representing population-level patterns of infection and disease sequelae is discussed in view of the individual processes leading to these patterns.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The objective of this study was to determine genetic differences in inflammation in these distinct inbred mouse strains. METHODS Peritoneal leukocyte recruitment, matrix metalloproteinases and cytokines were quantified in A/J, 129/svJ, C57BL/6J, using thioglycollate or biomaterial implants as inflammatory stimuli. RESULTS In response to thioglycollate, A/J had significant decreases compared to C57BL/6J in both neutrophil (86 %) and macrophage (62 %) recruitment, and 129/svJ had a significant (43 %) decrease compared to C57BL/6J in macrophage recruitment. The reduced leukocyte recruitment corresponded to reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9. In the bioimplant model, 129/svJ had a 2-fold increase in neutrophil and macrophage recruitment compared to C57BL/6J, and the increased leukocyte recruitment corresponded to elevated cytokines, monocyte inhibitory protein-2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, in the lavage compared to the values for C57BL/6J. CONCLUSION Not only was leukocyte recruitment strain dependent, but the three strains had marked differences in metalloproteinases and cytokine response. In addition, there were model specific differences in the metalloproteinase and cytokine response to the two inflammatory stimuli. Thus, inflammatory cell recruitment is genetically determined and stimulus specific and may determine the susceptibility to complex diseases.
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Wolle MA, Muñoz B, Mkocha H, West SK. Age, sex, and cohort effects in a longitudinal study of trachomatous scarring. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:592-6. [PMID: 18936137 PMCID: PMC3820011 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the 5-year incidence rate of scarring, and associated factors, in the population of Maindi, Tanzania. METHODS A census of every resident was obtained at baseline, and ocular examinations for the presence and severity of trachoma were performed. Images of the upper eyelid were taken and graded for the presence and severity of scarring, according to a four-step severity scale based on photographs. Five years after baseline, a second series of images was taken and graded for scarring. Incident scarring was defined as new scars in those without scarring at baseline; progression was defined as those with scars that worsened by one step or more at 5 years. RESULTS The rate of scarring at baseline increased with age, from 1% in the <6-year to 38% in the 41+-year age group. Females at any age had more scarring than did males. The 5-year incidence rate of scarring was 0.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16-0.25), but varied with age up to 0.43 in the 41+-year group. There was a striking cohort effect, with those aged less than 16 years at baseline having more prevalent scarring and incidence rates comparable to those aged 16 to 40. Progression rates averaged 0.47 (95% CI, 0.36-0.58). CONCLUSIONS In this trachoma-endemic community, incident scarring was high, especially in the younger cohorts. A dramatic increase in risk of trachomatous scarring occurred approximately 15 years ago and appears to be unabated. Trachoma control programs to reduce risk of scarring are urgently needed to avoid blinding complications in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meraf A. Wolle
- Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Beatriz Muñoz
- Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Sheila K. West
- Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Wolle MA, Muñoz BE, Mkocha H, West SK. Constant ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis predicts risk of scarring in children in Tanzania. Ophthalmology 2008; 116:243-7. [PMID: 19091415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinically, constant severe trachoma predicts an increased risk of scarring in children. There are no data on the risk of scarring associated with constant infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, regardless of clinical manifestation. We propose to determine the 5-year incidence of scarring in children with a history of constant severe trachoma, constant infection, or both compared with children who had a history of neither. DESIGN A 5-year, longitudinal observational study. PARTICIPANTS Children aged less than 10 years with data on trachoma and infection for 3 of the 5 visits in the first 18 months, and follow-up 5-year data on scarring. METHODS Data were collected on clinical trachoma, and ocular swabs were taken to determine the presence of C. trachomatis in children in a hyperendemic village in Tanzania. Images were graded for scarring. Data were collected at baseline; 2, 6, 12, and 18 months; and 5 years from baseline. Severe trachoma was defined as the presence of 10 or more follicles, or trachoma intense. A child had constant infection (severe trachoma) if infection (severe trachoma) was present on at least 3 visits before the 5-year survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Five-year risk of scarring. RESULTS Of the 189 children, 22 (11.6%) had constant severe trachoma, but not constant infection. Nine children (4.8%) had constant infection but not constant severe trachoma. Both constant severe trachoma and constant infection were present in 16 children (8.5%). The 5-year incidence of scarring was similar in all 3 groups; children with constant severe trachoma only, with constant infection only, and with both were most likely to develop scars (35.0%, 44.4%, 31.2%, respectively) compared with those with sporadic trachoma or infection (15.2%) or neither (6.8%) (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Children with constant infection are also likely to have constant severe trachoma, and their 5-year risk of scarring is high compared with children with sporadic severe trachoma or infection. These data further support the presence of a subgroup of children who cannot clear infection with C. trachomatis, who may manifest a severe immunologic response to infection, and who are at increased risk of scarring sequelae. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meraf A Wolle
- Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in inflammatory genes as risk factors associated with trachomatous trichiasis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3600. [PMID: 18974840 PMCID: PMC2572999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trachoma is the leading preventable cause of global blindness. A balanced Th1/Th2/Th3 immune response is critical for resolving Chlamydia trachomatis infection, the primary cause of trachoma. Despite control programs that include mass antibiotic treatment, reinfection and recurrence of trachoma are common after treatment cessation. Furthermore, a subset of infected individuals develop inflammation and are at greater risk for developing the severe sequela of trachoma known as trachomatous trichiasis (TT). While there are a number of environmental and behavioral risk factors for trachoma, genetic factors that influence inflammation and TT risk remain ill defined. Methodology/Findings We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 36 candidate inflammatory genes and interactions among these SNPs that likely play a role in the overall risk for TT. We conducted a case control study of 538 individuals of Tharu ethnicity residing in an endemic region of Nepal. Trachoma was graded according to World Health Organization guidelines. A linear array was used to genotype 51 biallelic SNPs in the 36 genes. Analyses were performed using logic regression modeling, which controls for multiple comparisons. We present, to our knowledge, the first significant association of TNFA (-308GA), LTA (252A), VCAM1 (-1594TC), and IL9 (T113M) polymorphisms, synergistic SNPs and risk of TT. TT risk decreased 5 times [odds ratio = 0.2 (95% confidence interval 0.11.–0.33), p = 0.001] with the combination of TNFA (-308A), LTA (252A), VCAM1 (-1594C), SCYA 11 (23T) minor allele, and the combination of TNFA (-308A), IL9 (113M), IL1B (5′UTR-T), and VCAM1 (-1594C). However, TT risk increased 13.5 times [odds ratio = 13.5 (95% confidence interval 3.3–22), p = 0.001] with the combination of TNFA (-308G), VDR (intron G), IL4R (50V), and ICAM1 (56M) minor allele. Conclusions Evaluating genetic risk factors for trachoma will advance our understanding of disease pathogenesis, and should be considered in the context of designing global control programs.
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Abstract
Trachoma is a keratoconjunctivitis caused by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Repeated or persistent episodes lead to increasingly severe inflammation that can progress to scarring of the upper tarsal conjunctiva. Trichiasis develops when scarring distorts the upper eyelid sufficiently to cause one or more lashes to abrade the cornea, scarring it in turn and causing blindness. Active trachoma affects an estimated 84 million people; another 7.6 million have end-stage disease, of which about 1.3 million are blind. Trachoma should stand on the brink of extinction thanks to a 1998 initiative launched by WHO--the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020. This programme advocates control of trachoma at the community level with four inter-related population-health initiatives that form the SAFE strategy: surgery for trichiasis, antibiotics for active trachoma, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement. Evidence supports the effectiveness of this approach, and if current world efforts continue, blinding trachoma will indeed be eliminated by 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heathcote R Wright
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Prevention of Blindness, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Sirugo G, Hennig BJ, Adeyemo AA, Matimba A, Newport MJ, Ibrahim ME, Ryckman KK, Tacconelli A, Mariani-Costantini R, Novelli G, Soodyall H, Rotimi CN, Ramesar RS, Tishkoff SA, Williams SM. Genetic studies of African populations: an overview on disease susceptibility and response to vaccines and therapeutics. Hum Genet 2008; 123:557-98. [PMID: 18512079 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Africa is the ultimate source of modern humans and as such harbors more genetic variation than any other continent. For this reason, studies of the patterns of genetic variation in African populations are crucial to understanding how genes affect phenotypic variation, including disease predisposition. In addition, the patterns of extant genetic variation in Africa are important for understanding how genetic variation affects infectious diseases that are a major problem in Africa, such as malaria, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and HIV/AIDS. Therefore, elucidating the role that genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases plays is critical to improving the health of people in Africa. It is also of note that recent and ongoing social and cultural changes in sub-Saharan Africa have increased the prevalence of non-communicable diseases that will also require genetic analyses to improve disease prevention and treatment. In this review we give special attention to many of the past and ongoing studies, emphasizing those in Sub-Saharan Africans that address the role of genetic variation in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Sirugo
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia, West Africa.
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Hirose Y, Chiba K, Karasugi T, Nakajima M, Kawaguchi Y, Mikami Y, Furuichi T, Mio F, Miyake A, Miyamoto T, Ozaki K, Takahashi A, Mizuta H, Kubo T, Kimura T, Tanaka T, Toyama Y, Ikegawa S. A functional polymorphism in THBS2 that affects alternative splicing and MMP binding is associated with lumbar-disc herniation. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:1122-9. [PMID: 18455130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbar-disc herniation (LDH), one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, has strong genetic determinants. Recently, several genes that encode extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the intervertebral disc have been reported to associate with LDH. Thrombospondins (THBSs) 1 and 2 are good candidates for the LDH susceptibility gene: They are intervertebral disc ECM proteins that regulate the effective levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9, which are key effectors of ECM remodeling. Here, we report that THBS2 is associated with LDH in Japanese populations. An intronic SNP in THBS2 (IVS10-8C --> T; rs9406328) showed significant association (p = 0.0000028) with LDH in two independent Japanese populations. This SNP, located in a polypyrimidine tract upstream of the 3' splice site of intron 10, exerts allelic differences on exon 11 skipping rates in vivo, with the susceptibility allele showing increased skipping. Skipping of exon 11 results in decreased THBS2 interaction with MMP2 and MMP9. Further, a missense SNP in MMP9 (Q279R; rs17576) is also strongly associated with LDH in the Japanese population (p = 0.00049) and shows a combinatorial effect with THBS2 (odds ratio 3.03, 95% confidence interval 1.58-5.77). Thus, a splicing-affecting SNP in THBS2 and a missense SNP in MMP9 are associated with susceptibility to LDH. Our data indicate that regulation of intervertebral disc ECM metabolism by the THBS2-MMP system plays an essential role in the etiology and pathogenesis of LDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hirose
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Kari L, Whitmire WM, Carlson JH, Crane DD, Reveneau N, Nelson DE, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Holland MJ, McClarty G, Caldwell HD. Pathogenic diversity among Chlamydia trachomatis ocular strains in nonhuman primates is affected by subtle genomic variations. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:449-56. [PMID: 18199030 DOI: 10.1086/525285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiological agent of trachoma, the leading cause of preventable blindness. Trachoma presents distinct clinical syndromes ranging from mild and self-limiting to severe inflammatory disease. The underlying host and pathogen factors responsible for these diverse clinical outcomes are unclear. To assess the role played by pathogen variation in disease outcome, we analyzed the genomes of 4 trachoma strains representative of the 3 major trachoma serotypes, using microarray-based comparative genome sequencing. Outside of ompA, trachoma strains differed primarily in a very small subset of genes (n = 22). These subtle genetic variations were manifested in profound differences in virulence as measured by in vitro growth rate, burst size, plaque morphology, and interferon-gamma sensitivity but most importantly in virulence as shown by ocular infection of nonhuman primates. Our findings are the first to identify genes that correlate with differences in pathogenicity among trachoma strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Kari
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Natividad A, Holland MJ, Rockett KA, Forton J, Faal N, Joof HM, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Kwiatkowski DP. Susceptibility to sequelae of human ocular chlamydial infection associated with allelic variation in IL10 cis-regulation. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 17:323-9. [PMID: 17947295 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachoma, an infectious disease of the conjunctiva caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, causes scarring and blindness in some infected individuals but not others. In an African community where trachoma is endemic, we have previously identified an IL10 haplotype that is associated with increased risk of scarring complications. Here we examine the hypothesis that the risk haplotype (H-RISK) affects levels of IL10 expression in the conjunctiva during active trachoma infection. To overcome potential genetic and environmental confounders we used the method of allele-specific quantification, which involved identifying subjects in the community who had active trachoma and were also heterozygous for the H-RISK. We find that there is allelic variation in cis-regulation of IL10 in the conjunctiva during active trachoma, with the H-RISK generating relatively more IL10 transcripts than other haplotypes in this population (average difference in IL10 allelic transcripts in the conjunctiva of heterozygous individuals infected with C. trachomatis of 23% (95% confidence interval: 14-32%, P < 0.0001). These findings provide a plausible functional explanation for the observed genetic association, and support the hypothesis that an excessive IL10 response to C. trachomatis infection is a risk factor for scarring and blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angels Natividad
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Natividad A, Hanchard N, Holland MJ, Mahdi OSM, Diakite M, Rockett K, Jallow O, Joof HM, Kwiatkowski DP, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL. Genetic variation at the TNF locus and the risk of severe sequelae of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Gambians. Genes Immun 2007; 8:288-95. [PMID: 17330135 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is thought to be a key mediator of the inflammatory and fibrotic response to Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection. A large matched-pair case-control study investigated putative functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region, including TNF and its immediate neighbors nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (IkappaBL), inhibitor like 1 and lymphotoxin alpha (LTA) in relation to the risk of scarring sequelae of ocular Ct infection. Haplotype and linkage disequilibrium analysis demonstrated two haplotypes, differing at position TNF-308, conferring an increased risk of trichiasis. The TNF-308A allele, and its bearing haplotype, correlated with increased TNF production in lymphocyte cultures stimulated with chlamydial elementary body antigen. Thus TNF-308A may determine directly, or be a marker of a high TNF producer phenotype associated with increased risk of sequelae of chlamydial infection. Multivariate analysis provided evidence for the presence of additional risk-associated variants near the TNF locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Natividad
- Clinical Research Unit, Infectious Tropical Disease Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London University, Keppel Street, London, UK.
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