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Rodríguez-Bejarano OH, Parra-López C, Patarroyo MA. A review concerning the breast cancer-related tumour microenvironment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 199:104389. [PMID: 38734280 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is currently the most common malignant tumour in women and one of the leading causes of their death around the world. New and increasingly personalised diagnostic and therapeutic tools have been introduced over the last few decades, along with significant advances regarding the study and knowledge related to BC. The tumour microenvironment (TME) refers to the tumour cell-associated cellular and molecular environment which can influence conditions affecting tumour development and progression. The TME is composed of immune cells, stromal cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) and signalling molecules secreted by these different cell types. Ever deeper understanding of TME composition changes during tumour development and progression will enable new and more innovative therapeutic strategies to become developed for targeting tumours during specific stages of its evolution. This review summarises the role of BC-related TME components and their influence on tumour progression and the development of resistance to therapy. In addition, an account on the modifications in BC-related TME components associated with therapy is given, and the completed or ongoing clinical trials related to this topic are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernán Rodríguez-Bejarano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222#55-37, Bogotá 111166, Colombia; Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; PhD Programme in Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Carlos Parra-López
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
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2
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Ligan C, Ma XH, Zhao SL, Zhao W. The regulatory role and mechanism of mast cells in tumor microenvironment. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:1-15. [PMID: 38323271 PMCID: PMC10839313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have emerged as pivotal contributors to both the defensive immune response and immunomodulation. They also exhibit regulatory functions in modulating pathological processes across various allergic diseases. The impact of MC presence within tumor tissues has garnered considerable attention, yielding conflicting findings. While some studies propose that MCs within tumor tissues promote tumor initiation and progression, others advocate an opposing perspective. Notably, evidence emphasizes the dual role of MCs in cancer, both as promoters and suppressors, is crucial for optimizing cancer treatment strategies. These conflicting viewpoints have generated substantial controversy, underscoring the need for a comprehensive understanding of MC's role in tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryl Ligan
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Hua Ma
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu-Li Zhao
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Awang Ahmad N, Lai SK, Suboh R, Hussin H. Comparison of Mast Cell Density and Prognostic Factors in Invasive Breast Carcinoma: A Single-Centre Study in Malaysia. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:81-90. [PMID: 37928785 PMCID: PMC10624438 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.5.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cells influence tumour growth, neo-angiogenesis and the propensity for metastasis by contributing to innate and adaptive immune responses in the tumour microenvironment. The number of mast cells has increased in various malignant tumours and their abundance has been associated with either a favourable or unfavourable prognosis. This study investigated the significant difference in stromal mast cell density among multiple prognostic factor groups in invasive breast carcinoma. Methods CD117 (c-KIT) antibodies were used to stain 160 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded invasive breast carcinoma tissues to demonstrate the presence of mast cells. Then the labelled mast cells were counted in 10 fields at 400× magnification and the mean value was used to represent the mast cell density. Results The demographic distribution revealed that most patients were 40 years old or older (92.5%) and of Malay ethnicity (66.3%). With regard to prognostic factors, the most prevalent subtype was invasive carcinoma of no special type (80.6%), followed by tumour grade 3 (41.3%), T2 tumour size (63.1%), N0 lymph node stage (51.3%), presence of lymphovascular invasion (59.4%), positive oestrogen (64.4%) and progesterone receptors (53.1%), and negative human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression (75.0%). However, there was no significant difference in stromal mast cell density among the different demographic and prognostic factor groups in invasive breast carcinoma. Conclusion The findings from this study suggest that stromal mast cells do not play a significant role in preventing or promoting tumour growth in invasive breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norashikin Awang Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Tuanku Ja’afar, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Shau Kong Lai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Roslina Suboh
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Tuanku Ja’afar, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Lablink Medical Laboratory, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Huzlinda Hussin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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4
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Liu X, Li X, Wei H, Liu Y, Li N. Mast cells in colorectal cancer tumour progression, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1209056. [PMID: 37497234 PMCID: PMC10366593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of the tumour cells, as well as how tumour cells interact with their surroundings, affect the prognosis of cancer patients. The resident cells in the tumour microenvironment are mast cells (MCs), which are known for their functions in allergic responses, but their functions in the cancer milieu have been hotly contested. Several studies have revealed a link between MCs and the development of tumours. Mast cell proliferation in colorectal cancer (CRC) is correlated with angiogenesis, the number of lymph nodes to which the malignancy has spread, and patient prognosis. By releasing angiogenic factors (VEGF-A, CXCL 8, MMP-9, etc.) and lymphangiogenic factors (VEGF-C, VEGF-D, etc.) stored in granules, mast cells play a significant role in the development of CRC. On the other hand, MCs can actively encourage tumour development via pathways including the c-kit/SCF-dependent signaling cascade and histamine production. The impact of MC-derived mediators on tumour growth, the prognostic importance of MCs in patients with various stages of colorectal cancer, and crosstalk between MCs and CRC cells in the tumour microenvironment are discussed in this article. We acknowledge the need for a deeper comprehension of the function of MCs in CRC and the possibility that targeting MCs might be a useful therapeutic approach in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haotian Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ningxu Li
- Department of Nephrology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Baran J, Sobiepanek A, Mazurkiewicz-Pisarek A, Rogalska M, Gryciuk A, Kuryk L, Abraham SN, Staniszewska M. Mast Cells as a Target-A Comprehensive Review of Recent Therapeutic Approaches. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081187. [PMID: 37190096 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are the immune cells distributed throughout nearly all tissues, mainly in the skin, near blood vessels and lymph vessels, nerves, lungs, and the intestines. Although MCs are essential to the healthy immune response, their overactivity and pathological states can lead to numerous health hazards. The side effect of mast cell activity is usually caused by degranulation. It can be triggered by immunological factors, such as immunoglobulins, lymphocytes, or antigen-antibody complexes, and non-immune factors, such as radiation and pathogens. An intensive reaction of mast cells can even lead to anaphylaxis, one of the most life-threatening allergic reactions. What is more, mast cells play a role in the tumor microenvironment by modulating various events of tumor biology, such as cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis. The mechanisms of the mast cell actions are still poorly understood, making it difficult to develop therapies for their pathological condition. This review focuses on the possible therapies targeting mast cell degranulation, anaphylaxis, and MC-derived tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Baran
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sobiepanek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Mazurkiewicz-Pisarek
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Rogalska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Gryciuk
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Kuryk
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH-NRI, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Soman N Abraham
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Monika Staniszewska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
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Promises and challenges for targeting the immunological players in the tumor micro-environment – Critical determinants for NP-based therapy. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Sakalauskaitė S, Riškevičienė V, Šengaut J, Juodžiukynienė N. Association of mast cell density, microvascular density and endothelial area with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in canine mammary gland carcinomas. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:14. [PMID: 35761297 PMCID: PMC9235230 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cell density has been shown to have both enhancing and inhibiting effects on tumour progression and the ability to predict breast cancer behaviour in humans. However, prognostic results have been contradictory. Some previous studies suggested involvement of mast cells in the progression of canine mammary tumours. This study investigated total, intratumoural and peritumoural mast cell densities by Giemsa staining, and their association with clinicopathological parameters and the disease outcome of canine mammary tumours. In addition, since mast cells promote angiogenesis, the microvascular density and endothelial area were evaluated by CD31 immunostaining. Results Intratumoural mast cell density was associated with tumour size, lymph node involvement and tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte count, while peritumoural mast cell density was associated with grade. The endothelial area was associated with grade, mitotic index, tubular formation and proliferation index. Tumours with a high grade, high total intratumoural mast cell density and a larger endothelial area were associated with shorter disease-free survival. Intratumoural mast cell density and grade were found to be independent prognostic factors. Conclusions These results suggest that intratumoural mast cell density and the endothelial area can be used to evaluate the aggressiveness of canine mammary carcinomas, while intratumoural mast cell density could be of use as an independent predictor of a prognosis of disease-free survival. Peritumoural mast cell density does not seem to influence tumour behaviour.
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Majorini MT, Colombo MP, Lecis D. Few, but Efficient: The Role of Mast Cells in Breast Cancer and Other Solid Tumors. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1439-1447. [PMID: 35045983 PMCID: PMC9306341 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor outcome is determined not only by cancer cell-intrinsic features but also by the interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironment. There is great interest in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, yet mast cells have been less studied. Recent work has highlighted the impact of mast cells on the features and aggressiveness of cancer cells, but the eventual effect of mast cell infiltration is still controversial. Here, we review multifaceted findings regarding the role of mast cells in cancer, with a particular focus on breast cancer, which is further complicated because of its classification into subtypes characterized by different biological features, outcome, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Paolo Colombo
- Corresponding Authors: Daniele Lecis, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milano 20133, Italy. Phone: 022-390-2212; E-mail: ; and Mario Paolo Colombo,
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy.,Corresponding Authors: Daniele Lecis, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milano 20133, Italy. Phone: 022-390-2212; E-mail: ; and Mario Paolo Colombo,
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Ribatti D, Annese T, Tamma R. Controversial role of mast cells in breast cancer tumor progression and angiogenesis. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 21:486-491. [PMID: 34580034 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a neoplastic disease and is a cause of cancer-related mortality for women. Among cellular and molecular regulators of the microenvironment, mast cells and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are correlated with tumor progression and prognosis in breast cancer. Clinical and experimental studies on breast cancer have revealed a marked correlation between increased angiogenesis, metastasization, and poorer prognosis. After a brief introduction on angiogenesis evidence and angiogenic factors role in different breast cancer subtypes, in this article, we have discerned the relationship between mast cell infiltration, angiogenesis, and tumor progression in human breast cancer with particular reference to the dual role of mast cells, in terms of both pro- or anti-tumoral activity and poor or good biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Progress for Immunotherapy in Inflammatory Breast Cancer and Emerging Barriers to Therapeutic Efficacy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112543. [PMID: 34067257 PMCID: PMC8196819 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite recent advances in the treatment of other breast cancer subtypes, inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) remains a significant clinical challenge, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 39%. Though immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy in other difficult-to-treat cancers, such approaches have yet to show substantial therapeutic efficacy in IBC. Here, we summarize the known immune composition of IBC tumors, as well as past and present efforts to advance immunotherapy in the treatment of IBC. Abstract Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of breast cancer that carries a particularly poor prognosis. Despite the efficacy of immunotherapy in other difficult to treat forms of breast cancer, progress for immunotherapy in IBC has been difficult. Though immunotherapy has been under clinical investigation in IBC since the 1970s, few approaches have shown significant therapeutic efficacy, and no immunotherapy regimens are currently used in the treatment of IBC. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of what is known about the immune composition of IBC tumors, clinical and basic science evidence describing the role for immune checkpoints such as PD-L1 in IBC pathobiology, as well as past and present attempts to advance ICIs in the treatment of IBC.
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Lichterman JN, Reddy SM. Mast Cells: A New Frontier for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061270. [PMID: 34063789 PMCID: PMC8223777 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are unique tissue-resident immune cells of the myeloid lineage that have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic and autoimmune disorders. More recently, mast cells have been recognized as key orchestrators of anti-tumor immunity, modulators of the cancer stroma, and have also been implicated in cancer cell intrinsic properties. As such, mast cells are an underrecognized but very promising target for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the role of mast cells in shaping cancer and its microenvironment, the interaction between mast cells and cancer therapies, and strategies to target mast cells to improve cancer outcomes. Specifically, we address (1) decreasing cell numbers through c-KIT inhibition, (2) modulating mast cell activation and phenotype (through mast cell stabilizers, FcεR1 signaling pathway activators/inhibitors, antibodies targeting inhibitory receptors and ligands, toll like receptor agonists), and (3) altering secreted mast cell mediators and their downstream effects. Finally, we discuss the importance of translational research using patient samples to advance the field of mast cell targeting to optimally improve patient outcomes. As we aim to expand the successes of existing cancer immunotherapies, focused clinical and translational studies targeting mast cells in different cancer contexts are now warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake N. Lichterman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Sangeetha M. Reddy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-214-648-4180
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12
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Mast Cells and Skin and Breast Cancers: A Complicated and Microenvironment-Dependent Role. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050986. [PMID: 33922465 PMCID: PMC8146516 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are important sentinel cells in host defense against infection and major effector cells in allergic disease. The role of these cells in cancer settings has been widely debated. The diverse range of mast cell functions in both immunity and tissue remodeling events, such as angiogenesis, provides multiple opportunities for mast cells to modify the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we consider both skin and breast cancer settings to address the controversy surrounding the importance of mast cells in the host response to tumors. We specifically address the key mediators produced by mast cells which impact tumor development. The role of environmental challenges in modifying mast cell responses and opportunities to modify mast cell responses to enhance anti-tumor immunity are also considered. While the mast cell's role in many cancer contexts is complicated and poorly understood, the activities of these tissue resident and radioresistant cells can provide important opportunities to enhance anti-cancer responses and limit cancer development.
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Mast Cells Positive for c-Kit Receptor and Tryptase Correlate with Angiogenesis in Cancerous and Adjacent Normal Pancreatic Tissue. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020444. [PMID: 33669751 PMCID: PMC7923170 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mast cells (MCs) contain proangiogenic factors, in particular tryptase, associated with increased angiogenesis in several tumours. With special reference to pancreatic cancer, few data have been published on the role of MCs in angiogenesis in both pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue (PDAT) and adjacent normal tissue (ANT). In this study, density of mast cells positive for c-Kit receptor (MCDP-c-KitR), density of mast cells positive for tryptase (MCDPT), area of mast cells positive for tryptase (MCAPT), and angiogenesis in terms of microvascular density (MVD) and endothelial area (EA) were evaluated in a total of 45 PDAT patients with stage T2–3N0–1M0. Results: For each analysed tissue parameter, the mean ± standard deviation was evaluated in both PDAT and ANT and differences were evaluated by Student’s t-test (p ranged from 0.001 to 0.005). Each analysed tissue parameter was then correlated to each other one by Pearson t-test analysis (p ranged from 0.01 to 0.03). No other correlation among MCDP-c-KitR, MCDPT, MCAPT, MVD, EA and the main clinical–pathological characteristics was found. Conclusions: Our results suggest that tissue parameters increased from ANT to PDAT and that mast cells are strongly associated with angiogenesis in PDAT. On this basis, the inhibition of MCs through tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as masitinib, or inhibition of tryptase by gabexate mesylate may become potential novel antiangiogenetic approaches in pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Moradi Tabriz H, Obohat M, Vahedifard F, Eftekharjavadi A. Survey of Mast Cell Density in Transitional Cell Carcinoma. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 16:119-127. [PMID: 33936222 PMCID: PMC8085279 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2020.123562.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective: Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the world's seventh most common tumor and forms more than 90% of urinary bladder tumors. Invasive tumors are associated with poor prognosis, even with surgical treatment and chemotherapy. Some studies have found that an increase in the number of mast cells in TCC is related to the tumor grade and its aggressiveness. This study investigated the relationship between mast cell density (MCD) and features of TCC (tumor stage, grade, prognosis, and recurrence). Methods: Fifty-one cases with TCC were selected, and MCD was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Giemsa staining. Mortality rate and tumor recurrence were recorded. Results: The MCD mean was higher in high-grade tumors than in low-grade tumors (in IHC method: 9.127 vs 5.296; in Giemsa method: 5.512 vs 2.608). Also, the MCD mean in dead patients was higher than in survived patients (in IHC method: 11.390 vs 6.211; in Giemsa method: 7.460 vs 3.35). Patients with tumor recurrence showed a higher MCD mean than those without recurrence (in IHC method: 9.395 vs 5.475; in Giemsa method: 5.715 vs 2.931). Conclusion: Using mast cell tryptase and Giemsa, MCD may be associated with a positive correlation with tumor grade in TCC. Correlations between MCD, recurrence, prognosis, and tumor stage are probably caused by the effect of tumor grade (all with P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Moradi Tabriz
- Department of Pathology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maedeh Obohat
- Department of Pathology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzan Vahedifard
- Department of Neurology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Eftekharjavadi
- Department of Pathology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Gou L, Yue GGL, Puno PT, Lau CBS. A review on the relationship of mast cells and macrophages in breast cancer - Can herbs or natural products facilitate their anti-tumor effects? Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105321. [PMID: 33285235 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is an inflammation-related cancer whose tumor microenvironment is largely infiltrated by inflammatory cells. These inflammatory cells including mast cells and macrophages have been elucidated to be vital participants in breast tumor proliferation, survival, invasion and migration. However, the functions of mast cells and macrophages in breast cancer are quite distinct based on recent data. Mast cells exhibit both anti-tumoral and pro-tumoral functions on breast cancer, while high number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are strongly correlated with poor prognosis and higher risk of distant metastasis in breast cancer patients. Besides, many natural products/extracts have been reported to regulate mast cells and macrophages. In this review, the roles of mast cells and macrophages play in breast cancer are discussed and a summary of those natural products/herbs regulating the functions of mast cells or macrophages is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Grace Gar-Lee Yue
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, HKSAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, HKSAR, China
| | - Pema Tenzin Puno
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Clara Bik-San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, HKSAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, HKSAR, China.
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16
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Bruni D, Angell HK, Galon J. The immune contexture and Immunoscore in cancer prognosis and therapeutic efficacy. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:662-680. [PMID: 32753728 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 873] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The international American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system provides the current guidelines for the classification of cancer. However, among patients within the same stage, the clinical outcome can be very different. More recently, a novel definition of cancer has emerged, implicating at all stages a complex and dynamic interaction between tumour cells and the immune system. This has enabled the definition of the immune contexture, representing the pre-existing immune parameters associated with patient survival. Even so, the role of distinct immune cell types in modulating cancer progression is increasingly emerging. An immune-based assay named the 'Immunoscore' was defined to quantify the in situ T cell infiltrate and was demonstrated to be superior to the AJCC/UICC TNM classification for patients with colorectal cancer. This Review provides a broad overview of the main immune parameters positively or negatively shaping cancer development, including the Immunoscore, and their prognostic and predictive value. The importance of the immune system in cancer control is demonstrated by the requirement for a pre-existing intratumour adaptive immune response for effective immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we discuss how the combination of multiple immune parameters, rather than individual ones, might increase prognostic and/or predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bruni
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Sorbonne Université; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université de Paris; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Helen K Angell
- Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Sorbonne Université; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université de Paris; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
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17
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An In Vitro Model of Mast Cell Recruitment and Activation by Breast Cancer Cells Supports Anti-Tumoral Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155293. [PMID: 32722549 PMCID: PMC7432939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrC) affects millions of women yearly. Mast cells (MCs) are common components of breast tumors with documented agonistic and antagonistic roles in tumor progression. Understanding the participation of MCs in BrC may lead to new therapies to control tumor growth. In this study, we looked into mechanistic models of MC responses triggered by BrC cells (BrCC), assessing both early degranulation and late transcriptional activities. We used aggressive and non-aggressive BrCC to model the progressive staging of the disease over HMC1 and LAD-2 human MC lines. We found that both MC lines were chemoattracted by all BrCC, but their activation was preferentially induced by aggressive lines, finding differences in their active transcriptional programs, both at basal level and after stimulation. Among those genes with altered expression were down-regulated SPP1, PDCD1, IL17A and TGFB1 and up-regulated KITLG and IFNG. A low expression of SPP1 and a high expression of KITLG and IFNG were associated with increased overall survival of BrC patients from public databases. The set of altered genes is more often associated with tumor stromas enriched with anti-tumoral signals, suggesting that MCs may participate in tumor control.
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18
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Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident, innate immune cells that play a key role in the inflammatory response and tissue homeostasis. Mast cells accumulate in the tumor stroma of different human cancer types, and increased mast cell density has been associated to either good or poor prognosis, depending on the tumor type and stage. Mast cells play a multifaceted role in the tumor microenvironment by modulating various events of tumor biology, such as cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis. Moreover, tumor-associated mast cells have the potential to shape the tumor microenvironment by establishing crosstalk with other tumor-infiltrating cells. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the role of mast cells in the tumor microenvironment. These cells have received much less attention than other tumor-associated immune cells but are now recognized as critical components of the tumor microenvironment and could hold promise as a potential target to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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19
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Derbala Y, Elazzamy H, Bilal M, Reed R, Salazar Garcia MD, Skariah A, Dambaeva S, Fernandez E, Germain A, Gilman‐Sachs A, Beaman K, Kwak‐Kim J. Mast cell–induced immunopathology in recurrent pregnancy losses. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 82:e13128. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Derbala
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Haidy Elazzamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Mahmood Bilal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Rachel Reed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Maria Dinorah Salazar Garcia
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Annie Skariah
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Svetlana Dambaeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | | | | | - Alice Gilman‐Sachs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Kenneth Beaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | - Joanne Kwak‐Kim
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
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20
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Derakhshani A, Vahidian F, Alihasanzadeh M, Mokhtarzadeh A, Lotfi Nezhad P, Baradaran B. Mast cells: A double-edged sword in cancer. Immunol Lett 2019; 209:28-35. [PMID: 30905824 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), a type of innate immune cells, are derived from myeloid stem cells, sometimes known as mastocytes or labrocytes, and contain many granules rich in histamine and heparin. The mentioned cells are able to release various mediators such as cytokines, leukotrienes, and a large number of proteases into the environment. Many studies and experiments have established the infiltration of MCs into the tumor site. However, the findings are highly controversial to determine whether these immune cells contribute to the growth and development of the tumor or cause anti-tumor immune responses. Various studies have revealed that MCs have a pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic role depending on the type of cancer, the degree of tumor progression, and the location of these immune cells in the tumor bulk. Although these types of immune cells cause angiogenesis and tumor progression in some cancers, they have a significant anti-tumor role in some other types of cancers. In general, although a number of studies have specified the protective role of MCs in cancers, the increased number of MCs in the blood and microenvironment of tumors, as well as the increased level of angiogenesis and tumor progression, has been indicated in another array of studies. The function of MCs against or in favor of the cancers still requires further investigations to more accurately and specifically determine the role of MCs in the cancers. The function of MCs in tumors and their various roles in case of exposure to the cancer cells have been addressed in the present review. The concluding section of the present study recommends a number of methods for modification of MCs in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Derakhshani
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Vahidian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alihasanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Lotfi Nezhad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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21
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Li S, Xu HX, Wu CT, Wang WQ, Jin W, Gao HL, Li H, Zhang SR, Xu JZ, Qi ZH, Ni QX, Yu XJ, Liu L. Angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer: current research status and clinical implications. Angiogenesis 2018; 22:15-36. [PMID: 30168025 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. Although the standard of care in pancreatic cancer has improved, prognoses for patients remain poor with a 5-year survival rate of < 5%. Angiogenesis, namely, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, is an important event in tumor growth and hematogenous metastasis. It is a dynamic and complex process involving multiple mechanisms and is regulated by various molecules. Inhibition of angiogenesis has been an established therapeutic strategy for many solid tumors. However, clinical outcomes are far from satisfying for pancreatic cancer patients receiving anti-angiogenic therapies. In this review, we summarize the current status of angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer research and explore the reasons for the poor efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapies, aiming to identify some potential therapeutic targets that may enhance the effectiveness of anti-angiogenic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hua-Xiang Xu
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chun-Tao Wu
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Quan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - He-Li Gao
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shi-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Xu
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zi-Hao Qi
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Quan-Xing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xian-Jun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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22
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Giardina SF, Werner DS, Pingle M, Bergstrom DE, Arnold LD, Barany F. A Novel, Nonpeptidic, Orally Active Bivalent Inhibitor of Human β-Tryptase. Pharmacology 2018; 102:233-243. [PMID: 30134249 PMCID: PMC6242772 DOI: 10.1159/000492078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
β-Tryptase is released from mast cells upon degranulation in response to allergic and inflammatory stimuli. Human tryptase is a homotetrameric serine protease with 4 identical active sites directed toward a central pore. These active sites present an optimized scenario for the rational design of bivalent inhibitors, which bridge 2 adjacent active sites. Using (3-[1-acylpiperidin-4-yl]phenyl)methanamine as the pharmacophoric core and a disiloxane linker to span 2 active sites we have successfully produced a novel bivalent tryptase inhibitor, compound 1a, with a comparable profile to previously described inhibitors. Pharmacological properties of compound 1a were studied in a range of in vitro enzymic and cellular screening assays, and in vivo xenograft models. This non-peptide inhibitor of tryptase demonstrated superior activity (IC50 at 100 pmol/L tryptase = 1.82 nmol/L) compared to monomeric modes of inhibition. X-ray crystallography validated the dimeric mechanism of inhibition, and 1a demonstrated good oral bioavailability and efficacy in HMC-1 xenograft models. Furthermore, compound 1a demonstrated extremely slow off rates and high selectivity against-related proteases. This highly potent, orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor of human tryptase will be an invaluable tool in future studies to explore the therapeutic potential of attenuating the activity of this elusive target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Giardina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA,
| | - Douglas S Werner
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- BlinkBio, Inc., The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Maneesh Pingle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- BlinkBio, Inc., The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Donald E Bergstrom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Lee D Arnold
- Coferon, Inc., 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Fount Therapeutics, LLC, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Francis Barany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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23
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The dual role of mast cells in tumor fate. Cancer Lett 2018; 433:252-258. [PMID: 29981810 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The exact role of mast cells in tumor growth is not clear and multifaceted. In some cases, mast cells stimulate while in others inhibit this process. This dual role may be explained to some extent by the huge number of bioactive molecules stored in mast cell granules, as well as differences between tumor microenvironment, tumor type, and tumor phase of development.
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24
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Qian N, Li X, Wang X, Wu C, Yin L, Zhi X. Tryptase promotes breast cancer angiogenesis through PAR-2 mediated endothelial progenitor cell activation. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1513-1520. [PMID: 30008831 PMCID: PMC6036543 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have been demonstrated to accumulate around and within solid tumors of numerous types, and express a number of pro-angiogenic compounds, including tryptase. They may serve an early role in angiogenesis within developing tumors. In the present study, the role and mechanism of tryptase in the activation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in breast cancer angiogenesis were evaluated. Human umbilical cord blood EPCs were isolated and cultured. MB-MDA-231 breast cancer cells were then pretreated with tryptase, and the conditioned medium was collected. The effects of tryptase on the migratory and angiogenesis abilities of EPCs were determined using wound-healing and tube formation assays, respectively. The effect of tryptase on the proliferation of EPCs was detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Alterations in proteinase activated receptor (PAR)-2, phosphorylated (p)-protein kinase B (AKT), p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 expression were analyzed, in tryptase or conditioned medium-treated EPCs, by western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. It was confirmed that the EPCs expressed PAR-2; and that tryptase treatment promoted the migration and tube formation of EPCs. Treatment with a PAR-2 agonist had a similar effect to tryptase, whereas treatment with a tryptase inhibitor, APC366, or a PAR-2 inhibitor, SAM 11, inhibited the effect of tryptase treatment. Tryptase and PAR-2 agonists did not affect the rate of EPC proliferation. MB-MDA-231 cells also expressed PAR-2. Treatment with tryptase or conditioned medium increased the expression of PAR-2, p-AKT, p-ERK and VEGFR-2 in EPCs. In conclusion, tryptase activated EPCs via PAR-2-mediated AKT and ERK signaling pathway activation, thereby enhancing angiogenesis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Qian
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Science, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chungen Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Training Center of Medical Experiments, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lianhua Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Training Center of Medical Experiments, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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25
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Bcl6/p53 expression, macrophages/mast cells infiltration and microvascular density in invasive breast carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22727-22740. [PMID: 29854311 PMCID: PMC5978261 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the breast cancer progression and therapeutic resistance is crucial deepen the molecular mechanisms related to regulation of cells behavior in the tumor microenvironment. Inappropriate expression or activation of transcription factors in tumor breast microenvironment can lead to the malignant behavior of breast cancer cells. Bcl6 is a transcriptional factor that may play a role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Moreover, cells surrounding tumor cells, including macrophages and mast cells play an important role during tumor progression enhancing angiogenesis. We have demonstrated: 1) An increase of the BCL6 translocation and Bcl6 positive cells in G3 degree of disease; 2) A reduction of the expression of p53 in G3 breast cancer samples as compared to G1/G2 specimens; 3) Macrophages CD68+ and CD163+ in interstitial and periglandular position, increase in G3 specimens as compared to G1/G2 and control samples; 4) Tryptase-positive mast cells in periglandular position are more numerous in G3 tumor specimens as compared to G1/G2 and control samples. Overall, these data confirm the important role played by epigenetic events, including BCL6 translocation, p53 expression, and microenvironment components, including macrophage and mast cell infiltration and microvascular density involved in the regulation of breast cancer progression.
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26
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Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Mast Cells Positive to Tryptase Are Correlated with Angiogenesis in Surgically-Treated Gastric Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041176. [PMID: 29649166 PMCID: PMC5979483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and macrophages can play a role in tumor angiogenesis by stimulating microvascular density (MVD). The density of mast cells positive to tryptase (MCDPT), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and MVD were evaluated in a series of 86 gastric cancer (GC) tissue samples from patients who had undergone potential curative surgery. MCDPT, TAMs, and MVD were assessed in tumor tissue (TT) and in adjacent normal tissue (ANT) by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Each of the above parameters was correlated with the others and, in particular for TT, with important clinico-pathological features. In TT, a significant correlation between MCDPT, TAMs, and MVD was found by Pearson t-test analysis (p ranged from 0.01 to 0.02). No correlation to the clinico-pathological features was found. A significant difference in terms of mean MCDPT, TAMs, and MVD between TT and ANT was found (p ranged from 0.001 to 0.002). Obtained data suggest MCDPT, TAMs, and MVD increased from ANT to TT. Interestingly, MCDPT and TAMs are linked in the tumor microenvironment and they play a role in GC angiogenesis in a synergistic manner. The assessment of the combination of MCDPT and TAMs could represent a surrogate marker of angiogenesis and could be evaluated as a target of novel anti-angiogenic therapies in GC patients.
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27
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Atiakshin D, Buchwalow I, Samoilova V, Tiemann M. Tryptase as a polyfunctional component of mast cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29532158 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are haematopoietic cells that arise from pluripotent precursors of the bone marrow. They play immunomodulatory roles in both health and disease. When appropriately activated, mast cells undergo degranulation, and preformed granule compounds are rapidly released into the surroundings. In many cases, the effects that mast cells have on various inflammatory settings are closely associated with the enzymatic characteristics of tryptase, the main granule compound of mast cells. Tryptase degranulation is often linked with the development of an immune response, allergy, inflammation, and remodelling of tissue architecture. Tryptase also represents an informative diagnostic marker of certain diseases and a prospective target for pharmacotherapy. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about mast cell tryptase as one of the mast cell secretome proteases. The main points of the reviewed publications are highlighted with our microscopic images of mast cell tryptases visualized using immunohistochemical staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Atiakshin
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Voronezh N. N. Burdenko State Medical University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Igor Buchwalow
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Vera Samoilova
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
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28
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Xiong H, Zhao W, Wang J, Seifer BJ, Ye C, Chen Y, Jia Y, Chen C, Shen J, Wang L, Sui X, Zhou J. Oncogenic mechanisms of Lin28 in breast cancer: new functions and therapeutic opportunities. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25721-25735. [PMID: 28147339 PMCID: PMC5421965 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA binding protein Lin28 is best known for the critical role in cell development, recent researches also have implied its oncogenic function in various human cancers, including breast cancer. Specifically, aberrant Lin28 participates in multiple pathological processes, such as proliferation, metastasis, radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance, metabolism, immunity and inflammation as well as stemness. In this review, we summarize the let-7-dependent and let-7-independent mechanism regulated by Lin28, focusing on its relation with tumor hallmarks in breast cancer, and subsequently discuss our present knowledge of Lin28 to develop a molecular-based therapeutic strategy against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchu Xiong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhe Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Chenyang Ye
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunlu Jia
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianguo Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Mast Cell, the Neglected Member of the Tumor Microenvironment: Role in Breast Cancer. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:2584243. [PMID: 29651440 PMCID: PMC5832101 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2584243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are unique tissue-resident immune cells that secrete a diverse array of biologically active compounds that can stimulate, modulate, or suppress the immune response. Although mounting evidence supports that mast cells are consistently infiltrating tumors, their role as either a driving or an opposite force for cancer progression is still controversial. Particularly, in breast cancer, their function is still under discussion. While some studies have shown a protective role, recent evidence indicates that mast cells enhance blood and lymphatic vessel formation. Interestingly, one of the most important components of the mast cell cargo, the serine protease tryptase, is a potent angiogenic factor, and elevated serum tryptase levels correlate with bad prognosis in breast cancer patients. Likewise, histamine is known to induce tumor cell proliferation and tumor growth. In agreement, mast cell depletion reduces the size of mammary tumors and metastasis in murine models that spontaneously develop breast cancer. In this review, we will discuss the evidence supporting protumoral and antitumoral roles of mast cells, emphasizing recent findings placing mast cells as important drivers of tumor progression, as well as the potential use of these cells or their mediators as therapeutic targets.
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30
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Marech I, Ammendola M, Leporini C, Patruno R, Luposella M, Zizzo N, Passantino G, Sacco R, Farooqi AA, Zuccalà V, Leo S, Dentamaro R, Porcelli M, Gadaleta P, De Sarro G, Gadaleta CD, Ranieri G. C-Kit receptor and tryptase expressing mast cells correlate with angiogenesis in breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017; 9:7918-7927. [PMID: 29487702 PMCID: PMC5814269 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C-Kit protein is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase (TK) receptor (c-KitR-TK), which is predominantly expressed on mast cells (MCs) playing a role in tumor angiogenesis. It could be also expressed on epithelial breast cancer cells (EBCCs), but no data have been published regarding the correlation between mast cells positive to c-KitR (MCs-c-KitR), EBCCs positive to c-KitR (EBCCs-c-KitR), BC angiogenesis in terms of microvessel density (MVD) and the main clinic-pathological features. This study aims to evaluate the above parameters and their correlations in a series of selected 121 female early BC patients. It has been found a strong correlation between MVD and MCDPT, and MCs-c-KitR, MVD and MCs density positive to tryptase (MCDPT), and MCs-c-KitR and MCDPT by Pearson correlation. These data suggest an involvement of both MCDPT and MCs-c-KitR in BC tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, BC tissue expressing c-KitR could be a putative predictive factor to c-KitR-TK inhibitors. In this way, selected patients with higher MCs-c-KitR could be candidate to receive c-KitR-TK inhibitors (e.g. masitinib, sunitinib) or tryptase inhibitors (e.g. nafamostat mesilate, gabexate mesilate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marech
- Interventional and Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgery Science Medical School, Clinical Surgery Unit, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Christian Leporini
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit, Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, Magna Graecia University, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, Aldo Moro University, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, 88900 Crotone, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, Aldo Moro University, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passantino
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, Aldo Moro University, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgery Science Medical School, Clinical Surgery Unit, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Laboratory for Translational and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, University of Lahore, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- Pathology Unit, Pugliese-Ciaccio Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Silvana Leo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Piazzetta Muratore, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosalba Dentamaro
- Senology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Porcelli
- Interventional and Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Gadaleta
- Interventional and Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit, Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, Magna Graecia University, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Interventional and Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Interventional and Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Abstract
Solid tumor growth and metastasis require the interaction of tumor cells with the surrounding tissue, leading to a view of tumors as tissue-level phenomena rather than exclusively cell-intrinsic anomalies. Due to the ubiquitous nature of adipose tissue, many types of solid tumors grow in proximate or direct contact with adipocytes and adipose-associated stromal and vascular components, such as fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells, stem and progenitor cells, endothelial cells, innate and adaptive immune cells, and extracellular signaling and matrix components. Excess adiposity in obesity both increases risk of cancer development and negatively influences prognosis in several cancer types, in part due to interaction with adipose tissue cell populations. Herein, we review the cellular and noncellular constituents of the adipose "organ," and discuss the mechanisms by which these varied microenvironmental components contribute to tumor development, with special emphasis on obesity. Due to the prevalence of breast and prostate cancers in the United States, their close anatomical proximity to adipose tissue depots, and their complex epidemiologic associations with obesity, we particularly highlight research addressing the contribution of adipose tissue to the initiation and progression of these cancer types. Obesity dramatically modifies the adipose tissue microenvironment in numerous ways, including induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis, increased stem cell abundance, and expansion of proinflammatory immune cells. As many of these changes also resemble shifts observed within the tumor microenvironment, proximity to adipose tissue may present a hospitable environment to developing tumors, providing a critical link between adiposity and tumorigenesis. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:237-282, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J. Cozzo
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley M. Fuller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Liza Makowski
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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32
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Paolino G, Corsetti P, Moliterni E, Corsetti S, Didona D, Albanesi M, Mattozzi C, Lido P, Calvieri S. Mast cells and cancer. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2017; 154:650-668. [PMID: 29192477 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.17.05818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are a potent proangiogenic factor in tumors, they product several pro-angiogenic factors such as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF), tryptase and chymase. Tryptase is a serine protease classified as α-tryptase and β-tryptase, both produced by MCs. Tryptase degrades the tissues, playing an important role in angiogenesis and in the development of metastases. Serum tryptase increases with age, with increased damage to cells and risk of developing a malignancy and it could be considered the expression of a fundamental role of MCs in tumor growth or, on the contrary, in the antitumor response. Many biomarkers have been developed in clinical practice for improving diagnosis and prognosis of some neoplasms. Elevated tryptase levels are found in subgroups of patients with haematologic and solid cancers. In the current review, we want to update the perspectives of tryptase as a potential biomarker in daily practice in different neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Serena Corsetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy -
| | - Dario Didona
- First Division of Dermatology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Albanesi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Lido
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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33
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Ammendola M, Gadaleta CD, Frampton AE, Piardi T, Memeo R, Zuccalà V, Luposella M, Patruno R, Zizzo N, Gadaleta P, Pessaux P, Sacco R, Sammarco G, Ranieri G. The density of mast cells c-Kit + and tryptase + correlates with each other and with angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70463-70471. [PMID: 29050294 PMCID: PMC5642569 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature data suggest that inflammatory cells such as mast cells (MCs) are involved in angiogenesis. MCs can stimulate angiogenesis by releasing of well identified pro-angiogenic cytokines stored in their cytoplasm. In particular, MCs can release tryptase, a potent in vivo and in vitro pro-angiogenic factor. Nevertheless, few data are available concerning the role of MCs positive to tryptase in primary pancreatic cancer angiogenesis. This study analyzed the correlation between mast cells positive to c-Kit receptor (c-Kit+ MCs), the density of MCs expressing tryptase (MCD-T) and microvascular density (MVD) in primary tumor tissue from patients affected by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). A series of 35 PDAC patients with stage T2-3N0-1M0 (by AJCC for Pancreas Cancer Staging 7th Edition) were selected and then undergone to surgery. Tumor tissue samples were evaluated by mean of immunohistochemistry and image analysis methods in terms of number of c-Kit+ MCs, MCD-T and MVD. The above parameters were related each other and with the most important main clinico-pathological features. A significant correlation between c-Kit+ MCs, MCD-T and MVD groups each other was found by Pearson t-test analysis (r ranged from 0.75 to 0.87; p-value ranged from 0.01 to 0.04). No other significant correlation was found. Our in vivo preliminary data, suggest that tumor microenvironmental MCs evaluated in terms of c-Kit+ MCs and MCD-T may play a role in PDAC angiogenesis and they could be further evaluated as a novel tumor biomarker and as a target of anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa-Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Traslational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Adam Enver Frampton
- HPB Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tullio Piardi
- Department of General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Hopital Robert Debre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Universite de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Riccardo Memeo
- Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgical Unit, General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, IRCAD, IHU Mix-Surg, Institute for Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Surgery, University of Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- Pathology Unit, "Pugliese-Ciaccio" Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Crotone, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Gadaleta
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Traslational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Patrick Pessaux
- Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgical Unit, General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, IRCAD, IHU Mix-Surg, Institute for Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Surgery, University of Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa-Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa-Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Traslational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
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Tamma R, Guidolin D, Annese T, Tortorella C, Ruggieri S, Rega S, Zito FA, Nico B, Ribatti D. Spatial distribution of mast cells and macrophages around tumor glands in human breast ductal carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:179-184. [PMID: 28756894 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and mast cells are usually present in the tumor microenvironment and play an important role as regulators of inflammation, immunological response and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we have evaluated macrophage, mast cell, and microvessel density in a selected group of different grade of invasive breast carcinoma tumor specimens. Furthermore, we have investigated the pattern of distribution of CD68-positive macrophages and tryptase-positive mast cells around tumor glands. Results have shown that: A) Macrophages are more numerous in G2 and G3 breast cancer stages respect to controls, the per cent of macrophages in G1 samples was comparable to the controls, and the spatial relationship between macrophages and glands (as indicated by the mean cell-to-gland distance) correlated with CD31-positive vessels. B) Mast cells in G2 and G3 tumor specimens show a significant increase in their number as compared to control samples, and their spatial distribution around the glands did not show any significant difference among groups. Overall, the results of this study confirm the important role of macrophages and mast cells in tumor progression and angiogenesis in human ductal breast cancer, and pointed out the spatial relationship between tumor macrophages and glands, and its correlation with microvascular density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova Medical School, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova Medical School, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Simona Ruggieri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Serena Rega
- Department of Pathology "San Paolo" Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Nico
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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35
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Cimpean AM, Tamma R, Ruggieri S, Nico B, Toma A, Ribatti D. Mast cells in breast cancer angiogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 115:23-26. [PMID: 28602166 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells, accumulate in the stroma surrounding certain tumors and take part to the inflammatory reaction occurring at the periphery of the tumor. Mast cell-secreted angiogenic cytokines facilitate tumor vascularization not only by a direct effect but also by stimulating other inflammatory cells of the tumor microenvironment to release other angiogenic mediators. An increased number of mast cells have been demonstrated in angiogenesis associated with solid tumors, including breast cancer. Mast cells might act as a new target for the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer through the selective inhibition of angiogenesis, tissue remodeling and tumor promoting molecules, allowing the secretion of cytotoxic cytokines and preventing mast cell mediated immune-suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Maria Cimpean
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy,; National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Ruggieri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Beatrice Nico
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Alina Toma
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy,; National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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36
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Ammendola M, Sacco R, Vescio G, Zuccalà V, Luposella M, Patruno R, Zizzo N, Gadaleta C, Marech I, Ruggieri R, Kocak IF, Ozgurtas T, Gadaleta CD, Sammarco G, Ranieri G. Tryptase mast cell density, protease-activated receptor-2 microvascular density, and classical microvascular density evaluation in gastric cancer patients undergoing surgery: possible translational relevance. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2017; 10:353-360. [PMID: 28491140 PMCID: PMC5405880 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x16673981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) can stimulate angiogenesis, releasing several proangiogenic cytokines stored in their cytoplasm. In particular, MCs can release tryptase, a potent in vivo and in vitro proangiogenic factor via protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Nevertheless, no data are available concerning the relationship among tryptase MC density (TMCD), endothelial cells (ECs) positive to PAR-2 microvascular density (PAR-2-MVD) and classical MVD (C-MVD) in gastric cancer (GC) angiogenesis. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the correlation of TMCD, PAR-2-MVD, C-MVD with each other and with the main clinicopathological features in GC patients who underwent surgery. A series of 77 GC patients with stage T2-3N2-3M0 (classified by the American Joint Committee on Cancer for Gastric Cancer, 7th edition) were selected and then underwent surgery. RESULTS Tumour tissue samples were evaluated by mean of immunohistochemistry and image analysis methods in terms of numbers of TMCD, PAR-2-MVD and C-MVD. A significant correlation between the TMCD, PAR-2-MVD and C-MVD groups with each other was found by Pearson t-test analysis (r ranged from 0.64 to 0.76; p value ranged from 0.02 to 0.03). There was no other significant correlation between the above parameters and clinicopathological features. CONCLUSIONS Our in vivo preliminary data suggest that TMCD and PAR-2-MVD may play a role in GC angiogenesis and they could be further evaluated as a target of antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro ‘Magna Graecia’ Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Vescio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro ‘Magna Graecia’ Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- Health Science Department, Pathology Unit, University of Catanzaro ‘Magna Graecia’ Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, ‘San Giovanni di Dio’ Hospital, Crotone, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Chair of Pathology, University ‘Aldo Moro’ Veterinary Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, University ‘Aldo Moro’ Veterinary Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Gadaleta
- Chair of Pathology, University ‘Aldo Moro’ Veterinary Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marech
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Ruggieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Bari, Italy
| | - Ibrahim Furkan Kocak
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulhane Military Medical Academy Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taner Ozgurtas
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulhane Military Medical Academy Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro ‘Magna Graecia’ Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, Bari, Italy
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37
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Glajcar A, Szpor J, Pacek A, Tyrak KE, Chan F, Streb J, Hodorowicz-Zaniewska D, Okoń K. The relationship between breast cancer molecular subtypes and mast cell populations in tumor microenvironment. Virchows Arch 2017; 470:505-515. [PMID: 28315938 PMCID: PMC5406445 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are a part of the innate immune system. The MC functions toward cancer are partially based on the release of chymase and tryptase. However, the MC effect on breast cancer is controversial. The aim of our study was to investigate the presence of MCs in breast cancer tumors of different molecular subtypes and their relationships with other pathological prognostic factors. Tryptase- and chymase-positive mast cell densities were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 108 primary invasive breast cancer tissue samples. Positive cells were counted within the tumor bed and at the invasive margin. For all analyzed MC subpopulations, we observed statistically significant differences between individual molecular subtypes of breast cancer. The significantly higher numbers of intratumoral chymase- and tryptase-positive mast cells were observed in luminal A and luminal B tumors compared to triple-negative and HER2+ non-luminal lesions. A denser MC infiltration was associated with lower tumor grade, higher ER and PR expression, lower proliferation rate as well as the lack of HER2 overexpression. The results obtained in our study indicate a possible association of chymase- and tryptase-positive MCs with more favorable cancer immunophenotype and with beneficial prognostic indicators in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Glajcar
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Grzegórzecka 16, 31-531, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Szpor
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Grzegórzecka 16, 31-531, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pacek
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Grzegórzecka 16, 31-531, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ewa Tyrak
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Florence Chan
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Grzegórzecka 16, 31-531, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Streb
- Department of Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Diana Hodorowicz-Zaniewska
- Department of General, Oncological, and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Okoń
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Grzegórzecka 16, 31-531, Kraków, Poland.
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38
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mast cells have been identified as key mediators of posttraumatic joint contracture, and stabilizing medications (ketotifen) have been shown to decrease contracture severity. Serum mast cell tryptase (SMCT) levels are used clinically to monitor mast cell-mediated conditions. The goals of this study were to determine if SMCT levels are elevated in the setting of joint contracture, if they can be decreased in association with ketotifen therapy, and if they correlate with contracture severity. METHODS This study used a previously developed rabbit model in which 39 animals were divided into 4 groups: operatively created joint contracture (ORC, n = 13), operatively created contracture treated with ketotifen at 2 doses (KF0.5, n = 9; KF1.0, n = 9), and healthy rabbits (NC, n = 8). Range of motion measures were performed at 8 weeks after the surgery. Serum samples were collected on postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 7, 21, 35, and 49. SMCT levels were measured using a rabbit-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Levels of SMCT were highest in the operatively created joint contracture group and were significantly greater compared with both ketotifen groups (P < 0.001). Levels were highest at postoperative day 1 with a trend to decrease over time. A positive correlation between SMCT levels and contracture severity was observed in all operative groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Levels of SMCT are elevated in the setting of joint contracture, decreased in association with ketotifen therapy, and positively correlated with contracture severity. This is the first study to establish a relationship between SMCT and joint injury. Measurement of SMCT may be valuable in identifying those at risk of posttraumatic joint contracture.
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Mast Cells Are Abundant in Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas: Results from a Computer-Aided Quantitative Immunohistological Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163661. [PMID: 27893746 PMCID: PMC5125565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cells (MC) are bone marrow derived haematopoetic cells playing a crucial role not only in immune response but also in the tumor microenvironment with protumorigenic and antitumorigenic functions. The role of MC in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL), a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas with initial presentation in the skin, is largely unknown. Objective To gain more accurate information about presence, number, distribution and state of activation (degranulated vs. non-degranulated) of MC in CTCL variants and clinical stages. Materials and Methods We established a novel computer-aided tissue analysis method on digitized skin sections. Immunohistochemistry with an anti-MC tryptase antibody was performed on 34 biopsies of different CTCL subtypes and on control skin samples. An algorithm for the automatic detection of the epidermis and of cell density based CTCL areas was developed. Cells were stratified as being within the CTCL infiltrate, in P1 (a surrounding area 0–30 μm away from CTCL), or in P2 (30–60 μm away from CTCL) area. Results We found high MC counts within CTCL infiltrates and P1 and a decreased MC number in the surrounding dermis P2. Higher MC numbers were found in MF compared to all other CTCL subgroups. Regarding different stages of MF, we found significantly higher mast cell counts in stages IA and IB than in stages IIA and IIB. Regarding MC densities, we found a higher density of MC in MF compared to all other CTCL subgroups. More MC were non-degranulated than degranulated. Conclusion Here for the first time an automated method for MC analysis on tissue sections and its use in CTCL is described. Eliminating error from investigator bias, the method allows for precise cell identification and counting. Our results provide new insights on MC distribution in CTCL reappraising their role in the pathophysiology of CTCL.
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Ammendola M, Sacco R, Zuccalà V, Luposella M, Patruno R, Gadaleta P, Zizzo N, Gadaleta CD, De Sarro G, Sammarco G, Oltean M, Ranieri G. Mast Cells Density Positive to Tryptase Correlate with Microvascular Density in both Primary Gastric Cancer Tissue and Loco-Regional Lymph Node Metastases from Patients That Have Undergone Radical Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111905. [PMID: 27854307 PMCID: PMC5133903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast Cells (MCs) play a role in immune responses and more recently MCs have been involved in tumoral angiogenesis. In particular MCs can release tryptase, a potent in vivo and in vitro pro-angiogenic factor via proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. MCs can release tryptase following c-Kit receptor activation. Nevertheless, no data are available concerning the relationship among MCs Density Positive to Tryptase (MCDPT) and Microvascular Density (MVD) in both primary gastric cancer tissue and loco-regional lymph node metastases. A series of 75 GC patients with stage T2-3N2-3M₀ (by AJCC for Gastric Cancer Seventh Edition) undergone to radical surgery were selected for the study. MCDPT and MVD were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and by image analysis system and results were correlated each to other in primary tumor tissue and in metastatic lymph nodes harvested. Furthermore, tissue parameters were correlated with important clinico-pathological features. A significant correlation between MCDPT and MVD was found in primary gastric cancer tissue and lymph node metastases. Pearson t-test analysis (r ranged from 0.74 to 0.79; p-value ranged from 0.001 to 0.003). These preliminary data suggest that MCDPT play a role in angiogenesis in both primary tumor and in lymph node metastases from GC. We suggest that MCs and tryptase could be further evaluated as novel targets for anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Surgery Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- Pathology Unit, "Pugliese-Ciaccio" Hospital, Viale Pio X, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Maria Luposella
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, 88900 Crotone, Italy.
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Via Casamassima, 70010 Bari, Italy.
| | - Pietro Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Via Casamassima, 70010 Bari, Italy.
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Mihai Oltean
- The Institute for Clinical Sciences, Department of Transplantation, University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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Ammendola M, Sacco R, Sammarco G, Piardi T, Zuccalà V, Patruno R, Zullo A, Zizzo N, Nardo B, Marech I, Crovace A, Gadaleta CD, Pessaux P, Ranieri G. Mast cells positive to tryptase, endothelial cells positive to protease-activated receptor-2, and microvascular density correlate among themselves in hepatocellular carcinoma patients who have undergone surgery. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4465-71. [PMID: 27499640 PMCID: PMC4959580 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s105368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) can stimulate angiogenesis, releasing several proangiogenic cytokines stored in their cytoplasm. In particular MCs can release tryptase, a potent in vivo and in vitro proangiogenic factor via proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Nevertheless, no data are available concerning the relationship between MC density positive to tryptase (MCDPT), endothelial cells positive to PAR-2 forming microvascular density (PAR-2-MVD), and classical MVD (C-MVD) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) angiogenesis. This study analyzed the correlation between MCDPT, PAR-2-MVD, and C-MVD, each correlated to the others and to the main clinicopathological features, in early HCC patients who underwent surgery. METHODS A series of 53 HCC patients with early stage (stage 0 according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging Classification) were selected and then underwent surgery. Tumor tissue samples were evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry and image analysis methods in terms of number of MCDPT, PAR-2-MVD, and C-MVD. RESULTS A significant correlation between MCDPT, PAR-2-MVD, and C-MVD groups, each correlated to the others, was found by Pearson t-test analysis (r ranged from 0.67 to 0.81; P-value ranged from 0.01 to 0.03). No other significant correlation was found. CONCLUSION Our in vivo pilot data suggest that MCDPT and PAR-2-MVD may play a role in HCC angiogenesis and could be further evaluated as a target of antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, General Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, General Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, General Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tullio Piardi
- Department of General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Hopital Robert Debre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Universite de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- Department of Health Science, Pathology Unit, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Catanzaro
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University "Aldo Moro", Bari
| | - Alessandra Zullo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, General Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University "Aldo Moro", Bari
| | - Bruno Nardo
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, S Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna
| | - Ilaria Marech
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, "Giovanni Paolo II"
| | - Alberto Crovace
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), Veterinary Medical School, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, "Giovanni Paolo II"
| | - Patrick Pessaux
- Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgical Unit, General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, IRCAD, IHU Mix-Surg, Institute for Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Surgery, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, "Giovanni Paolo II"
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Mast Cell Tryptase Contributes to Pancreatic Cancer Growth through Promoting Angiogenesis via Activation of Angiopoietin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060834. [PMID: 27240355 PMCID: PMC4926368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. During the development and progression of cancer, tumor angiogenesis plays a crucial role. A great deal of evidence has revealed that human mast cells (MCs) contributed to tumor angiogenesis through releasing several pro-angiogenetic factors, among which tryptase is one of the most active. However, the role of mast cell tryptase (MCT) in human pancreatic cancer angiogenesis is still not well documented. In this study, we examined the MCT levels in serum from pancreatic cancer patients and evaluated the correlationship of the MCT level and tumor angiogenesis. In addition, the effect of MCT on endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation was investigated both in vitro and in nude mice bearing pancreatic tumor. It was found that MCT contributes to endothelial cell growth and tube formation via up-regulation of angiopoietin-1 expression. Moreover, using the MCT inhibitor nafamostat, tryptase-induced angiogenesis was obviously suppressed both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that MCT plays an important role in pancreatic cancer angiogenesis and tumor growth via activating the angiopoietin-1 pathway, and tryptase inhibitors may be evaluated as an effective anti-angiogenetic approach in pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Marech I, Ammendola M, Sacco R, Sammarco G, Zuccalà V, Zizzo N, Leporini C, Luposella M, Patruno R, Filippelli G, Russo E, Porcelli M, Gadaleta CD, De Sarro G, Ranieri G. Tumour-associated macrophages correlate with microvascular bed extension in colorectal cancer patients. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1373-80. [PMID: 27105577 PMCID: PMC4929299 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) represent pivotal components of tumour microenvironment promoting angiogenesis, tumour progression and invasion. In colorectal cancer (CRC), there are no conclusive data about the role of TAMs in angiogenesis‐mediated tumour progression. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a correlation between TAMs, TAM immunostained area (TAMIA) microvascular density (MVD), endothelial area (EA) and cancer cells positive to VEGF‐A (CCP‐VEGF‐A) in primary tumour tissue of locally advanced CRC patients undergone to radical surgery. A series of 76 patients with CRC were selected and evaluated by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. An anti‐CD68 antibody was employed to assess TAMs and TAMIA expression, an anti‐CD34 antibody was utilized to detect MVD and EA expression, whereas an anti‐VEGF‐A antibody was used to detect CCP‐VEGF‐A; then, tumour sections were evaluated by image analysis methods. The mean ± S.D. of TAMs, MVD and CCP‐VEGF‐A was 65.58 ± 21.14, 28.53 ± 7.75 and 63% ± 37%, respectively; the mean ± S.D. of TAMIA and EA was 438.37 ± 124.14μ2 and 186.73 ± 67.22μ2, respectively. A significant correlation was found between TAMs, TAMIA, MVD and EA each other (r ranging from 0.69 to 0.84; P ranging from 0.000 to 0.004). The high level of expression of TAMs and TAMIA in tumour tissue and the significant correlation with both MVD and EA illustrate that TAMs could represent a marker that plays an important role in promoting angiogenesis‐mediated CRC. In this context, novel agents killing TAMs might be evaluated in clinical trials as a new anti‐angiogenic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marech
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Ammendola
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Christian Leporini
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Chair of Pathology, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Porcelli
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
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Ammendola M, Patruno R, Sacco R, Marech I, Sammarco G, Zuccalà V, Luposella M, Zizzo N, Gadaleta C, Porcelli M, Gadaleta CD, Ribatti D, Ranieri G. Mast cells positive to tryptase and tumour-associated macrophages correlate with angiogenesis in locally advanced colorectal cancer patients undergone to surgery. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:533-40. [PMID: 26914851 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1158811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The density of mast cells positive to tryptase (MCDPT) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were evaluated in a series of 87 patients with stage B and C colorectal cancer who had undergone radical surgery. METHODS MCDPT, TAMs, microvascular density (MVD), endothelial area (EA) and CD8(+) tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (CD8(+) TILs) were evaluated in tumor tissue samples by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Each of the above parameters was correlated with the others and with the main clinico-pathological features. RESULTS A significant correlation between MCDPT, TAMs, MVD and EA was found by Pearson t-test analysis. With special references to the clinico-pathological features a minimal correlation using univariate analysis was found but it was not retained at multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MCDPT and TAMs are linked in the tumor microenvironment and play a role in CRC angiogenesis in a synergistic manner. The assessment of the combination MCDPT and TAMs could be evaluated as a target of novel anti-angiogenic therapies in colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ammendola
- a Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Clinical Surgery Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy.,b Surgery Unit , National Cancer Research Centre, Giovanni Paolo II , Bari , Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Rosario Sacco
- a Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Clinical Surgery Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Ilaria Marech
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- a Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Clinical Surgery Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- d Health Science Department, Pathology Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- e Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Cardiovascular Disease Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- f Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School , University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Claudia Gadaleta
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Mariangela Porcelli
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- g Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs , University of Bari Medical School , Bari , Italy.,h National Cancer Institute 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
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Ammendola M, Sacco R, Sammarco G, Luposella M, Patruno R, Gadaleta CD, Sarro GD, Ranieri G. Mast Cell-Targeted Strategies in Cancer Therapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:109-13. [PMID: 27330532 DOI: 10.1159/000444942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are cells that originate in the bone marrow from pluripotent CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Precursors of MCs migrate through the circulation to their target tissues, completing their maturation process into granulated cells under the influence of several microenvironment growth factors. The most important of these factors is the ligand for the c-Kit receptor (c-Kit-R) namely stem cell factor (SCF), secreted mainly by fibroblasts and endothelial cells (ECs). SCF also regulates development, survival and de novo proliferation of MCs. It has already been demonstrated that gain-of-function mutations of gene c-Kit encoding c-Kit-R result in the development of some tumors. Furthermore, MCs are able also to modulate both innate and adaptive immune response and to express the high-affinity IgE receptor following IgE activation. Among the other IgE-independent MC activation mechanisms, a wide variety of other surface receptors for cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins, and complement are also described. Interestingly, MCs can stimulate angiogenesis by releasing of several pro-angiogenic cytokines stored in their cytoplasm. Studies published in the last year suggest that angiogenesis stimulated by MCs may play an important role in tumor growth and progression. Here, we aim to focus several biological features of MCs and to summarize new anti-cancer MC-targeted strategies with potential translation in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, General Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, General Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, General Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, 'San Giovanni di Dio' Hospital, Crotone, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
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Leporini C, Ammendola M, Marech I, Sammarco G, Sacco R, Gadaleta CD, Oakley C, Russo E, De Sarro G, Ranieri G. Targeting mast cells in gastric cancer with special reference to bone metastases. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10493-10501. [PMID: 26457010 PMCID: PMC4588072 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i37.10493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases from gastric cancer (GC) are considered a relatively uncommon finding; however, they are related to poorer prognosis. Both primary GC and its metastatic progression rely on angiogenesis. Several lines of evidence from GC patients strongly support the involvement of mast cells (MCs) positive to tryptase (MCPT) in primary gastric tumor angiogenesis. Recently, we analyzed infiltrating MCs and neovascularization in bone tissue metastases from primary GC patients, and observed a significant correlation between infiltrating MCPT and angiogenesis. Such a finding suggested the involvement of peritumoral MCPT by infiltrating surrounding tumor cells, and in bone metastasis angiogenesis from primary GC. Thus, an MCPT-stimulated angiogenic process could support the development of metastases in bone tissue. From this perspective, we aim to review the hypothetical involvement of tumor-infiltrating, peritumoral MCPT in angiogenesis-mediated GC cell growth in the bone microenvironment and in tumor-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. We also focus on the potential use of MCPT targeting agents, such as MCs tryptase inhibitors (gabexate mesylate, nafamostat mesylate) or c-KitR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib, masitinib), as possible new anti-angiogenic and anti-resorptive strategies for the treatment of GC patients affected by bone metastases.
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Marech I, Leporini C, Ammendola M, Porcelli M, Gadaleta CD, Russo E, De Sarro G, Ranieri G. Classical and non-classical proangiogenic factors as a target of antiangiogenic therapy in tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2015; 380:216-26. [PMID: 26238184 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is sustained by classical and non-classical proangiogenic factors (PFs) acting in tumor microenvironment and these factors are also potential targets of antiangiogenic therapies. All PFs induce the overexpression of several signaling pathways that lead to migration and proliferation of endothelial cells contributing to tumor angiogenesis and survival of cancer cells. In this review, we have analyzed each PF with its specific receptor/s and we have summarized the available antiangiogenic drugs (e.g. monoclonal antibodies) targeting these PFs, some of these agents have already been approved, others are currently in development for the treatment of several human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marech
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Christian Leporini
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Porcelli
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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The Role of Mast Cell Specific Chymases and Tryptases in Tumor Angiogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:142359. [PMID: 26146612 PMCID: PMC4471246 DOI: 10.1155/2015/142359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An association between mast cells and tumor angiogenesis is known to exist, but the exact role that mast cells play in this process is still unclear. It is thought that the mediators released by mast cells are important in neovascularization. However, it is not known how individual mediators are involved in this process. The major constituents of mast cell secretory granules are the mast cell specific proteases chymase, tryptase, and carboxypeptidase A3. Several previous studies aimed to understand the way in which specific mast cell granule constituents act to induce tumor angiogenesis. A body of evidence indicates that mast cell proteases are the pivotal players in inducing tumor angiogenesis. In this review, the likely mechanisms by which tryptase and chymase can act directly or indirectly to induce tumor angiogenesis are discussed. Finally, information presented here in this review indicates that mast cell proteases significantly influence angiogenesis thus affecting tumor growth and progression. This also suggests that these proteases could serve as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of various types of cancer.
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Ranieri G, Ammendola M, Marech I, Laterza A, Abbate I, Oakley C, Vacca A, Sacco R, Gadaleta CD. Vascular endothelial growth factor and tryptase changes after chemoembolization in hepatocarcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:6018-6025. [PMID: 26019468 PMCID: PMC4438038 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i19.6018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tryptase in hepatocellular cancer (HCC) before and after trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE).
METHODS: VEGF and tryptase serum concentrations were assessed from 71 unresectable HCC patients before and after hepatic TACE performed by binding DC-Beads® to doxorubicin. VEGF levels were examined for each serum sample using the Quantikine Human VEGF-enzyme-linked immuno-absorbent assay (ELISA), whereas tryptase serum concentrations were assessed for each serum sample by means of fluoro-enzyme immunoassay (FEIA) using the Uni-CAP100 tool. Differences between serum VEGF and tryptase values before and after TACE were evaluated using Student t test. Person's correlation was used to assess the degree of association between the two variables.
RESULTS: VEGF levels and serum tryptase in HCC patients before TACE had a mean value and standard deviation (SD) of 114.31 ± 79.58 pg/mL and 8.13 ± 3.61 μg/L, respectively. The mean levels and SD of VEGF levels and serum tryptase in HCC patients after TACE were 238.14 ± 109.41 pg/mL and 4.02 ± 3.03 μg/L. The changes between the mean values of concentration of VEGF and tryptase before treatment and after treatment was statistically significant (P < 0.000231 and P < 0.00124, by Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney respectively). A significant correlation between VEGF levels before and after TACE and between tryptase levels before and after TACE was demonstrated (r = 0.68, P = 0.003; r = 0.84, P = 0.000 respectively).
CONCLUSION: Our pilot results suggest that the higher serum VEGF levels and the lower tryptase levels following TACE may be potential biomarkers changing in response to therapy.
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Pappa CA, Tsirakis G, Stavroulaki E, Kokonozaki M, Xekalou A, Konsolas I, Alexandrakis MG. Mast Cells Influence the Proliferation Rate of Myeloma Plasma Cells. Cancer Invest 2015; 33:137-41. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2015.1008639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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