1
|
Zhu L, He A, Chen D, Dong X, Xiong X, Chen A. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a mediator between body fat rate and executive function in college students. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1293388. [PMID: 38174333 PMCID: PMC10764023 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1293388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine whether body fat rate (BF%) is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) mediates the association between BF% and Executive function (EF) in young adults. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 226 college students were recruited from an university. Flanker, 2-back, and odder and shifting tasks were used to assess EF. The incremental cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed, and maximal oxygen consumption was recorded during test. The body composition measuring instrument was used to evaluate the participants' BF%. Results The BF% of college students was negatively correlated with each EF, BF% was negatively correlated with CRF, and CRF was negatively correlated with EF (P< 0.001). Structural equation modeling (SEM) and simultaneous analysis of several groups were used to construct mediator model. The CRF of college students plays a partial mediating role between BF% and EF, and the mediating effect accounts for 48.8% of the total effect value. Sex has no moderate effect on the relationship between BF%, CRF, and EF. Conclusions College students with high BF% can improve their CRF by strengthening physical exercise, thereby indirectly improving their EF. Therefore, college students who have a higher body fat percentage should be compensated for engaging in physical exercise in order to enhance their CRF and mitigate the detrimental effects of obesity and overweight on EF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihong He
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dong
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Xiong
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aiguo Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soares CAM, Leão OADA, Freitas MP, Hallal PC, Wagner MB. [Temporal trend of physical activity in Brazilian adolescents: analysis of the Brazilian National Survey of School Health from 2009 to 2019]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2023; 39:e00063423. [PMID: 37971097 PMCID: PMC10652710 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xpt063423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the physical activity trend of Brazilian schoolchildren and the associations with demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables by using the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE) in its four editions - 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2019. Data from students (13-17 years old) participating in the four editions of the PeNSE (n = 392,922) were used. We describe the percentage of active, mean, and percentile values of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity in minutes/week. Poisson's regression was adjusted for gender, age, skin color, goods score, and sedentary behavior (≥ 2 hours/day watching TV and ≥ 3 hours/day sitting time). As a limitation, the PeNSE/2009 sample refers only to the Brazilian capital cities. The percentage of active students decreased from 43.1% in 2009 to 18.2% in 2019. The mean moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity of PeNSE/2009 (mean = 318.4 minutes/week; 95%CI: 313.4-323.4) decreased 50% in 2019. In physical education, the weekly average in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity of girls is less than 50 minutes and boys is greater than 60 minutes in the four editions of PeNSE, also 22.7% of girls reported (PeNSE/2019) not having taken physical education classes whereas the same thing is reported by 19.7% of boys. Sedentary behavior reduced regarding time watching TV, but sitting time increased by 50.1% (95%CI: 48.9-51.3) and 54% (95%CI: 53.1-54.9) between PeNSE/2009 and PeNSE/2019. As a consequence of the drop in physical activity levels, public policies that promote physical activity are necessary, including increasing physical education classes at school to at least three times a week.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alex Martins Soares
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | | | | | - Pedro Curi Hallal
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - Mário Bernardes Wagner
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tanineh W, Halaweh H. Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Motor Coordination, and Academic Achievement in School Students (11-13 years). Glob Pediatr Health 2023; 10:2333794X231207311. [PMID: 37872961 PMCID: PMC10590542 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x231207311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. This study aimed to investigate the association between motor coordination (MC), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and academic achievement (AA) among school students aged 11 to 13 in the West Bank/Palestine. Methods. A total of 252 students were assessed through tests measuring gross and fine motor coordination (Flamingo balance, plate tapping, and other tests). The CRF was evaluated by the 3-minute step test, while AA was measured using grade point average (GPA) and subject-specific grades. Results. A significant correlation was recorded between MC, CRF, and AA (P = .00), rs range (0.436-0.718); Students who engaged in physical activity demonstrated better MC, CRF, and AA compared to their inactive counterparts (P = .00, Cohen's d ranged between 0.53 and 1.35). Conclusion. Enhanced MC and CRF significantly impacted AA, with effect sizes ranging from moderate to large. Promoting physical activity interventions is vital to improve MC and CRF which could positively improve academic achievement among school students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Tanineh
- Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, State of Palestine
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peralta M, Marques A, Ferrari G, Martins J, López-Flores M, Minderico C, Sardinha LB. The effect of school year and summer break in health-related cardiorespiratory fitness: A 2-year longitudinal analysis. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1175-1182. [PMID: 35348046 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2057004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the trends of health-related cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) during two school years with a 3-month summer break in children and adolescents. A 2-year longitudinal study, including 440 6th to 8th graders (218 boys), mean age 12.3 years, was conducted. The Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) was used to assess CRF. Physical activity was measured using accelerometers. Repeated measures linear models were used to analyses differences and trends in VO2peak and health-related CRF. Overall differences between time-point VO2peak were significant for both boys (p<0.001) and girls (p=0.003). Pairwise comparisons showed that VO2peak improved from the beginning to the end of the same school year for boys (school-year 1: 1.53 ml/kg/min, 95%CI=0.98, 2.09; school-year 2: 1.81 ml/kg/min, 95%CI=1.28, 2.34) and girls (school-year 1: 0.85 ml/kg/min, 95%CI=0.43, 1.27; school-year 2: 1.05 ml/kg/min, 95%CI=0.73, 1.36), while, differences in CRF during summer break were not significant. However, significance was only maintained for girls when performing monthly adjusted analysis. Improvements in CRF were observed during school year and remained unchanged during summer break. These findings provide relevant information for the health education community, suggesting the need for additional efforts to counteract the summer break effects on CRF, especially for girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Peralta
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,ISAMB, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adilson Marques
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,ISAMB, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gerson Ferrari
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Rendimiento Humano, Grupo de Estudio en Educación, Actividad Física y Salud (GEEAFyS), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - João Martins
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,ISAMB, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Cláudia Minderico
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sember V, Jurak G, Starc G, Morrison SA. Can Primary School Mathematics Performance Be Predicted by Longitudinal Changes in Physical Fitness and Activity Indicators? Front Psychol 2022; 13:796838. [PMID: 35211065 PMCID: PMC8860831 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.796838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine to what extent physical fitness indicators and/or moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may account for final mathematics academic performance (APmath) awarded at the end of primary school. Methods School-aged youth were sampled in a repeated-measures, longitudinal design in Grade 6 (∼11 years), and again in Grade 9 (∼14 years). The youth (N = 231, 111 girls) completed a fitness test battery consisting of: flamingo balance test, standing long jump, backward obstacle course, plate tapping, sit ups, sit and reach, handgrip, and 20-m shuttle run. APmath scores were obtained for all children at the end of Grade 5, end of Grade 8, and end of Grade 9 (their final year of primary school). In a sub-sample of Grade 6 youth (N = 50, 29 girls), MVPA was measured objectively via SenseWear Pro Armbands (MVPAOB) for seven consecutive days, with measurements repeated in Grade 9. Results Math scores decreased from Grade 6 to 9 for both boys and girls (95%CI: −0.89 to −0.53, p < 0.001). MVPAOB was reduced by ∼45.7 min (−33%) from Grade 6 to 9 (p < 0.01). Significant main and interaction effects are noted for each fitness indicator (p < 0.05). A backward stepwise multiple regression analysis determined significant shared variance in final APmath grade to the change scores from Grade 6 to Grade 9 in: ΔAPmath, Δbackward obstacle course, Δsit and reach, and Δsit-ups [R2 = 0.494, F(4,180) = 43.67, p < 0.0001]. A second regression was performed only for the youth who completed MVPAOB measurements. In this sub-sample, MVPAOB did not significantly contribute to the model. Conclusion Longitudinal changes in youth fitness and their delta change in APmath score accounted for 49.4% of the variance in the final math grade awarded at the end of Grade 9. Aerobic power, upper body strength, and muscular endurance share more common variance to final math grade in boys, whereas whole-body coordination was the more relevant index in girls; this finding suggests that future research exploring the relationship of AP and PF should not be limited to cardiorespiratory fitness, instead encompassing muscular and neuro-muscular components of PF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fink A, Koschutnig K, Zussner T, Perchtold-Stefan CM, Rominger C, Benedek M, Papousek I. A two-week running intervention reduces symptoms related to depression and increases hippocampal volume in young adults. Cortex 2021; 144:70-81. [PMID: 34653905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a two-week running intervention on depressive symptoms and structural changes of different subfields of the hippocampus in young adults from the general population. The intervention was realized in small groups of participants in a mostly forested area and was organized into seven units of about 60 min each. The study design included two intervention groups which were tested at three time points and which received the intervention time-delayed: The first group between the first and the second time point, and the second group between the second and the third time point (waiting control group). At each test session, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed and symptoms related to depression were measured by means of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. Results revealed a significant reduction of CES-D scores after the running intervention. The intervention also resulted in significant increases in the volume of the hippocampus, and reductions of CES-D scores right after the intervention were associated with increases in hippocampal volume. These findings add important new evidence on the beneficial role of aerobic exercise on depressive symptoms and related structural alterations of the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fink
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martinez-Vizcaino V, Álvarez-Bueno C, Sanchez-Lopez M, Jimenez-Lopez E, Soriano-Cano A, Ortega FB, Cavero-Redondo I, Garrido-Miguel M. A Cluster Mediation Analysis Confirms the Validity of the "Fat but Fit" Paradigm in Children's Cognitive Function and Academic Achievement. J Pediatr 2021; 231:231-238.e1. [PMID: 33373671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the fat but fit conceptual model, testing whether this paradigm for body mass index (BMI) and maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) exists in schoolchildren and whether executive functions mediate the relationship between fat but fit categories and academic achievement. STUDY DESIGN Cluster cross-sectional analyses of data from 554 children aged 9-11 from Cuenca, Spain. BMI, VO2max, core executive functions (inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) and academic achievement (language and mathematics). RESULTS Cluster analysis of BMI and VO2max z-scores resulted in a 4-cluster solution that could be interpreted according to fat unfit, unfat unfit, fat fit, and unfat fit categories. ANCOVA models confirmed an increasing trend by cluster category in terms of VO2max levels and, conversely, a decreasing trend in terms of adiposity variables. These models also confirmed that children in the fat fit and unfat fit categories scored higher than their peers in the fat unfit and unfat unfit categories. Mediation analyses using fat but fit clusters as multicategory independent variable, executive functions as mediators, and academic achievement as outcome variable showed that the positive association between the BMI-VO2max clusters and academic achievement was mediated by inhibition levels in fat fit and unfat fit individuals, by working memory levels only in those classified as fat fit, and by cognitive flexibility only in unfat fit individuals. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the validity of the 4-cluster conceptual model regarding BMI and VO2max and reinforces the predictive validity, proving that fitness levels are able to counteract the detrimental effect of obesity on academic achievement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Martinez-Vizcaino
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Faculty of Medicine, Providencia Talca, Chile
| | - Celia Álvarez-Bueno
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; Universidad Politécnica y Artística de Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay.
| | - Mairena Sanchez-Lopez
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; University of Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Education, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Estela Jimenez-Lopez
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de La Luz, Cuenca, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Soriano-Cano
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Francisaco B Ortega
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ivan Cavero-Redondo
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; Universidad Politécnica y Artística de Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Miriam Garrido-Miguel
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hermassi S, Chelly MS, Michalsik LB, Sanal NEM, D. Hayes L, Cadenas-Sanchez C. Relationship between fatness, physical fitness, and academic performance in normal weight and overweight schoolchild handball players in Qatar State. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246476. [PMID: 33606780 PMCID: PMC7895367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between physiological parameters (namely fatness and physical fitness) with academic performance (namely mathematics and science grade point average [GPA]) in normal weight and overweight schoolchild handball players. Thirty-six young male team handball players (age: 9±1 years; body mass: 45.5±14.2 kg; height: 1.38±9.1 m; body fat: 19.7±5.6%) at the highest national league for their age group participated. Anthropometry was examined by measuring body mass, body fat percentage (%BF), and body mass index (BMI). Fitness testing included the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (level 1), squat jumps (SJ) and counter-movement jumps (CMJ), and upper-limb throwing performance (2 kg medicine ball seated front throw), a 15 m sprint test, and a T-half test for change-of-direction (COD) ability. Academic performance was evaluated through school records of grade point average (GPA) of mathematics and science. BMI was negatively correlated with science GPA (r = -0.57, p<0.001) and mathematics GPA (r = -0.39, p<0.001). Significant correlations between Yo-Yo test performance and science GPA (r = 0.73, p<0.001) and mathematics GPA (r = 0.66, p<0.001) existed. T-half test score (less time taken meant a superior performance) was negatively correlated with science GPA (r = 0.48, p = 0.003) and mathematics GPA (r = 0.63, p<0.01). In conclusion, fatness and physical fitness (except for the upper-muscular strength) were significantly related to academic performance in in schoolchild handball players. Based on results of this study, it seems pragmatic and appropriate to engage young schoolchild in physical activity as it associates with superior academic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Hermassi
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) « Sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Saîd, University of “La Manouba”, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lars Bojsen Michalsik
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Lawrence D. Hayes
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haywood X, Pienaar AE. The mediating effect of physical fitness on long term influences of overweight in primary school girls' academic performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:63-74. [PMID: 32720776 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity contribute to multiple health risks in children, while also impacting negatively on educational performance. Physical fitness can impact outcomes beyond health related measures therefore it can play a mediating role in combating the negative effects of being overweight. METHODS One hundred and seventy-two primary school girls aged 6-13 years old from the North West Province of South Africa formed part of this random stratified longitudinal research design in which three follow-up measurements took place over seven years. Body Mass Index was used to compile obesity profiles, while the progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER) was used to determine cardiovascular fitness. Academic school achievements for grades 1, grade 4 and grade 7, as well as national and provincial values were correlated with academic performance. Data were analyzed by a repeated measure over time ANOVA as well using a latent growth curve model from the structural equation modelling framework (SEM). RESULTS No differences (P>0.05) were found in the academic performance of obese and normal weight girls, although obese girls showed poorer physical fitness values (P<0.05). The SEM model was a good fit for all requirements (RMSEA, 0.60; CMIN DF, 2.837; CFI, 0.966). VO<inf>2</inf>max had a standardized indirect mediation effect (-132) while body composition showing a standardized direct effect (0.183) with academic achievement. Physical fitness showed a mediation effect with regard to obesity and academic achievement in grade 7 girls. CONCLUSIONS Although the academic performance of obese girls did not show impairment before the age of 12 years, physical fitness had a reversible effect on relationships between obesity and academic achievement. This substantial influence of physical fitness should be used strategically in preventive intervention programs necessary to enhance cognitive functioning, academic performance and brain health among overweight children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xonné Haywood
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Focus Area, Faculty of Health Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Anita E Pienaar
- School of Human Movement Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa -
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ruiz-Hermosa A, Mota J, Díez-Fernández A, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Redondo-Tébar A, Sánchez-López M. Relationship between weight status and cognition in children: A mediation analysis of physical fitness components. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:13-20. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1676538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Ruiz-Hermosa
- Social and Health Care Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Faculty of Education, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jorge Mota
- Centro de Investigação em Actividade Física, Saúde e Lazer, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Díez-Fernández
- Social and Health Care Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Social and Health Care Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Andrés Redondo-Tébar
- Social and Health Care Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Mairena Sánchez-López
- Social and Health Care Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Faculty of Education, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Takehara K, Ganchimeg T, Kikuchi A, Gundegmaa L, Altantsetseg L, Aoki A, Fukuie T, Suwabe K, Bat-Erdene S, Mikami M, Mori R, Soya H. The effectiveness of exercise intervention for academic achievement, cognitive function, and physical health among children in Mongolia: a cluster RCT study protocol. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:697. [PMID: 31170967 PMCID: PMC6555710 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have demonstrated positive effects of physical activity on children’s health such as improved cardiorespiratory function and decreased obesity. Physical activity has also been found to have positive effects on academic achievement and cognitive function. However, there are few high quality RCT studies on this topic at present and the findings remain controversial. Methods This protocol describes cluster randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of school-based exercise intervention among children in Mongolia. The intervention consists of 3-min sessions of high intensity interval training combined with music implemented two times a week at school during study periods. The participants are children in the fourth grade in public elementary schools in the Sukhbaatar district in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The participants are cluster randomized by school and allocated either to the intervention or control group. The primary outcome is academic achievement. Secondary outcomes are obesity/overweight, physical fitness function, lifestyle, mental health, and cognitive function. Discussion This cluster-RCT is designed and implemented to assess the effectiveness of exercise intervention on academic achievement, cognitive function, and physical and mental health among school-age children in Mongolia. This study will provide evidence to promote physical activities among children in low- and middle- income countries. Trial registration UMIN: UMIN000031062. Registered on 1st February 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Takehara
- Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Togoobaatar Ganchimeg
- Global Health Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Akihito Kikuchi
- Division of Sport Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performacnce (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Lkagvasuren Gundegmaa
- Mongolian National Institute of Physical Education, P.O.Box-224, Ikh Toiruu-49, Sukhbaatar district, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Lkagvasuren Altantsetseg
- Mongolian National Institute of Physical Education, P.O.Box-224, Ikh Toiruu-49, Sukhbaatar district, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ai Aoki
- Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takemune Fukuie
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuya Suwabe
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan.,Division of Sport Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performacnce (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shagdar Bat-Erdene
- Mongolian National Institute of Physical Education, P.O.Box-224, Ikh Toiruu-49, Sukhbaatar district, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Masashi Mikami
- Division of Biostatistics, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Rintaro Mori
- Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan.,Division of Sport Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performacnce (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sasayama K, Nonoue K, Tada T, Adachi M. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement in Japanese adolescents. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1240-1249. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1593509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Sasayama
- Faculty of Education, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiko Nonoue
- Kansai University of Social Welfare, Ako, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takayo Tada
- Faculty of Sciences of Human Life, Chugoku Gakuen University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Minoru Adachi
- Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Is there a relationship between body mass index and academic achievement? A meta-analysis. Public Health 2019; 167:111-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
14
|
Hsieh SS, Tsai JR, Chang SH, Ho JY, Chen JF, Chen PH, Sung YT, Hung TM. The subject-dependent, cumulative, and recency association of aerobic fitness with academic performance in Taiwanese junior high school students. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:25. [PMID: 30654766 PMCID: PMC6337796 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the current study was to examine whether the relation between aerobic fitness and academic achievement during adolescence is subject-dependent, and to investigate cumulative and recency effects. METHODS This study made use of two nationwide datasets. The first was the aerobic fitness profile of junior high school students collected by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan. The second contained the scores on the Basic Competence Test for Junior High School Students (BCTJH). The sample consisted of 382,259 students who completed the BCTJH in the 5 years between 2009 and 2013. Data on each student's aerobic fitness during their three years of junior high school were matched with their exam results at the end of this period. RESULTS The results revealed that students classified as highly-fit during at least one of the three years had higher BCTJH scores than those who never achieved this level, with the size of effect increasing with the length of time that fitness was maintained. Additionally, aerobic fitness in the final year was more closely linked to BCTJH scores than that in the earlier two years. Fitness was also more strongly associated with exam performance in math, science and social science, relative to language-related subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that while aerobic fitness is positively related to academic achievement in Taiwanese junior high school students, the relationship depends on academic subject, as well as the length and time of being aerobically fit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shih Hsieh
- Department of Physical Education, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei, 10610 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ren Tsai
- Department of Statistics and Information Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Hsi Chang
- Department of Physical Education, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei, 10610 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jen-Yu Ho
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Fu Chen
- Department of Physical Education, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei, 10610 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Hsi Chen
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science/Chinese Language and Technology Center, National Taiwan Normal University, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei, 10610 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yao-Ting Sung
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science/Chinese Language and Technology Center, National Taiwan Normal University, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei, 10610 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei, 10610 Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science/Chinese Language and Technology Center, National Taiwan Normal University, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei, 10610 Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Górska P, Krzysztoszek J, Korcz A, Bronikowski M. Does fitness enhance learning/academic performance? BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/bhk-2018-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The interest in the relationship between physical fitness and academic performance is still considerable. However, more advanced research is required to better understand this relationship. Therefore, the purpose of the current review is to describe the state of knowledge of the relationship between physical fitness and academic performance. Furthermore, this relationship is explored with reference to five components of physical fitness, asking which ones have the most beneficial effect on maintaining and improving learning outcomes. In this review, we emphasize studies that advance the understanding of this issue, which is still incomplete. These studies offer hope of deeper understanding of the type of selected physical fitness components and their impact on academic performance. Further research into the association between components of physical fitness such as flexibility, strength and endurance of muscles and academic performance in children, while controlling for important covariates, is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Górska
- University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi, Poznań , Poland
| | - Jana Krzysztoszek
- Department of Didactic of Physical Activity, University School of Physical Education, Poznań , Poland
| | - Agata Korcz
- Department of Didactic of Physical Activity, University School of Physical Education, Poznań , Poland
| | - Michał Bronikowski
- Department of Didactic of Physical Activity, University School of Physical Education, Poznań , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Condessa LA, Soares CA, Mielke GI, Malta DC, Caiaffa WT. Prevalence of physically active adolescents in Brazilian capitals: National Adolescent School-based Health Survey 2012 and 2015. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2018; 21:e180012. [PMID: 30517463 DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720180012.supl.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence of physically active adolescents living in Brazilian capitals, using 2012 and 2015 National Adolescent School-based Health Survey. METHOD The sample consisted of 61,145 (2012) and 51,192 (2015) adolescents who were residents in 27 Brazilian capitals and were attending the 9th year of elementary school. The globally estimated physical activity indicator with the cutoff point of 300 minutes or more per week was used to determine the prevalence of physically active adolescents in both surveys. The prevalence rates were stratified by socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, maternal schooling and skin color) and by capital of residency. Descriptive statistics were used for comparisons considering 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The respective prevalence rates of physically active adolescents observed in 2012 (21.0%; 95%CI 20.3 - 21.7) and 2015 (20.7%; 95%CI 20.1 - 21.3) were similar, independently of the sociodemographic characteristics. In considering the 27 capitals, a reduction in the prevalence of physically active adolescents from 2012 to 2015 was observed only in Belém. CONCLUSION Overall, no changes in the prevalence of physically active adolescents residing in urban centers was observed from 2012 to 2015. These findings evidence the need for new public policies in order to enhance and promote the practice of physical activity among Brazilian adolescents, as well as the expansion of existing ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Antonacci Condessa
- Instituto Federal Fluminense de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia - Itaperuna (RJ), Brasil.,Observatório de Saúde Urbana de Belo Horizonte, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Carlos Alex Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - Pelotas (RS), Brasil
| | - Gregore Iven Mielke
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - Pelotas (RS), Brasil
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Departamento de Enfermagem Materno Infantil e Saúde Pública, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa
- Observatório de Saúde Urbana de Belo Horizonte, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lang JJ, Chaput JP, Longmuir PE, Barnes JD, Belanger K, Tomkinson GR, Anderson KD, Bruner B, Copeland JL, Gregg MJ, Hall N, Kolen AM, Lane KN, Law B, MacDonald DJ, Martin LJ, Saunders TJ, Sheehan D, Stone MR, Woodruff SJ, Tremblay MS. Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with physical literacy in a large sample of Canadian children aged 8 to 12 years. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1041. [PMID: 30285694 PMCID: PMC6167777 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical literacy in children are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between CRF, measured using the 20-m shuttle run test (20mSRT), and components of physical literacy among Canadian children aged 8-12 years. METHODS A total of 9393 (49.9% girls) children, with a mean (SD) age of 10.1 (±1.2) years, from a cross-sectional surveillance study were included for this analysis. The SRT was evaluated using a standardized 15 m or 20 m protocol. All 15 m SRTs were converted to 20mSRT values using a standardized formula. The four domains of physical literacy (Physical Competence, Daily Behaviour, Motivation and Confidence, and Knowledge and Understanding) were measured using the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy. Tertiles were identified for 20mSRT laps, representing low, medium, and high CRF for each age and gender group. Cohen's d was used to calculate the effect size between the low and high CRF groups. RESULTS CRF was strongly and favourably associated with all components of physical literacy among school-aged Canadian children. The effect size between low and high CRF tertile groups was large for the Physical Competence domain (Cohen's d range: 1.11-1.94) across age and gender groups, followed by moderate to large effect sizes for Motivation and Confidence (Cohen's d range: 0.54-1.18), small to moderate effect sizes for Daily Behaviour (Cohen's d range: 0.25-0.81), and marginal to moderate effect sizes for Knowledge and Understanding (Cohen's d range: 0.08-0.70). CONCLUSIONS This study identified strong favourable associations between CRF and physical literacy and its constituent components in children aged 8-12 years. Future research should investigate the sensitivity and specificity of the 20mSRT in screening those with low physical literacy levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Lang
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Patricia E. Longmuir
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Joel D. Barnes
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Kevin Belanger
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Grant R. Tomkinson
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Kristal D. Anderson
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Education, Camosun College, Victoria, BC V9E 2C1 Canada
| | - Brenda Bruner
- School of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON P1B 8L7 Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Copeland
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Melanie J. Gregg
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Health, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB B2G 0W5 Canada
| | - Nathan Hall
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Health, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB B2G 0W5 Canada
| | - Angela M. Kolen
- Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 0W5 Canada
| | - Kirstin N. Lane
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Education, Camosun College, Victoria, BC V9E 2C1 Canada
| | - Barbi Law
- School of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON P1B 8L7 Canada
| | - Dany J. MacDonald
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Luc J. Martin
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Travis J. Saunders
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Dwayne Sheehan
- Faculty of Health, Community and Education, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6 Canada
| | - Michelle R. Stone
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Sarah J. Woodruff
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Mark S. Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Increased Adiposity as a Potential Risk Factor for Lower Academic Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study in Chilean Adolescents from Low-to-Middle Socioeconomic Background. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091133. [PMID: 30134573 PMCID: PMC6165189 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the association between excess body fat and academic performance in high school students from Santiago, Chile. In 632 16-year-olds (51% males) from low-to-middle socioeconomic status (SES), height, weight, and waist circumference were measured. Body-mass index (BMI) and BMI for age and sex were calculated. Weight status was evaluated with 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) references. Abdominal obesity was diagnosed with International Diabetes Federation (IDF) references. Total fat mass (TFM) was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). TFM values ≥25% in males and ≥35% in females were considered high adiposity. School grades were obtained from administrative records. Analysis of covariance examined the association of fatness measures with academic performance, accounting for the effect of diet and physical activity, and controlling SES background and educational confounders. We found that: (1) having obesity, abdominal obesity, or high adiposity was associated with lower school performance alone or in combination with unhealthy dietary habits or reduced time allocation for exercise; (2) high adiposity and abdominal obesity were more clearly related with lower school grades compared to obesity; (3) the association of increased fatness with lower school grades was more salient in males compared to females.
Collapse
|
19
|
Cardiorespiratory fitness and academic performance association is mediated by weight status in adolescents: DADOS study. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:1037-1043. [PMID: 29704057 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of our study was to examine the mediation effect of weight status on the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and academic performance (AP). Two hundred sixty-nine adolescents (140 boys) aged 13.9 ± 0.3 years old from the DADOS study were included in this cross-sectional analysis. CRF was assessed by the 20-m shuttle run test and estimated maximum oxygen uptake was used in the analysis. AP was assessed through the final academic grades and the Science Research Associates Test of Educational Abilities for assessing reasoning, verbal, and numeric abilities. Weight status was assessed by body mass index (kg/m2). Boot-strapped mediation procedures were performed and indirect effects (IE) with confidence intervals (CI) not including zero were considered statistically significant. Mediation analysis revealed that weight status acted as a mediator of the relationship of CRF with reasoning ability (IE = 0.039; CI = 0.001; 0.091) and the final grades in Math (IE = 0.011; CI = 0.002; 0.025), Language (IE = 0.013; CI = 0.004; 0.027), and GPA (IE = 0.011; CI = 0.003; 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the influence of CRF on academic performance is mediated by weight status in adolescents. We suggest that our data could be considered by educators, families, and policy makers, so that active lifestyles might be promoted when designing programs aimed to improve AP among adolescents. What is Known: • Academic performance is associated with both, cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status. • The role of weight status in the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and academic performance is poorly understood. What is New: • We support the scarce research investigating the mediating role of weight status as mechanism in the association between fitness and academic performance in youth. • Previous knowledge is expanded by suggesting that cardiorespiratory fitness is related to weight status which in turn may positively influence academic performance in adolescents.
Collapse
|
20
|
Muntaner-Mas A, Palou P, Vidal-Conti J, Esteban-Cornejo I. A Mediation Analysis on the Relationship of Physical Fitness Components, Obesity, and Academic Performance in Children. J Pediatr 2018; 198:90-97.e4. [PMID: 29685619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between a battery of obesity indicators and physical fitness components with academic performance in children and to explore the combined and mediation role of the physical fitness components in the relationship between obesity and academic performance in children. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study including data from 250 Spanish schoolchildren (Balearic Islands) between 10 and 12 years of age (mean age, 10.98 ± 0.76 years) was conducted. Obesity measures (body mass index, body fat, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-height ratio), physical fitness components (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and speed-agility), and academic performance (Spanish language, Catalan language, English language, natural sciences, social sciences, arts, physical education, religion, and grade point average [GPA]) were collected. RESULTS All obesity measures were negatively related to at least 3 of the 10 academic indicators, including GPA (β range, -0.135 to -0.229; all P < .05). Cardiorespiratory fitness and speed-agility were positively related to all academic indicators (β range, 0.182 to 0.350; all P < .046) and muscular fitness with 3 academic indicators (β range, 0.143 to 0.253; all P < .039). Children considered as fit had better academic performance than their unfit peers (score +0.75; P = .001). The association between body mass index and GPA was mediated by cardiorespiratory fitness and speed-agility. CONCLUSIONS This investigation contributes to the current knowledge by adding evidence about the crucial role of physical fitness in terms of academic performance rather than obesity status, suggesting that physical fitness may ameliorate the negative influence of obesity on academic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Muntaner-Mas
- Department of Pedagogy and Specific Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Balearic Islands, Balearic Islands, Spain; PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada. Granada, Spain.
| | - Pere Palou
- Department of Pedagogy and Specific Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Balearic Islands, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal-Conti
- Department of Pedagogy and Specific Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Balearic Islands, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada. Granada, Spain; Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Suarez-Manzano S, Ruiz-Ariza A, De La Torre-Cruz M, Martínez-López EJ. Acute and chronic effect of physical activity on cognition and behaviour in young people with ADHD: A systematic review of intervention studies. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 77:12-23. [PMID: 29625261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have learning and behavioral control difficulties. AIM The aim of this review is analyse the acute and chronic effect of physical activity (PA) on the cognition and behaviour of children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS Studies were identified in five databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and SCOPUS), from January 2000 through to January 2017. A total of 16 interventional studies met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS PA practice of 20-30 min (intensity 40-75%) produces a positive acute effect on processing speed, working memory, planning and problem solving in young people with ADHD. However, these effects on behaviour are contradictory and vary depending on age. Chronic PA practice (≥30 min per day, ≥40% intensity, ≥three days per week, ≥five weeks) further improves attention, inhibition, emotional control, behaviour and motor control. The results must be treated with caution, because only 25% of the studies used confounders. IMPLICATION More research is needed to justify the causes of these effects. It is necessary to establish programs with regard to the duration, intensity, kind of exercise, and time of PA to improve cognition and behaviour in young people with ADHD taking into account potential confounders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Suarez-Manzano
- Research Group HUM943 Laboratory, Department of Didactic of Body Expression, University of Jaén, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación (D-2), Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Alberto Ruiz-Ariza
- Research Group HUM943 Laboratory, Department of Didactic of Body Expression, University of Jaén, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación (D-2), Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Manuel De La Torre-Cruz
- Research Group HUM943 Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación (D-2), Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Emilio J Martínez-López
- Research Group HUM943 Laboratory, Department of Didactic of Body Expression, University of Jaén, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación (D-2), Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Santner A, Kopp M, Federolf P. Partly randomised, controlled study in children aged 6-10 years to investigate motor and cognitive effects of a 9-week coordination training intervention with concurrent mental tasks. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e021026. [PMID: 29794099 PMCID: PMC5988081 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical training may play a prominent role in the development of preadolescent brains, but it is yet to be determined what type of exercise may generate higher cognitive effects, and if concurrent mental engagement provides further efficacy. The aim of this study is to investigate motor and cognitive effects of a 9-week exercise intervention in children aged 6-10 years. Trainings include the automatisation of challenging coordination exercises with concurrent mental tasks (intervention group) and multisport exercises with and without mental tasks (two control groups). It is hypothesised that all groups gain motor and cognitive effects, but highest benefits are expected for the combination of automatised coordination exercises with mental tasks. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Two elementary schools (∼500 students) take part in the study. Data are generated by using the German Motor Performance Test 6-18 (Deutscher Motorik-Test 6-18), TDS (Match 4 Point), d2-R test of attention and Kasel-Concentration-Task for Children Aged 3-8 Years; test-duration: 6-7 min. After pretesting in September 2017 and a 9-week training intervention, post-testing takes place in December 2017 and March 2018 (long-term effects). Training interventions consist of coordination exercises with concurrent mental tasks (intervention group) and multimotor exercises with and without concurrent mental tasks (control groups). Shapiro-Wilk test will be used to test for normal distribution and the Levene test for variance homogeneity. The appropriate multivariate statistical methods (multivariate analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis test) will be used for analysing differences among the groups and for comparing preintervention with postintervention performances. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION All procedures have been approved by the board for ethical questions in science of the University of Innsbruck. Findings will be published in 2018 in international journals and presented at conferences. Schools will be informed of key results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Santner
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Sportunion Tirol, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Kopp
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Temporal Trends of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Simultaneity in Brazilian Students. J Phys Act Health 2018; 15:331-337. [PMID: 29421970 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2016-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate trends in physical activity and sedentary behavior simultaneity among Brazilian students from 2009 to 2015 and its association with independent variables. METHODS This study presents a panel of 3 cross-sectional studies carried out in 2009, 2012, and 2015 (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar-PeNSE). The population was comprised of ninth-grade public and private schools students from Brazilian capitals. Physical activity and sedentary behavior variables were combined to create the outcome of simultaneity of these risk factors. RESULTS A large proportion of students were simultaneously inactive and sedentary in the 3 surveys. However, it was possible to observe a downward trend (2009: 56.4%; 95% confidence interval, 55.7-57.1; 2012: 53.7%; 95% confidence interval, 53.0-54.4; 2015: 51.9%; 95% confidence interval, 51.2-52.7). In 2015, estimates of physical inactivity and sedentary behavior simultaneity were greater than 48% for 20 out of 27 of the Brazilian states. Significant declining trends were observed among mideast residents, females, nonwhite, and those attending private schools. Only around 5%-7% of the adolescents were both active and nonsedentary in the 3 surveys. CONCLUSION Despite of a slight decreasing trend in the proportion of Brazilian students simultaneously inactive and sedentary throughout the period, the prevalence remained elevated across the surveys.
Collapse
|
24
|
Martin A, Booth JN, Laird Y, Sproule J, Reilly JJ, Saunders DH. Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 3:CD009728. [PMID: 29499084 PMCID: PMC5865125 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009728.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity is high. Lifestyle changes towards a healthy diet, increased physical activity and reduced sedentary activities are recommended to prevent and treat obesity. Evidence suggests that changing these health behaviours can benefit cognitive function and school achievement in children and adolescents in general. There are various theoretical mechanisms that suggest that children and adolescents with excessive body fat may benefit particularly from these interventions. OBJECTIVES To assess whether lifestyle interventions (in the areas of diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and behavioural therapy) improve school achievement, cognitive function (e.g. executive functions) and/or future success in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight, compared with standard care, waiting-list control, no treatment, or an attention placebo control group. SEARCH METHODS In February 2017, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and 15 other databases. We also searched two trials registries, reference lists, and handsearched one journal from inception. We also contacted researchers in the field to obtain unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioural interventions for weight management in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. We excluded studies in children and adolescents with medical conditions known to affect weight status, school achievement and cognitive function. We also excluded self- and parent-reported outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Four review authors independently selected studies for inclusion. Two review authors extracted data, assessed quality and risks of bias, and evaluated the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We contacted study authors to obtain additional information. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Where the same outcome was assessed across different intervention types, we reported standardised effect sizes for findings from single-study and multiple-study analyses to allow comparison of intervention effects across intervention types. To ease interpretation of the effect size, we also reported the mean difference of effect sizes for single-study outcomes. MAIN RESULTS We included 18 studies (59 records) of 2384 children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Eight studies delivered physical activity interventions, seven studies combined physical activity programmes with healthy lifestyle education, and three studies delivered dietary interventions. We included five RCTs and 13 cluster-RCTs. The studies took place in 10 different countries. Two were carried out in children attending preschool, 11 were conducted in primary/elementary school-aged children, four studies were aimed at adolescents attending secondary/high school and one study included primary/elementary and secondary/high school-aged children. The number of studies included for each outcome was low, with up to only three studies per outcome. The quality of evidence ranged from high to very low and 17 studies had a high risk of bias for at least one item. None of the studies reported data on additional educational support needs and adverse events.Compared to standard practice, analyses of physical activity-only interventions suggested high-quality evidence for improved mean cognitive executive function scores. The mean difference (MD) was 5.00 scale points higher in an after-school exercise group compared to standard practice (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68 to 9.32; scale mean 100, standard deviation 15; 116 children, 1 study). There was no statistically significant beneficial effect in favour of the intervention for mathematics, reading, or inhibition control. The standardised mean difference (SMD) for mathematics was 0.49 (95% CI -0.04 to 1.01; 2 studies, 255 children, moderate-quality evidence) and for reading was 0.10 (95% CI -0.30 to 0.49; 2 studies, 308 children, moderate-quality evidence). The MD for inhibition control was -1.55 scale points (95% CI -5.85 to 2.75; scale range 0 to 100; SMD -0.15, 95% CI -0.58 to 0.28; 1 study, 84 children, very low-quality evidence). No data were available for average achievement across subjects taught at school.There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of physical activity interventions combined with healthy lifestyle education on average achievement across subjects taught at school, mathematics achievement, reading achievement or inhibition control. The MD for average achievement across subjects taught at school was 6.37 points lower in the intervention group compared to standard practice (95% CI -36.83 to 24.09; scale mean 500, scale SD 70; SMD -0.18, 95% CI -0.93 to 0.58; 1 study, 31 children, low-quality evidence). The effect estimate for mathematics achievement was SMD 0.02 (95% CI -0.19 to 0.22; 3 studies, 384 children, very low-quality evidence), for reading achievement SMD 0.00 (95% CI -0.24 to 0.24; 2 studies, 284 children, low-quality evidence), and for inhibition control SMD -0.67 (95% CI -1.50 to 0.16; 2 studies, 110 children, very low-quality evidence). No data were available for the effect of combined physical activity and healthy lifestyle education on cognitive executive functions.There was a moderate difference in the average achievement across subjects taught at school favouring interventions targeting the improvement of the school food environment compared to standard practice in adolescents with obesity (SMD 0.46, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.66; 2 studies, 382 adolescents, low-quality evidence), but not with overweight. Replacing packed school lunch with a nutrient-rich diet in addition to nutrition education did not improve mathematics (MD -2.18, 95% CI -5.83 to 1.47; scale range 0 to 69; SMD -0.26, 95% CI -0.72 to 0.20; 1 study, 76 children, low-quality evidence) and reading achievement (MD 1.17, 95% CI -4.40 to 6.73; scale range 0 to 108; SMD 0.13, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.61; 1 study, 67 children, low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Despite the large number of childhood and adolescent obesity treatment trials, we were only able to partially assess the impact of obesity treatment interventions on school achievement and cognitive abilities. School and community-based physical activity interventions as part of an obesity prevention or treatment programme can benefit executive functions of children with obesity or overweight specifically. Similarly, school-based dietary interventions may benefit general school achievement in children with obesity. These findings might assist health and education practitioners to make decisions related to promoting physical activity and healthy eating in schools. Future obesity treatment and prevention studies in clinical, school and community settings should consider assessing academic and cognitive as well as physical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Martin
- University of EdinburghCentre for Population Health SciencesMedical School, Teviot PlaceEdinburghUKEH8 9AG
- University of GlasgowMRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit200 Renfield StreetGlasgowUKG2 3QB
| | - Josephine N Booth
- The University of EdinburghInstitute for Education, Community and SocietyMoray House School of EducationRoom 2.17, St John's LandEdinburghUKEH8 8AQ
| | - Yvonne Laird
- University of EdinburghScottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy (SCPHRP)20 West Richmond StreetEdinburghUKEH8 9DX
| | - John Sproule
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences (SPEHS), University of EdinburghMoray House School of EducationHolyrood RoadEdinburghEH8 8AQUK
| | - John J Reilly
- University of StrathclydePhysical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health50 George StreetGlasgowUKG1 1QE
| | - David H Saunders
- University of EdinburghPhysical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC)St Leonards LandHolyrood RoadEdinburghMidlothianUKEH8 8AQ
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martin A, Booth JN, Laird Y, Sproule J, Reilly JJ, Saunders DH. Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 1:CD009728. [PMID: 29376563 PMCID: PMC6491168 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009728.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity is high. Lifestyle changes towards a healthy diet, increased physical activity and reduced sedentary activities are recommended to prevent and treat obesity. Evidence suggests that changing these health behaviours can benefit cognitive function and school achievement in children and adolescents in general. There are various theoretical mechanisms that suggest that children and adolescents with excessive body fat may benefit particularly from these interventions. OBJECTIVES To assess whether lifestyle interventions (in the areas of diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and behavioural therapy) improve school achievement, cognitive function (e.g. executive functions) and/or future success in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight, compared with standard care, waiting-list control, no treatment, or an attention placebo control group. SEARCH METHODS In February 2017, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and 15 other databases. We also searched two trials registries, reference lists, and handsearched one journal from inception. We also contacted researchers in the field to obtain unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioural interventions for weight management in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. We excluded studies in children and adolescents with medical conditions known to affect weight status, school achievement and cognitive function. We also excluded self- and parent-reported outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Four review authors independently selected studies for inclusion. Two review authors extracted data, assessed quality and risks of bias, and evaluated the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We contacted study authors to obtain additional information. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Where the same outcome was assessed across different intervention types, we reported standardised effect sizes for findings from single-study and multiple-study analyses to allow comparison of intervention effects across intervention types. To ease interpretation of the effect size, we also reported the mean difference of effect sizes for single-study outcomes. MAIN RESULTS We included 18 studies (59 records) of 2384 children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Eight studies delivered physical activity interventions, seven studies combined physical activity programmes with healthy lifestyle education, and three studies delivered dietary interventions. We included five RCTs and 13 cluster-RCTs. The studies took place in 10 different countries. Two were carried out in children attending preschool, 11 were conducted in primary/elementary school-aged children, four studies were aimed at adolescents attending secondary/high school and one study included primary/elementary and secondary/high school-aged children. The number of studies included for each outcome was low, with up to only three studies per outcome. The quality of evidence ranged from high to very low and 17 studies had a high risk of bias for at least one item. None of the studies reported data on additional educational support needs and adverse events.Compared to standard practice, analyses of physical activity-only interventions suggested high-quality evidence for improved mean cognitive executive function scores. The mean difference (MD) was 5.00 scale points higher in an after-school exercise group compared to standard practice (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68 to 9.32; scale mean 100, standard deviation 15; 116 children, 1 study). There was no statistically significant beneficial effect in favour of the intervention for mathematics, reading, or inhibition control. The standardised mean difference (SMD) for mathematics was 0.49 (95% CI -0.04 to 1.01; 2 studies, 255 children, moderate-quality evidence) and for reading was 0.10 (95% CI -0.30 to 0.49; 2 studies, 308 children, moderate-quality evidence). The MD for inhibition control was -1.55 scale points (95% CI -5.85 to 2.75; scale range 0 to 100; SMD -0.15, 95% CI -0.58 to 0.28; 1 study, 84 children, very low-quality evidence). No data were available for average achievement across subjects taught at school.There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of physical activity interventions combined with healthy lifestyle education on average achievement across subjects taught at school, mathematics achievement, reading achievement or inhibition control. The MD for average achievement across subjects taught at school was 6.37 points lower in the intervention group compared to standard practice (95% CI -36.83 to 24.09; scale mean 500, scale SD 70; SMD -0.18, 95% CI -0.93 to 0.58; 1 study, 31 children, low-quality evidence). The effect estimate for mathematics achievement was SMD 0.02 (95% CI -0.19 to 0.22; 3 studies, 384 children, very low-quality evidence), for reading achievement SMD 0.00 (95% CI -0.24 to 0.24; 2 studies, 284 children, low-quality evidence), and for inhibition control SMD -0.67 (95% CI -1.50 to 0.16; 2 studies, 110 children, very low-quality evidence). No data were available for the effect of combined physical activity and healthy lifestyle education on cognitive executive functions.There was a moderate difference in the average achievement across subjects taught at school favouring interventions targeting the improvement of the school food environment compared to standard practice in adolescents with obesity (SMD 0.46, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.66; 2 studies, 382 adolescents, low-quality evidence), but not with overweight. Replacing packed school lunch with a nutrient-rich diet in addition to nutrition education did not improve mathematics (MD -2.18, 95% CI -5.83 to 1.47; scale range 0 to 69; SMD -0.26, 95% CI -0.72 to 0.20; 1 study, 76 children, low-quality evidence) and reading achievement (MD 1.17, 95% CI -4.40 to 6.73; scale range 0 to 108; SMD 0.13, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.61; 1 study, 67 children, low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Despite the large number of childhood and adolescent obesity treatment trials, we were only able to partially assess the impact of obesity treatment interventions on school achievement and cognitive abilities. School and community-based physical activity interventions as part of an obesity prevention or treatment programme can benefit executive functions of children with obesity or overweight specifically. Similarly, school-based dietary interventions may benefit general school achievement in children with obesity. These findings might assist health and education practitioners to make decisions related to promoting physical activity and healthy eating in schools. Future obesity treatment and prevention studies in clinical, school and community settings should consider assessing academic and cognitive as well as physical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine N Booth
- The University of EdinburghInstitute for Education, Community and SocietyMoray House School of EducationRoom 2.17, St John's LandEdinburghUKEH8 8AQ
| | - Yvonne Laird
- University of EdinburghScottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy (SCPHRP)20 West Richmond StreetEdinburghUKEH8 9DX
| | - John Sproule
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences (SPEHS), University of EdinburghMoray House School of EducationHolyrood RoadEdinburghUK
| | - John J Reilly
- University of StrathclydePhysical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health50 George StreetGlasgowUKG1 1QE
| | - David H Saunders
- University of EdinburghPhysical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC)St Leonards LandHolyrood RoadEDINBURGHUKEH8 8AQ
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Santos DA, Marques A, Minderico CS, Ekelund U, Sardinha LB. A cross-sectional and prospective analyse of reallocating sedentary time to physical activity on children's cardiorespiratory fitness. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1720-1726. [PMID: 29192846 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1411176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with health benefits in children, improving cardiac morphology, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and biological outcomes. This study aimed to examine the substitution effects of displaying a fixed duration of sedentary time with a fixed duration of physical activity (PA) at different intensities on children's CRF. A total of 315 children (136 boys) were assessed (age: 10.6 ± 0.6 years old). Outcomes at baseline and follow-up (16-months) were CRF determined using a maximal cycle test and sedentary time and PA measured with accelerometers. Data were analysed by isotemporal substitution analyses estimating the effect of reallocating 30 min/day of sedentary time by light (LPA), moderate (MPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) on CRF. VPA was positively and significantly associated with CRF cross-sectional (β = 0.026, p < 0.001) and prospectively (β = 0.010, p < 0.001). Reallocating 30 min/day of sedentary time into VPA was positively cross-sectionally (β = 0.780, p < 0.001) and prospectively (β = 0.303, p < 0.05) associated with CRF. Conversely, relocating 30-minutes of sedentary time into 30 minutes of LPA and MPA was not associated with CRF. These results suggest that reallocating an equal amount of time from sedentary into VPA is cross-sectional and prospectively associated with a favourable CRF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Santos
- a CIPER, Exercise and Health Laboratory, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Adilson Marques
- b Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Cláudia S Minderico
- a CIPER, Exercise and Health Laboratory, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- c Department of Sport Medicine , Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- a CIPER, Exercise and Health Laboratory, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Marques A, Santos DA, Hillman CH, Sardinha LB. How does academic achievement relate to cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported physical activity and objectively reported physical activity: a systematic review in children and adolescents aged 6–18 years. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:1039. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveThis report aimed to systematically review the evidence for a differential association between objective and self-reported physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness on academic achievement.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesStudies were identified from searches in Embase, Education Resources Information Center, PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORTdiscus and Web of Science databases from January 2000 to December 2016.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesEligibility criteria included cross-sectional, longitudinal and interventional study designs. Outcomes included students’ school grade or a standardised test or measure of academic achievement. Explanatory variables were cardiorespiratory fitness and objective and self-reported physical activity. Inclusion criteria included school-aged children and adolescents aged–18 years (or students from primary to secondary school when student’s participants age was not described) and articles published in English, Portuguese or Spanish.ResultsA total of 51 articles met inclusion criteria: 41 cross-sectional, 2 intervention and 8 longitudinal studies. Results from 11 studies were inconsistent regarding the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and academic achievement. Ten of the 16 articles reported positive associations between self-reported physical activity and academic achievement. From the 22 studies that analysed the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and academic achievement, it was verified that they all generally support the beneficial effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on students’ academic achievement.ConclusionHigher cardiorespiratory fitness may be important to enhance children and adolescents’ health and, additionally, academic achievement. Due to a lack of consensus across studies, methodological issues associated with the assessment of physical activity should be considered when investigating physical activity and academic achievement.
Collapse
|
28
|
García-Hermoso A, Esteban-Cornejo I, Olloquequi J, Ramírez-Vélez R. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Muscular Strength as Mediators of the Influence of Fatness on Academic Achievement. J Pediatr 2017; 187:127-133.e3. [PMID: 28526219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the combined association of fatness and physical fitness components (cardiorespiratory fitness [CRF] and muscular strength) with academic achievement, and to determine whether CRF and muscular strength are mediators of the association between fatness and academic achievement in a nationally representative sample of adolescents from Chile. STUDY DESIGN Data were obtained for a sample of 36 870 adolescents (mean age, 13.8 years; 55.2% boys) from the Chilean System for the Assessment of Educational Quality test for eighth grade in 2011, 2013, and 2014. Physical fitness tests included CRF (20-m shuttle run) and muscular strength (standing long jump). Weight, height, and waist circumference were assessed, and body mass index and waist circumference-to-height ratio were calculated. Academic achievement in language and mathematics was assessed using standardized tests. The PROCESS script developed by Hayes was used for mediation analysis. RESULTS Compared with unfit and high-fatness adolescents, fit and low-fatness adolescents had significantly higher odds for attaining high academic achievement in language and mathematics. However, in language, unfit and low-fatness adolescents did not have significantly higher odds for obtaining high academic achievement. Those with high fatness had higher academic achievement (both language and mathematics) if they were fit. Linear regression models suggest a partial or full mediation of physical fitness in the association of fatness variables with academic achievement. CONCLUSIONS CRF and muscular strength may attenuate or even counteract the adverse influence of fatness on academic achievement in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-Hermoso
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Promoting Fitness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sævarsson ES, Svansdottir E, Sveinsson T, Asgeirsdottir TL, Arngrimsson SA, Johannsson E. Organized leisure-time sport participation and academic achievement in preadolescents. Scand J Public Health 2017; 45:861-868. [PMID: 28666392 DOI: 10.1177/1403494817705560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to study the correlation between lifestyle-related factors, such as organized leisure-time sport participation (OLSP), cardiorespiratory fitness, and adiposity, and academic achievement among preadolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving 248 nine-year-old school children was carried out. OLSP was self-reported with parental assistance, categorized as ≤ 1× a week, 2-3× a week, and ≥ 4× times a week or more. Academic achievement was estimated with results from standardized test scores in Icelandic and math. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated using a maximal cycle ergometer test. The sum of four skinfolds was used to estimate adiposity. RESULTS Tests of between-subjects effect indicated that OLSP significantly correlated with achievement in math only (F(2,235) = 3.81, p = 0.024). Further analysis showed that the two less active groups had significantly lower scores in math compared to the most active group with OLSP ≥ 4× times a week or more (2-3× times a week, unstandardized coefficient (b) = -4.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-7.09, -1.07]; ≤ 1× a week, b = -3.84, 95% CI [-7.59, -0.08]), independent of sex, age, maturity level (age to/from peak height velocity), family structure, and parental education. Neither cardiorespiratory fitness nor adiposity significantly correlated with academic achievements. CONCLUSIONS The study's result indicates that frequent (four times per week or more often) sport participation is not harmful but may be beneficial to learning. However, further intervention-based study of this topic is needed to determine if this relationship is causal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvar Smari Sævarsson
- 1 Centre for Health and Sport Sciences, School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Erla Svansdottir
- 1 Centre for Health and Sport Sciences, School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Thorarinn Sveinsson
- 2 Research Centre for Movements Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Erlingur Johannsson
- 1 Centre for Health and Sport Sciences, School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,4 Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Oliveira T, Pizarro A, Costa M, Fernandes L, Silva G, Mota J, Ribeiro JC. Cardiorespiratory fitness, but not physical activity, is associated with academic achievement in children and adolescents. Ann Hum Biol 2017; 44:309-315. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1308010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Oliveira
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Pizarro
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Costa
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Silva
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Ribeiro
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oulhote Y, Debes F, Vestergaard S, Weihe P, Grandjean P. Aerobic Fitness and Neurocognitive Function Scores in Young Faroese Adults and Potential Modification by Prenatal Methylmercury Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:677-683. [PMID: 27611346 PMCID: PMC5381980 DOI: 10.1289/ehp274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to methylmercury was shown to decrease neural stem cell populations, whereas aerobic fitness has beneficial effects on the adult brain that relies on improved neurogenesis in the hippocampus. OBJECTIVES We examined the association between aerobic fitness and neurocognitive outcomes at young adult age, along with the potential moderating effect of prenatal exposure to methylmercury. METHODS At age 22 years, 262 members of a Faroese birth cohort, established in 1986-1987, underwent a graded exercise test of aerobic fitness to measure maximal oxygen uptake (VO2Max). Their prenatal methylmercury exposure had been assessed from the mercury concentration in cord blood. We estimated cross-sectional associations between VO2Max and multiple measures of neurocognitive function. In addition, we compared groups with low and high prenatal methylmercury exposure. RESULTS A 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in VO2Max was associated with better scores on short-term memory and cognitive processing speed by 0.21 SD (95% CI: -0.04, 0.46) and 0.28 SD (95% CI: 0.02, 0.54), respectively. In the group with lower prenatal methylmercury exposure, a 1 SD increase in VO2Max was associated with increased scores on cognitive processing speed by 0.45 SD (95% CI: 0.08, 0.81) and with a slightly lesser benefit in short-term memory. No such association was observed in the group with high prenatal methylmercury exposure. CONCLUSIONS Higher aerobic capacity was associated with better performance in short-term memory and processing speed. However, prenatal methylmercury exposure seemed to attenuate these positive associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Oulhote
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moran CA, Peccin MS, Bombig MT, Pereira SA, Dal Corso S. Performance and reproducibility on shuttle run test between obese and non-obese children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:68. [PMID: 28279158 PMCID: PMC5345255 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the increasing prevalence of obesity among children, Shuttle Run Test (SRT) has been used as primary outcome for assessment of both physical performance and responses to different physical training programs. Thus, this study aimed to compare the performance on SRT between obese and non-obese children and the reproducibility of two SRTs carried out on different days. METHODS A cross-sectional study in which 40 children, aged from 8 to 10, were recruited from a public school. This study consisted of three visits in each school. On the first visit, we carried out a medical screening for recruited children. On the second visit, we applied the first SRT (SRT1), which was repeated on the third visit (SRT2, 24 hours apart). RESULTS There was a significant difference in the distance traveled by non-obese in comparison with obese children (mean difference: 88 meters and 95% of confidence interval: 21 meters to 156 meters). Time and distance traveled of 27 children were higher in the SRT1, whereas nine children traveled a greater distance and presented higher testing time on the SRT2, with only four children showing the same distance traveled in both tests. Although both groups presented with reduction from the SRT1 to SRT2, this reduction was not significant (non-obese: 342 ± 97 meters to 319 ± 106 meters, respectively; obese: 269 ± 91 meters to 246 ± 90 meters, respectively). In obese children, the distance traveled in the best SRT had correlation with weight (r = -0.495, p = 0.043) and BMI (r = - 0.602, p = 0.011). No correlation was observed in the non-obese children. CONCLUSIONS Overweight children had lower performance in SRT. Although reproducible, the best performance was in the first test, which leads us to suggest applying only one test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane A Moran
- Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Rua Dias de Toledo, 261 apto 1101 - Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Silvana Alves Pereira
- University of São Paulo - USP, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Santana CCA, Azevedo LB, Cattuzzo MT, Hill JO, Andrade LP, Prado WL. Physical fitness and academic performance in youth: A systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:579-603. [PMID: 27714852 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical fitness (PF) is a construct of health- and skill-related attributes which have been associated with academic performance (AP) in youth. This study aimed to review the scientific evidence on the association among components of PF and AP in children and adolescents. A systematic review of articles using databases PubMed/Medline, ERIC, LILACS, SciELO, and Web of Science was undertaken. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies examining the association between at least one component of PF and AP in children and adolescents, published between 1990 and June 2016, were included. Independent extraction of articles was carried out by the two authors using predefined data fields. From a total of 45 studies included, 25 report a positive association between components of PF with AP and 20 describe a single association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and AP. According to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines: 12 were classified as low, 32 as medium risk, and 1 as high risk of bias. Thirty-one studies reported a positive association between AP and CRF, six studies with muscular strength, three studies with flexibility, and seven studies reported a positive association between clustered of PF components and AP. The magnitude of the associations is weak to moderate (β = 0.10-0.42 and odds = 1.01-4.14). There is strong evidence for a positive association between CRF and cluster of PF with AP in cross-sectional studies; and evidence from longitudinal studies for a positive association between cluster of PF and AP; the relationship between muscular strength and flexibility with AP remains uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C A Santana
- Physical Education Post Graduate Program, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - L B Azevedo
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - M T Cattuzzo
- Physical Education Post Graduate Program, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - J O Hill
- University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - L P Andrade
- Physical Education Post Graduate Program, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - W L Prado
- Physical Education Post Graduate Program, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Olivares PR, García-Rubio J. Associations between different components of fitness and fatness with academic performance in Chilean youths. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2560. [PMID: 27761345 PMCID: PMC5068445 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To analyze the associations between different components of fitness and fatness with academic performance, adjusting the analysis by sex, age, socio-economic status, region and school type in a Chilean sample. Methods Data of fitness, fatness and academic performance was obtained from the Chilean System for the Assessment of Educational Quality test for eighth grade in 2011 and includes a sample of 18,746 subjects (49% females). Partial correlations adjusted by confounders were done to explore association between fitness and fatness components, and between the academic scores. Three unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models were done in order to analyze the associations of variables. Results Fatness has a negative association with academic performance when Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist to Height Ratio (WHR) are assessed independently. When BMI and WHR are assessed jointly and adjusted by cofounders, WHR is more associated with academic performance than BMI, and only the association of WHR is positive. For fitness components, strength was the variable most associated with the academic performance. Cardiorespiratory capacity was not associated with academic performance if fatness and other fitness components are included in the model. Conclusions Fitness and fatness are associated with academic performance. WHR and strength are more related with academic performance than BMI and cardiorespiratory capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro R Olivares
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile.,Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pindus DM, Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Khan NA, Raine LB, Sherar LB, Esliger DW, Kramer AF, Hillman CH. Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity, Indices of Cognitive Control, and Academic Achievement in Preadolescents. J Pediatr 2016; 173:136-42. [PMID: 26973149 PMCID: PMC4884513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether preadolescents' objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with cognitive control and academic achievement, independent of aerobic fitness. STUDY DESIGN A sample of 74 children (Meanage = 8.64 years, SD = .58, 46% girls) were included in the analyses. Daily MVPA (min/d) was measured over 7 days using ActiGraph wGT3X+ accelerometer. Aerobic fitness was measured using a maximal graded exercise test and expressed as maximal oxygen uptake (mL*kg(-1)*min(-1)). Inhibitory control was measured with a modified Eriksen flanker task (reaction time and accuracy), and working memory with an Operation Span Task (accuracy scores). Academic achievement (in reading, mathematics, and spelling) was expressed as standardized scores on the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement. The relationships were assessed using hierarchical regression models adjusting for aerobic fitness and other covariates. RESULTS No significant associations were found between MVPA and inhibition, working memory, or academic achievement. Aerobic fitness was positively associated with inhibitory control (P = .02) and spelling (P = .04) but not with other cognitive or academic variables (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Aerobic fitness, rather than daily MVPA, is positively associated with childhood ability to manage perceptual interference and spelling. Further research into the associations between objectively measured MVPA and cognitive and academic outcomes in children while controlling for important covariates is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika M. Pindus
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK,National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU
| | - Eric S. Drollette
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, 61801 IL, USA
| | - Mark R. Scudder
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, 61801 IL, USA
| | - Naiman A. Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, 61801 IL, USA
| | - Lauren B. Raine
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, 61801 IL, USA
| | - Lauren B. Sherar
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU,The NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Dale W Esliger
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU,The NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 317 Freer Hall, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, 61801 IL, USA
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, 61801 IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Physical Activity Interventions for Neurocognitive and Academic Performance in Overweight and Obese Youth: A Systematic Review. Pediatr Clin North Am 2016; 63:459-80. [PMID: 27261545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This article examines cognitive, academic, and brain outcomes of physical activity in overweight or obese youth, with attention to minority youth who experience health disparities. Physically active academic lessons may have greater immediate cognitive and academic benefits among overweight and obese children than normal-weight children. Quasi-experimental studies testing physical activity programs in overweight and obese youth show promise; a few randomized controlled trials including African Americans show efficacy. Thus, making academic lessons physically active may improve inhibition and attentiveness, particularly in overweight youngsters. Regular physical activity may be efficacious for improving neurologic, cognitive, and achievement outcomes in overweight or obese youth.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sardinha LB, Marques A, Minderico C, Palmeira A, Martins S, Santos D, Ekelund U. Longitudinal Relationship between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Academic Achievement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:839-44. [PMID: 26606272 PMCID: PMC6258904 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the prospective associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and academic achievement in the youth. METHODS The sample included 1286 fifth-, sixth-, and seventh-grade students, age 11 to 14 yr (Mage = 11.3 ± 1.1), from 14 schools followed for 3 yr. Academic achievement was assessed using the students' marks at baseline and at follow-up 3 yr apart, in Portuguese, mathematics, foreign language (English), and science. CRF was assessed by the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run test from the Fitnessgram battery. Students were classified as fit-fit, unfit-fit, fit-unfit, and unfit-unfit according to the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run test results at baseline and follow-up. Ordinal regression analyses were performed to examine associations between CRF and academic achievement. RESULTS Being persistently fit (fit-fit), compared with those classified unfit-unfit, increased the odds of having high levels of academic achievement in Portuguese (odds ratio (OR) = 3.49; 95% CI, 1.97-6.20; P < 0.001) and foreign language (OR = 2.41; 95% CI, 1.39-4.14; P < 0.01) at follow-up. Students that improved their CRF and became fit (unfit-fit) had also higher odds of achieving better marks than those persistently unfit-unfit in Portuguese (OR = 2.52; 95% CI, 1.42-4.45; P < 0.01) and foreign language (OR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.23-3.67; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Consistently high and improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness are prospectively associated with better academic achievement especially in mother tongue and foreign language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luís B. Sardinha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adilson Marques
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Claudia Minderico
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Palmeira
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Desporto, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias
| | - Sandra Martins
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Desporto, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias
| | - Diana Santos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Have M, Nielsen JH, Gejl AK, Thomsen Ernst M, Fredens K, Støckel JT, Wedderkopp N, Domazet SL, Gudex C, Grøntved A, Kristensen PL. Rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial examining the effect of classroom-based physical activity on math achievement. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:304. [PMID: 27068574 PMCID: PMC4827169 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2971-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Integration of physical activity (PA) into the classroom may be an effective way of promoting the learning and academic achievement of children at elementary school. This paper describes the research design and methodology of an intervention study examining the effect of classroom-based PA on mathematical achievement, creativity, executive function, body mass index and aerobic fitness. Methods The study was designed as a school-based cluster-randomized controlled trial targeting schoolchildren in 1st grade, and was carried out between August 2012 and June 2013. Eligible schools in two municipalities in the Region of Southern Denmark were invited to participate in the study. After stratification by municipality, twelve schools were randomized to either an intervention group or a control group, comprising a total of 505 children with mean age 7.2 ± 0.3 years. The intervention was a 9-month classroom-based PA program that involved integration of PA into the math lessons delivered by the schools’ math teachers. The primary study outcome was change in math achievement, measured by a 45-minute standardized math test. Secondary outcomes were change in executive function (using a modified Eriksen flanker task and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire filled out by the parents), creativity (using the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, TTCT), aerobic fitness (by the Andersen intermittent shuttle-run test) and body mass index. PA during math lessons and total PA (including time spent outside school) were assessed using accelerometry. Math teachers used Short Message Service (SMS)-tracking to report on compliance with the PA intervention and on their motivation for implementing PA in math lessons. Parents used SMS-tracking to register their children’s PA behavior in leisure time. Discussion The results of this randomized controlled trial are expected to provide schools and policy-makers with significant new insights into the potential of classroom-based PA to improve cognition and academic achievement in children. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02488460 (06/29/2015)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Have
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Jacob Have Nielsen
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Anne Kær Gejl
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Martin Thomsen Ernst
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Fredens
- Department of Learning and Philosophy, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 5, P.O. Box 159, 9100, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jan Toftegaard Støckel
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Niels Wedderkopp
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sidsel Louise Domazet
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Claire Gudex
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 19, 2., 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Anders Grøntved
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Peter Lund Kristensen
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ruiz-Ariza A, Ruiz JR, de la Torre-Cruz M, Latorre-Román P, Martínez-López EJ. Influencia del nivel de atracción hacia la actividad física en el rendimiento académico de los adolescentes. REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rlp.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
40
|
Huang T, Tarp J, Domazet SL, Thorsen AK, Froberg K, Andersen LB, Bugge A. Associations of Adiposity and Aerobic Fitness with Executive Function and Math Performance in Danish Adolescents. J Pediatr 2015; 167:810-5. [PMID: 26256018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of adiposity and aerobic fitness with executive function and math performance in Danish adolescents. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analyses were conducted with data on 525 adolescents attending sixth and seventh grades from 14 schools in the 5 main regions of Denmark. A modified Eriksen flanker task was used to assess inhibitory control, a key aspect of executive function. Academic performance was assessed by a customized math test. Aerobic fitness was assessed by an intermittent shuttle-run test (Andersen test). RESULTS Body mass index (BMI) was negatively associated with accuracy on incongruent trials during the flanker task (P = .005). A higher BMI was associated with a larger accuracy interference score (P = .01). Similarly, waist circumference (WC) was negatively associated with accuracy on incongruent trials (P = .008). A higher WC was associated with a larger reaction time (RT) interference score (P = .02) and accuracy interference score (P = .009). Higher aerobic fitness was associated with a faster RT on congruent trials (P = .009) and incongruent trials (P = .003). Higher aerobic fitness was associated with a smaller RT interference score (P = .04). Aerobic fitness was positively associated with math score (P < .001). BMI and WC were not associated with math score (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that aerobic fitness is positively associated with both inhibitory control and math performance in adolescents. Adiposity is negatively associated with inhibitory control in adolescents. Adiposity is not associated with math performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Center of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Jakob Tarp
- Center of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sidsel Louise Domazet
- Center of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Kær Thorsen
- Center of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Karsten Froberg
- Center of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Center of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Bugge
- Center of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
García-Hermoso A, Marina R. Relationship of weight status, physical activity and screen time with academic achievement in adolescents. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 11:44-50. [PMID: 26249128 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of weight status, physical activity and screen time with academic achievement in Chilean adolescents. METHODS The present cross-sectional study included 395 adolescents. The International Obesity Task Force cut-off points were used to define the weight status. Physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents and screen time was assessed using several questions about television, videogame and computer use. Academic achievement was measured using the mean of the grades obtained in mathematics and language subjects. RESULTS In both genders, adolescents with obesity and excessive screen time earned worse grades compared to their non-obese peers and their peers that complied with screen time recommendations. The logistic regression analysis showed that adolescents with obesity, classified with medium-low physical activity and excessive screen time recommendations (excess ≥2h/day) are less likely to obtain high academic achievement (boys: OR=0.26; girls: OR=0.23) compared to their non-obese peers, high levels of physical activity and those who comply with the current screen time recommendations. Similar results were observed in adolescents with obesity and classified with medium-low physical activity (boys: OR=0.46; girls: OR=0.33) or excessive screen time (boys: OR=0.35; girls: OR=0.36) compared to adolescents with high levels of physical activity and those who complied with the screen time recommendations, respectively. CONCLUSION This study shows that when combined, obesity, low-medium levels of physical activity and excessive screen time might be related to poor academic achievement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Chile.
| | - Raquel Marina
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| |
Collapse
|