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Cecerska-Heryć E, Polikowska A, Serwin N, Michalczyk A, Stodolak P, Goszka M, Zoń M, Budkowska M, Tyburski E, Podwalski P, Waszczuk K, Rudkowski K, Kucharska-Mazur J, Mak M, Samochowiec A, Misiak B, Sagan L, Samochowiec J, Dołęgowska B. The importance of oxidative biomarkers in diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2024; 270:44-56. [PMID: 38851167 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ), an incredibly complex disorder, remains multifaceted. Literature suggests the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathophysiology of SCZ. OBJECTIVES Determination of selected OS markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with chronic SCZ and those in states predisposing to SCZ-first episode psychosis (FP) and ultra-high risk (UHR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Determination of OS markers and BDNF levels by spectrophotometric methods and ELISA in 150 individuals (116 patients diagnosed with SCZ or in a predisposed state, divided into four subgroups according to the type of disorder: deficit schizophrenia, non-deficit schizophrenia, FP, UHR). The control group included 34 healthy volunteers. RESULTS Lower activities of analyzed antioxidant enzymes and GSH and TAC concentrations were found in all individuals in the study group compared to controls (p < 0.001). BDNF concentration was also lower in all groups compared to controls except in the UHR subgroup (p = 0.01). Correlations were observed between BDNF, R-GSSG, GST, GPx activity, and disease duration (p < 0.02). A small effect of smoking on selected OS markers was also noted (rho<0.06, p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS OS may play an important role in the pathophysiology of SCZ before developing the complete clinical pattern of the disorder. The redox imbalance manifests itself with such severity in individuals with SCZ and in a state predisposing to the development of this psychiatric disease that natural antioxidant systems become insufficient to compensate against it completely. The discussed OS biomarkers may support the SCZ diagnosis and predict its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Cecerska-Heryć
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Polikowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Natalia Serwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Michalczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Stodolak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Goszka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Martyn Zoń
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Budkowska
- Department of Analytical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ernest Tyburski
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Podwalski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rudkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Mak
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Sagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Rogóż Z, Kamińska K, Lorenc-Koci E, Wąsik A. Iron administered in the neonatal period changed memory, brain monoamine levels, and BDNF mRNA expression in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Rep 2024:10.1007/s43440-024-00626-0. [PMID: 39012420 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is one of the key microelements in the mammalian body and is the most abundant metal in the brain. Iron, a very important chemical element in the body of mammals, is the most abundant metal in the brain. It participates in many chemical reactions taking place in the central nervous system acting as a cofactor in key enzymatic reactions involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and degradation, dendritic arborization, and myelination. Moreover, iron accumulation in the brain has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurogenerative disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS The aim of our study was to assess the influence of iron administered orally (30 mg/kg) to rats in the neonatal period (p12-p14) by testing the performance of rats in the open field and social interaction tests, and by evaluating the recognition memory, monoamine levels in some brain structures, and BDNF mRNA expression. The behavioral and biochemical tests were performed in adult p88-p92 rats. RESULTS Iron administered to rats in the neonatal period induced long-term deficits in behavioral tests in adult rats. It reduced the exploratory activity in the open field test. In the social interaction test, it induced deficits in the parameters studied, and decreased memory retention. Moreover, iron changed the brain monoamine levels in some studied brain structures and decreased the expression of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS All earlier and our present results indicated that iron administered to rats in the neonatal period induced an increase in oxidative stress which resulted in a change in the brain monoamine levels and decreased BDNF mRNA expression which may play a role in iron-induced memory impairment in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Rogóż
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wąsik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Stojkovic M, Jovanovic M, Jakovljevic V, Zivkovic V, Djordjevic N, Kocovic A, Nikolic M, Stojanovic A, Minic N, Ignjatovic V, Vukomanovic V, Nastic D, Zdravkovic N, Radmanovic O, Djordjic M, Babic S, Radmanovic B. Protective Effect of Hyperprolactinemia on Oxidative Stress in Patients with Psychotic Disorder on Atypical Antipsychotics Risperidone and Paliperidone: A Cross-Sectional Study. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1418. [PMID: 39061992 PMCID: PMC11275159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicate the impact of antipsychotics like risperidone and paliperidone on oxidative stress parameters, yet data remain inconsistent. We investigated the link between these medications, hyperprolactinemia (HPRL), and oxidative stress. This study was conducted at the Psychiatry Clinic, University Clinical Center, Kragujevac, between November 2022 and August 2023. Inclusion criteria comprised diagnosed psychotic disorders from the ICD-10-based F20-F29 spectrum and clinical stability on risperidone/paliperidone for ≥12 weeks with no recent dose adjustments. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, breastfeeding, relevant medical conditions, or co-therapy with prolactin-secreting drugs. Data encompassed drug choice, administration method, therapy duration, and daily dose. Prolactin (PRL) levels, oxidative stress parameters (TBARS, H2O2, O2-, NO2-), and antioxidant system (CAT, GSH, SOD) were assessed. Of 155 subjects, women exhibited significantly higher PRL levels (p < 0.001) and symptomatic HPRL (p < 0.001). Drug choice and regimen significantly influenced TBARS (p < 0.001), NO2- (p < 0.001), O2- (p = 0.002), CAT (p = 0.04), and GSH (p < 0.001) levels. NO2- levels were affected by drug dose (p = 0.038). TBARS (p < 0.001), O2- (p < 0.001), and SOD (p = 0.022) inversely correlated with PRL levels, suggesting PRL's protective role against oxidative stress. The female sex association with higher PRL levels implies additional factors influencing PRL's antioxidant role. Antipsychotic choice and dosage impact PRL and oxidative stress markers, necessitating further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Stojkovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.J.); (N.M.); (B.R.)
- Psychiatric Clinic, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Mirjana Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.J.); (N.M.); (B.R.)
- Psychiatric Clinic, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.J.); (V.Z.); (M.N.)
- Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical, University IM Sechenov, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.J.); (V.Z.); (M.N.)
- Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Department of Pharmacology, 1st Moscow State Medical, University IM Sechenov, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natasa Djordjevic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandar Kocovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marina Nikolic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.J.); (V.Z.); (M.N.)
- Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra Stojanovic
- Center of Excellence for the Study of Redox Balance in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Natasa Minic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.J.); (N.M.); (B.R.)
- Psychiatric Clinic, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Vesna Ignjatovic
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.I.); (V.V.)
| | - Vladimir Vukomanovic
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.I.); (V.V.)
| | - Danijela Nastic
- Institution for Accommodating Adults “Male Pcelice”, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Natasa Zdravkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Olivera Radmanovic
- Clinic for Rheumatology and Allergology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Milan Djordjic
- Department of Communication Skills, Ethics, and Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Sasa Babic
- Psychiatric Clinic, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Branimir Radmanovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.J.); (N.M.); (B.R.)
- Psychiatric Clinic, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
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Edo GI, Onoharigho FO, Jikah AN, Agbo JJ. The ameliorative effect of methanol extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) leaves on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38839563 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2362891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Plants are a rich source of antioxidants that are produced naturally. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of the plant Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) in the attenuation of paracetamol (PCM) hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty-four male albino Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 250 g were divided into four groups, with six rats each. Group 1 served as the control group, receiving just distilled water. Groups 2 and 3 received orally 250 mg/kg bwt/day PCM and 300 mg/kg bwt/day methanol extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) leaves for two weeks, respectively. For group 4, the Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) leaf extract was pre-administered for 1 week before receiving 300 mg/kg bwt/day Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) leaves extract and 250 mg/kg bwt/day PCM for 2 weeks. As a marker of liver damage, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured. Liver tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase activities were utilized to determine antioxidant state, while malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was employed as a lipid peroxidation indicator. When compared to the control group, the activities of serum AST, ALT, SOD, and MDA levels were considerably (p < 0.05) higher in the PCM group, although GSH level and GST and catalase activities were significantly lower. In comparison to the PCM group, co-administration of PCM with Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) extract decreased serum AST and ALT activities. This study shows that the leaf extracts of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) protects Wistar rats' livers from PCM-induced oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Great Iruoghene Edo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science & Technology, Ozoro, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Joy Johnson Agbo
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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5
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Azhamuthu T, Kathiresan S, Senkuttuvan I, Abulkalam Asath NA, Ravichandran P. Usnic acid attenuates 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA) induced oral carcinogenesis through inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell proliferation in male golden Syrian hamster model. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23553. [PMID: 37840363 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the chemopreventive efficacy of usnic acid (UA), an effective secondary metabolite component of lichens, against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the hamster model. Initially, the buccal pouch carcinogenesis was induced by administering 0.5% DMBA to the HBP (hamster buccal pouch) region about three times a week until the 10th week. Then, UA was orally treated with different concentrations (25, 50, 100 mg/kg b.wt) on alternative days of DMBA exposure, and the experimental process ended in the 16th week. After animal experimentation, we observed 100% tumor incidence with well-differentiated OSCC, dysplasia, and hyperplasia lesions in the DMBA-induced HBP region. Furthermore, the UA treatment of DMBA-induced hamster effectively inhibited tumor growth. In addition, UA upregulated antioxidant levels, interfered with the elevated lipid peroxidation by-product of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and changed the activities of the liver detoxification enzyme (Phase I and II) in DMBA-induced hamsters. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of inflammatory markers (iNOS and COX-2) and proliferative cell markers (cyclin-D1 and PCNA) were upregulated in the buccal pouch part of hamster animals induced with DMBA. Notably, the oral administration of UA significantly suppressed these markers during DMBA-induced hamsters. Collectively, our findings revealed that UA exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and apoptosis-inducing characteristics, demonstrating UA's protective properties against DMBA-induced HBP carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerthu Azhamuthu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Kathiresan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ilanchitchenni Senkuttuvan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nihal Ahamed Abulkalam Asath
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pugazhendhi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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Carletti B, Banaj N, Piras F, Bossù P. Schizophrenia and Glutathione: A Challenging Story. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1526. [PMID: 38003841 PMCID: PMC10672475 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating mental illness with a complex and heterogeneous clinical state. Several conditions like symptoms, stage and severity of the disease are only some of the variables that have to be considered to define the disorder and its phenotypes. SZ pathophysiology is still unclear, and the diagnosis is currently relegated to the analysis of clinical symptoms; therefore, the search for biomarkers with diagnostic relevance is a major challenge in the field, especially in the era of personalized medicine. Though the mechanisms implicated in SZ are not fully understood, some processes are beginning to be elucidated. Oxidative stress, and in particular glutathione (GSH) dysregulation, has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in SZ pathophysiology. In fact, glutathione is a leading actor of oxidative-stress-mediated damage in SZ and appears to reflect the heterogeneity of the disease. The literature reports differing results regarding the levels of glutathione in SZ patients. However, each GSH state may be a sign of specific symptoms or groups of symptoms, candidating glutathione as a biomarker useful for discriminating SZ phenotypes. Here, we summarize the literature about the levels of glutathione in SZ and analyze the role of this molecule and its potential use as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carletti
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy; (N.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy; (N.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy; (N.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Paola Bossù
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
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Kuo CY, Lin CH, Lane HY. Targeting D-Amino Acid Oxidase (DAAO) for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Rationale and Current Status of Research. CNS Drugs 2022; 36:1143-1153. [PMID: 36194364 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is a peroxisomal flavoenzyme. Through oxidative deamination by DAAO, D-serine, the main coagonist of synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), is degraded into α-keto acids and ammonia; flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is simultaneously reduced to dihydroflavine-adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), which is subsequently reoxidized to FAD, with hydrogen peroxide produced as a byproduct. NMDAR hypofunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In previous studies, compared with control subjects, patients with schizophrenia had lower D-serine levels in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid but higher DAAO expression and activity in the brain. Inhibiting DAAO activity and slowing D-serine degradation by using DAAO inhibitors to enhance NMDAR function may be a new strategy for use in the treatment of schizophrenia. The aim of this leading article is to review the current research in DAAO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yi Kuo
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Rd., North Dist., Taichung City, 404327, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91, Xueshi Rd., North Dis., Taichung City, 404333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91, Xueshi Rd., North Dis., Taichung City, 404333, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan, ROC. .,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Rd., North Dist., Taichung City, 404327, Taiwan, ROC. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91, Xueshi Rd., North Dis., Taichung City, 404333, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, No. 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City, 413305, Taiwan, ROC.
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8
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Chen N, Liu H, Yao J, Chen S, Xiu M, Wu F, Zhang X. Smoke, GPx activity and symptoms improvement in patients with drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia: A large-scale 12-week follow-up study. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 77:103267. [PMID: 36202003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between tobacco smoke and schizophrenia (SZ) is well established. Smoking is hypothesized to alleviate symptoms and reduce the adverse effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with SZ. However, the underlying biological mechanisms by which smoke improves symptoms in SZ remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of smoking on clinical symptoms and antioxidant enzyme activity after risperidone treatment in a 12-week prospective cohort study of drug-naïve first-episode (DNFE) SZ patients. Two hundred and fifteen DNFE patients were recruited and received 12 weeks of risperidone monotherapy. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess the severity of patient's symptoms at baseline and post-treatment. Plasma GPx activity was also measured at baseline and at the end of 12 weeks. Smokers showed greater improvement in negative symptoms relative to nonsmokers with DNFE SZ. In addition, repeated ANCOVA analysis showed no significant interaction of time and group on GPx activity. Improvement in negative symptoms was not associated with changes in GPx activity. However, in nonsmokers, increased GPx activity was correlated with improvement in positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Song Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.
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Mayén-Lobo YG, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Montellano DJDOD, Motilla-Frías BA, García-Manteca MY, Ortega-Vázquez A, Aviña-Cervantes CL, Crail-Meléndez ED, Ríos C, López-López M, Monroy-Jaramillo N. Influence of glutathione-related genetic variants in oxidative stress profile of Mexican patients with psychotic disorders. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PSIQUIATRIA (SAO PAULO, BRAZIL : 1999) 2022; 45:117-126. [PMID: 36318479 PMCID: PMC10154007 DOI: 10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with psychotic disorders (PD) exhibit divergent outcomes in their clinical trajectories, which in part may result from glutathione (GSH)-related high-risk genotypes affecting their clinical course. We aimed to determine clozapine pharmacokinetic parameters, GSH levels, GSH peroxidase (GPx) activity, variants of genes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of GSH and its association with PD in Mexican patients on clozapine treatment and controls. METHODS 75 PD patients on clozapine therapy and 40 paired healthy controls were included. Plasma clozapine/N-desmethylclozapine, GSH concentrations and GPx activity were determined, along with genotyping of GCLC and GSTP1 variants and copy number variations of GSTP1, GSTT1 and GSTM1. Clinical, molecular and biochemical data were analyzed by a logistic regression model. RESULTS GSH levels were significantly reduced and, conversely, GPx activity was higher in PD patients compared to controls. GCLC_GAG-7/9 genotype (OR=4.3, CI95=1.40-14.31, p=0.019) and hetero-/homozygous genotypes of GCLC_rs761142 (OR=6.09, CI95=1.93-22.59, p=0.003) were found as risk factors for psychosis. The genetic variants were not related to clozapine/N-desmethylclozapine levels or to metabolic ratio. CONCLUSIONS GCLC variants were associated with the oxidative stress profile of PD patients raising opportunities for intervention to improve their antioxidant defenses. Further studies with larger samples should explore this proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerye G Mayén-Lobo
- Master's Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mireya Alcaraz-Zubeldia
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (NINN), Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Blanca A Motilla-Frías
- Department of Genetics, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mayumi Y García-Manteca
- Department of Genetics, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Ortega-Vázquez
- Department of Biological Systems, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos L Aviña-Cervantes
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar D Crail-Meléndez
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (NINN), Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico. Department of Biological Systems, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisol López-López
- Department of Biological Systems, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy Monroy-Jaramillo
- Department of Genetics, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
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10
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Decreased Activity of Erythrocyte Catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase in Patients with Schizophrenia. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58101491. [PMID: 36295651 PMCID: PMC9609318 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are important antioxidant enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in order to control its intracellular concentration, thus enabling its physiological role and preventing toxic effects. A lack or disruption of their function leads to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and the occurrence of oxidative stress. Accumulating studies have shown that the activities of key antioxidant enzymes are impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Since the published results are contradictory, and our previous studies found significantly higher erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in patients with schizophrenia, the aim of this study was to determine the activity of enzymes that degrade hydrogen peroxide in the same group of patients, as well as to examine their dependence on clinical symptoms, therapy, and parameters associated with this disease. Materials and Methods: Catalase and GPx activities were determined in the erythrocytes of 68 inpatients with schizophrenia and 59 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The clinical assessment of patients was performed by using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The catalase activity was measured by the kinetic spectrophotometric method, while the GPx activity was determined by the commercially available Ransel test. Results: Erythrocyte catalase and GPx activities were significantly lower (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively) in subjects with schizophrenia than they were in healthy individuals. Lower catalase activity does not depend on heredity, disease onset, the number of episodes, or disease duration, while GPx activity showed significant changes in patients who had more than one episode and in those who had been suffering from the disease for over a year. Significantly lower catalase activity was noted in the PANSS(+/−) group in comparison with the PANSS(+) and PANSS(−) groups. The lowest catalase activity was found in subjects who were simultaneously treated with first- and second-generation antipsychotics; this was significantly lower than it was in those who received only one class of antipsychotics. Conclusion: These results indicate the presence of oxidative stress in the first years of clinically manifested schizophrenia and its dependence on the number of psychotic episodes, illness duration, predominant symptomatology, and antipsychotic medication.
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11
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Mandal PK, Gaur S, Roy RG, Samkaria A, Ingole R, Goel A. Schizophrenia, Bipolar and Major Depressive Disorders: Overview of Clinical Features, Neurotransmitter Alterations, Pharmacological Interventions, and Impact of Oxidative Stress in the Disease Process. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2784-2802. [PMID: 36125113 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and affect the quality of life of both individuals and the society. The current understanding of these disorders points toward receptor dysfunction and neurotransmitter imbalances in the brain. Treatment protocols are hence oriented toward normalizing these imbalances and ameliorating the symptoms. However, recent literature has indicated the possible role of depleted levels of antioxidants like glutathione (GSH) as well as an alteration in the levels of the pro-oxidant, iron in the pathogenesis of major psychiatric diseases, viz., schizophrenia (Sz), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). This review aims to highlight the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in these psychiatric disorders. An overview of the clinical features, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and pharmacological treatments concerning these psychiatric disorders has also been presented. Furthermore, it attempts to synthesize literature from existing magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) studies for these disorders, assessing GSH and iron, respectively. This manuscript is a sincere attempt to stimulate research discussion to advance the knowledge base for further understanding of the pathoetiology of Sz, BD, and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122050, India.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne School of Medicine Campus, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Shradha Gaur
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122050, India
| | - Rimil Guha Roy
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122050, India
| | - Avantika Samkaria
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122050, India
| | | | - Anshika Goel
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122050, India
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12
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Oxidative Stress and Emergence of Psychosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101870. [PMID: 36290593 PMCID: PMC9598314 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment and prevention strategies for schizophrenia require knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the psychotic transition. Increasing evidence suggests a redox imbalance in schizophrenia patients. This narrative review presents an overview of the scientific literature regarding blood oxidative stress markers’ evolution in the early stages of psychosis and chronic patients. Studies investigating peripheral levels of oxidative stress in schizophrenia patients, first episode of psychosis or UHR individuals were considered. A total of 76 peer-reviewed articles published from 1991 to 2022 on PubMed and EMBASE were included. Schizophrenia patients present with increased levels of oxidative damage to lipids in the blood, and decreased levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants. Genetic studies provide evidence for altered antioxidant functions in patients. Antioxidant blood levels are decreased before psychosis onset and blood levels of oxidative stress correlate with symptoms severity in patients. Finally, adjunct treatment of antipsychotics with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine appears to be effective in schizophrenia patients. Further studies are required to assess its efficacy as a prevention strategy. Redox imbalance might contribute to the pathophysiology of emerging psychosis and could serve as a therapeutic target for preventive or adjunctive therapies, as well as biomarkers of disease progression.
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13
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Zhilyaeva TV, Kasyanov ED, Semennov IV, Rukavishnikov GV, Piatoikina AS, Kostina OV, Verbitskaya EV, Mazo GE. Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency in schizophrenia: Biochemical and clinical aspects. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 153:141-148. [PMID: 35816973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED It was reported that the levels of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) are reduced in schizophrenia. However, mechanisms of BH4 deficiency in schizophrenia had not been studied precisely. OBJECTIVE the search of the association between BH4 deficiency in schizophrenia and a range of biochemical and clinical parameters for the evaluation of the possible mechanisms of BH4 loss and its role in the development of the symptoms. METHODS 93 patients with schizophrenia and 60 healthy volunteers were randomly selected and evaluated with a biochemical examination of BH4, folate, cobalamin (B12), homocysteine, C-reactive protein (CRP), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in the blood serum.Patients underwent standardized psychopathological examination. RESULTS In patients, the levels of BH4 and folate were lower (p = 0.001 and p = 0.054, respectively), and the levels of homocysteine were higher (p = 0.012) compared to the control group. BH4 levels directly moderately correlated with folate (ρ = 0.43; p = 0.0029) and B12 levels (ρ = 0.43; p = 0.0020) and inversely moderately correlated with homocysteine levels (ρ = -0.54; p = 0.00015) in patients. Cluster analysis identified schizophrenia biotype characterized by a deficiency of BH4, folate, B12, and hyperhomocysteinemia. The clinical characteristics of this biotype were not specific. CRP and GSH were higher in patients compared to controls, but their association with serum BH4 was not confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Zhilyaeva
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - E D Kasyanov
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Semennov
- Nizhny Novgorod Clinical Psychiatric Hospital No.1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - G V Rukavishnikov
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A S Piatoikina
- Nizhny Novgorod Clinical Psychiatric Hospital No.1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - O V Kostina
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - E V Verbitskaya
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - G E Mazo
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
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14
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Bove M, Lama A, Schiavone S, Pirozzi C, Tucci P, Sikora V, Trinchese G, Corso G, Morgese MG, Trabace L. Social isolation triggers oxidative status and impairs systemic and hepatic insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112820. [PMID: 35290886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-naïve psychotic patients show metabolic and hepatic dysfunctions. The rat social isolation model of psychosis allows to investigate mechanisms leading to these disturbances to which oxidative stress crucially contributes. Here, we investigated isolation-induced central and peripheral dysfunctions in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, along with redox dysregulation. Social isolation did not affect basal glycemic levels and the response to glucose and insulin loads in the glucose and insulin tolerance tests. However, HOMA-Index value were increased in isolated (ISO) rats. A hypothalamic reduction of AKT phosphorylation and a trend toward an increase in AMPK phosphorylation were observed following social isolation, accompanied by reduced GLUT-4 levels. Social isolation also induced a reduction of phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, of AKT and GLUT-2, and a decreased phosphorylation of AMPK in the liver. Furthermore, a significant reduction in hepatic CPT1 and PPAR-α levels was detected. ISO rats also showed significant elevations in hepatic ROS amount, lipid peroxidation and NOX4 expression, whereas no differences were detected in NOX2 and NOX1 levels. Expression of SOD2 in the mitochondrial fraction and SOD1 in the cytosolic fraction was not altered following social isolation, whereas SOD activity was increased. Furthermore, a decrease of hepatic CAT and GSH amount was observed in ISO rats compared to GRP animals. Our data suggest that the increased oxidant status and antioxidant capacity modifications may trigger hepatic and systemic insulin resistance, by altering signal hormone pathway and sustaining subsequent alteration of glucose homeostasis and metabolic impairment observed in the social isolation model of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bove
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Vladyslav Sikora
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy; Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, 2, Rymskogo-Korsakova st., Sumy 40007, Ukraine.
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, "Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo", Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21 - Building 7, Naples 80126, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Corso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, Foggia 71122, Italy.
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15
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Cuenod M, Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Dwir D, Khadimallah I, Klauser P, Conus P, Do KQ. Caught in vicious circles: a perspective on dynamic feed-forward loops driving oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1886-1897. [PMID: 34759358 PMCID: PMC9126811 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating a pathological link between oxidative stress and schizophrenia. This evidence identifies oxidative stress as a convergence point or "central hub" for schizophrenia genetic and environmental risk factors. Here we review the existing experimental and translational research pinpointing the complex dynamics of oxidative stress mechanisms and their modulation in relation to schizophrenia pathophysiology. We focus on evidence supporting the crucial role of either redox dysregulation, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction, neuroinflammation or mitochondria bioenergetics dysfunction, initiating "vicious circles" centered on oxidative stress during neurodevelopment. These processes would amplify one another in positive feed-forward loops, leading to persistent impairments of the maturation and function of local parvalbumin-GABAergic neurons microcircuits and myelinated fibers of long-range macrocircuitry. This is at the basis of neural circuit synchronization impairments and cognitive, emotional, social and sensory deficits characteristic of schizophrenia. Potential therapeutic approaches that aim at breaking these different vicious circles represent promising strategies for timely and safe interventions. In order to improve early detection and increase the signal-to-noise ratio for adjunctive trials of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and NMDAR modulator drugs, a reverse translation of validated circuitry approach is needed. The above presented processes allow to identify mechanism based biomarkers guiding stratification of homogenous patients groups and target engagement required for successful clinical trials, paving the way towards precision medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Steullet
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniella Dwir
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ines Khadimallah
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klauser
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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16
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Vallée A. Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: The Key Role of the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052810. [PMID: 35269952 PMCID: PMC8910888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a very complex syndrome involving widespread brain multi-dysconnectivity. Schizophrenia is marked by cognitive, behavioral, and emotional dysregulations. Recent studies suggest that inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) and immune dysfunction could have a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is supported by immunogenetic evidence, and a higher incidence rate of autoimmune diseases in patients with schizophrenia. The dysregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway is associated with the involvement of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia. Several studies have shown that there is a vicious and positive interplay operating between neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. This interplay is modulated by WNT/β-catenin, which interacts with the NF-kB pathway; inflammatory factors (including IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α); factors of oxidative stress such as glutamate; and dopamine. Neuroinflammation is associated with increased levels of PPARγ. In schizophrenia, the expression of PPAR-γ is increased, whereas the WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARα are downregulated. This suggests that a metabolic-inflammatory imbalance occurs in this disorder. Thus, this research’s triptych could be a novel therapeutic approach to counteract both neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France
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17
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Uehara T, Kurachi M, Kondo T, Abe H, Itoh H, Sumiyoshi T, Suzuki M. Apocynin-Tandospirone Derivatives Suppress Methamphetamine-Induced Hyperlocomotion in Rats with Neonatal Exposure to Dizocilpine. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12030366. [PMID: 35330366 PMCID: PMC8951253 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates oxidative stress as a potential pathophysiological mechanism of schizophrenia. Accordingly, we synthesized new chemicals using apocynin and tandospirone as lead compounds (A-2, A-3 and A-4). These novel compounds decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations in vitro and reversed decreases in glutathione levels in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats transiently exposed to MK-801, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, in the neonatal period. To determine whether A-2, A-3 and A-4 show behavioral effects associated with antipsychotic properties, the effects of these compounds on methamphetamine (MAP)-induced locomotor and vertical activity were examined in the model rats. A-2 and A-3, administered for 14 days around the puberty period, ameliorated MAP-induced hyperlocomotion in MK-801-treated rats in the post-puberty period, while A-4 suppressed MAP-induced vertical activity. These findings indicate that apocynin-tandospirone derivatives present anti-dopaminergic effects and may alleviate psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-286-2211 (ext. 3437); Fax: +81-76-286-3341
| | - Masayoshi Kurachi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (M.K.); (H.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Center for Low-Temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan;
| | - Hitoshi Abe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan;
| | - Hiroko Itoh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (M.K.); (H.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan;
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; (M.K.); (H.I.); (M.S.)
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18
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Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress-A Causative Factor and Therapeutic Target in Many Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413384. [PMID: 34948180 PMCID: PMC8707347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairment of defensive antioxidant systems leads to a condition known as oxidative stress. The main source of free radicals responsible for oxidative stress is mitochondrial respiration. The deleterious effects of ROS on cellular biomolecules, including DNA, is a well-known phenomenon that can disrupt mitochondrial function and contribute to cellular damage and death, and the subsequent development of various disease processes. In this review, we summarize the most important findings that implicated mitochondrial oxidative stress in a wide variety of pathologies from Alzheimer disease (AD) to autoimmune type 1 diabetes. This review also discusses attempts to affect oxidative stress as a therapeutic avenue.
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19
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Berry T, Abohamza E, Moustafa AA. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: focus on the transsulfuration pathway. Rev Neurosci 2021; 31:219-232. [PMID: 31714892 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is a severe form of schizophrenia. The severity of illness is positively related to homocysteine levels, with high homocysteine levels due to the low activity of the transsulfuration pathway, which metabolizes homocysteine in synthesizing L-cysteine. Glutathione levels are low in schizophrenia, which indicates shortages of L-cysteine and low activity of the transsulfuration pathway. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels are low in schizophrenia. H2S is synthesized by cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, which are the two enzymes in the transsulfuration pathway. Iron-sulfur proteins obtain sulfur from L-cysteine. The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway has various iron-sulfur proteins. With low levels of L-cysteine, iron-sulfur cluster formation will be dysregulated leading to deficits in OXPHOS in schizophrenia. Molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) synthesis requires sulfur, which is obtained from L-cysteine. With low levels of MoCo synthesis, molybdenum-dependent sulfite oxidase (SUOX) will not be synthesized at appropriate levels. SUOX detoxifies sulfite from sulfur-containing amino acids. If sulfites are not detoxified, there can be sulfite toxicity. The transsulfuration pathway metabolizes selenomethionine, whereby selenium from selenomethionine can be used for selenoprotein synthesis. The low activity of the transsulfuration pathway decreases selenoprotein synthesis. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), with various GPXs being selenoprotein, is low in schizophrenia. The dysregulations of selenoproteins would lead to oxidant stress, which would increase the methylation of genes and histones leading to epigenetic changes in TRS. An add-on treatment to mainline antipsychotics is proposed for TRS that targets the dysregulations of the transsulfuration pathway and the dysregulations of other pathways stemming from the transsulfuration pathway being dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berry
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney 2751, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eid Abohamza
- Department of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney 2751, New South Wales, Australia.,Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney 2751, New South Wales, Australia
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Lech MA, Kamińska K, Leśkiewicz M, Lorenc-Koci E, Rogóż Z. Impact of repeated co-treatment with escitalopram and aripiprazole on the schizophrenia-like behaviors and BDNF mRNA expression in the adult Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to glutathione deficit during early postnatal development of the brain. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1712-1723. [PMID: 34398437 PMCID: PMC8599398 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that impaired endogenous synthesis of glutathione during early postnatal development plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Moreover, some studies have suggested that antidepressants are able to increase the activity of atypical antipsychotics which may efficiently improve the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the influence of repeated co-treatment with escitalopram and aripiprazole on the schizophrenia-like behavior and BDNF mRNA expression in adult rats exposed to glutathione deficit during early postnatal development. Male pups between the postnatal days p5-p16 were treated with the inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, BSO (L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine) and the dopamine uptake inhibitor, GBR 12,909 alone or in combination. Escitalopram and aripiprazole were given repeatedly for 21 days before the tests. On p90-92 rats were evaluated in the behavioral and biochemical tests. RESULTS BSO given alone and together with GBR 12,909 induced deficits in the studied behavioral tests and decreased the expression of BDNF mRNA. Repeated aripiprazole administration at a higher dose reversed these behavioral deficits. Co-treatment with aripiprazole and an ineffective dose of escitalopram also abolished the behavioral deficits in the studied tests. CONCLUSION The obtained data indicated that the inhibition of glutathione synthesis in early postnatal development induced long-term deficits corresponding to schizophrenia-like behavior and decreased the BDNF mRNA expression in adult rats, and these behavioral deficits were reversed by repeated treatment with a higher dose of aripiprazole and also by co-treatment with aripiprazole and ineffective dose of escitalopram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Lech
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences,, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland. .,The Podhale State Higher Vocational School, Faculty of Cosmetology, Institute of Health, 71 Kokoszków, Nowy Targ, Poland.
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21
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Murray AJ, Rogers JC, Katshu MZUH, Liddle PF, Upthegrove R. Oxidative Stress and the Pathophysiology and Symptom Profile of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:703452. [PMID: 34366935 PMCID: PMC8339376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.703452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with increased levels of oxidative stress, as reflected by an increase in the concentrations of damaging reactive species and a reduction in anti-oxidant defences to combat them. Evidence has suggested that whilst not the likely primary cause of schizophrenia, increased oxidative stress may contribute to declining course and poor outcomes associated with schizophrenia. Here we discuss how oxidative stress may be implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia and examine how current understanding relates associations with symptoms, potentially via lipid peroxidation induced neuronal damage. We argue that oxidative stress may be a good target for future pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia and suggest a multi-step model of illness progression with oxidative stress involved at each stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Murray
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C. Rogers
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Zia Ul Haq Katshu
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare National Health Service Foundation Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F. Liddle
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service Foundation Trust, Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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22
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A multimodal approach to studying the relationship between peripheral glutathione, brain glutamate, and cognition in health and in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3502-3511. [PMID: 33077854 PMCID: PMC9650557 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ) is suggested by studies of peripheral tissue. Nonetheless, it is unclear how such biological changes are linked to relevant, pathological neurochemistry, and brain function. We designed a multi-faceted study by combining biochemistry, neuroimaging, and neuropsychology to test how peripheral changes in a key marker for oxidative stress, glutathione (GSH), may associate with central neurochemicals or neuropsychological performance in health and in SZ. GSH in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) was acquired as a secondary 3T 1H-MRS outcome using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. Fifty healthy controls and 46 patients with SZ were studied cross-sectionally, and analyses were adjusted for effects of confounding variables. We observed lower peripheral total GSH in SZ compared to controls in extracellular (plasma) and intracellular (lymphoblast) pools. Total GSH levels in plasma positively correlated with composite neuropsychological performance across the total population and within patients. Total plasma GSH levels were also positively correlated with the levels of Glx in the dACC across the total population, as well as within each individual group (controls, patients). Furthermore, the levels of dACC Glx and dACC GSH positively correlated with composite neuropsychological performance in the patient group. Exploring the relationship between systemic oxidative stress (in particular GSH), central glutamate, and cognition in SZ will benefit further from assessment of patients with more varied neuropsychological performance.
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Ventriglio A, Bellomo A, Favale D, Bonfitto I, Vitrani G, Di Sabatino D, Cuozzo E, Di Gioia I, Mauro P, Giampaolo P, Alessandro V, De Berardis D. Oxidative Stress in the Early Stage of Psychosis. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:1457-1470. [PMID: 34218786 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666210701105839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past few decades, increasing evidence in the literature has appeared describing the role of the antioxidant defense system and redox signaling in the multifactorial pathophysiology of psychosis. It is of interest to clinicians and researchers alike that abnormalities of the antioxidant defense system are associated with alterations of cellular membranes, immune functions and neurotransmission, all of which have some clinical implications. METHODS This narrative review summarizes the evidence regarding oxidative stress in the early stages of psychosis. We included 136 peer-reviewed articles published from 2007 to 2020 on PubMed EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. RESULTS Patients affected by psychotic disorders show a decreased level of non-enzymatic antioxidants, an increased level of lipid peroxides, nitric oxides, and a homeostatic imbalance of purine catabolism. In particular, a significantly reduced antioxidant defense has been described in the early onset first episode of psychosis, including reduced levels of glutathione. Also, it has been shown that a decreased basal low -antioxidant capacity correlates with cognitive deficits and negative symptoms, mostly related to glutamate-receptor hypofunction. In addition, atypical antipsychotic drugs seem to show significant antioxidant activity. These factors are critical in order to treat cases of first-onset psychosis effectively. CONCLUSION This systematic review indicates the importance that must be given to anti-oxidant defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Donato Favale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Iris Bonfitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Vitrani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Dario Di Sabatino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Edwige Cuozzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Gioia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pettorruso Mauro
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Univerity of Chieti, Italy
| | - Perna Giampaolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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Lech MA, Leśkiewicz M, Kamińska K, Rogóż Z, Lorenc-Koci E. Glutathione Deficiency during Early Postnatal Development Causes Schizophrenia-Like Symptoms and a Reduction in BDNF Levels in the Cortex and Hippocampus of Adult Sprague-Dawley Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126171. [PMID: 34201038 PMCID: PMC8229148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing body of evidence points to dysregulation of redox status in the brain as an important factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione (GSH) synthesis inhibitor, and 1-[2-Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (GBR 12909), a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, given alone or in combination, to Sprague–Dawley pups during early postnatal development (p5–p16), on the time course of the onset of schizophrenia-like behaviors, and on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and its protein in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) during adulthood. BSO administered alone decreased the levels of BDNF mRNA and its protein both in the PFC and HIP. Treatment with the combination of BSO + GBR 12909 also decreased BDNF mRNA and its protein in the PFC, but in the HIP, only the level of BDNF protein was decreased. Schizophrenia-like behaviors in rats were assessed at three time points of adolescence (p30, p42–p44, p60–p62) and in early adulthood (p90–p92) using the social interaction test, novel object recognition test, and open field test. Social and cognitive deficits first appeared in the middle adolescence stage and continued to occur into adulthood, both in rats treated with BSO alone or with the BSO + GBR 12909 combination. Behavior corresponding to positive symptoms in humans occurred in the middle adolescence period, only in rats treated with BSO + GBR 12909. Only in the latter group, amphetamine exacerbated the existing positive symptoms in adulthood. Our data show that rats receiving the BSO + GBR 12909 combination in the early postnatal life reproduced virtually all symptoms observed in patients with schizophrenia and, therefore, can be considered a valuable neurodevelopmental model of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anna Lech
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (M.A.L.); (K.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (M.A.L.); (K.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (M.A.L.); (K.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126-623-272
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Li XR, Xiu MH, Guan XN, Wang YC, Wang J, Leung E, Zhang XY. Altered Antioxidant Defenses in Drug-Naive First Episode Patients with Schizophrenia Are Associated with Poor Treatment Response to Risperidone: 12-Week Results from a Prospective Longitudinal Study. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1316-1324. [PMID: 33791970 PMCID: PMC8423973 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal redox regulation is thought to contribute to schizophrenia (SCZ). Accumulating studies have shown that the plasma antioxidant enzyme activity is closely associated with the course and outcome in antipsychotics-naïve first-episode (ANFE) patients with SCZ. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of risperidone on oxidative stress markers in ANFE patients and the relationship between risperidone response and changes in oxidative stress markers. Plasma activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme, total antioxidant status (TAS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in 354 ANFE patients and 152 healthy controls. The clinical symptoms were evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Patients received risperidone monotherapy for 12 weeks and oxidative stress markers and PANSS were measured at baseline and at follow-up. Compared with healthy controls, the patients exhibited higher activities of SOD, CAT, and TAS levels, but lower MDA levels and GPx activity. A comparison between 168 responders and 50 non-responders at baseline and 12-week follow-up showed that GPx activity decreased in both groups after treatment. Moreover, GPx activity decreased less in responders and was higher in responders than in non-responders at follow-up. These results demonstrate that the redox regulatory system and antioxidant defense enzymes may have predictive value for the response of ANFE patients to risperidone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Rong Li
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Hong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Changping District, Beijing, 100096, China.
| | - Xiao Ni Guan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Changping District, Beijing, 100096, China
| | - Yue Chan Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Changping District, Beijing, 100096, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Changping District, Beijing, 100096, China
| | - Edison Leung
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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26
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Extracellular free water and glutathione in first-episode psychosis-a multimodal investigation of an inflammatory model for psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:761-771. [PMID: 31138893 PMCID: PMC6881530 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has been accumulating for an immune-based component to the etiology of psychotic disorders. Advancements in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have enabled estimation of extracellular free water (FW), a putative biomarker of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, inflammatory processes may be associated with altered brain levels of metabolites, such as glutathione (GSH). Consequently, we sought to test the hypotheses that FW is increased and associated with decreased GSH in patients with first-episode schizophrenia (SZ) compared with healthy controls (HC). SZ (n = 36) and HC (n = 40) subjects underwent a multi-shell diffusion MRI scan on a Siemens 3T scanner. 1H-MR spectroscopy data were acquired using a GSH-optimized MEGA-PRESS editing sequence and GSH/creatine ratios were calculated for DLPFC (SZ: n = 33, HC: n = 37) and visual cortex (SZ: n = 29, HC: n = 35) voxels. Symptoms and functioning were measured using the SANS, SAPS, BPRS, and GSF/GRF. SZ demonstrated significantly elevated FW in whole-brain gray (p = .001) but not white matter (p = .060). There was no significant difference between groups in GSH in either voxel. However, there was a significant negative correlation between DLPFC GSH and both whole-brain and DLPFC-specific gray matter FW in SZ (r = -.48 and -.47, respectively; both p < .05), while this relationship was nonsignificant in HC and in both groups in the visual cortex. These data illustrate an important relationship between a metabolite known to be important for immune function-GSH-and the diffusion extracellular FW measure, which provides additional support for these measures as neuroinflammatory biomarkers that could potentially provide tractable treatment targets to guide pharmacological intervention.
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Ermakov EA, Dmitrieva EM, Parshukova DA, Kazantseva DV, Vasilieva AR, Smirnova LP. Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in Schizophrenia Pathogenesis and New Treatment Perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8881770. [PMID: 33552387 PMCID: PMC7847339 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8881770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is recognized to be a highly heterogeneous disease at various levels, from genetics to clinical manifestations and treatment sensitivity. This heterogeneity is also reflected in the variety of oxidative stress-related mechanisms contributing to the phenotypic realization and manifestation of schizophrenia. At the molecular level, these mechanisms are supposed to include genetic causes that increase the susceptibility of individuals to oxidative stress and lead to gene expression dysregulation caused by abnormal regulation of redox-sensitive transcriptional factors, noncoding RNAs, and epigenetic mechanisms favored by environmental insults. These changes form the basis of the prooxidant state and lead to altered redox signaling related to glutathione deficiency and impaired expression and function of redox-sensitive transcriptional factors (Nrf2, NF-κB, FoxO, etc.). At the cellular level, these changes lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities that contribute to aberrant neuronal development, abnormal myelination, neurotransmitter anomalies, and dysfunction of parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Immune dysfunction also contributes to redox imbalance. At the whole-organism level, all these mechanisms ultimately contribute to the manifestation and development of schizophrenia. In this review, we consider oxidative stress-related mechanisms and new treatment perspectives associated with the correction of redox imbalance in schizophrenia. We suggest that not only antioxidants but also redox-regulated transcription factor-targeting drugs (including Nrf2 and FoxO activators or NF-κB inhibitors) have great promise in schizophrenia. But it is necessary to develop the stratification criteria of schizophrenia patients based on oxidative stress-related markers for the administration of redox-correcting treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A. Ermakov
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena M. Dmitrieva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Daria A. Parshukova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | | | | | - Liudmila P. Smirnova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
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28
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Huang X, Lu QL, Zhu XM, Zeng YB, Liu Y, Hu HY. Histogenous Hypoxia and Acid Retention in Schizophrenia: Changes in Venous Blood Gas Analysis and SOD in Acute and Stable Schizophrenia Patients. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:792560. [PMID: 34938217 PMCID: PMC8685331 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.792560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCH), and there is considerable indirect evidence that hypoxia is closely related to SCH, but direct evidence of hypoxia in SCH has never been found. Methods:In this study, superoxide dismutase (SOD), venous blood gas, and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were examined in 40 SCH patients and compared with those of 40 healthy controls. The patients were treated with combination of atypical antipsychotics and Ditan Huayu Lishen decoction (a Chinese medicine decoction) and examined in the acute and stable period, respectively. Comparisons of indicators between two groups were performed using an independent-samples t-test, comparison of indicators between the acute and stable periods in the SCH group was performed using paired-samples t-test. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationships between the effect indicators. Results: Higher venous pH, PvO2, and fasting blood glucose levels and lower SOD, lactic acid, and PvCO2 levels were found in SCH patients compared with the control group; SOD was negatively correlated with the general psychopathology subscale score (PANSS-G), and PvO2 levels were closely related to venous pH in SCH and related to PvCO2 in the control group. It was also found that SOD activity showed no significant difference in acute and stable period, whereas PvO2 showed a downward trend, and venous pH was decreased significantly after treatment. Both the venous pH and PvO2 were higher in patients with SCH than that in healthy controls. Conclusion: It suggests that histogenous hypoxia and acid retention exist in relation to SCH, and there is an improvement of acid retention and a downward trend in histogenous hypoxia after combination treatment. Venous pH, PvO2, and PvCO2 are trait variables, but not state variables of SCH. The theory of histogenous hypoxia and acid retention can well explain the decrease in pH value and the increase in lactic acid in brain tissue of patients with SCH. Histogenous hypoxia and acid retention closely related to glucose metabolism. So they may play an important role in pathophysiology for SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbing Huang
- Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Ling Lu
- Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Zhu
- Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Bin Zeng
- Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Ying Hu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Homocysteine in Schizophrenia: Independent Pathogenetic Factor with Prooxidant Activity or Integral Marker of Other Biochemical Disturbances? SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2021; 2021:7721760. [PMID: 34707909 PMCID: PMC8545596 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7721760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of studies have demonstrated that hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with the risk of schizophrenia, but currently available assumptions about the direct involvement of homocysteine (Hcy) in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia are hypothetical. It is possible that in vivo Hcy is only a marker of folate metabolism disturbances (which are involved in methylation processes) and is not a pathogenetic factor per se. Only one study has been conducted in which associations of hyperhomocysteinemia with oxidative stress in schizophrenia (oxidative damage to protein and lipids) have been found, and it has been suggested that the oxidative stress may be induced by the elevated Hcy in schizophrenic patients. But the authors did not study the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as possible causes of hyperhomocysteinemia-disturbances of folate metabolism. The aim of this work is to analyze the association of Hcy levels with the following: (1) redox markers in schizophrenia GSH, markers of oxidative damage of proteins and lipids, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in blood serum; (2) with the level of folate and cobalamin (В12); and (3) with clinical features of schizophrenia measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). 50 patients with schizophrenia and 36 healthy volunteers, matched by sex and age, were examined. Hcy in patients is higher than in healthy subjects (p = 0.0041), and this may be due to the lower folate level in patients (p = 0.0072). In patients, negative correlation was found between the level of Hcy both with the level of folate (ρ = -0.38, p = 0.0063) and with the level of B12 (ρ = -0.36, p = 0.0082). At the same time, patients showed higher levels of oxidative modification of serum proteins (p = 0.00046) and lower catalase (CAT) activity (p = 0.014). However, Hcy is not associated with the studied markers of oxidative stress in patients. In the group of patients with an increased level of Hcy (>10 μmol/l, n = 42) compared with other patients (n = 8), some negative symptoms (PANSS) were statistically significantly more pronounced: difficulty in abstract thinking (N5, p = 0.019), lack of spontaneity and flow in conversation (N6, p = 0.022), stereotyped thinking (N7, p = 0.013), and motor retardation (G7, p = 0.050). Thus, in patients with schizophrenia, hyperhomocysteinemia caused by deficiency of folate and B12 is confirmed and can be considered a marker of disturbances of vitamin metabolism. The redox imbalance is probably not directly related to hyperhomocysteinemia and is hypothetically caused by other pathological processes or by an indirect effect of Hcy, for example, on the enzymatic antioxidant defence system (CAT activity), which requires further exploration. Further study of the role of Hcy in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia is relevant, since the proportion of patients with hyperhomocysteinemia is high and correlations of its level with negative symptoms of schizophrenia are noted.
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Raffa M, Bel Hadj Youssef I, Ben Othman L, Fendri C, Mechri A. [Plasmatic glutathione levels and their relationships with clinical and therapeutic features in patients with schizophrenia]. Encephale 2020; 47:10-14. [PMID: 33358006 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Altered glutathione systems (GSH) are suggested to participate in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to determine the plasmatic glutathione levels of patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls and to examine their relationships with clinical and therapeutic features. METHODS It was a case-control study carried out on 100 patients with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV-TR criteria and 95 healthy controls. All patients were assessed by Clinical Global Impressions-severity (CGI-severity) and Global Assessment of Functioning (EGF). Most of the patients (55%) were under first-generation antipsychotics. Plasmatic glutathione levels (total glutathione GSHt, reduced glutathione GSHr, oxidized glutathione GSSG) were determined by spectrophotometry. RESULTS The levels of GSHt and GSHr were significantly decreased in schizophrenic patients in comparison with the healthy controls. These reductions were noted to be more pronounced in the untreated patients. No correlation was observed between the GSH levels and the clinical subtypes of schizophrenia and EGF scores. Depending on the therapeutic status, there were no significant differences in the GSH levels. In addition, there was no correlation between the GSH levels and the daily dosage of the antipsychotic treatment. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the observed changes are related to the physiopathology of schizophrenia rather than to the presence of neuroleptic treatment. These results provide support for further studies of the possible role of antioxidants as neuroprotective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raffa
- Laboratoire de recherche « Éléments trace, radicaux libres, antioxydants et pathologies humaines et environnement », département de biophysique, faculté de médecine de Monastir, rue Ibn Sina, 5000 Monastir, Tunisie.
| | - I Bel Hadj Youssef
- Laboratoire de recherche « Vulnérabilité aux psychoses », service de psychiatrie, hôpital universitaire de Monastir, rue 1(er) Juin, 5000 Monastir, Tunisie
| | - L Ben Othman
- Laboratoire de recherche « Éléments trace, radicaux libres, antioxydants et pathologies humaines et environnement », département de biophysique, faculté de médecine de Monastir, rue Ibn Sina, 5000 Monastir, Tunisie
| | - C Fendri
- Laboratoire de recherche « Vulnérabilité aux psychoses », service de psychiatrie, hôpital universitaire de Monastir, rue 1(er) Juin, 5000 Monastir, Tunisie
| | - A Mechri
- Laboratoire de recherche « Vulnérabilité aux psychoses », service de psychiatrie, hôpital universitaire de Monastir, rue 1(er) Juin, 5000 Monastir, Tunisie
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Xiu MH, Li Z, Chen DC, Chen S, Curbo ME, Wu HE, Tong YS, Tan SP, Zhang XY. Interrelationships Between BDNF, Superoxide Dismutase, and Cognitive Impairment in Drug-Naive First-Episode Patients With Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1498-1510. [PMID: 32390043 PMCID: PMC7707068 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis and etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) remains unclear. Accumulating studies showed that complex interrelationships between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and an imbalanced redox system has a crucial role in the psychopathology of SCZ. However, the influence of the interrelationships of BDNF and superoxide dismutase (SOD) on cognitive impairment and clinical symptomatology in drug-naive first-episode (DNFE) SCZ patients has not been studied thoroughly. Serum BDNF levels, plasma total SOD, manganese-SOD (Mn-SOD), copper/zinc-containing SOD (CuZn-SOD) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in 327 DNFE patients with SCZ and 391 healthy controls. Cognitive functions were measured using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological status (RBANS) and clinical symptoms were evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Compared with the controls, the DNFE patients had increased activities of total SOD and CuZn-SOD, and reduced levels of BDNF and MDA. BDNF levels were positively correlated with CuZn-SOD activity in patients. In addition, we found that elevated Mn-SOD and CuZn-SOD activities were related to PANSS depression factor. Moreover, an interactive effect of BDNF levels and Mn-SOD activity was associated with attentional index score in the patients. Therefore, our findings suggested that interrelationships between BDNF and antioxidant mechanisms might underlie the pathological mechanisms of cognitive impairments and symptomatology in the DNFE patients with SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zezhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Chun Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Song Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Maile E Curbo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Hanjing Emily Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Yong Sheng Tong
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shu Ping Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Guidara W, Messedi M, Naifar M, Maalej M, Grayaa S, Omri S, Ben Thabet J, Maalej M, Charfi N, Ayadi F. Predictive value of oxidative stress biomarkers in drug‑free patients with schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113467. [PMID: 33198042 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that oxidative stress may represent one of the primary etiological mechanisms of schizophrenia (SZ) and schizoaffective disorder (SAD) which can be targeted by therapeutic intervention. The present study was conducted over a period of 24 months, between June 2016 and June 2018. All enrolled subjects were Tunisian, forty five drug‑free male patients with SZ (mean age: 37.6 years), twenty one drug‑free male patients with SAD (mean age: 28.8 years) and hundred and one age and gender matched controls (mean age: 34.2 years) were enrolled in the study. Plasma reduced glutathione (GSH) and Total thiols levels were significantly decreased in patients compared to controls (respectively p<0.001; p=0.050). In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and protein carbonyls (PC) concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were significantly increased in patients compared to controls (p<0.001; p<0.001; p<0.001 and p=0.003 respectively). The binary logistic regression analysis revealed that MDA, AOPP, PC and GSH-Px could be considered as independent risk factors for SZ and SAD. When using ROC analysis, a remarkable increase in the area under the curve (AUC) with higher sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for MDA, AOPP, PC and GSH-Px combined markers was observed. The present study indicated that the identification of the predictive value of this four-selected biomarkers related to oxidative stress in drug free patients should lead to a better identification of the etiological mechanism of SZ or SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Guidara
- Laboratory of research "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Meriam Messedi
- Laboratory of research "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Naifar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Sfax & Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Maalej
- Psychiatry C- department, University of Sfax & Hédi Chaker Hostipal, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sahar Grayaa
- Laboratory of research "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sana Omri
- Psychiatry C- department, University of Sfax & Hédi Chaker Hostipal, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jihène Ben Thabet
- Psychiatry C- department, University of Sfax & Hédi Chaker Hostipal, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Maalej
- Psychiatry C- department, University of Sfax & Hédi Chaker Hostipal, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nada Charfi
- Psychiatry C- department, University of Sfax & Hédi Chaker Hostipal, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ayadi
- Laboratory of research "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Sfax & Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
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Madireddy S, Madireddy S. Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Damage in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100742. [PMID: 33081261 PMCID: PMC7603028 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical integrity of the brain is paramount to the function of the central nervous system, and oxidative stress is a key contributor to cerebral biochemical impairment. Oxidative stress, which occurs when an imbalance arises between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the efficacy of the antioxidant defense mechanism, is believed to play a role in the pathophysiology of various brain disorders. One such disorder, schizophrenia, not only causes lifelong disability but also induces severe emotional distress; however, because of its onset in early adolescence or adulthood and its progressive development, consuming natural antioxidant products may help regulate the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Therefore, elucidating the functions of ROS and dietary antioxidants in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia could help formulate improved therapeutic strategies for its prevention and treatment. This review focuses specifically on the roles of ROS and oxidative damage in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, as well as the effects of nutrition, antipsychotic use, cognitive therapies, and quality of life on patients with schizophrenia. By improving our understanding of the effects of various nutrients on schizophrenia, it may become possible to develop nutritional strategies and supplements to treat the disorder, alleviate its symptoms, and facilitate long-term recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samskruthi Madireddy
- Independent Researcher, 1353 Tanaka Drive, San Jose, CA 95131, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-408-9214162
| | - Sahithi Madireddy
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
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de Jesus JR, Arruda MAZ. A feasible strategy based on high ultrasound frequency and mass spectrometry for discriminating individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia through ionomic profile. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 3:e8798. [PMID: 32246870 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A viable and accurate method based on high-power ultrasound-assisted microextraction and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was developed to determine metals in human serum from patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. METHODS A simple and rapid sample preparation method using a cup-horn sonoreactor was developed. The acid concentration of HNO3 (10, 20, and 40% v/v) and HCl (1, 5, 15, and 30% v/v) of the extraction solution, the sonication time (1, 3, 6, and 10 min), and the sonication amplitude (20, 40, 60, and 80%) were evaluated. Cd, Cu, Fe, Li, Pb, and Zn were determined in serum samples from patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and from healthy controls. Quantitative metal recoveries using the proposed method were compared under the same conditions using an ultrasonic bath, magnetic stirring, and microwave-assisted digestion. RESULTS Optimum extraction conditions were obtained using HNO3 (40% v/v) + HCl (30% v/v) as the extraction solution with 3 min sonication time and 60% sonication amplitude. Significant differences were observed among the methods compared. On application of the sample preparation method based on high-power ultrasound-assisted microextraction coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Pb and Cd in all the studied samples were below the limit of detection of our method. Compared with healthy controls, the concentration of Cu, Li, Fe, and Zn was found to be significantly higher for the bipolar disorder group, while these metals and Li were found at a lower level for the group diagnosed with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Principal component analysis showed a significant separation for the groups studied based on their ionomic profiles after the application of high-power ultrasound-assisted microextraction as a sample preparation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemmyson Romário de Jesus
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group, GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group, GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Campinas, Brazil
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Lang X, Wang DM, Du XD, Jia QF, Chen DC, Xiu M, Wang L, Zhang X. Elevated activity of plasma superoxide dismutase in never-treated first-episode schizophrenia patients: Associated with depressive symptoms. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:291-296. [PMID: 32451132 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in excess may be engaged in the pathophysiological development of schizophrenia (SCZ). Previous research showed altered activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in patients suffering from SCZ, with inconsistent results. However, few studies have analyzed the relationship between SOD activity and psychopathological symptoms in never-treated first-episode (NTFE) patients with SCZ. The activities of manganese SOD (MnSOD) and total SOD were measured in a large sample of 166 NTFE patients with SCZ, and 133 healthy controls. The patients' symptoms were evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), as well as the depressive and cognitive factors originated from the PANSS five-factor model. NTFE patients had significantly higher activities of MnSOD and total SOD than healthy controls (both p < 0.01). Correlation analysis displayed a notably positive correlation between both MnSOD or total SOD activities and the PANSS depressive factor, as well as between MnSOD activity and the PANSS general psychopathology subscale score (all p < 0.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that both MnSOD and total SOD were independent factors affecting PANSS depressive factor and PANSS general psychopathology subscale score. Our findings suggest that increased SOD activity may be associated with comorbid depressive symptoms in NTFE patients with SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoE Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Dong Mei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiang Dong Du
- Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiu Fang Jia
- Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Meihong Xiu
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - XiangYang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Fisher E, Wood SJ, Elsworthy RJ, Upthegrove R, Aldred S. Exercise as a protective mechanism against the negative effects of oxidative stress in first-episode psychosis: a biomarker-led study. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:254. [PMID: 32709912 PMCID: PMC7382474 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
First-episode psychosis (FEP) is a psychiatric disorder, characterised by positive and negative symptoms, usually emerging during adolescence and early adulthood. FEP represents an early intervention opportunity for intervention in psychosis. Redox disturbance and subsequent oxidative stress have been linked to the pathophysiology of FEP. Exercise training can perturb oxidative stress and rebalance the antioxidant system and thus represents an intervention with the potential to interact with a mechanism of disease. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of exercise on markers of redox status in FEP. Twenty-two young men were recruited from Birmingham Early Intervention services and randomised to either a 12-week exercise programme or treatment as usual (control). Measures of blood and brain glutathione (GSH), markers of oxidative damage, inflammation, neuronal health, symptomology and habitual physical activity were assessed. Exercise training was protective against changes related to continued psychosis. Symptomatically, those in the exercise group showed reductions in positive and general psychopathology, and stable negative symptoms (compared to increased negative symptoms in the control group). Peripheral GSH was increased by 5.6% in the exercise group, compared to a significant decrease (24.4%) (p = 0.04) in the control group. Exercise attenuated negative changes in markers of neuronal function (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), lipid damage (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) and total antioxidant capacity. C-reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor-α also decreased in the exercise group, although protein and DNA oxidation were unchanged. Moderate-intensity exercise training has the ability to elicit changes in markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant concentration, with subsequent improvements in symptoms of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Fisher
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
| | - Stephen J. Wood
- grid.488501.0Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSchool of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Richard J. Elsworthy
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
| | - Sarah Aldred
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK. .,Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
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Hsu MC, Huang YS, Ouyang WC. Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia: possible mechanisms. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:159. [PMID: 32620164 PMCID: PMC7333328 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a serious long-term psychotic disorder marked by positive and negative symptoms, severe behavioral problems and cognitive function deficits. The cause of this disorder is not completely clear, but is suggested to be multifactorial, involving both inherited and environmental factors. Since human brain regulates all behaviour, studies have focused on identifying changes in neurobiology and biochemistry of brain in schizophrenia. Brain is the most lipid rich organ (approximately 50% of brain dry weight). Total brain lipids is constituted of more than 60% of phospholipids, in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the most abundant (more than 40%) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in brain membrane phospholipids. Results from numerous studies have shown significant decreases of PUFAs, in particular, DHA in peripheral blood (plasma and erythrocyte membranes) as well as brain of schizophrenia patients at different developmental phases of the disorder. PUFA deficiency has been associated to psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. These findings have led to a number of clinical trials examining whether dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could improve the course of illness in patients with schizophrenia. Results are inconsistent. Some report beneficial whereas others show not effective. The discrepancy can be attributed to the heterogeneity of patient population. METHODS In this review, results from recent experimental and clinical studies, which focus on illustrating the role of PUFAs in the development of schizophrenia were examined. The rationale why omega-3 supplementation was beneficial on symptoms (presented by subscales of the positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS), and cognitive functions in certain patients but not others was reviewed. The potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects were discussed. RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced the conversion rate to psychosis and improved both positive and negative symptoms and global functions in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could also improve negative symptoms and global functions in the first-episode patients with schizophrenia, but improve mainly total or general PANSS subscales in chronic patients. Patients with low PUFA (particularly DHA) baseline in blood were more responsive to the omega-3 fatty acid intervention. CONCLUSION Omega-3 supplementation is more effective in reducing psychotic symptom severity in young adults or adolescents in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia who have low omega-3 baseline. Omega-3 supplementation was more effective in patients with low PUFA baseline. It suggests that patients with predefined lipid levels might benefit from lipid treatments, but more controlled clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sheng Huang
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Ouyang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.539, Yuzhong Rd., Rende Dist., Tainan City, 71742 Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, No.452, Huanqiu Rd. Luzhu Dist, Kaohsiung, 82144 Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
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Region-specific effects of maternal separation on oxidative stress accumulation in parvalbumin neurons of male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 388:112658. [PMID: 32339550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity in humans is linked to cognitive deficits and increased risk of mental illnesses, including depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, with evidence for different vulnerabilities in men versus women. Modeling early life adversity in rodents shows similar neuropsychological deficits that may partially be driven by sex-dependent dysfunction in parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HPC), and basolateral amygdala (BLA). Research demonstrates that PV interneurons are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress; therefore, accumulation of oxidative damage may drive PV dysfunction following early life adversity. The goal of this study was to quantify oxidative stress accumulation in PV neurons in rats exposed to maternal separation (MS). Pups were separated from their dam and littermates for 4 h per day from postnatal day (P)2 to 20. Serial sections from the PFC, HPC, and BLA of juvenile (P20) rats of both sexes were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against PV and 8-oxo-dG, a marker for oxidative DNA damage. PV cell counts, colocalization with 8-oxo-dG, and intensity of each signal were measured in each region to determine the effects of MS and establish whether MS-induced oxidative damage varies between sexes. A significant increase in colocalization of PV and 8-oxo-dG was found in the PFC and HPC, indicating increased oxidative stress in that cell population following MS. Region-specific sex differences were also revealed in the PFC, BLA, and HPC. These data identify oxidative stress during juvenility as a potential mechanism mediating PV dysfunction in individuals with a history of early life adversity.
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PGC-1α regulate critical period plasticity via gene × environment interaction in the developmental trajectory to schizophrenia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:989-996. [PMID: 32173526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Genes and environmental conditions are thought to interact in the development of postnatal brain in schizophrenia (SZ). Genome wide association studies have identified that PPARGC1A being one of the top candidate genes for SZ. We previously reported GABAergic neuron-specific PGC-1α knockout mice (Dlx5/6-Cre:PGC-1αfl/fl) presented some characteristic features of SZ. However, there is a fundamental gap of the molecular mechanism by which PGC-1α gene involved in the developmental trajectory to SZ. To explore whether PGC-1α regulates environmental factors interacting with genetic susceptibility to trigger symptom onset and disease progression, PGC-1α deficient mice were utilized to model genetic effect and an additional oxidative stress was induced by GBR injection. We confirm that PGC-1α gene deletion prolongs critical period (CP) timing, as revealed by delaying maturation of PV interneurons (PVIs), including their perineuronal nets (PNNs). Further, we confirm that gene × environment (G × E) influences CP plasticity synergistically and the interaction varies as a function of age, with the most sensitive period being at preweaning stage, and the least sensitive one at early adult age in PGC-1α deficient mice. Along this line, we find that the synergic action of G × E is available in ChABC-infusion PGC-1α KO mice, even though during the adulthood, and the neuroplasticity seems to remain open to fluctuate. Altogether, these results refine the observations made in the PGC-1α deficient mice, a potential mouse model of SZ, and illustrate how PGC-1α regulates CP plasticity via G × E interaction in the developmental trajectory to SZ.
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Oxidation-reduction mechanisms in psychiatric disorders: A novel target for pharmacological intervention. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107520. [PMID: 32165136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While neurotransmitter dysfunction represents a key component in mental illnesses, there is now a wide agreement for a central pathophysiological hub that includes hormones, neuroinflammation, redox mechanisms as well as oxidative stress. With respect to oxidation-reduction (redox) mechanisms, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that an imbalance in the pro/anti-oxidative homeostasis toward the increased production of substances with oxidizing potential may contribute to the etiology and manifestation of different psychiatric disorders. The substantial and continous demand for energy renders the brain highly susceptible to disturbances in its energy supply, especially following exposure to stressful events, which may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under conditions of perturbed antioxidant defenses. This will eventually induce different molecular alterations, including extensive protein and lipid peroxidation, increased blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation, which may contribute to the changes in brain function and morphology observed in mental illnesses. This view may also reconcile different key concepts for psychiatric disorders, such as the neurodevelopmental origin of these diseases, as well as the vulnerability of selective cellular populations that are critical for specific functional abnormalities. The possibility to pharmacologically modulate the redox system is receiving increasing interest as a novel therapeutic strategy to counteract the detrimental effects of the unbalance in brain oxidative mechanisms. This review will describe the main mechanisms and mediators of the redox system and will examine the alterations of oxidative stress found in animal models of psychiatric disorders as well as in patients suffering from mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. In addition, it will discuss studies that examined the effects of psychotropic drugs, including antipsychotics and antidepressants, on the oxidative balance as well as studies that investigated the effectiveness of a direct modulation of oxidative mechanisms in counteracting the behavioral and functional alterations associated with psychiatric disorders, which supports the promising role of the redox system as a novel therapeutic target for the improved treatment of brain disorders.
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Shao X, Yan C, Sun D, Fu C, Tian C, Duan L, Zhu G. Association Between Glutathione Peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) Polymorphisms and Schizophrenia in the Chinese Han Population. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:2297-2305. [PMID: 33116528 PMCID: PMC7547781 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s272278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The dopamine and oxidative stress hypotheses are leading theories of the pathoetiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (GPx-1), a major antioxidant enzyme, and the most abundantly expressed member of the GPx family, plays an important role in metabolic dopamine changes, which are closely related to neurological and psychiatric disorders. The impact of GPx-1 polymorphisms has rarely been explored in the field of SCZ. Here, we explored the possible relationship between GPx-1 gene polymorphisms and SCZ in Chinese Han subjects by using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. METHODS DNA from 786 patients (360 patients with schizophrenia and 426 healthy controls) was genotyped for the single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1800668 C/T and rs1050450 C/T in GPx-1 using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Analysis of the association between GPx-1 and SCZ was performed using SPSS 22.0, while Haploview 4.2 software and SHEsis software were used to perform linkage disequilibrium analysis and haplotype analysis. RESULTS The results indicated that the GPx-1 polymorphisms rs1050450 and rs1800668 were associated with SCZ. We found that the C-allele of rs1800668 C/T may be a protection factor against SCZ in general, but in particular, for males. Furthermore, the CT and TC (GPx-1 rs1800668 C/T and rs1050450 C/T) haplotypes may be susceptible to SCZ in the population. Finally, no significant differences in allelic or genotypic frequencies of rs1050450 were detected between cases and controls from whole or stratification analyses by gender. CONCLUSION GPx-1 polymorphisms are related to SCZ in Chinese Han subjects. Our results suggested that GPx-1 may be a potential gene that influences SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Shao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxue Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Fu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunsheng Tian
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
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Yin L, Chau CKL, Sham PC, So HC. Integrating Clinical Data and Imputed Transcriptome from GWAS to Uncover Complex Disease Subtypes: Applications in Psychiatry and Cardiology. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:1193-1212. [PMID: 31785786 PMCID: PMC6904812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Classifying subjects into clinically and biologically homogeneous subgroups will facilitate the understanding of disease pathophysiology and development of targeted prevention and intervention strategies. Traditionally, disease subtyping is based on clinical characteristics alone, but subtypes identified by such an approach may not conform exactly to the underlying biological mechanisms. Very few studies have integrated genomic profiles (e.g., those from GWASs) with clinical symptoms for disease subtyping. Here we proposed an analytic framework capable of finding complex diseases subgroups by leveraging both GWAS-predicted gene expression levels and clinical data by a multi-view bicluster analysis. This approach connects SNPs to genes via their effects on expression, so the analysis is more biologically relevant and interpretable than a pure SNP-based analysis. Transcriptome of different tissues can also be readily modeled. We also proposed various evaluation metrics for assessing clustering performance. Our framework was able to subtype schizophrenia subjects into diverse subgroups with different prognosis and treatment response. We also applied the framework to the Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC) 1966 dataset and identified high and low cardiometabolic risk subgroups in a gender-stratified analysis. The prediction strength by cross-validation was generally greater than 80%, suggesting good stability of the clustering model. Our results suggest a more data-driven and biologically informed approach to defining metabolic syndrome and subtyping psychiatric disorders. Moreover, we found that the genes "blindly" selected by the algorithm are significantly enriched for known susceptibility genes discovered in GWASs of schizophrenia or cardiovascular diseases. The proposed framework opens up an approach to subject stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangying Yin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carlos K L Chau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pak-Chung Sham
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming Zoology Institute of Zoology and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Margaret K.L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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Tsugawa S, Noda Y, Tarumi R, Mimura Y, Yoshida K, Iwata Y, Elsalhy M, Kuromiya M, Kurose S, Masuda F, Morita S, Ogyu K, Plitman E, Wada M, Miyazaki T, Graff-Guerrero A, Mimura M, Nakajima S. Glutathione levels and activities of glutathione metabolism enzymes in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1199-1214. [PMID: 31039654 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119845820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione is among the important antioxidants to prevent oxidative stress. However, the relationships between abnormality in the glutathione system and pathophysiology of schizophrenia remain uncertain due to inconsistent findings on glutathione levels and/or glutathione-related enzyme activities in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and PubMed. Original studies, in which three metabolite levels (glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and total glutathione (glutathione+glutathione disulfide)) and five enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutamate-cysteine ligase, glutathione synthetase, and glutathione S-transferase) were measured with any techniques in both patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, were included. Standardized mean differences were calculated to determine the group differences in the glutathione levels with a random-effects model. RESULTS We identified 41, 9, 15, 38, and seven studies which examined glutathione, glutathione disulfide, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, respectively. Patients with schizophrenia had lower levels of both glutathione and total glutathione and decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase compared to controls. Glutathione levels were lower in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia than those in controls while glutathione levels did not differ between patients with first-episode psychosis and controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that there may be glutathione deficits and abnormalities in the glutathione redox cycle in patients with schizophrenia. However, given the small number of studies examined the entire glutathione system, further studies are needed to elucidate a better understanding of disrupted glutathione function in schizophrenia, which may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tarumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Pharmacogenetic Research Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Multimodal Imaging Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammad Elsalhy
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minori Kuromiya
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Kurose
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Masuda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Morita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kamiyu Ogyu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric Plitman
- Multimodal Imaging Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Masataka Wada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Multimodal Imaging Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Strugała P, Dzydzan O, Brodyak I, Kucharska AZ, Kuropka P, Liuta M, Kaleta-Kuratewicz K, Przewodowska A, Michałowska D, Gabrielska J, Sybirna N. Antidiabetic and Antioxidative Potential of the Blue Congo Variety of Purple Potato Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:E3126. [PMID: 31466303 PMCID: PMC6749302 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of purple potato extract of the Blue Congo variety (PP) on diabetes and its antioxidant activities after two-week administration tostreptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The activities of PP were evaluated at a dose of 165 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) by estimating biochemical changes in blood plasma and through a histopathological study of kidney, muscles, and liver tissue. We evaluated the effect of treatment with extract on glucose level, glycated hemoglobin, activities of enzymatic antioxidants (including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase), and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, we determined advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and the level of oxidative modified proteins (OMPs) as markers of carbonyl-oxidative stress in rats with diabetes. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we identified five anthocyanins and six phenolic acids in the extract from Blue Congo with the dominant acylated anthocyanin as petunidin-3-p-coumaroyl-rutinoside-5-glucoside. The administration of Blue Congo extract lowered blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased the amount of glycated hemoglobin. Furthermore, PP demonstrated an antioxidative effect, suppressed malondialdehyde levels, and restored antioxidant enzyme activities in diabetic rats. After administration of PP, we also noticed inhibition of OMP, AGE, and AOPP formation in the rats' blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Strugała
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Olha Dzydzan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskyi St., Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Brodyak
- Department of Biochemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskyi St., Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Alicja Z Kucharska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, J. Chełmońskiego 37/41, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuropka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariana Liuta
- Department of Biochemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskyi St., Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Katarzyna Kaleta-Kuratewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Przewodowska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Bonin Research Center, Bonin 3, 76-009 Bonin, Poland
| | - Dorota Michałowska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Bonin Research Center, Bonin 3, 76-009 Bonin, Poland
| | - Janina Gabrielska
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Sybirna
- Department of Biochemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskyi St., Lviv 79005, Ukraine
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Savushkina OK, Boksha IS, Prokhorova TA, Tereshkina EB, Burminskiy DS, Morozova MA, Vorobyeva EA, Burbaeva GS. [The activity of erythrocyte and platelet glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase in paranoid schizophrenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 118:77-81. [PMID: 30585609 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811811177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM A comparative evaluation of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in erythrocytes and platelets of patients with schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty patients, 47 men and 3 women, aged 25-56 years (medium 34) with acute paranoid schizophrenia (F20.0 ICD-10) with hallucinatory-paranoid or paranoid syndrome were studied. The control group consisted of 48 healthy people, 45 men and 3 women, aged 21-59 years (medium 38). GR activity was determined by the oxidation of NADP-H in the reduction reaction of oxidized glutathione. GST activity was determined by the rate of chromogenic conjugate formation between glutathione and 1-chloro-2.4-dinitrobenzene. RESULTS No differences in the erythrocyte GR and GST activities between the control group and patients with schizophrenia were found. The platelet activity of GR and GST was significantly lower in patients compared to the control group (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.01). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that the erythrocyte GST activity was significantly correlated with PANSSneg scores when measured at the beginning of the study, GST was higher in those patients who had less PANSSneg scores after treatment (R=-0.41, p<0.05). The activity of platelet GST in patients with schizophrenia was correlated with the severity of positive symptoms (PANSSpos score) at the beginning of the study before taking therapy (R=-0.31, p<0.05), i.e. the more prominent psychotic symptoms were expressed in patients with lower GST activity. Upon completion of therapy, this association disappeared. CONCLUSION The activity of glutathione-dependent enzymes in the blood cells of schizophrenic patients determined before the beginning of antipsychotic pharmacotherapy may be important for objective assessment of this metabolic system status and the degree of its impairment in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I S Boksha
- Mental Health Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
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46
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Anitha M, Anitha R, Vijayaraghavan R, Senthil Kumar S, Ezhilarasan D. Oxidative stress and neuromodulatory effects of deltamethrin and its combination with insect repellents in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:753-759. [PMID: 30884102 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deltamethrin (DEL) and other synthetic repellents like N,N-diethyl benzamide (DEB), N,N-diethyl phenylacetamide (DEPA), and N,N-diethyl meta toluamide (DEET) are widely used due their high efficacy against mosquitoes. We evaluated the safe dose on exposure to insecticide and insect repellent individually and in combination in Wistar rats. Rats were administrated with individual chemicals DEL, DEB, DEPA, and DEET and in combination of DEL along DEB, DEPA, and DEET. The reduced glutathione and its detoxifying enzymes were significantly increased in DEL treated rats. Serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline were increased in DEL alone and its combination groups. Histopathology revealed that DEL and along with other insect repellants can cause lung toxicities. This study suggests that DEL in combination with other insect repellents showed antagonistic effect against oxidative stress, and there was no significant toxicological effect in the combination groups. The insect repellents with DEL cause less toxic effect and is safe for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magesh Anitha
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Roy Anitha
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Rajagopal Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Sivanesan Senthil Kumar
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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47
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Peripheral levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in youths in ultra-high risk for psychosis: a pilot study. CNS Spectr 2019; 24:333-337. [PMID: 29248027 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852917000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED IntroductionOxidative stress has been documented in chronic schizophrenia and in the first episode of psychosis, but there are very little data on oxidative stress prior to the disease onset. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to compare serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in young individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) of developing psychosis with a comparison healthy control group (HC). METHODS Thirteen UHR subjects and 29 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. Clinical assessment included the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS), the Semi-Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I (SCID-I) or the Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Activities of SOD and GPx were measured in serum by the spectrophotometric method using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS After adjusting for age and years of education, there was a significant lower activity of SOD and lower GPX activity in the UHR group compared to the healthy control group (rate ratio [RR]=0.330, 95% CI 0.187; 0.584, p<0.001 and RR=0.509, 95% CI 0.323; 0.803, p=0.004, respectively). There were also positive correlations between GAF functioning scores and GPx and SOD activities. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that oxidative imbalances could be present prior to the onset of full-blown psychosis, including in at-risk stages. Future studies should replicate and expand these results.
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48
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Reyes-Madrigal F, León-Ortiz P, Mao X, Mora-Durán R, Shungu DC, de la Fuente-Sandoval C. Striatal Glutathione in First-episode Psychosis Patients Measured In Vivo with Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:207-213. [PMID: 31499481 PMCID: PMC10624128 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Deficits of brain glutathione (GSH), the most abundant and primary antioxidant in living tissue, and associated redox imbalance are postulated to be implicated in schizophrenia. This pilot clinical study compared the levels of striatal GSH, measured in vivo with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) at 3T, in 10 drug-naïve, first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients with those in 9 matched healthy control subjects. The results revealed a significant GSH deficit in FEP patients (0.92 ± 0.24 × 10-3) compared to the healthy control group (1.10 ± 0.10 × 10-3) (U = 25.00, p = 0.02), as well as a positive correlation between GSH levels and the Positive Symptoms subscale of the PANSS in the FEP group (ρ = 0.96; p <0.001). These preliminary findings suggest a possible role of striatal oxidative stress in early-stage psychosis that warrants further scrutiny and confirmation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
- Laboratorio de Psiquiatría Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Pablo León-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Psiquiatría Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Enseñanza, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Xiangling Mao
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo Mora-Durán
- Departamento de Urgencias, Hospital Fray Bernardino Álvarez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Dikoma C Shungu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Psiquiatría Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México; Departamento de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México.
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49
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Xie T, Li Q, Luo X, Tian L, Wang Z, Tan S, Chen S, Yang G, An H, Yang F, Tan Y. Plasma total antioxidant status and cognitive impairments in first-episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia. Cogn Neurodyn 2019; 13:357-365. [PMID: 31354881 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-019-09530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggest that excessive reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative damage may underlie neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in several disorders including schizophrenia. In this study we examined the association of oxidative stress with cognitive deficits in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) patients with schizophrenia. We recruited 54 FEDN patients and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls and examined the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus cognitive Battery (MCCB) and plasma total antioxidant status (TAS). Psychopathological symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. The results showed that plasma TAS levels were significantly lower in the patients than those in the healthy subjects (94.7 ± 25.0 U/ml vs 156.6 ± 46.7 U/ml, p < 0.0001). The patients scored lower than healthy controls on the MCCB total score, speed of processing, attention/vigilance and managing emotion test index and STROOP test. For the patients, TAS was associated with some domains of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, such as speed of processing, attention/vigilance and emotion managing. Our results suggested that oxidative stress may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia at the early of stage and its cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- 1Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, 100096 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongwei Li
- 1Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, 100096 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingguang Luo
- 2Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Li Tian
- 3Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhiren Wang
- 1Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, 100096 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuping Tan
- 1Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, 100096 People's Republic of China
| | - Song Chen
- 1Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, 100096 People's Republic of China
| | - Guigang Yang
- 1Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, 100096 People's Republic of China
| | - Huimei An
- 1Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, 100096 People's Republic of China
| | - Fude Yang
- 1Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, 100096 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- 1Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, 100096 People's Republic of China
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Upthegrove R, Khandaker GM. Cytokines, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Markers of Inflammation in Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 44:49-66. [PMID: 31115797 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review current evidence linking immune dysfunction in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders focusing particularly on circulating cytokines, oxidative stress and cellular markers of inflammation in various stages on illness from drug-naïve first episode psychosis to chronic schizophrenia. Acute psychotic episode is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation in some patients, as reflected by increased concentrations of cytokines and other inflammatory markers in peripheral blood. Evidence from general population-based longitudinal cohort studies reporting an association between elevated inflammatory markers in childhood/adolescence and risk of schizophrenia and related psychosis subsequently in adulthood suggest that inflammation could be a causal risk factor for psychosis rather than simply be a consequence of illness. Mendelian randomization studies also suggest that associations between IL-6, CRP and schizophrenia are likely to be causal. In addition, we discuss evidence for disruptions in oxidative stress markers and CSF cytokine levels in schizophrenia, and potential reasons for reported trans-diagnostic associations for inflammatory cytokines including role of early-life adversity/maltreatment. We argue that low-grade inflammation is a clinically useful feature, because it is associated with poor response to antipsychotic medication in first episode psychosis. We discuss clinical implications for immunological understanding of schizophrenia including scope for clinical trials of anti-inflammatory agents and notable gaps in current knowledge, and offer suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Birmingham Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Golam M Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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