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Moura JA, Barlow HJ, Doak SH, Hawkins K, Muller I, Clift MJD. Exploring the Role of Fibrin Gels in Enhancing Cell Migration for Vasculature Formation. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:265. [PMID: 39330240 PMCID: PMC11432887 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15090265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of angiogenesis is the sprouting of endothelial cells. To replicate this event in vitro, biomaterial approaches can play an essential role in promoting cell migration. To study the capacity of a scaffold of fibrin (fibrinogen:thrombin mix) to support the movement of the endothelial cells, the migration area of spheroids formed with the HULEC cell line was measured. The cells were first allowed to form a spheroid using the hanging drop technique before being encapsulated in the fibrin gel. The cells' migration area was then measured after two days of embedding in the fibrin gel. Various conditions affecting fibrin gel polymerization, such as different concentrations of fibrinogen and thrombin, were evaluated alongside rheology, porosity, and fiber thickness analysis to understand how these factors influenced cell behavior within the composite biomaterial. Data point toward thrombin's role in governing fibrin gel polymerization; higher concentrations result in less rigid gels (loss tangent between 0.07 and 0.034) and increased cell migration (maximum concentration tested: 5 U/mL). The herein presented method allows for a more precise determination of the crosslinking conditions of fibrin gel that can be used to stimulate angiogenic sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana A. Moura
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (S.H.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Hugh J. Barlow
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK; (H.J.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Shareen H. Doak
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (S.H.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Karl Hawkins
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (S.H.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Iris Muller
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK; (H.J.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Martin J. D. Clift
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (S.H.D.); (K.H.)
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2
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Bhattacharya S, Ettela A, Haydak J, Hobson CM, Stern A, Yoo M, Chew TL, Gusella GL, Gallagher EJ, Hone JC, Azeloglu EU. A high-throughput microfabricated platform for rapid quantification of metastatic potential. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk0015. [PMID: 39151003 PMCID: PMC11328906 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Assays that measure morphology, proliferation, motility, deformability, and migration are used to study the invasiveness of cancer cells. However, native invasive potential of cells may be hidden from these contextual metrics because they depend on culture conditions. We created a micropatterned chip that mimics the native environmental conditions, quantifies the invasive potential of tumor cells, and improves our understanding of the malignancy signatures. Unlike conventional assays, which rely on indirect measurements of metastatic potential, our method uses three-dimensional microchannels to measure the basal native invasiveness without chemoattractants or microfluidics. No change in cell death or proliferation is observed on our chips. Using six cancer cell lines, we show that our system is more sensitive than other motility-based assays, measures of nuclear deformability, or cell morphometrics. In addition to quantifying metastatic potential, our platform can distinguish between motility and invasiveness, help study molecular mechanisms of invasion, and screen for targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smiti Bhattacharya
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abora Ettela
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Haydak
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chad M Hobson
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Alan Stern
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miran Yoo
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - G Luca Gusella
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily J Gallagher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Wu CY, Ghule SS, Liaw CC, Achudhan D, Fang SY, Liu PI, Huang CL, Hsieh CL, Tang CH. Ugonin P inhibits lung cancer motility by suppressing DPP-4 expression via promoting the synthesis of miR-130b-5p. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115483. [PMID: 37703658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and the survival rate of metastatic lung cancer is exceedingly low. Helminthostatchys Zeylanica (H. Zeylanica) is a Chinese herbal medicine renowned for its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer activities in various cellular and animal studies. The current study evaluated the effects of H. Zeylanica derivatives on lung cancer cells. We determined that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) expression levels were higher in lung cancer tissues than in normal tissues. We also determined that DPP-4 expression levels were higher in the metastatic stage and strongly correlated with lung cancer survival rates. An H. Zeylanica derivative (ugonin P) was shown to inhibit DPP-4 mRNA and protein expression in two lung cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Ugonin P was shown to decrease migration and invasion activities in lung cancer cells while promoting the synthesis of miR-130b-5p, which was found to negatively regulate DPP-4 protein expression and cell motility in lung cancer. We determined that ugonin P suppresses the DPP-4-dependent migration and invasion of lung cancer cells by downregulating the RAF/MEK/ERK signalling pathway and enhancing the expression of miR-130b-5p. This study provides compelling evidence that ugonin P could be used to develop novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ying Wu
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shubham Suresh Ghule
- International Master Program of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chuang Liaw
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - David Achudhan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Yih Fang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-I Liu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Lun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- International Master Program of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Chen S, Bin Abdul Rahim AA, Mok P, Liu D. An effective device to enable consistent scratches for in vitro scratch assays. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:32. [PMID: 37641063 PMCID: PMC10464081 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in-vitro scratch assay is a useful method in wound healing research to assess cell migration. In this assay, a scratch is created in a confluent cell layer by mechanically removing cells through manual scraping with a sharp-edged tool. This step is traditionally done with pipette tips and is unsuitable for high-throughput assays, as the created scratches are highly variable in width and position. Commercially available solutions are often expensive, and require specific cultureware which might not be suitable for all studies. RESULTS In this study, we have developed a flexible cell scratch device comprising a single wounding tool, a guide and an imaging template for consistent and reproducible scratch assays in 96-well plates. Our results showed that the device produced a more consistent scratch profile compared to the conventional method of using pipette tips. The imaging template also allowed operators to easily locate and image the same region of interest at different time points, which potentially could be used for other assays. CONCLUSIONS Our flexible yet effective scratch device thus enables robust scratch assays that can be applied to different experimental needs, providing researchers with an easy and reliable tool for their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixun Chen
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioprocessing Technology Institute BTI, 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
- Celligenics Pte Ltd, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138671, Singapore
| | - Ahmad Amirul Bin Abdul Rahim
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioprocessing Technology Institute BTI, 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Pamela Mok
- Celligenics Pte Ltd, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138671, Singapore
| | - Dan Liu
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioprocessing Technology Institute BTI, 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138668, Singapore.
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Hohmann T, Hohmann U, Dehghani F. MACC1-induced migration in tumors: Current state and perspective. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1165676. [PMID: 37051546 PMCID: PMC10084939 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1165676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors are still a global, heavy health burden. Many tumor types cannot be treated curatively, underlining the need for new treatment targets. In recent years, metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) was identified as a promising biomarker and drug target, as it is promoting tumor migration, initiation, proliferation, and others in a multitude of solid cancers. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge about MACC1-induced tumor cell migration with a special focus on the cytoskeletal and adhesive systems. In addition, a brief overview of several in vitro models used for the analysis of cell migration is given. In this context, we will point to issues with the currently most prevalent models used to study MACC1-dependent migration. Lastly, open questions about MACC1-dependent effects on tumor cell migration will be addressed.
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Russell S, Xu L, Kam Y, Abrahams D, Ordway B, Lopez AS, Bui MM, Johnson J, Epstein T, Ruiz E, Lloyd MC, Swietach P, Verduzco D, Wojtkowiak J, Gillies RJ. Proton export upregulates aerobic glycolysis. BMC Biol 2022; 20:163. [PMID: 35840963 PMCID: PMC9287933 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aggressive cancers commonly ferment glucose to lactic acid at high rates, even in the presence of oxygen. This is known as aerobic glycolysis, or the "Warburg Effect." It is widely assumed that this is a consequence of the upregulation of glycolytic enzymes. Oncogenic drivers can increase the expression of most proteins in the glycolytic pathway, including the terminal step of exporting H+ equivalents from the cytoplasm. Proton exporters maintain an alkaline cytoplasmic pH, which can enhance all glycolytic enzyme activities, even in the absence of oncogene-related expression changes. Based on this observation, we hypothesized that increased uptake and fermentative metabolism of glucose could be driven by the expulsion of H+ equivalents from the cell. RESULTS To test this hypothesis, we stably transfected lowly glycolytic MCF-7, U2-OS, and glycolytic HEK293 cells to express proton-exporting systems: either PMA1 (plasma membrane ATPase 1, a yeast H+-ATPase) or CA-IX (carbonic anhydrase 9). The expression of either exporter in vitro enhanced aerobic glycolysis as measured by glucose consumption, lactate production, and extracellular acidification rate. This resulted in an increased intracellular pH, and metabolomic analyses indicated that this was associated with an increased flux of all glycolytic enzymes upstream of pyruvate kinase. These cells also demonstrated increased migratory and invasive phenotypes in vitro, and these were recapitulated in vivo by more aggressive behavior, whereby the acid-producing cells formed higher-grade tumors with higher rates of metastases. Neutralizing tumor acidity with oral buffers reduced the metastatic burden. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, cancer cells which increase export of H+ equivalents subsequently increase intracellular alkalization, even without oncogenic driver mutations, and this is sufficient to alter cancer metabolism towards an upregulation of aerobic glycolysis, a Warburg phenotype. Overall, we have shown that the traditional understanding of cancer cells favoring glycolysis and the subsequent extracellular acidification is not always linear. Cells which can, independent of metabolism, acidify through proton exporter activity can sufficiently drive their metabolism towards glycolysis providing an important fitness advantage for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonagh Russell
- Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Graduate School, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Liping Xu
- Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Yoonseok Kam
- Agilent Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, CA 9505 USA
| | - Dominique Abrahams
- Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Bryce Ordway
- Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Graduate School, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Alex S. Lopez
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Marilyn M. Bui
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Analytic Microscopy Core, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Joseph Johnson
- Analytic Microscopy Core, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | | | - Epifanio Ruiz
- Small Animal Imaging Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Mark C. Lloyd
- Inspirata, Inc., One North Dale Mabry Hwy. Suite 600, Tampa, FL 33609 USA
| | - Pawel Swietach
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT UK
| | - Daniel Verduzco
- Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Jonathan Wojtkowiak
- Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Robert J. Gillies
- Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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Boger KD, Sheridan AE, Ziegler AL, Blikslager AT. Mechanisms and modeling of wound repair in the intestinal epithelium. Tissue Barriers 2022; 11:2087454. [PMID: 35695206 PMCID: PMC10161961 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2087454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier is susceptible to injury from insults, such as ischemia or infectious disease. The epithelium's ability to repair wounded regions is critical to maintaining barrier integrity. Mechanisms of intestinal epithelial repair can be studied with models that recapitulate the in vivo environment. This review focuses on in vitro injury models and intestinal cell lines utilized in such systems. The formation of artificial wounds in a controlled environment allows for the exploration of reparative physiology in cell lines modeling diverse aspects of intestinal physiology. Specifically, the use of intestinal cell lines, IPEC-J2, Caco-2, T-84, HT-29, and IEC-6, to model intestinal epithelium is discussed. Understanding the unique systems available for creating intestinal injury and the differences in monolayers used for in vitro work is essential for designing studies that properly capture relevant physiology for the study of intestinal wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey D Boger
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ana E Sheridan
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Amanda L Ziegler
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anthony T Blikslager
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Veres-Székely A, Pap D, Szebeni B, Őrfi L, Szász C, Pajtók C, Lévai E, Szabó AJ, Vannay Á. Transient Agarose Spot (TAS) Assay: A New Method to Investigate Cell Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042119. [PMID: 35216230 PMCID: PMC8880674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts play a central role in diseases associated with excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Investigation of different properties of fibroblasts, such as migration, proliferation, and collagen-rich ECM production is unavoidable both in basic research and in the development of antifibrotic drugs. In the present study we developed a cost-effective, 96-well plate-based method to examine the migration of fibroblasts, as an alternative approach to the gold standard scratch assay, which has numerous limitations. This article presents a detailed description of our transient agarose spot (TAS) assay, with instructions for its routine application. Advantages of combined use of different functional assays for fibroblast activation in drug development are also discussed by examining the effect of nintedanib—an FDA approved drug against IPF—on lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apor Veres-Székely
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (E.L.); (A.J.S.); (Á.V.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Domonkos Pap
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (E.L.); (A.J.S.); (Á.V.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szebeni
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (E.L.); (A.J.S.); (Á.V.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Őrfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, 1092 Budapest, Hungary;
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd., 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csenge Szász
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (E.L.); (A.J.S.); (Á.V.)
| | - Csenge Pajtók
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (E.L.); (A.J.S.); (Á.V.)
| | - Eszter Lévai
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (E.L.); (A.J.S.); (Á.V.)
| | - Attila J. Szabó
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (E.L.); (A.J.S.); (Á.V.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Vannay
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (B.S.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (E.L.); (A.J.S.); (Á.V.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
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Lin SS, Su YA, Chuang MC, Liu YW. Probing invadosomes: technologies for the analysis of invadosomes. FEBS J 2021; 289:5850-5863. [PMID: 34196119 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Invadosomes are protrusive and mechanosensitive actin devices critical for cell migration, invasion, and extracellular matrix remodeling. The dynamic, proteolytic, and protrusive natures of invadosomes have made these structures fascinating and attracted many scientists to develop new technologies for their analysis. With these exciting methodologies, many biochemical and biophysical properties of invadosomes have been well characterized and appreciated, and those discoveries elegantly explained the biological and pathological effects of invadosomes in human health and diseases. In this review, we focus on these commonly used or newly developed methods for invadosome analysis and effort to reason some discrepancies among those assays. Finally, we explore the opposite regulatory mechanisms among invadosomes and focal adhesions, another actin-rich adhesive structures, and speculate a potential rule for their switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-An Su
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chun Chuang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Analysis of Migration and Invasion in Ewing Sarcoma. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33326101 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1020-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The metastasis is a complex, well-orchestrated process, which includes migration from the primary tumor and invasion into secondary locations as main features. In Ewing sarcoma, metastasis is the main determinant of malignancy, with ~30% of patients presenting with metastatic disease at diagnosis. Therefore, analyzing migration and invasion in different experimental settings in vitro is key to understanding this disease. Among the variety of possible techniques to study migration, this chapter described the methods of wound healing (migration in 2D) and transwell (migration through a porous membrane in response to a given stimulus). Additionally, this chapter includes a variation of the transwell protocol that allows for the analysis of cell invasion through a gel matrix in response to stimulus.
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Pantazi P, Carollo E, Carter DRF, Brooks SA. A practical toolkit to study aspects of the metastatic cascade in vitro. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151654. [PMID: 33157489 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While metastasis - the spread of cancer from the primary location to distant sites in the body - remains the principle cause of cancer death, it is incompletely understood. It is a complex process, requiring the metastatically successful cancer cell to negotiate a formidable series of interconnected steps, which are described in this paper. For each step, we review the range of in vitro assays that may be used to study them. We also provide a range of detailed, step-by-step protocols that can be undertaken in most modestly-equipped laboratories, including methods for converting qualitative observations into quantitative data for analysis. Assays include: (1) a gelatin degradation assay to study the ability of endothelial cells to degrade extracellular matrix during tumour angiogenesis; (2) the morphological characterisation of cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as they acquire motility; (3) a 'scratch' or 'wound-healing' assay to study cancer cell migration; (4) a transwell assay to study cancer cell invasion through extracellular matrix; and (5) a static adhesion assay to examine cancer cell interactions with, and adhesion to, endothelial monolayers. This toolkit of protocols will enable researchers who are interested in metastasis to begin to focus on defined aspects of the process. It is only by further understanding this complex, fascinating and clinically relevant series of events that we may ultimately devise ways of better treating, or even preventing, cancer metastasis. The assays may also be of more broad interest to researchers interested in studying aspects of cellular behaviour in relation to other developmental and disease processes.
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12
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Tran R, Hoesli CA, Moraes C. Accessible dynamic micropatterns in monolayer cultures via modified desktop xurography. Biofabrication 2020; 13. [PMID: 33238251 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abce0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Micropatterned cell cultures provide an important tool to understand dynamic biological processes, but often require specialized equipment and expertise. Here we present subtractive bioscribing (SuBscribe), a readily accessible and inexpensive technique to generate dynamic micropatterns in biomaterial monolayers on-the-fly. We first describe our modifications to a commercially available desktop xurographer and demonstrate the utility and limits of this system in creating micropatterned cultures by mechanically scribing patterns into a brittle, non-adhesive biomaterial layer. Patterns are sufficiently small to influence cell morphology and orientation and can be extended to pattern large areas with complex reproducible shapes. We also demonstrate the use of this system as a dynamic patterning tool for cocultures. Finally, we use this technique to explore and improve upon the well-established epithelial scratch assay, and demonstrate that robotic control of the scratching tool can be used to create custom-shaped wounds in epithelial monolayers, and that the scribing direction leaves trace remnants of matrix molecules that may significantly affect conventional implementations of this common assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H4X1N3, CANADA
| | - Corinne Annette Hoesli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H4X 1N3, CANADA
| | - Christopher Moraes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Rm 3A, Montreal, Quebec, H4X1N3, CANADA
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13
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Lara-Reyes JA, Jimenez-Buendia MG, Aranda-Abreu GE, Herrera-Covarrubias D, Sampieri CL, Aquino-Galvez A, Manzo-Denes J, Hernández-Aguilar ME, Rojas-Durán F. Razor scrape assay, an alternative variation to wound and healing assays. MethodsX 2020; 7:101135. [PMID: 33299802 PMCID: PMC7704396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is the process by which cells move through tissues, and it is crucial to carry out a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. The study methods to evaluate cell migration are very useful tools for biomedical research. Among these methods, the wound and healing assay is one of the simplest, most economical and is widely used in research. However, one of its disadvantages is that the width and shape of the wound can vary among experimental samples since the scraping is carried out manually, representing a difficult variable to control. In the present article a variant of the razor scrape assay is addressed, which eliminates this variation in the width of the wound, thus facilitating the measurement and comparison using the total area of cell migration.•A method that can be carried out under standard culture conditions.•Avoids the disadvantage of variation in width and shape of the wound.•It constitutes a simple, cheap option and multiple advantages over the traditional method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Clara Luz Sampieri
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Jorge Manzo-Denes
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Fausto Rojas-Durán
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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14
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Exploiting the potential of commercial digital holographic microscopy by combining it with 3D matrix cell culture assays. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14680. [PMID: 32895419 PMCID: PMC7477226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
3D cell culture assays are becoming increasingly popular due to their higher resemblance to tissue environment. These provide an increased complexity compared to the growth on 2D surface and therefore allow studies of advanced cellular properties such as invasion. We report here on the use of 3D Matrigel cell preparations combined with a particular gentle and informative type of live-cell microscopy: quantitative digital holographic microscopy (DHM), here performed by a commercial software-integrated system, currently mostly used for 2D cell culture preparations. By demonstrating this compatibility, we highlight the possible time-efficient quantitative analysis obtained by using a commercial software-integrated DHM system, also for cells in a more advanced 3D culture environment. Further, we demonstrate two very different examples making use of this advantage by performing quantitative DHM analysis of: (1) wound closure cell monolayer Matrigel invasion assay and (2) Matrigel-trapped single and clumps of suspension cells. For both these, we benefited from the autofocus functionality of digital phase holographic imaging to obtain 3D information for cells migrating in a 3D environment. For the latter, we demonstrate that it is possible to quantitatively measure tumourigenic properties like growth of cell clump (or spheroid) over time, as well as single-cell invasion out of cell clump and into the surrounding extracellular matrix. Overall, our findings highlight several possibilities for 3D digital holographic microscopy applications combined with 3D cell preparations, therein studies of drug response or genetic alterations on invasion capacity as well as on tumour growth and metastasis.
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15
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Aung A, Kumar V, Theprungsirikul J, Davey SK, Varghese S. An Engineered Tumor-on-a-Chip Device with Breast Cancer–Immune Cell Interactions for Assessing T-cell Recruitment. Cancer Res 2019; 80:263-275. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Folic acid-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets via plasma etching as a platform to combine NIR anticancer phototherapy and targeted drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 107:110201. [PMID: 31761243 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PEGylated graphene oxide (GO) has shown potential as NIR converting agent to produce local heat useful in breast cancer therapy, since its suitable photothermal conversion, high stability in physiological fluids, biocompatibility and huge specific surface. GO is an appealing nanomaterial for potential clinical applications combining drug delivery and photothermal therapy in a single nano-device capable of specifically targeting breast cancer cells. However, native GO sheets have large dimensions (0.5-5 μm) such that tumor accumulation after a systemic administration is usually precluded. Herein, we report a step-by-step synthesis of folic acid-functionalized PEGylated GO, henceforth named GO-PEG-Fol, with small size and narrow size distribution (∼30 ± 5 nm), and the ability of efficiently converting NIR light into heat. GO-PEG-Fol consists of a nano-GO sheet, obtained by fragmentation of GO by means of non-equilibrium plasma etching, fully functionalized with folic acid-terminated PEG2000 chains through amidic coupling and azide-alkyne click cycloaddition, which we showed as active targeting agents to selectively recognize breast cancer cells such as MCF7 and MDA-MB-231. The GO-PEG-Fol incorporated a high amount of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Doxo) (>33%) and behaves as NIR-light-activated heater capable of triggering sudden Doxo delivery inside cancer cells and localized hyperthermia, thus provoking efficient breast cancer death. The cytotoxic effect was found to be selective for breast cancer cells, being the IC50 up to 12 times lower than that observed for healthy fibroblasts. This work established plasma etching as a cost-effective strategy to get functionalized nano-GO with a smart combination of properties such as small size, good photothermal efficiency and targeted cytotoxic effect, which make it a promising candidate as photothermal agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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17
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De Ieso ML, Pei JV, Nourmohammadi S, Smith E, Chow PH, Kourghi M, Hardingham JE, Yool AJ. Combined pharmacological administration of AQP1 ion channel blocker AqB011 and water channel blocker Bacopaside II amplifies inhibition of colon cancer cell migration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12635. [PMID: 31477744 PMCID: PMC6718670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) has been proposed as a dual water and cation channel that when upregulated in cancers enhances cell migration rates; however, the mechanism remains unknown. Previous work identified AqB011 as an inhibitor of the gated human AQP1 cation conductance, and bacopaside II as a blocker of AQP1 water pores. In two colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines, high levels of AQP1 transcript were confirmed in HT29, and low levels in SW480 cells, by quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Comparable differences in membrane AQP1 protein levels were demonstrated by immunofluorescence imaging. Migration rates were quantified using circular wound closure assays and live-cell tracking. AqB011 and bacopaside II, applied in combination, produced greater inhibitory effects on cell migration than did either agent alone. The high efficacy of AqB011 alone and in combination with bacopaside II in slowing HT29 cell motility correlated with abundant membrane localization of AQP1 protein. In SW480, neither agent alone was effective in blocking cell motility; however, combined application did cause inhibition of motility, consistent with low levels of membrane AQP1 expression. Bacopaside alone or combined with AqB011 also significantly impaired lamellipodial formation in both cell lines. Knockdown of AQP1 with siRNA (confirmed by quantitative PCR) reduced the effectiveness of the combined inhibitors, confirming AQP1 as a target of action. Invasiveness measured using transwell filters layered with extracellular matrix in both cell lines was inhibited by AqB011, with a greater potency in HT29 than SW480. A side effect of bacopaside II at high doses was a potentiation of invasiveness, that was reversed by AqB011. Results here are the first to demonstrate that combined block of the AQP1 ion channel and water pores is more potent in impairing motility across diverse classes of colon cancer cells than single agents alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L De Ieso
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jinxin V Pei
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Saeed Nourmohammadi
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Oncology Department, The Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, 5011, Australia
| | - Pak Hin Chow
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Mohamad Kourghi
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jennifer E Hardingham
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Oncology Department, The Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, 5011, Australia
| | - Andrea J Yool
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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18
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Hisey CL, Mitxelena-Iribarren O, Martínez-Calderón M, Gordon JB, Olaizola SM, Benavente-Babace A, Mujika M, Arana S, Hansford DJ. A versatile cancer cell trapping and 1D migration assay in a microfluidic device. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:044105. [PMID: 31372193 PMCID: PMC6656575 DOI: 10.1063/1.5103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Highly migratory cancer cells often lead to metastasis and recurrence and are responsible for the high mortality rates in many cancers despite aggressive treatment. Recently, the migratory behavior of patient-derived glioblastoma multiforme cells on microtracks has shown potential in predicting the likelihood of recurrence, while at the same time, antimetastasis drugs have been developed which require simple yet relevant high-throughput screening systems. However, robust in vitro platforms which can reliably seed single cells and measure their migration while mimicking the physiological tumor microenvironment have not been demonstrated. In this study, we demonstrate a microfluidic device which hydrodynamically seeds single cancer cells onto stamped or femtosecond laser ablated polystyrene microtracks, promoting 1D migratory behavior due to the cells' tendency to follow topographical cues. Using time-lapse microscopy, we found that single U87 glioblastoma multiforme cells migrated more slowly on laser ablated microtracks compared to stamped microtracks of equal width and spacing (p < 0.05) and exhibited greater directional persistence on both 1D patterns compared to flat polystyrene (p < 0.05). Single-cell morphologies also differed significantly between flat and 1D patterns, with cells on 1D substrates exhibiting higher aspect ratios and less circularity (p < 0.05). This microfluidic platform could lead to automated quantification of single-cell migratory behavior due to the high predictability of hydrodynamic seeding and guided 1D migration, an important step to realizing the potential of microfluidic migration assays for drug screening and individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin L. Hisey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | | - Jaymeson B. Gordon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Derek J. Hansford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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19
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Mauro N, Scialabba C, Puleio R, Varvarà P, Licciardi M, Cavallaro G, Giammona G. SPIONs embedded in polyamino acid nanogels to synergistically treat tumor microenvironment and breast cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2018; 555:207-219. [PMID: 30458257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extremely complex tumor microenvironment (TME) in humans is the major responsible for the therapeutic failure in cancer nanomedicine. A new concept of disease-driven nanomedicine, henceforth named "Theranomics", which attempts to target cancer cells and TME on the whole, represents an attractive alternative. Herein, a nanomedicine able to co-deliver doxorubicin and a tumor suppressive proteolytic protein such as collagenase-2 was developed. We successfully obtained superparamagnetic nanogels (SPIONs/Doco@Col) via the intermolecular azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition. We demonstrated that a local ECM degradation and remodeling in solid tumors by means of collagenase-2 could enhance tumor penetration of nanomedicines and the in situ sustained release of the drug payload throughout 3-D tumor spheroids up to the core (parenchyma), thus enabling a synergistic and efficient anticancer effect toward highly invasive breast tumors. We illustrate that SPIONs/Doxo@Col is also capable of reducing the invasivity of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Scialabba
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Area Diagnostica Specialistica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Varvarà
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariano Licciardi
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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20
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An accurate and cost-effective alternative method for measuring cell migration with the circular wound closure assay. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180698. [PMID: 30232234 PMCID: PMC6209583 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is important in many physiological and pathological processes. Mechanisms of two-dimensional cell migration have been investigated most commonly by evaluating rates of cell migration into linearly scratched zones on the surfaces of culture plates. Here, we present a detailed description of a simple adaptation for the well-known and popular wound closure assay, using a circular wound instead of a straight line. This method demonstrates improved precision, reproducibility, and sampling objectivity for measurements of wound sizes as compared with classic scratch assays, enabling more accurate calculations of migration rate. The added benefits of the method are simplicity and low cost as compared with commercially available assays for generating circular wounds.
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21
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McArdle TJ, Ogle BM, Noubissi FK. Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29578529 DOI: 10.3791/56568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although 3D invasion assays have been developed, the challenge remains to study cells without affecting the integrity of their microenvironment. Traditional 3D assays such as the Boyden Chamber require that cells are displaced from the original culture location and moved to a new environment. Not only does this disrupt the cellular processes that are intrinsic to the microenvironment, but it often results in a loss of cells. These problems are especially challenging when dealing with cells that are either rare, or extremely sensitive to their microenvironment. Here, we describe the development of a 3D invasion assay that avoids both concerns. In this assay, cells are plated within a small well and an ECM matrix containing a chemoattractant is laid atop the cells. This requires no cell displacement, and allows the cells to invade upwards into the matrix. In this assay, cell invasion as well as cell morphology can be assessed within the collagen gel. Using this assay, we characterize the invasive capacity of rare and sensitive cells; the hybrid cells resulting from fusion between breast cancer cells MCF7 and mesenchymal/multipotent stem/stroma cells (MSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner J McArdle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities
| | - Brenda M Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities
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22
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Hoffmann C, Mao X, Dieterle M, Moreau F, Al Absi A, Steinmetz A, Oudin A, Berchem G, Janji B, Thomas C. CRP2, a new invadopodia actin bundling factor critically promotes breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13688-705. [PMID: 26883198 PMCID: PMC4924671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical process underlying cancer metastasis is the acquisition by tumor cells of an invasive phenotype. At the subcellular level, invasion is facilitated by actin-rich protrusions termed invadopodia, which direct extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Here, we report the identification of a new cytoskeletal component of breast cancer cell invadopodia, namely cysteine-rich protein 2 (CRP2). We found that CRP2 was not or only weakly expressed in epithelial breast cancer cells whereas it was up-regulated in mesenchymal/invasive breast cancer cells. In addition, high expression of the CRP2 encoding gene CSRP2 was associated with significantly increased risk of metastasis in basal-like breast cancer patients. CRP2 knockdown significantly reduced the invasive potential of aggressive breast cancer cells, whereas it did not impair 2D cell migration. In keeping with this, CRP2-depleted breast cancer cells exhibited a reduced capacity to promote ECM degradation, and to secrete and express MMP-9, a matrix metalloproteinase repeatedly associated with cancer progression and metastasis. In turn, ectopic expression of CRP2 in weakly invasive cells was sufficient to stimulate cell invasion. Both GFP-fused and endogenous CRP2 localized to the extended actin core of invadopodia, a structure primarily made of actin bundles. Purified recombinant CRP2 autonomously crosslinked actin filaments into thick bundles, suggesting that CRP2 contributes to the formation/maintenance of the actin core. Finally, CRP2 depletion significantly reduced the incidence of lung metastatic lesions in two xenograft mouse models of breast cancer. Collectively, our data identify CRP2 as a new cytoskeletal component of invadopodia that critically promotes breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Xianqing Mao
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Monika Dieterle
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Flora Moreau
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Antoun Al Absi
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - André Steinmetz
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anaïs Oudin
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Berchem
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Bassam Janji
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Clément Thomas
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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23
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Vig DK, Hamby AE, Wolgemuth CW. Cellular Contraction Can Drive Rapid Epithelial Flows. Biophys J 2017; 113:1613-1622. [PMID: 28978451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Single, isolated epithelial cells move randomly; however, during wound healing, organism development, cancer metastasis, and many other multicellular phenomena, motile cells group into a collective and migrate persistently in a directed manner. Recent work has examined the physics and biochemistry that coordinates the motions of these groups of cells. Of late, two mechanisms have been touted as being crucial to the physics of these systems: leader cells and jamming. However, the actual importance of these to collective migration remains circumstantial. Fundamentally, collective behavior must arise from the actions of individual cells. Here, we show how biophysical activity of an isolated cell impacts collective dynamics in epithelial layers. Although many reports suggest that wound closure rates depend on isolated cell speed and/or leader cells, we find that these correlations are not universally true, nor do collective dynamics follow the trends suggested by models for jamming. Instead, our experimental data, when coupled with a mathematical model for collective migration, shows that intracellular contractile stress, isolated cell speed, and adhesion all play a substantial role in influencing epithelial dynamics, and that alterations in contraction and/or substrate adhesion can cause confluent epithelial monolayers to exhibit an increase in motility, a feature reminiscent of cancer metastasis. These results directly question the validity of wound-healing assays as a general means for measuring cell migration, and provide further insight into the salient physics of collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv K Vig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Alex E Hamby
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Charles W Wolgemuth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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24
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Lynch KJ, Skalli O, Sabri F. Investigation of surface topography and stiffness on adhesion and neurites extension of PC12 cells on crosslinked silica aerogel substrates. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185978. [PMID: 29049304 PMCID: PMC5648135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental understanding and characterization of neural response to substrate topography is essential in the development of next generation biomaterials for nerve repair. Aerogels are a new class of materials with great potential as a biomaterial. In this work, we examine the extension of neurites by PC12 cells plated on matrigel-coated and collagen-coated mesoporous aerogel surfaces. We have successfully established the methodology for adhesion and growth of PC12 cells on polyurea crosslinked silica aerogels. Additionally, we have quantified neurite behaviors and compared their response on aerogel substrates with their behavior on tissue culture (TC) plastic, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). We found that, on average, PC12 cells extend longer neurites on crosslinked silica aerogels than on tissue culture plastic, and, that the average number of neurites per cluster is lower on aerogels than on tissue culture plastic. Aerogels are an attractive candidate for future development of smart neural implants and the work presented here creates a platform for future work with this class of materials as a substrate for bioelectronic interfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Lynch
- Dept. of Physics and Materials Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Omar Skalli
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Firouzeh Sabri
- Dept. of Physics and Materials Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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ImageJ macros for the user-friendly analysis of soft-agar and wound-healing assays. Biotechniques 2017; 62:175-179. [PMID: 28403808 DOI: 10.2144/000114535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in biological imaging techniques and the enormous amount of data they generate call for the development of computational tools for efficient and reliable high-throughput analysis. Several software applications with this functionality are available, and one of the most commonly used is ImageJ. Here, we present two independent macros (WH_NJ and SA_NJ) for automating and facilitating the analysis of images acquired from two in vitro assays frequently used in cancer studies and drug screening: the wound-healing and soft-agar assays. These two algorithms combine, in a single command, the steps required for the individual analysis of each image using ImageJ. WH_NJ and SA_NJ allow fast, reproducible data analysis without the experimental bias inherent in manual analyses, thus guaranteeing the robustness and reliability of the results.
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26
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Resonant Waveguide Grating Imager for Single Cell Monitoring of the Invasion of 3D Speheroid Cancer Cells Through Matrigel. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28281255 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6848-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The invasion of cancer cells through their surrounding extracellular matrices is the first critical step to metastasis, a devastating event to cancer patients. However, in vitro cancer cell invasion is mostly studied using two-dimensional (2D) models. Three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids may offer an advantageous cell model for cancer research and oncology drug discovery. This chapter describes a label-free, real-time, and single-cell approach to quantify the invasion of 3D spheroid colon cancer cells through Matrigel using a spatially resolved resonant waveguide grating imager.
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A novel approach to quantify the wound closure dynamic. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:175-183. [PMID: 28137539 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Wound Healing (WH) assay is widely used to investigate cell migration in vitro, in order to reach a better understanding of many physiological and pathological phenomena. Several experimental factors, such as uneven cell density among different samples, can affect the reproducibility and reliability of this assay, leading to a discrepancy in the wound closure kinetics among data sets corresponding to the same cell sample. We observed a linear relationship between the wound closure velocity and cell density, and suggested a novel methodological approach, based on transport phenomena concepts, to overcome this source of error on the analysis of the Wound Healing assay. In particular, we propose a simple scaling of the experimental data, based on the interpretation of the wound closure as a diffusion-reaction process. We applied our methodology to the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, whose motility was perturbed by silencing or over-expressing genes involved in the control of cell migration. Our methodological approach leads to a significant improvement in the reproducibility and reliability in the in vitro WH assay.
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Jin W, Penington CJ, McCue SW, Simpson MJ. Stochastic simulation tools and continuum models for describing two-dimensional collective cell spreading with universal growth functions. Phys Biol 2016; 13:056003. [PMID: 27716634 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/13/5/056003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional collective cell migration assays are used to study cancer and tissue repair. These assays involve combined cell migration and cell proliferation processes, both of which are modulated by cell-to-cell crowding. Previous discrete models of collective cell migration assays involve a nearest-neighbour proliferation mechanism where crowding effects are incorporated by aborting potential proliferation events if the randomly chosen target site is occupied. There are two limitations of this traditional approach: (i) it seems unreasonable to abort a potential proliferation event based on the occupancy of a single, randomly chosen target site; and, (ii) the continuum limit description of this mechanism leads to the standard logistic growth function, but some experimental evidence suggests that cells do not always proliferate logistically. Motivated by these observations, we introduce a generalised proliferation mechanism which allows non-nearest neighbour proliferation events to take place over a template of [Formula: see text] concentric rings of lattice sites. Further, the decision to abort potential proliferation events is made using a crowding function, f(C), which accounts for the density of agents within a group of sites rather than dealing with the occupancy of a single randomly chosen site. Analysing the continuum limit description of the stochastic model shows that the standard logistic source term, [Formula: see text], where λ is the proliferation rate, is generalised to a universal growth function, [Formula: see text]. Comparing the solution of the continuum description with averaged simulation data indicates that the continuum model performs well for many choices of f(C) and r. For nonlinear f(C), the quality of the continuum-discrete match increases with r.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Jin
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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Ascione F, Vasaturo A, Caserta S, D'Esposito V, Formisano P, Guido S. Comparison between fibroblast wound healing and cell random migration assays in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2016; 347:123-132. [PMID: 27475838 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration plays a key role in many biological processes, including cancer growth and invasion, embryogenesis, angiogenesis, inflammatory response, and tissue repair. In this work, we compare two well-established experimental approaches for the investigation of cell motility in vitro: the cell random migration (CRM) and the wound healing (WH) assay. In the former, extensive tracking of individual live cells trajectories by time-lapse microscopy and elaborate data processing are used to calculate two intrinsic motility parameters of the cell population under investigation, i.e. the diffusion coefficient and the persistence time. In the WH assay, a scratch is made in a confluent cell monolayer and the closure time of the exposed area is taken as an easy-to-measure, empirical estimate of cell migration. To compare WH and CRM we applied the two assays to investigate the motility of skin fibroblasts isolated from wild type and transgenic mice (TgPED) overexpressing the protein PED/PEA-15, which is highly expressed in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our main result is that the cell motility parameters derived from CRM can be also estimated from a time-resolved analysis of the WH assay, thus showing that the latter is also amenable to a quantitative analysis for the characterization of cell migration. To our knowledge this is the first quantitative comparison of these two widely used techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Ascione
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Vasaturo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sergio Caserta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), UdR INSTM Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Vittoria D'Esposito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (DISMET), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (DISMET), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Guido
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), UdR INSTM Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
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García E, Ragazzini C, Yu X, Cuesta-García E, Bernardino de la Serna J, Zech T, Sarrió D, Machesky LM, Antón IM. WIP and WICH/WIRE co-ordinately control invadopodium formation and maturation in human breast cancer cell invasion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23590. [PMID: 27009365 PMCID: PMC4806363 DOI: 10.1038/srep23590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells form actin-rich degradative protrusions (invasive pseudopods and invadopodia), which allows their efficient dispersal during metastasis. Using biochemical and advanced imaging approaches, we demonstrate that the N-WASP-interactors WIP and WICH/WIRE play non-redundant roles in cancer cell invasion. WIP interacts with N-WASP and cortactin and is essential for invadopodium assembly, whereas WICH/WIRE regulates N-WASP activation to control invadopodium maturation and degradative activity. Our data also show that Nck interaction with WIP and WICH/WIRE modulates invadopodium maturation; changes in WIP and WICH/WIRE levels induce differential distribution of Nck. We show that WIP can replace WICH/WIRE functions and that elevated WIP levels correlate with high invasiveness. These findings identify a role for WICH/WIRE in invasiveness and highlight WIP as a hub for signaling molecule recruitment during invadopodium generation and cancer progression, as well as a potential diagnostic biomarker and an optimal target for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther García
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Xinzi Yu
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell-Oxford, UK
| | - Tobias Zech
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Inés M. Antón
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Nyegaard S, Christensen B, Rasmussen JT. An optimized method for accurate quantification of cell migration using human small intestine cells. Metab Eng Commun 2016; 3:76-83. [PMID: 29468115 PMCID: PMC5779728 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the ability of a compound to modulate cell migration rate is a crucial part of many studies including those on chemotaxis, wound healing and cancer metastasis. Existing migration assays all have their strengths and weaknesses. The "scratch" assay is the most widely used because it seems appealingly simple and inexpensive. However, the scratch assay has some important limitations, as the tool introducing the "wound" might injure/stress the boundary cells and/or harm underlying matrix coatings, which in both cases will affect cell migration. This described method is a Cell Exclusion Zone Assay, in which cell-free areas are created by growing cells around removable silicone stoppers. Upon appropriate staining with fluorescent dyes and microscopically visualizing the monolayers, the migration rate is then quantified by counting the cells (nuclei) intruding the void area left by the silicone insert. In the current study human small intestine epithelial cells were seeded on a physiological substrate matrix to produce collectively migrating monolayers. Different substrates were tested to determine the optimal surface for enterocyte adherence and migration and morphological changes monitored. Recombinant human epidermal growth factor and osteopontin purified from urine were tested to see if the established migration assay produces accurate and reliable migration data with human small intestine cells. The obtained data accurately confirmed that the two bioactive proteins modulate cellular migration in a dose-dependent manner. The presented assay can likely be converted for use with other adherent cell lines or substrate matrices and allows for high throughput, while cost is kept low and versatility high. Co-staining can be applied in order to assay for cell death, different cell types, cell stress and others allowing intricate analysis of migration rate of mixed populations and correction for cell viability.
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Key Words
- (BME), Basal membrane extract
- (Caco-2), human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells
- (DMEM), Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- (ECM), Extracellular matrix
- (EGF), Recombinant human epidermal growth factor
- (FBS), fetal bovine serum
- (FHs-74 int), non-malignant human fetal small intestine cells
- (FRET), Förster resonance energy transfer
- (OPN), osteopontin
- (ROI), region of interest
- Bioactive
- Collective migration
- Epithelium
- Migration assay
- Small intestine cells
- Wound healing
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Reproducibility of scratch assays is affected by the initial degree of confluence: Experiments, modelling and model selection. J Theor Biol 2016; 390:136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Chemokine receptors are involved in various pathologies such as inflammatory diseases, cancer, and HIV infection. Small molecule and antibody-based antagonists have been developed to inhibit chemokine-induced receptor activity. Currently two small molecule inhibitors targeting CXCR4 and CCR5 are on the market for stem cell mobilization and the treatment of HIV infection, respectively. Antibody fragments (e.g., nanobodies) targeting chemokine receptors are primarily orthosteric ligands, competing for the chemokine binding site. This is opposed by most small molecules, which act as allosteric modulators and bind to the receptor at a topographically distinct site as compared to chemokines. Allosteric modulators can be distinguished from orthosteric ligands by unique features, such as a saturable effect and probe dependency. For successful drug development, it is essential to determine pharmacological parameters (i.e., affinity, potency, and efficacy) and the mode of action of potential drugs during early stages of research in order to predict the biological effect of chemokine receptor targeting drugs in the clinic. This chapter explains how the pharmacological profile of chemokine receptor targeting ligands can be determined and quantified using binding and functional experiments.
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Simpson MJ, Sharp JA, Morrow LC, Baker RE. Exact Solutions of Coupled Multispecies Linear Reaction-Diffusion Equations on a Uniformly Growing Domain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138894. [PMID: 26407013 PMCID: PMC4583548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development involves diffusion and proliferation of cells, as well as diffusion and reaction of molecules, within growing tissues. Mathematical models of these processes often involve reaction–diffusion equations on growing domains that have been primarily studied using approximate numerical solutions. Recently, we have shown how to obtain an exact solution to a single, uncoupled, linear reaction–diffusion equation on a growing domain, 0 < x < L(t), where L(t) is the domain length. The present work is an extension of our previous study, and we illustrate how to solve a system of coupled reaction–diffusion equations on a growing domain. This system of equations can be used to study the spatial and temporal distributions of different generations of cells within a population that diffuses and proliferates within a growing tissue. The exact solution is obtained by applying an uncoupling transformation, and the uncoupled equations are solved separately before applying the inverse uncoupling transformation to give the coupled solution. We present several example calculations to illustrate different types of behaviour. The first example calculation corresponds to a situation where the initially–confined population diffuses sufficiently slowly that it is unable to reach the moving boundary at x = L(t). In contrast, the second example calculation corresponds to a situation where the initially–confined population is able to overcome the domain growth and reach the moving boundary at x = L(t). In its basic format, the uncoupling transformation at first appears to be restricted to deal only with the case where each generation of cells has a distinct proliferation rate. However, we also demonstrate how the uncoupling transformation can be used when each generation has the same proliferation rate by evaluating the exact solutions as an appropriate limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Simpson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jesse A. Sharp
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Liam C. Morrow
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ruth E. Baker
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Mikami T, Yoshida K, Sawada H, Esaki M, Yasumura K, Ono M. Inhibition of Rho-associated kinases disturbs the collective cell migration of stratified TE-10 cells. Biol Res 2015; 48:48. [PMID: 26330114 PMCID: PMC4556056 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-015-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The collective cell migration of stratified epithelial cells is considered to be an important phenomenon in wound healing, development, and cancer invasion; however, little is known about the mechanisms involved. Furthermore, whereas Rho family proteins, including RhoA, play important roles in cell migration, the exact role of Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinases (ROCKs) in cell migration is controversial and might be cell-type dependent. Here, we report the development of a novel modified scratch assay that was used to observe the collective cell migration of stratified TE-10 cells derived from a human esophageal cancer specimen. Results Desmosomes were found between the TE-10 cells and microvilli of the surface of the cell sheet. The leading edge of cells in the cell sheet formed a simple layer and moved forward regularly; these rows were followed by the stratified epithelium. ROCK inhibitors and ROCK small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) disturbed not only the collective migration of the leading edge of this cell sheet, but also the stratified layer in the rear. In contrast, RhoA siRNA treatment resulted in more rapid migration of the leading rows and disturbed movement of the stratified portion. Conclusions The data presented in this study suggest that ROCKs play an important role in mediating the collective migration of TE-10 cell sheets. In addition, differences between the effects of siRNAs targeting either RhoA or ROCKs suggested that distinct mechanisms regulate the collective cell migration in the simple epithelium of the wound edge versus the stratified layer of the epithelium. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40659-015-0039-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Mikami
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan. .,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Fujisawa Shounandai Hospital, Fujisawa, Kanagawa-ken, Japan. .,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.
| | - Keiichiro Yoshida
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.
| | - Hajime Sawada
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.
| | - Michiyo Esaki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Yasumura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.
| | - Michio Ono
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.
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Wiesner C, Le-Cabec V, El Azzouzi K, Maridonneau-Parini I, Linder S. Podosomes in space: macrophage migration and matrix degradation in 2D and 3D settings. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:179-91. [PMID: 24713854 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of macrophages is a key process for a variety of physiological functions, such as pathogen clearance or tissue homeostasis. However, it can also be part of pathological scenarios, as in the case of tumor-associated macrophages. This review presents an overview of the different migration modes macrophages can adopt, depending on the physical and chemical properties of specific environments, and the constraints they impose upon cells. We discuss the importance of these environmental and also of cellular parameters, as well as their relative impact on macrophage migration and on the formation of matrix-lytic podosomes in 2D and 3D. Moreover, we present an overview of routinely used and also newly developed assays for the study of macrophage migration in both 2D and 3D contexts, their respective advantages and limitations, and also their potential to reliably mimic in vivo situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Wiesner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Virology and Hygiene; University Medical Center Eppendorf; Hamburg, Germany
| | - Véronique Le-Cabec
- CNRS UMR 5089; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France; Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Karim El Azzouzi
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Virology and Hygiene; University Medical Center Eppendorf; Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- CNRS UMR 5089; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France; Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; F-31077 Toulouse, France; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Virology and Hygiene; University Medical Center Eppendorf; Hamburg, Germany; These authors contributed equally to this work
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Wylie PG, Onley DJ, Hammerstein AF, Bowen WP. Advances in Laser Scanning Imaging Cytometry for High-Content Screening. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:66-78. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2014.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Wylie
- TTP Labtech Limited, Melbourn, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Onley
- TTP Labtech Limited, Melbourn, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wayne P. Bowen
- TTP Labtech Limited, Melbourn, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Ballester-Beltrán J, Lebourg M, Rico P, Salmerón-Sánchez M. Cell migration within confined sandwich-like nanoenvironments. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:815-28. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We introduced sandwich-like culture as a tool to engineer the cellular nanoenvironment by tuning protein presentation and activation of dorsal and ventral receptors. We aim at studying cell migration under more similar conditions to the 3D physiological one. Materials & methods: We have investigated different nanoenvironments by changing the protein coating and using materials that adsorb proteins in different conformation, seeking to show their specific role in cell migration. Results: Cell migration within sandwich cultures greatly differs from 2D cultures, shares some similarities with migration within 3D environments and is highly dependent on the protein nanoenvironment. Beyond differences in cell morphology and migration, dorsal stimulation promotes cell remodeling of the extracellular matrix over simple ventral receptor activation in traditional 2D cultures. Conclusion: Local(nano) stimulation of dorsal and ventral receptors within sandwich cultures alter cell migration in comparison to standard 2D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ballester-Beltrán
- Center for Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Myriam Lebourg
- Center for Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales & Nanomedicina, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Patricia Rico
- Center for Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales & Nanomedicina, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Manuel Salmerón-Sánchez
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
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Kamimura M, Scheideler O, Shimizu Y, Yamamoto S, Yamaguchi K, Nakanishi J. Facile preparation of a photoactivatable surface on a 96-well plate: a versatile and multiplex cell migration assay platform. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14159-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01499a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel photoactivatable 96-well plate based on photocleavable PEG and poly-d-lysine serves as a useful high-throughput cell migration assay platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Kamimura
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center Initiative
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-0044
- Japan
| | - Olivia Scheideler
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center Initiative
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-0044
- Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Shimizu
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center Initiative
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-0044
- Japan
| | - Shota Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Research Institute for Photofunctionalized Materials
- Kanagawa University
- Hiratsuka
| | - Kazuo Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Research Institute for Photofunctionalized Materials
- Kanagawa University
- Hiratsuka
| | - Jun Nakanishi
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center Initiative
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-0044
- Japan
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Inglehart RC, Scanlon CS, D'Silva NJ. Reviewing and reconsidering invasion assays in head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:1137-43. [PMID: 25448226 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are malignant tumors that arise from the surface epithelium of the oral cavity, oropharynx and larynx, primarily due to exposure to chemical carcinogens or the human papilloma virus. Due to their location, dental practitioners are well-positioned to detect the lesions. Deadlier than lymphoma or melanoma, HNSCC is incompletely understood. For these reasons, dental practitioners and researchers are focused on understanding HNSCC and the processes driving it. One of these critical processes is invasion, the degradation of the basement membrane by HNSCC cells with subsequent movement into the underlying connective tissue, blood vessels or nerves. Cancer cells metastasize to distant sites via the blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. Metastasis is associated with poor survival. Since invasion is essential for development and metastasis of HNSCC, it is essential to understand the mechanism(s) driving this process. Elucidation of the mechanisms involved will facilitate the development of targeted treatment, thereby accelerating development of precision/personalized medicine to treat HNSCC. Robust in vitro and in vivo assays are required to investigate the mechanistic basis of invasion. This review will focus on in vitro and in vivo assays used to study invasion in HNSCC, with special emphasis on some of the latest assays to study HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C Inglehart
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Christina S Scanlon
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Parikh MR, Minser KE, Rank LM, Glackin CA, Kirshner J. A reconstructed metastasis model to recapitulate the metastatic spread in vitro. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:1129-39. [PMID: 24919815 PMCID: PMC4150841 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality from solid tumors. Lack of comprehensive systems to study the progression of metastasis contributes to the low success of treatment. We developed a novel three-dimensional in vitro reconstructed metastasis (rMet) model that incorporates extracellular matrix (ECM) elements characteristic of the primary (breast, prostate, or lung) and metastatic (bone marrow, BM) sites. A cytokine-rich liquid interphase separates the primary and distant sites, further recapitulating circulation. Similar to main events underlying the metastatic cascade, the rMet model fractionated human tumor cell lines into sub-populations with distinct invasive and migratory abilities: (i) a primary tumor-like fraction mainly consisting of non-migratory spheroids; (ii) an invasive fraction that invaded through the primary tumor ECM, but failed to acquire anchorage-independence and reach the BM; and (iii) a highly migratory BM-colonizing population that invaded the primary ECM, survived in the "circulation-like" media, and successfully invaded and proliferated within BM ECM. BM-colonizing fractions successfully established metastatic bone lesions in vivo, whereas the tumor-like spheroids failed to engraft the bones, showing the ability of the rMet model to faithfully select for highly aggressive sub-populations with a propensity to colonize a metastatic site. By applying the rMet model to study real-time ECM remodeling, we show that tumor cells secrete collagenolytic enzymes for invading the primary site ECM but not for entering the BM ECM, indicating possible differences in ECM remodeling mechanisms at primary tumor versus metastatic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukti R. Parikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kayla E. Minser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Laura M. Rank
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Carlotta A. Glackin
- Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Julia Kirshner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Febles NK, Ferrie AM, Fang Y. Label-free single cell kinetics of the invasion of spheroidal colon cancer cells through 3D Matrigel. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8842-9. [PMID: 25118958 DOI: 10.1021/ac502269v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This article reports label-free, real-time, and single-cell quantification of the invasion of spheroidal colon cancer cells through three-dimensional (3D) Matrigel using a resonant waveguide grating (RWG) imager. This imager employs a time-resolved swept wavelength interrogation scheme to monitor cell invasion and adhesion with a temporal resolution up to 3 s and a spatial resolution of 12 μm. As the model system, spheroids of human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells are generated by culturing the cells in 96-well round-bottom ultralow attachment plates. 3D Matrigel is formed by its gelation in 384-well RWG biosensor microplates. The invasion and adhesion of spheroidal HT29 cells is initiated by placing individual spheroids onto the Matrigel-coated biosensors. The time series RWG images are obtained and used to extract the optical signatures arising from the adhesion after the cells are dissociated from the spheroids and invade through the 3D Matrigel. Compound profiling shows that epidermal growth factor accelerates cancer cell invasion, while vandetanib, a multitarget kinase inhibitor, dose-dependently inhibits invasion. This study demonstrates that the label-free imager can monitor in real-time the invasion of spheroidal cancer cells through 3D matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Febles
- Biochemical Technologies, Science and Technology Division, Corning Incorporated , Corning, New York 14831, United States
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Treloar KK, Simpson MJ, McElwain DLS, Baker RE. Are in vitro estimates of cell diffusivity and cell proliferation rate sensitive to assay geometry? J Theor Biol 2014; 356:71-84. [PMID: 24787651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to various biochemical and physical cues during wound-healing and tumour progression. in vitro assays used to study these processes are typically conducted in one particular geometry and it is unclear how the assay geometry affects the capacity of cell populations to spread, or whether the relevant mechanisms, such as cell motility and cell proliferation, are somehow sensitive to the geometry of the assay. In this work we use a circular barrier assay to characterise the spreading of cell populations in two different geometries. Assay 1 describes a tumour-like geometry where a cell population spreads outwards into an open space. Assay 2 describes a wound-like geometry where a cell population spreads inwards to close a void. We use a combination of discrete and continuum mathematical models and automated image processing methods to obtain independent estimates of the effective cell diffusivity, D, and the effective cell proliferation rate, λ. Using our parameterised mathematical model we confirm that our estimates of D and λ accurately predict the time-evolution of the location of the leading edge and the cell density profiles for both assay 1 and assay 2. Our work suggests that the effective cell diffusivity is up to 50% lower for assay 2 compared to assay 1, whereas the effective cell proliferation rate is up to 30% lower for assay 2 compared to assay 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina K Treloar
- Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, QUT, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew J Simpson
- Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, QUT, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - D L Sean McElwain
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, QUT, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ruth E Baker
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Chen H, Nalbantoglu J. Ring cell migration assay identifies distinct effects of extracellular matrix proteins on cancer cell migration. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:183. [PMID: 24674422 PMCID: PMC3986826 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in cell migration are a hallmark of cancer cell invasion and metastasis. In vitro assays commonly used to study cell migration, including the scratch wound healing assay, Boyden chamber assay, and newly developed advanced systems with microfluidics, each have several disadvantages. Findings Here we describe an easy and cost-effective in vitro assay for cell migration employing cloning rings to create gaps in the cell monolayer (“ring cell migration assay”). The assay was used to quantitate innate differences in cell motility and the effect of various extracellular matrix proteins on migration of five cancer cell lines: U87 and U251N glioma cells, MDA-MB-231and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and HeLa cervical cancer cells. Interestingly, collagen was a general promoter of cell migration for all five cancer cell lines, without affecting cell proliferation. Conclusions Taken together, the ring cell migration assay is an easy, convenient and cost-effective assay to study cell migration in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine Nalbantoglu
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal Quebec, Canada.
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Joy ME, Vollmer LL, Hulkower K, Stern AM, Peterson CK, Boltz RC“D, Roy P, Vogt A. A high-content, multiplexed screen in human breast cancer cells identifies profilin-1 inducers with anti-migratory activities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88350. [PMID: 24520372 PMCID: PMC3919756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Profilin-1 (Pfn-1) is a ubiquitously expressed actin-binding protein that is essential for normal cell proliferation and migration. In breast cancer and several other adenocarcinomas, Pfn-1 expression is downregulated when compared to normal tissues. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that genetically modulating Pfn-1 expression significantly impacts proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro, and mammary tumor growth, dissemination, and metastatic colonization in vivo. Therefore, small molecules that can modulate Pfn-1 expression could have therapeutic potential in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. The overall goal of this study was to perform a multiplexed phenotypic screen to identify compounds that inhibit cell motility through upregulation of Pfn-1. Screening of a test cassette of 1280 compounds with known biological activities on an Oris™ Pro 384 cell migration platform identified several agents that increased Pfn-1 expression greater than two-fold over vehicle controls and exerted anti-migratory effects in the absence of overt cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Concentration-response confirmation and orthogonal follow-up assays identified two bona fide inducers of Pfn-1, purvalanol and tyrphostin A9, that confirmed in single-cell motility assays and Western blot analyses. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of Pfn-1 abrogated the inhibitory effect of tyrphostin A9 on cell migration, suggesting Pfn-1 is mechanistically linked to tyrphostin A9′s anti-migratory activity. The data illustrate the utility of the high-content cell motility assay to discover novel targeted anti-migratory agents by integrating functional phenotypic analyses with target-specific readouts in a single assay platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion E. Joy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Vollmer
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Keren Hulkower
- Platypus Technologies, LLC, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Stern
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cameron K. Peterson
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - R. C. “Dutch” Boltz
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Magee Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AV); (PR)
| | - Andreas Vogt
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AV); (PR)
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Abstract
Most mathematical models of collective cell spreading make the standard assumption that the cell diffusivity and cell proliferation rate are constants that do not vary across the cell population. Here we present a combined experimental and mathematical modeling study which aims to investigate how differences in the cell diffusivity and cell proliferation rate amongst a population of cells can impact the collective behavior of the population. We present data from a three-dimensional transwell migration assay that suggests that the cell diffusivity of some groups of cells within the population can be as much as three times higher than the cell diffusivity of other groups of cells within the population. Using this information, we explore the consequences of explicitly representing this variability in a mathematical model of a scratch assay where we treat the total population of cells as two, possibly distinct, subpopulations. Our results show that when we make the standard assumption that all cells within the population behave identically we observe the formation of moving fronts of cells where both subpopulations are well-mixed and indistinguishable. In contrast, when we consider the same system where the two subpopulations are distinct, we observe a very different outcome where the spreading population becomes spatially organized with the more motile subpopulation dominating at the leading edge while the less motile subpopulation is practically absent from the leading edge. These modeling predictions are consistent with previous experimental observations and suggest that standard mathematical approaches, where we treat the cell diffusivity and cell proliferation rate as constants, might not be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Simpson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Parvathi Haridas
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D. L. Sean McElwain
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Lemmo S, Nasrollahi S, Tavana H. Aqueous biphasic cancer cell migration assay enables robust, high-throughput screening of anti-cancer compounds. Biotechnol J 2013; 9:426-34. [PMID: 24265131 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Migration of tumor cells is a fundamental event implicated in metastatic progression of cancer. Therapeutic compounds with the ability to inhibit the motility of cancer cells are critical for preventing cancer metastasis. Achieving this goal requires new technologies that enable high-throughput drug screening against migration of cancer cells and expedite drug discovery. We report an easy-to-implement, robotically operated, cell migration microtechnology with the capability of simultaneous screening of multiple compounds. The technology utilizes a fully biocompatible polymeric aqueous two-phase system to pattern a monolayer of cells containing a cell-excluded gap that serves as the migration niche. We adapted this technology to a standard 96-well plate format and parametrically optimized it to generate highly consistent migration niches. The analysis of migration is done automatically using computerized schemes. We use statistical metrics and show the robustness of this assay for drug screening and its sensitivity to identify effects of different drug compounds on migration of cancer cells. This technology can be employed in core centers, research laboratories, and pharmaceutical industries to evaluate the efficacy of compounds against migration of various types of metastatic cancer cells prior to expensive animal tests and thus, streamline anti-migratory drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lemmo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
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Treloar KK, Simpson MJ, Haridas P, Manton KJ, Leavesley DI, McElwain DLS, Baker RE. Multiple types of data are required to identify the mechanisms influencing the spatial expansion of melanoma cell colonies. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:137. [PMID: 24330479 PMCID: PMC3878834 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expansion of cell colonies is driven by a delicate balance of several mechanisms including cell motility, cell-to-cell adhesion and cell proliferation. New approaches that can be used to independently identify and quantify the role of each mechanism will help us understand how each mechanism contributes to the expansion process. Standard mathematical modelling approaches to describe such cell colony expansion typically neglect cell-to-cell adhesion, despite the fact that cell-to-cell adhesion is thought to play an important role. RESULTS We use a combined experimental and mathematical modelling approach to determine the cell diffusivity, D, cell-to-cell adhesion strength, q, and cell proliferation rate, λ, in an expanding colony of MM127 melanoma cells. Using a circular barrier assay, we extract several types of experimental data and use a mathematical model to independently estimate D, q and λ. In our first set of experiments, we suppress cell proliferation and analyse three different types of data to estimate D and q. We find that standard types of data, such as the area enclosed by the leading edge of the expanding colony and more detailed cell density profiles throughout the expanding colony, does not provide sufficient information to uniquely identify D and q. We find that additional data relating to the degree of cell-to-cell clustering is required to provide independent estimates of q, and in turn D. In our second set of experiments, where proliferation is not suppressed, we use data describing temporal changes in cell density to determine the cell proliferation rate. In summary, we find that our experiments are best described using the range D=161-243μm2 hour-1, q=0.3-0.5 (low to moderate strength) and λ=0.0305-0.0398 hour-1, and with these parameters we can accurately predict the temporal variations in the spatial extent and cell density profile throughout the expanding melanoma cell colony. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic approach to identify the cell diffusivity, cell-to-cell adhesion strength and cell proliferation rate highlights the importance of integrating multiple types of data to accurately quantify the factors influencing the spatial expansion of melanoma cell colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina K Treloar
- Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew J Simpson
- Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Parvathi Haridas
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kerry J Manton
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David I Leavesley
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - DL Sean McElwain
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ruth E Baker
- Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates activation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin and promotes cell motility, via LPA1-3, in human pancreatic cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:3524-33. [PMID: 24061591 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is highly metastatic and with poor prognosis. In previous studies, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was shown to be a critical component of ascites which promoted the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Two focal adhesion proteins, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin, were crucially involved in cell migration, cytoskeleton reorganization, and the dynamics of focal adhesion. OBJECTIVES This study examined the involvement of LPA1-3 in LPA-induced activation of FAK and paxillin, and in cell motility, in pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells. METHODS Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to examine mRNA expression of LPA receptors in PANC-1. Cellular protein expression of FAK and paxillin was analyzed by western blotting. The subcellular location of FAK and paxillin was visualized by immunofluorescence. Cell migration was measured by use of a transwell migration chamber. RESULTS Three LPA receptors (LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3) were significantly expressed in PANC-1 cells. Treatment with LPA induced both time and dose-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin. LPA also affected translocation of FAK and paxillin from cytoplasm to focal adhesions at the cell periphery and enhanced cell motility of PANC-1. Pretreatment with 3-(4-(4-((1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethoxy)carbonyl amino)-3-methyl-5-isoxazolyl)benzylsulfanyl)propanoic acid (Ki16425), an antagonist of LPA1 and LPA3, before LPA attenuated the LPA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and redistribution of FAK and paxillin and abrogated LPA-induced cellular migration activity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest LPA induces activation of FAK and paxillin via LPA1-3, which may contribute to the increased cell motility in human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells. Thus, an understanding of the regulation by LPA of cell motility in pancreatic cancer could identify novel targets for therapy.
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50
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Johnston ST, Simpson MJ, Plank MJ. Lattice-free descriptions of collective motion with crowding and adhesion. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:062720. [PMID: 24483499 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.062720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell adhesion is an important aspect of malignant spreading that is often observed in images from the experimental cell biology literature. Since cell-to-cell adhesion plays an important role in controlling the movement of individual malignant cells, it is likely that cell-to-cell adhesion also influences the spatial spreading of populations of such cells. Therefore, it is important for us to develop biologically realistic simulation tools that can mimic the key features of such collective spreading processes to improve our understanding of how cell-to-cell adhesion influences the spreading of cell populations. Previous models of collective cell spreading with adhesion have used lattice-based random walk frameworks which may lead to unrealistic results, since the agents in the random walk simulations always move across an artificial underlying lattice structure. This is particularly problematic in high-density regions where it is clear that agents in the random walk align along the underlying lattice, whereas no such regular alignment is ever observed experimentally. To address these limitations, we present a lattice-free model of collective cell migration that explicitly incorporates crowding and adhesion. We derive a partial differential equation description of the discrete process and show that averaged simulation results compare very well with numerical solutions of the partial differential equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart T Johnston
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Australia and Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Matthew J Simpson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Australia and Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Michael J Plank
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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