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van der Es T, Soheili-Nezhad S, Roth Mota N, Franke B, Buitelaar J, Sprooten E. Exploring the genetic architecture of brain structure and ADHD using polygenic neuroimaging-derived scores. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2024:e32987. [PMID: 39016115 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided valuable insights into the genetic basis of neuropsychiatric disorders and highlighted their complexity. Careful consideration of the polygenicity and complex genetic architecture could aid in the understanding of the underlying brain mechanisms. We introduce an innovative approach to polygenic scoring, utilizing imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs) to predict a clinical phenotype. We leveraged IDP GWAS data from the UK Biobank, to create polygenic imaging-derived scores (PIDSs). As a proof-of-concept, we assessed genetic variations in brain structure between individuals with ADHD and unaffected controls across three NeuroIMAGE waves (n = 954). Out of the 94 PIDS, 72 exhibited significant associations with their corresponding IDPs in an independent sample. Notably, several global measures, including cerebellum white matter, cerebellum cortex, and cerebral white matter, displayed substantial variance explained for their respective IDPs, ranging from 3% to 5.7%. Conversely, the associations between each IDP and the clinical ADHD phenotype were relatively weak. These findings highlight the growing power of GWAS in structural neuroimaging traits, enabling the construction of polygenic scores that accurately reflect the underlying polygenic architecture. However, to establish robust connections between PIDS and behavioral or clinical traits such as ADHD, larger samples are needed. Our novel approach to polygenic risk scoring offers a valuable tool for researchers in the field of psychiatric genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim van der Es
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Vainieri I, Martin J, Rommel AS, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Cormand B, Crosbie J, Faraone SV, Franke B, Loo SK, Miranda A, Manor I, Oades RD, Purves KL, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Schachar R, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Vuijk PJ, Doyle AE, Kuntsi J. Polygenic association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder liability and cognitive impairments. Psychol Med 2022; 52:3150-3158. [PMID: 33531098 PMCID: PMC9693667 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720005218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 12 independent loci significantly associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Polygenic risk scores (PRS), derived from the GWAS, can be used to assess genetic overlap between ADHD and other traits. Using ADHD samples from several international sites, we derived PRS for ADHD from the recent GWAS to test whether genetic variants that contribute to ADHD also influence two cognitive functions that show strong association with ADHD: attention regulation and response inhibition, captured by reaction time variability (RTV) and commission errors (CE). METHODS The discovery GWAS included 19 099 ADHD cases and 34 194 control participants. The combined target sample included 845 people with ADHD (age: 8-40 years). RTV and CE were available from reaction time and response inhibition tasks. ADHD PRS were calculated from the GWAS using a leave-one-study-out approach. Regression analyses were run to investigate whether ADHD PRS were associated with CE and RTV. Results across sites were combined via random effect meta-analyses. RESULTS When combining the studies in meta-analyses, results were significant for RTV (R2 = 0.011, β = 0.088, p = 0.02) but not for CE (R2 = 0.011, β = 0.013, p = 0.732). No significant association was found between ADHD PRS and RTV or CE in any sample individually (p > 0.10). CONCLUSIONS We detected a significant association between PRS for ADHD and RTV (but not CE) in individuals with ADHD, suggesting that common genetic risk variants for ADHD influence attention regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Vainieri
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Martin
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anna-Sophie Rommel
- Department of Psychiatry & Department of Environmental Medicine, Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health and Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bru Cormand
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Psychiatry, Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra K. Loo
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Miranda
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iris Manor
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Robert D. Oades
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kirstin L. Purves
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J. Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Herbert Roeyers
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Russell Schachar
- Psychiatry, Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joseph Sergeant
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Christoph Steinhausen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pieter J. Vuijk
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alysa E. Doyle
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Damatac CG, Chauvin RJM, Zwiers MP, van Rooij D, Akkermans SEA, Naaijen J, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Oosterlaan J, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Beckmann CF, Sprooten E. White Matter Microstructure in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Tractography Study in 654 Individuals. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:979-988. [PMID: 33054990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by age-inappropriate levels of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD has been related to differences in white matter (WM) microstructure. However, much remains unclear regarding the nature of these WM differences and which clinical aspects of ADHD they reflect. We systematically investigated whether fractional anisotropy (FA) is associated with current and/or lifetime categorical diagnosis, impairment in daily life, and continuous ADHD symptom measures. METHODS Diffusion-weighted imaging data were obtained from 654 participants (322 unaffected, 258 affected, 74 subthreshold; 7-29 years of age). We applied automated global probabilistic tractography on 18 major WM pathways. Linear mixed-effects regression models were used to examine associations of clinical measures with overall brain and tract-specific FA. RESULTS There were significant interactions of tract with all ADHD variables on FA. There were no significant associations of FA with current or lifetime diagnosis, nor with impairment. Lower FA in the right cingulum angular bundle was associated with higher hyperactivity-impulsivity symptom severity (pfamilywise error = .045). There were no significant effects for other tracts. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time global probabilistic tractography has been applied to an ADHD dataset of this size. We found no evidence for altered FA in association with ADHD diagnosis. Our findings indicate that associations of FA with ADHD are not uniformly distributed across WM tracts. Continuous symptom measures of ADHD may be more sensitive to FA than diagnostic categories. The right cingulum angular bundle in particular may play a role in symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christienne G Damatac
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Roselyne J M Chauvin
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie E A Akkermans
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jilly Naaijen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Lewis KJS, Martin J, Gregory AM, Anney R, Thapar A, Langley K. Sleep disturbances in ADHD: investigating the contribution of polygenic liability for ADHD and sleep-related phenotypes. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022:10.1007/s00787-021-01931-2. [PMID: 34994865 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are common in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and associated with poor outcomes. We tested whether, in children with ADHD, (1) polygenic liability for sleep phenotypes is over- or under-transmitted from parents, (2) this liability is linked to comorbid sleep disturbances, and (3) ADHD genetic risk is associated with comorbid sleep disturbances. We derived polygenic scores (PGS) for insomnia, chronotype, sleep duration, and ADHD, in 758 children (5-18 years old) diagnosed with ADHD and their parents. We conducted polygenic transmission disequilibrium tests for each sleep PGS in complete parent-offspring ADHD trios (N = 328) and an independent replication sample of ADHD trios (N = 844). Next, we tested whether insomnia, sleep duration, and ADHD PGS were associated with co-occurring sleep phenotypes (hypersomnia, insomnia, restless sleep, poor sleep quality, and nightmares) in children with ADHD. Children's insomnia and chronotype PGS did not differ from mid-parent average PGS but long sleep duration PGS were significantly over-transmitted to children with ADHD. This was supported by a combined analysis using the replication sample. Insomnia, sleep duration, and ADHD PGS were not associated with comorbid sleep disturbances. There is weak evidence that children with ADHD over-inherit polygenic liability for longer sleep duration and do not differentially inherit polygenic liability for insomnia or chronotype. There was insufficient evidence that childhood sleep disturbances were driven by polygenic liability for ADHD or sleep traits, suggesting that sleep disturbances in ADHD may be aetiologically different to general population sleep phenotypes and do not index greater ADHD genetic risk burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J S Lewis
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Joanna Martin
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alice M Gregory
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | - Richard Anney
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anita Thapar
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kate Langley
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. .,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Vos M, Rommelse NNJ, Franke B, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld DJ, Hoekstra PJ, Klein M, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Hartman CA. Characterizing the heterogeneous course of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity from childhood to young adulthood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1-11. [PMID: 33813662 PMCID: PMC9343304 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To advance understanding of the heterogeneity in the course of ADHD, joint symptom trajectories of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity from childhood to young adulthood were modelled and associated with genetic, demographic, and clinical characteristics. Data were obtained from the NeuroIMAGE cohort which includes 485 individuals with ADHD, their 665 siblings, and 399 typically developing children. Trajectories were based on scores of the Conners Parent Rating Scale Revised and estimated over seven homogeneous age bins (from 5 to 28 years) using parallel process latent class growth analysis on data collected across 2-4 time points. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression was used to identify characteristics that differentiated between the derived classes. A seven-class solution revealed "severe combined stable" (4.8%), "severe combined decreasing" (13%), "severe inattentive stable" (4.8%), "moderate combined increasing" (7.5%), "moderate combined decreasing" (12.7%), "stable mild" (12.9%), and "stable low" (44.3%) classes. Polygenic risk for depression, ADHD diagnosis, ADHD medication use, IQ, comorbid symptom levels (foremost oppositional behaviour), and functional impairment levels differentiated classes with similar ADHD symptom levels in childhood but a diverging course thereafter. The course of ADHD is highly heterogeneous, with stable, decreasing, and increasing trajectories. Overall, severe symptom levels in childhood are associated with elevated-to-severe symptom levels in adolescence and young adulthood, despite substantial symptom reductions. Beyond symptom severity in childhood, genetic, demographic, and clinical characteristics distinguish the heterogeneous course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Vos
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nanda N. J. Rommelse
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.461871.d0000 0004 0624 8031Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.16872.3a0000 0004 0435 165XDepartment of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Medical Center and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Klein
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.7692.a0000000090126352Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA ,grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biomedicine, K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- grid.461871.d0000 0004 0624 8031Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Rocco I, Corso B, Bonati M, Minicuci N. Time of onset and/or diagnosis of ADHD in European children: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:575. [PMID: 34784913 PMCID: PMC8594188 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood neurobehavioral conditions. Symptoms related to this disorder cause a significant impairment in school tasks and in the activities of children's daily lives; an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment could almost certainly help improve their outcomes. The current study, part of the Models Of Child Health Appraised (MOCHA) project, aims to explore the age at which children experience the onset or diagnosis of ADHD in European countries. METHODS A systematic review was done examining the studies reporting the age of onset/diagnosis (AO/AD) of ADHD in European countries (28 European Member States plus 2 European Economic Area countries), published between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019. Of the 2276 identified studies, 44 met all the predefined criteria and were included in the review. RESULTS The lowest mean AO in the children diagnosed with ADHD alone was 2.25 years and the highest was 7.5 years. It was 15.3 years in the children with ADHD and disruptive behaviour disorder. The mean AD ranges between 6.2 and 18.1 years. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that there is a wide variability in both the AO and AD of ADHD, and a too large distance between AO and AD. Since studies in the literature suggest that an early identification of ADHD symptoms may facilitate early referral and treatment, it would be important to understand the underlying reasons behind the wide variability found. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration: CRD42017070631 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Rocco
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Corso
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padova, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Bonati
- grid.4527.40000000106678902Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Minicuci
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
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7
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Leenders AEM, Damatac CG, Soheili‐Nezhad S, Chauvin RJM, Mennes MJJ, Zwiers MP, Rooij D, Akkermans SEA, Naaijen J, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Beckmann CF, Sprooten E. Associations between attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom remission and white matter microstructure: A longitudinal analysis. JCPP ADVANCES 2021; 1. [PMID: 35434717 PMCID: PMC9012480 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with white matter (WM) microstructure. Our objective was to investigate how WM microstructure is longitudinally related to symptom remission in adolescents and young adults with ADHD. Methods: We obtained diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data from 99 participants at two timepoints (mean age baseline: 16.91 years, mean age follow-up: 20.57 years). We used voxel-wise Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) with permutation-based inference to investigate associations of inattention (IA) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (HI) symptom change with fractional anisotropy (FA) at baseline, follow-up, and change between time-points. Results: Remission of combined HI and IA symptoms was significantly associated with reduced FA at follow-up in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus and the left corticospinal tract (CST; PFWE = 0.038 and PFWE = 0.044, respectively), mainly driven by an association between HI remission and follow-up CST FA (PFWE = 0.049). There was no significant association of combined symptom decrease with FA at baseline or with changes in FA between the two assessments. Conclusions: In this longitudinal DWI study of ADHD using dimensional symptom scores, we show that greater symptom decrease is associated with lower follow-up FA in specific WM tracts. Altered FA thus may appear to follow, rather than precede, changes in symptom remission. Our findings indicate divergent WM developmental trajectories between individuals with persistent and remittent ADHD, and support the role of prefrontal and sensorimotor tracts in the remission of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. M. Leenders
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Christienne G. Damatac
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Sourena Soheili‐Nezhad
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Roselyne J. M. Chauvin
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J. J. Mennes
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Daan Rooij
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Sophie E. A. Akkermans
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jilly Naaijen
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Christian F. Beckmann
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
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8
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Novi M, Paraskevopoulou M, Van Rooij D, Schene AH, Buitelaar JK, Schellekens AFA. Effects of substance misuse and current family history of substance use disorder on brain structure in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:109032. [PMID: 34555690 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in brain structure in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show considerable overlap with those observed in substance use disorder (SUD). These overlapping structural alterations in ADHD and SUD might be explained by family history (FH-trait) effects of SUD, and/or substance misuse (state) effects. Our aim was to investigate effects of 1) current parental SUD (SUD-FH) and 2) recent substance misuse (SM) on brain structure in a cohort of ADHD patients and controls. DESIGN Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes were measured using structural MRI. We compared ADHD subjects and controls with or without SUD-FH (aim 1) and additionally explored differences between SUD-FH- and SUD-FH + subjects with one versus two parents with SUD. We also compared ADHD groups with and without SM (ADHD + SM and ADHD-only, respectively) and controls (aim 2). FINDINGS There was no association between SUD-FH and brain structure. Exploratory analysis on SUD-FH showed decreased IFG thickness (p = 0.032) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) volume (p = 0.017) in subjects with two versus one SUD parent, regardless of ADHD. ADHD + SM showed decreased inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) thickness compared to controls (pars opercularis p = 0.025, pars orbitalis p = 0.010, pars triangularis p = 0.049), while no difference was found between ADHD-only and either ADHD + SM or controls. CONCLUSIONS Despite negative findings in the primary trait-analysis, exploratory trait-analysis on SUD-FH loading suggested potential SUD trait-effects on IFG thickness and NAcc volume. Substance misuse state effects in ADHD were linked to lower IFG thickness. Future studies should confirm these findings and investigate their clinical relevance, including the functional consequences of decreased IFG thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Novi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, 56100, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Maria Paraskevopoulou
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Daan Van Rooij
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arnt F A Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Scientist Practitioners in Addiction, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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9
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Waddington F, Franke B, Hartman C, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse N, Mota NR. A polygenic risk score analysis of ASD and ADHD across emotion recognition subtypes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:401-411. [PMID: 32815639 PMCID: PMC9290011 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the genetic components of ADHD and ASD by examining the cross-disorder trait of emotion recognition problems. The genetic burden for ADHD and ASD on previously identified emotion recognition factors (speed and accuracy of visual and auditory emotion recognition) and classes (Class 1: Average visual, impulsive auditory; Class 2: Average-strong visual & auditory; Class 3: Impulsive & imprecise visual, average auditory; Class 4: Weak visual & auditory) was assessed using ASD and ADHD polygenic risk scores (PRS). Our sample contained 552 participants: 74 with ADHD, 85 with ASD, 60 with ASD + ADHD, 177 unaffected siblings of ADHD or ASD probands, and 156 controls. ADHD- and ASD-PRS, calculated from the latest ADHD and ASD GWAS meta-analyses, were analyzed across these emotion recognition factors and classes using linear mixed models. Unexpectedly, the analysis of emotion recognition factors showed higher ASD-PRS to be associated with faster visual emotion recognition. The categorical analysis of emotion recognition classes showed ASD-PRS to be reduced in Class 3 compared to the other classes (p value threshold [pT] = 1, p = .021). A dimensional analysis identified a high ADHD-PRS reduced the probability of being assigned to the Class 1 or Class 3 (pT = .05, p = .028 and p = .044, respectively). Though these nominally significant results did not pass FDR correction, they potentially indicate different indirect causative chains from genetics via emotion recognition to ADHD and ASD, which need to be verified in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Waddington
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Medical NeuroscienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Medical NeuroscienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Catharina Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Medical NeuroscienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University CentreNijmegenNetherlands,Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Medical NeuroscienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Medical NeuroscienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
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10
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Maternal serotonin transporter genotype and offsprings' clinical and cognitive measures of ADHD and ASD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110354. [PMID: 34000292 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is an important factor for prenatal neurodevelopment whereby its neurotrophic actions can be regulated through maternal-fetal interactions. We explored if maternal 5-HTTLPR genotype is associated with clinical and cognitive measures of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in typically-developing and ADHD-diagnosed offspring, beyond classical inheritance and environmental- and comorbidity-mediators/confounders. Family-based variance decomposition analyses were performed incorporating 6-31 year-old offsprings' as well as parental genotypes of 462 ADHD and control families from the NeuroIMAGE cohort. Dependent measures were offsprings' ADHD symptom- and ASD trait-scores and cognitive measures including executive functioning (including response inhibition and cognitive flexibility), sustained attention, reward processing, motor control, and emotion recognition. Offsprings' stereotyped behavior was predicted by an interaction between maternal 5-HTTLPR genotype and offsprings' sex. Furthermore, offspring of mothers with low-expressing genotypes demonstrated larger reward-related reductions in reaction time. While specifically adult male offspring of these mothers reported a faster reversal learning with less errors, specifically young female offspring of these mothers were more accurate in identifying happy faces. Adult offspring from the mothers with low-expressing 5-HTTLPR genotypes were also slower in identifying happy faces. However, this association seemed to be mediated by offsprings' high anxiety levels. In sum, we found some support for a role of the maternal 5-HT system in modulating fetal brain development and behavior. Offsprings' cognitive measures might be more sensitive to small alterations within the maternal 5-HT system than their ADHD and ASD clinical phenotypes. Further studies are needed to specify the association between maternal genotype and risk for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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11
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Ilbegi S, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Franke B, Faraone SV, Oosterlaan J, Luman M, van Lieshout M, Rommelse NNJ. Neurocognitive markers of late-onset ADHD: a 6-year longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:244-252. [PMID: 33059383 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increased interest in 'late-onset' attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), referring to the onset of clinically significant ADHD symptoms after the age of 12 years. This study aimed to examine whether unaffected siblings with late-onset ADHD could be differentiated from stable unaffected siblings by their neurocognitive functioning in childhood. METHODS We report findings from a 6-year prospective, longitudinal study of the Dutch part of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study, including individuals with childhood-onset (persistent) ADHD (n = 193), their siblings with late-onset ADHD (n = 34), their stable unaffected siblings (n = 111) and healthy controls (n = 186). At study entry (mean age: 11.3) and follow-up (mean age: 17.01), participants were assessed for ADHD by structured psychiatric interviews and multi-informant questionnaires. Several neurocognitive functions were assessed at baseline and after 6 years, including time reproduction, timing variability (reaction time variability and time production variability), reaction time speed, motor control and working memory; intelligence was taken as a measure of overall neurocognitive functioning. RESULTS Siblings with late-onset ADHD were similar to individuals with childhood-onset ADHD in showing longer reaction times and/or higher error rates on all neurocognitive measures at baseline and follow-up, when compared to healthy controls. They differed from stable unaffected siblings (who were similar to healthy controls) by greater reaction time variability and timing production variability at baseline. No significant group by time interaction was found for any of the tasks. CONCLUSIONS For unaffected siblings of individuals with ADHD, reaction time variability and timing production variability may serve as neurocognitive marker for late-onset ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ilbegi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Emma Neuroscience Group, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam/Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Emma Neuroscience Group, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam/Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes van Lieshout
- Emma Neuroscience Group, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam/Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Garcia-Rosales A, Vitoratou S, Faraone SV, Rudaizky D, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, Sonuga-Barke E, Buitelaar J, Oades RD, Rothenberger A, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Chen W. Differential utility of teacher and parent-teacher combined information in the assessment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:143-153. [PMID: 32246275 PMCID: PMC7864845 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consistent research findings indicate that parents and teachers observe genuinely different Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) behaviours in their respective settings. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the utility of information provided by teacher informant assessments (INFAs) of ADHD symptoms, and the implications of aggregation algorithms in combing parents' information, i.e. using 'or-rule' (endorsement by either one informant) versus 'and-rule' (endorsement by both informants). METHOD Teacher ratings on Conners scales and clinical data from parental accounts on 1383 probands and their siblings from the IMAGE study were analysed. The psychometric properties of teacher and combined ratings using the item response theory model (IRT) are presented. Kappa coefficients, intraclass correlations and linear regression were employed. RESULTS First, teacher endorsement of symptoms is located in a narrow part of the trait continuum close to the average levels. Symptoms exhibit comparable perception in the measurement of the trait(s) with similar discrimination ability and information (reliability). Second, the IRT properties of the 'or-rule' ratings are predominantly influenced by parent-INFAs; and the 'and-rule' ratings predominantly by teacher-INFAs ratings. Third, parent-teacher INFAs agreement was low, both for individual items (κ = 0.01-0.15) and for dimensional scores (r = 0.12-0.16). The 'or-rule' captured milder expressions of ADHD symptoms, whereas the 'and-rule' indexed greater severity of ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Parent and teacher-INFAs provide different kinds of information, while both are useful. Teacher-INFA and the 'and-rule' provide a more accurate index of severity than an additive symptom count. Parent-INFA and the 'or-rule' are more sensitive for detecting cases with milder ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Garcia-Rosales
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Psychometrics and Measurement Lab, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Silia Vitoratou
- Psychometrics and Measurement Lab, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Rudaizky
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philip Asherson
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert D Oades
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Steinhausen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Southern Denmark University, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eric Taylor
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wai Chen
- Complex Attention and Hyperactivity Disorders Service (CAHDS), Child and Adolescent Health Service (CAHS), Department of Health Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Centre for Child & Adolescent Related Disorders, Graduate School of Education, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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13
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The Course of Neurocognitive Functioning and Prediction of Behavioral Outcome of ADHD Affected and Unaffected Siblings. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:405-419. [PMID: 30079436 PMCID: PMC6397140 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies on the course of neurocognitive functioning of children with ADHD and their unaffected siblings are scarce. Also, it is unclear to what extent that course is related to ADHD outcomes. A carefully phenotyped large sample of 838 Caucasian participants (ADHD-combined type: n = 339, unaffected siblings: n = 271, controls: n = 228; mean age at baseline = 11.4 years, mean age at follow-up = 17.3 years, SD = 3.2) was used to investigate differences in the course of neurocognitive functioning of ADHD affected and unaffected siblings versus controls, and to investigate the relationship between neurocognitive change and ADHD outcomes. At baseline, an aggregated measure of overall neurocognitive functioning and eight neurocognitive measures of working memory, timing (speed/variability), motor control, and intelligence were investigated. Outcomes at follow-up were dimensional measures of ADHD symptom severity and the Kiddie-Global Assessment Scale (K-GAS) for overall functioning. At follow up, affected and unaffected siblings trended to, or fully caught up with performance levels of controls on four (44.4%) and five (55.6%) of the nine dependent variables, respectively. In contrast, performance in remaining key neurocognitive measures (i.e. verbal working memory, variability in responding) remained impaired at follow-up. Change in neurocognitive functioning was not related to ADHD outcomes. Our results question the etiological link between neurocognitive deficits and ADHD outcomes in adolescents and young adults.
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14
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Roselló B, Berenguer C, Baixauli I, Mira Á, Martinez-Raga J, Miranda A. Empirical examination of executive functioning, ADHD associated behaviors, and functional impairments in adults with persistent ADHD, remittent ADHD, and without ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:134. [PMID: 32204708 PMCID: PMC7092442 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may continue in adulthood, producing adverse effects. Therefore, identifying factors that help to differentiate characteristics of ADHD persistence and remission has practical implications for evaluation and treatment. The first aim of this study was to analyze differences in executive functions (shift, working memory, inhibition, and plan/organize), symptoms associated with ADHD (inattention, hyperactivity, emotional lability, and self-concept), and functional impairments in adults with persistent ADHD (ADHD-P), with remittent ADHD (ADHD-R), and without ADHD (N-ADHD). The second aim was to study the contribution of functional impairments in these three groups based on executive functions and associated ADHD behaviors. METHODS Participants were 115 adults, 61 with a childhood ADHD diagnosis (40 persisters and 21 remitters) and 54 individuals with typical development. Self-reports were collected on executive functions, symptoms associated with ADHD, and functional impairments. Multivariate Analyses of Variance were conducted to test differences between the ADHD-P, ADHD-R, and N-ADHD groups on the evaluated variables. In addition, analyses were performed using two structural equation models with observed variables (path analyses). RESULTS The results indicated that significant executive and behavioral impairments and adverse functional outcomes in different life domains are related to the diagnostic persistence of ADHD. Recovery from the disorder is associated with better results, although hyperactivity/restlessness behaviors and plan/organize deficits continue to be present in remitter individuals. CONCLUSIONS The ADHD-P and ADHD-R groups showed some differences in their executive, behavioral, and functional impairments. Furthermore, the impairments in each group can be predicted by different executive functions and other symptoms associated with the disorder. These results should be taken into account in order to improve clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Roselló
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDevelopmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Berenguer
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDevelopmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Baixauli
- grid.440831.a0000 0004 1804 6963Catholic University of Valencia S. Vicente Martir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Mira
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDevelopmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Martinez-Raga
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XUnidad de Psiquiatría y Psicología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Miranda
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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15
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Vitoratou S, Garcia-Rosales A, Banaschewski T, Sonuga-Barke E, Buitelaar J, Oades RD, Rothenberger A, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Faraone SV, Chen W. Is the endorsement of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptom criteria ratings influenced by informant assessment, gender, age, and co-occurring disorders? A measurement invariance study. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2019; 28:e1794. [PMID: 31310449 PMCID: PMC7649942 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to ascertain whether the differences of prevalence and severity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are true or whether children are perceived and rated differently by parent and teacher informant assessments (INFAs) according to gender, age, and co-occurring disorders, even at equal levels of latent ADHD traits. METHODS Use of latent trait models (for binary responses) to evaluate measurement invariance in children with ADHD and their siblings from the International Multicenter ADHD Gene data. RESULTS Substantial measurement noninvariance between parent and teacher INFAs was detected for seven out of nine inattention (IA) and six out of nine hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) items; the correlations between parent and teacher INFAs for six IA and four HI items were not significantly different from zero, which suggests that parent and teacher INFAs are essentially rating different kinds of behaviours expressed in different settings, instead of measurement bias. However, age and gender did not affect substantially the endorsement probability of either IA or HI symptom criteria, regardless of INFA. For co-occurring disorders, teacher INFA ratings were largely unaffected by co-morbidity; conversely, parental endorsement of HI symptoms is substantially influenced by co-occurring oppositional defiant disorder. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest general robustness of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ADHD diagnostic items in relation to age and gender. Further research on classroom presentations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silia Vitoratou
- Psychometrics and Measurement Lab, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Garcia-Rosales
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Psychiatry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert D Oades
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Steinhausen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Southern Denmark University, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eric Taylor
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Wai Chen
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Complex Attention and Hyperactivity Disorders Service (CAHDS), Specialised Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), WA Department of Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre and Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Division of Paediatrics and Child Health and Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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16
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Franke B, Banaschewski T, Rohde LA, Gerlach M. Special edition on the occasion of Jan K. Buitelaar’s 65th anniversary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 11:1-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-019-00290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Mowlem F, Agnew-Blais J, Taylor E, Asherson P. Do different factors influence whether girls versus boys meet ADHD diagnostic criteria? Sex differences among children with high ADHD symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:765-773. [PMID: 30832197 PMCID: PMC6401208 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate if different factors influence whether girls versus boys meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) among children with high ADHD symptoms. Participants were 283 children aged 7-12 from a population-based study. Girls and boys meeting diagnostic criteria for ADHD, based on an objective investigator-based interview, were compared to children who did not meet criteria despite high symptoms on a rating-scale measure of ADHD. We assessed factors that could differentially relate to diagnosis across girls and boys including ADHD symptoms, co-occurring behavioural/emotional problems and impairment, and sex-effects in rater perceptions of ADHD symptoms. While overall similar factors distinguished girls and boys who met diagnostic criteria from high-symptom peers, effect sizes were larger in girls. Emotional problems were particularly salient to distinguishing diagnosed versus high-symptom girls but not boys. Parents rated boys meeting diagnostic criteria as more impaired than high-symptom boys but did not do so for girls, and under-rated diagnosed girls' hyperactive/impulsive symptoms compared to more objective interview assessment, with the opposite observed in boys. Results suggest girls' ADHD may need to be made more prominent by additional behavioural/emotional problems for them to meet full diagnostic criteria and that sex differences in parental perceptions of ADHD behaviours and impairment exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mowlem
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre (SGDP), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, DeCrespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Jessica Agnew-Blais
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre (SGDP), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, DeCrespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Eric Taylor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre (SGDP), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, DeCrespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
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18
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Pruim RHR, Beckmann CF, Oldehinkel M, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld D, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Faraone SV, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Mennes M. An Integrated Analysis of Neural Network Correlates of Categorical and Dimensional Models of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 4:472-483. [PMID: 30773473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder, putatively induced by dissociable dysfunctional biobehavioral pathways. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study to parse ADHD-related heterogeneity in its underlying neurobiology by investigating functional connectivity across multiple brain networks to 1) disentangle categorical diagnosis-related effects from dimensional behavior-related effects and 2) functionally map these neural correlates to neurocognitive measures. METHODS We identified functional connectivity abnormalities related to ADHD across 14 networks within a large resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset (n = 409; age = 17.5 ± 3.3 years). We tested these abnormalities for their association with the categorical ADHD diagnosis and with dimensional inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity scores using a novel modeling framework, creating orthogonalized models. Next, we evaluated the relationship of these findings with neurocognitive measures (working memory, response inhibition, reaction time variability, reward sensitivity). RESULTS Within the default mode network, we mainly observed categorical ADHD-related functional connectivity abnormalities, unrelated to neurocognitive measures. Clusters within the visual networks primarily related to dimensional scores of inattention and reaction time variability, while findings within the sensorimotor networks were mainly linked to hyperactivity/impulsivity and both reward sensitivity and working memory. Findings within the cerebellum network and salience network related to both categorical and dimensional ADHD measures and were linked to response inhibition and reaction time variability. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study identified ADHD-related neural correlates across multiple functional networks, showing distinct categorical and dimensional mechanisms and their links to neurocognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon H R Pruim
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Oldehinkel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Section of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heslenfeld
- Section of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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19
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Waddington F, Hartman C, de Bruijn Y, Lappenschaar M, Oerlemans A, Buitelaar J, Franke B, Rommelse N. An emotion recognition subtyping approach to studying the heterogeneity and comorbidity of autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Neurodev Disord 2018; 10:31. [PMID: 30442088 PMCID: PMC6238263 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-018-9249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emotion recognition dysfunction has been reported in both autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This suggests that emotion recognition is a cross-disorder trait that may be utilised to understand the heterogeneous psychopathology of ASD and ADHD. We aimed to identify emotion recognition subtypes and to examine their relation with quantitative and diagnostic measures of ASD and ADHD to gain further insight into disorder comorbidity and heterogeneity. Methods Factor mixture modelling was used on speed and accuracy measures of auditory and visual emotion recognition tasks. These were administered to children and adolescents with ASD (N = 89), comorbid ASD + ADHD (N = 64), their unaffected siblings (N = 122), ADHD (N = 111), their unaffected siblings (N = 69), and controls (N = 220). Identified classes were compared on diagnostic and quantitative symptom measures. Results A four-class solution was revealed, with the following emotion recognition abilities: (1) average visual, impulsive auditory; (2) average-strong visual and auditory; (3) impulsive/imprecise visual, average auditory; (4) weak visual and auditory. The weakest performing class (4) contained the highest percentage of patients (66.07%) and the lowest percentage controls (10.09%), scoring the highest on ASD/ADHD measures. The best performing class (2) demonstrated the opposite: 48.98% patients, 15.26% controls with relatively low scores on ASD/ADHD measures. Conclusions Subgroups of youths can be identified that differ both in quantitative and qualitative aspects of emotion recognition abilities. Weak emotion recognition abilities across sensory domains are linked to an increased risk for ASD as well as ADHD, although emotion recognition impairments alone are neither necessary nor sufficient parts of these disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s11689-018-9249-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Waddington
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Catharina Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette de Bruijn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Lappenschaar
- Department of Geriatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anoek Oerlemans
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Waddington F, Hartman C, de Bruijn Y, Lappenschaar M, Oerlemans A, Buitelaar J, Franke B, Rommelse N. Visual and auditory emotion recognition problems as familial cross-disorder phenomenon in ASD and ADHD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:994-1005. [PMID: 30056085 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are frequently comorbid disorders. Emotion recognition problems are considered an important familial deficit in ASD, but this is unknown in ADHD. Very few studies have directly compared emotion recognition performance of youth with ASD and/or ADHD and of their unaffected siblings across age to quantify the contribution of emotion recognition problems to the ADHD phenotype. We therefore devised a study of 64 ASD+ADHD participants, 89 ASD-only participants, 111 ADHD-only participants, 122 unaffected ASD(+ADHD) siblings, 69 unaffected ADHD-only siblings and 220 controls aged 7-18 years, who had completed two tasks assessing auditory and visual emotion recognition. Factor analysis was used to detect underlying dimensions of emotion recognition capacity. Linear mixed models were used to compare performance across groups and to assess age effects. The factor-analysis revealed four factors separating speed and accuracy regarding visual and auditory emotion recognition. ASD+ADHD, ASD-only, and ADHD-only participants all performed worse than controls. ASD+ADHD, ASD-only, and ADHD-only participants did not differ in the severity of their emotion recognition problems. Both unaffected sibling groups performed intermediate between patients and controls. For ASD+ADHD and ADHD-only participants, group differences were more marked in adolescence than childhood, whereas in ASD participants this was not observed. We conclude that emotion recognition problems are a familial deficit in ADHD to a similar extent as in ASD. Emotion recognition problems specifically - and social cognition problems more generally - should be assessed in clinical practice for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Waddington
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Yvette de Bruijn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Lappenschaar
- Department of Geriatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anoek Oerlemans
- University of Groningen Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Akkermans SEA, van Rooij D, Rommelse N, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Franke B, Mennes M, Buitelaar JK. Effect of tobacco smoking on frontal cortical thickness development: A longitudinal study in a mixed cohort of ADHD-affected and -unaffected youth. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:1022-1031. [PMID: 28764867 PMCID: PMC5623136 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Smoking rates are particularly high during adolescence and young adulthood, when the brain is still undergoing significant developmental changes. Cross-sectional studies have revealed altered brain structure in smokers, such as thinner frontal cortical areas. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increases the risk of becoming nicotine-dependent, and has also been associated with abnormalities in frontal gray matter structure. The present study examines the relationships between smoking, cortical thickness and ADHD symptoms in a longitudinal design that compares adolescent and young adult smokers (n=44; 35 ADHD-affected) and non-smokers (n=45; 32 ADHD-affected) on frontal cortical thickness. Average frontal cortical thickness was estimated through structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at two time points (mean ages 17.7 and 21.1 years), on average 3.4 years apart. Smokers had a 2.6% thinner frontal cortex than non-smokers and this difference was not explained by ADHD or other confounding factors. The rate of cortical thinning across the 3.4-year MRI measurement interval was similar in the total group of smokers compared to non-smokers. However, speeded thinning did occur in smokers who had started regular smoking more recently, in between the two measurements. These novel regular smokers did not differ significantly from the non-smokers at baseline. This suggests that the thinner frontal cortex was not a predisposing factor but rather a consequence of smoking. Although smokers had more ADHD symptoms overall, smoking did not influence the developmental course of ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E A Akkermans
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Although a broad array of neurocognitive dysfunctions are associated with ADHD, it is unknown whether these dysfunctions play a role in the course of ADHD symptoms. The present longitudinal study investigated whether neurocognitive functions assessed at study-entry (mean age = 11.5 years, SD = 2.7) predicted ADHD symptom severity and overall functioning 6 years later (mean age = 17.4 years, 82.6 % = male) in a carefully phenotyped large sample of 226 Caucasian participants from 182 families diagnosed with ADHD-combined type. Outcome measures were dimensional measures of ADHD symptom severity and the Kiddie-Global Assessment Scale (K-GAS) for overall functioning. Predictors were derived from component scores for 8 domains of neurocognitive functioning: working memory, motor inhibition, cognitive inhibition, reaction time variability, timing, information processing speed, motor control, intelligence. Effects of age, gender, and pharmacological treatment were considered. Results showed that better working memory predicted lower ADHD symptom severity (R2 = 3.0 %), and less reaction time variability predicted better overall functioning (higher K-GAS-score, R2 = 5.6 %). Predictors were still significant with baseline behavior included in the models. The role of neurocognitive functioning in the long term outcome of ADHD behavior is discussed.
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23
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Schmidt M, Reh V, Hirsch O, Rief W, Christiansen H. Assessment of ADHD Symptoms and the Issue of Cultural Variation: Are Conners 3 Rating Scales Applicable to Children and Parents With Migration Background? J Atten Disord 2017; 21:587-599. [PMID: 23893536 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713493319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate whether Conners 3 ( Conners 3rd edition) ratings of ADHD symptoms are robust to distortion by cultural variation when applied to children with migration background living in Germany. METHOD From 2010 to 2011, Conners 3 data (self-rating, parent rating, and teacher rating) of 243 children with Turkish migration background, aged 6 to 16 years, were collected in various German schools. Allocation of items to latent factors was tested with confirmatory analyses. Reliability and validity of resulting factors was calculated and influence of acculturation, gender, and age on rating-modalities was examined. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses showed high model fits for all rating-modalities. Resulting scales had good reliability and validity. There was a small influence of acculturation on parent ratings of oppositional defiant disorder but not on ADHD core symptoms. CONCLUSION Conners 3 ratings seem to be robust against influences of cultural variation. Their German translation can be utilized for children with Turkish migration background without limitation.
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24
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Forde NJ, Ronan L, Zwiers MP, Alexander-Bloch AF, Faraone SV, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld DJ, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ. No Association between Cortical Gyrification or Intrinsic Curvature and Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:218. [PMID: 28473750 PMCID: PMC5397412 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have highlighted subcortical, cortical, and structural connectivity abnormalities associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Gyrification investigations of the cortex have been inconsistent and largely negative, potentially due to a lack of sensitivity of the previously used morphological parameters. The innovative approach of applying intrinsic curvature analysis, which is predictive of gyrification pattern, to the cortical surface applied herein allowed us greater sensitivity to determine whether the structural connectivity abnormalities thus far identified at a centimeter scale also occur at a millimeter scale within the cortical surface. This could help identify neurodevelopmental processes that contribute to ADHD. Structural MRI datasets from the NeuroIMAGE project were used [n = 306 ADHD, n = 164 controls, and n = 148 healthy siblings of individuals with ADHD (age in years, mean(sd); 17.2 (3.4), 16.8 (3.2), and 17.7 (3.8), respectively)]. Reconstructions of the cortical surfaces were computed with FreeSurfer. Intrinsic curvature (taken as a marker of millimeter-scale surface connectivity) and local gyrification index were calculated for each point on the surface (vertex) with Caret and FreeSurfer, respectively. Intrinsic curvature skew and mean local gyrification index were extracted per region; frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, cingulate, and insula. A generalized additive model was used to compare the trajectory of these measures between groups over age, with sex, scanner site, total surface area of hemisphere, and familiality accounted for. After correcting for sex, scanner site, and total surface area no group differences were found in the developmental trajectory of intrinsic curvature or local gyrification index. Despite the increased sensitivity of intrinsic curvature, compared to gyrification measures, to subtle morphological abnormalities of the cortical surface we found no milimeter-scale connectivity abnormalities associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Forde
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Ronan
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Aaron F Alexander-Bloch
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK.,Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedicine, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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25
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Forde NJ, Ronan L, Zwiers MP, Schweren LJS, Alexander-Bloch AF, Franke B, Faraone SV, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld DJ, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ. Healthy cortical development through adolescence and early adulthood. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3653-3663. [PMID: 28417232 PMCID: PMC5676813 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of significant brain changes; however, the effects of age and sex on cortical development are yet to be fully characterized. Here, we utilized innovative intrinsic curvature (IC) analysis, along with the traditional cortical measures [cortical thickness (CT), local gyrification index (LGI), and surface area (SA)], to investigate how these indices (1) relate to each other and (2) depend on age and sex in adolescent cortical development. T1-weighted magnetic resonance images from 218 healthy volunteers (age range 8.3–29.2 years, M[SD] = 16.5[3.4]) were collected at two sites and processed with FreeSurfer and Caret software packages. Surface indices were extracted per cortex area (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula, and cingulate). Correlation analyses between the surface indices were conducted and age curves were modelled using generalized additive mixed-effect models. IC showed region-specific associations with LGI, SA, and CT, as did CT with LGI. SA was positively associated with LGI in all regions and CT in none. CT and LGI, but not SA, were inversely associated with age in all regions. IC was inversely associated with age in all but the occipital region. For all regions, males had larger cortical SA than females. Males also had larger LGI in all regions and larger IC of the frontal area; however, these effects were accounted for by sex differences in SA. There were no age-by-sex interactions. The study of IC adds a semi-independent, sensitive measure of cortical morphology that relates to the underlying cytoarchitecture and may aid understanding of normal brain development and deviations from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Forde
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lisa Ronan
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lizanne J S Schweren
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedicine, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research On Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Noordermeer SDS, Luman M, Weeda WD, Buitelaar JK, Richards JS, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Franke B, Heslenfeld DJ, Oosterlaan J. Risk factors for comorbid oppositional defiant disorder in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:1155-1164. [PMID: 28283834 PMCID: PMC5610221 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-0972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is highly prevalent in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Individuals with both ADHD and ODD (ADHD + ODD) show a considerably worse prognosis compared with individuals with either ADHD or ODD. Therefore, identification of risk factors for ADHD + ODD is essential and may contribute to the development of (early) preventive interventions. Participants were matched for age, gender, and ADHD-subtype (diagnostic groups), and did not differ in IQ. Predictors included pre- and perinatal risk factors (pregnancy duration, birth weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy), transgenerational factors (parental ADHD; parental warmth and criticism in diagnostic groups), and postnatal risk factors (parental socioeconomic status [SES], adverse life events, deviant peer affiliation). Three models were assessed, investigating risk factors for ADHD-only versus controls (N = 86), ADHD + ODD versus controls (N = 86), and ADHD + ODD versus ADHD-only (N = 90). Adverse life events and parental ADHD were risk factors for both ADHD + ODD and ADHD-only, and more adverse life events were an even stronger risk factor for comorbid ODD compared with ADHD-only. For ADHD + ODD, but not ADHD-only, parental criticism, deviant peer affiliation, and parental SES acted as risk factors. Maternal smoking during pregnancy acted as minor risk factor for ADHD-only, while higher birth weight acted as minor risk factor for ADHD + ODD. No effects of age were present. Findings emphasise the importance of these factors in the development of comorbid ODD. The identified risk factors may prove to be essential in preventive interventions for comorbid ODD in ADHD, highlighting the need for parent-focused interventions to take these factors into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri D. S. Noordermeer
- 0000 0004 1754 9227grid.12380.38Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Luman
- 0000 0004 1754 9227grid.12380.38Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D. Weeda
- 0000 0001 2312 1970grid.5132.5Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- 0000 0004 0444 9382grid.10417.33Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,0000 0004 0624 8031grid.461871.dKarakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer S. Richards
- 0000 0004 0444 9382grid.10417.33Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,0000 0004 0624 8031grid.461871.dKarakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- 0000 0004 0407 1981grid.4830.fUniversity of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- 0000 0004 0407 1981grid.4830.fUniversity of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- 0000 0004 0444 9382grid.10417.33Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- 0000 0004 1754 9227grid.12380.38Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- 0000 0004 1754 9227grid.12380.38Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Naaijen J, Bralten J, Poelmans G, Glennon JC, Franke B, Buitelaar JK. Glutamatergic and GABAergic gene sets in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: association to overlapping traits in ADHD and autism. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e999. [PMID: 28072412 PMCID: PMC5545734 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often co-occur. Both are highly heritable; however, it has been difficult to discover genetic risk variants. Glutamate and GABA are main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain; their balance is essential for proper brain development and functioning. In this study we investigated the role of glutamate and GABA genetics in ADHD severity, autism symptom severity and inhibitory performance, based on gene set analysis, an approach to investigate multiple genetic variants simultaneously. Common variants within glutamatergic and GABAergic genes were investigated using the MAGMA software in an ADHD case-only sample (n=931), in which we assessed ASD symptoms and response inhibition on a Stop task. Gene set analysis for ADHD symptom severity, divided into inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms, autism symptom severity and inhibition were performed using principal component regression analyses. Subsequently, gene-wide association analyses were performed. The glutamate gene set showed an association with severity of hyperactivity/impulsivity (P=0.009), which was robust to correcting for genome-wide association levels. The GABA gene set showed nominally significant association with inhibition (P=0.04), but this did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. None of single gene or single variant associations was significant on their own. By analyzing multiple genetic variants within candidate gene sets together, we were able to find genetic associations supporting the involvement of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems in ADHD and ASD symptom severity in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Naaijen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Noord 10 (Huispost 126), Nijmegen 6525 EZ, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - J Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G Poelmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - J C Glennon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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O’Dwyer L, Tanner C, van Dongen EV, Greven CU, Bralten J, Zwiers MP, Franke B, Heslenfeld D, Oosterlaan J, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Groen W, Rommelse N, Buitelaar JK. Decreased Left Caudate Volume Is Associated with Increased Severity of Autistic-Like Symptoms in a Cohort of ADHD Patients and Their Unaffected Siblings. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165620. [PMID: 27806078 PMCID: PMC5091763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms frequently occur in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While there is evidence that both ADHD and ASD have differential structural brain correlates, knowledge of the structural brain profile of individuals with ADHD with raised ASD symptoms is limited. The presence of ASD-like symptoms was measured by the Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ) in a sample of typically developing controls (n = 154), participants with ADHD (n = 239), and their unaffected siblings (n = 144) between the ages of 8 and 29. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlates of ASD ratings were analysed by studying the relationship between ASD ratings and grey matter volumes using mixed effects models which controlled for ADHD symptom count and total brain volume. ASD ratings were significantly elevated in participants with ADHD relative to controls and unaffected siblings. For the entire group (participants with ADHD, unaffected siblings and TD controls), mixed effect models revealed that the left caudate nucleus volume was negatively correlated with ASD ratings (t = 2.83; P = 0.005). The current findings are consistent with the role of the caudate nucleus in executive function, including the selection of goals based on the evaluation of action outcomes and the use of social reward to update reward representations. There is a specific volumetric profile associated with subclinical ASD-like symptoms in participants with ADHD, unaffected siblings and controls with the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus being of critical importance in predicting the level of ASD-like symptoms in all three groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence O’Dwyer
- Radboud UMC, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Colby Tanner
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eelco V. van Dongen
- Radboud UMC, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corina U. Greven
- Radboud UMC, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Radboud UMC, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Radboud UMC, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heslenfeld
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, V.U. University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Groen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Radboud UMC, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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29
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Roessner V, Banaschewski T, Becker A, Buse J, Wanderer S, Buitelaar JK, Sergeant JA, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Gill M, Manor I, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Steinhausen HC, Faraone SV, Asherson P, Rothenberger A. Familiality of Co-existing ADHD and Tic Disorders: Evidence from a Large Sibling Study. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1060. [PMID: 27486412 PMCID: PMC4949244 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tic disorder (TD) is frequent and clinically important. Very few and inconclusive attempts have been made to clarify if and how the combination of ADHD+TD runs in families. Aim: To determine the first time in a large-scale ADHD sample whether ADHD+TD increases the risk of ADHD+TD in siblings and, also the first time, if this is independent of their psychopathological vulnerability in general. Methods: The study is based on the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study. The present sub-sample of 2815 individuals included ADHD-index patients with co-existing TD (ADHD+TD, n = 262) and without TD (ADHD–TD, n = 947) as well as their 1606 full siblings (n = 358 of the ADHD+TD index patients and n = 1248 of the ADHD-TD index patients). We assessed psychopathological symptoms in index patients and siblings by using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the parent and teacher Conners' long version Rating Scales (CRS). For disorder classification the Parental Account of Childhood Symptoms (PACS-Interview) was applied in n = 271 children. Odds ratio with the GENMOD procedure (PROCGENMOD) was used to test if the risk for ADHD, TD, and ADHD+TD in siblings was associated with the related index patients' diagnoses. In order to get an estimate for specificity we compared the four groups for general psychopathological symptoms. Results: Co-existing ADHD+TD in index patients increased the risk of both comorbid ADHD+TD and TD in the siblings of these index patients. These effects did not extend to general psychopathology. Interpretation: Co-existence of ADHD+TD may segregate in families. The same holds true for TD (without ADHD). Hence, the segregation of TD (included in both groups) seems to be the determining factor, independent of further behavioral problems. This close relationship between ADHD and TD supports the clinical approach to carefully assess ADHD in any case of TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Dresden University of Technology Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen Goettingen, Germany
| | - Judith Buse
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Dresden University of Technology Dresden, Germany
| | - Sina Wanderer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Dresden University of Technology Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joseph A Sergeant
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edmund J Sonuga-Barke
- Developmental Brain Behaviour Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Southampton Southampton, UK
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences Dublin, Ireland
| | - Iris Manor
- ADHD Unit, Geha Mental Health Centre Petach-Tiqva, Israel
| | - Ana Miranda
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Mulas
- Neuropediatrics Unit, La Fe University Hospital Valencia, Spain
| | - Robert D Oades
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen Essen, Germany
| | - Herbert Roeyers
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Steven V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen Goettingen, Germany
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30
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Brevik EJ, van Donkelaar MMJ, Weber H, Sánchez‐Mora C, Jacob C, Rivero O, Kittel‐Schneider S, Garcia‐Martínez I, Aebi M, van Hulzen K, Cormand B, Ramos‐Quiroga JA, Lesch K, Reif A, Ribasés M, Franke B, Posserud M, Johansson S, Lundervold AJ, Haavik J, Zayats T. Genome-wide analyses of aggressiveness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:733-47. [PMID: 27021288 PMCID: PMC5071721 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aggressiveness is a behavioral trait that has the potential to be harmful to individuals and society. With an estimated heritability of about 40%, genetics is important in its development. We performed an exploratory genome-wide association (GWA) analysis of childhood aggressiveness in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to gain insight into the underlying biological processes associated with this trait. Our primary sample consisted of 1,060 adult ADHD patients (aADHD). To further explore the genetic architecture of childhood aggressiveness, we performed enrichment analyses of suggestive genome-wide associations observed in aADHD among GWA signals of dimensions of oppositionality (defiant/vindictive and irritable dimensions) in childhood ADHD (cADHD). No single polymorphism reached genome-wide significance (P < 5.00E-08). The strongest signal in aADHD was observed at rs10826548, within a long noncoding RNA gene (beta = -1.66, standard error (SE) = 0.34, P = 1.07E-06), closely followed by rs35974940 in the neurotrimin gene (beta = 3.23, SE = 0.67, P = 1.26E-06). The top GWA SNPs observed in aADHD showed significant enrichment of signals from both the defiant/vindictive dimension (Fisher's P-value = 2.28E-06) and the irritable dimension in cADHD (Fisher's P-value = 0.0061). In sum, our results identify a number of biologically interesting markers possibly underlying childhood aggressiveness and provide targets for further genetic exploration of aggressiveness across psychiatric disorders. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlend J. Brevik
- Division of PsychiatryHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of Biological and Medical PsychologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Marjolein M. J. van Donkelaar
- Department of Human GeneticsDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Heike Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversity of FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Cristina Sánchez‐Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Department of PsychiatryHospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Christian Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyKlinik NürtingenNürtingenGermany
| | - Olga Rivero
- Division of Molecular PsychiatryCenter of Mental Health, University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Sarah Kittel‐Schneider
- Division of Molecular PsychiatryCenter of Mental Health, University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Iris Garcia‐Martínez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Department of PsychiatryHospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marcel Aebi
- Department of Forensic PsychiatryChild and Youth Forensic Service, University Hospital of PsychiatryZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Kimm van Hulzen
- Department of Human GeneticsDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Bru Cormand
- Facultat de Biologia, Departament de GenèticaUniversitat de BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB)CataloniaSpain
| | - Josep A. Ramos‐Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Department of PsychiatryHospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)BarcelonaSpain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal MedicineUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Klaus‐Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyKlinik NürtingenNürtingenGermany
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceSchool for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversity of FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Department of PsychiatryHospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human GeneticsDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Maj‐Britt Posserud
- Division of PsychiatryHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular MedicineHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Astri J. Lundervold
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of Biological and Medical PsychologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Division of PsychiatryHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Tetyana Zayats
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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31
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Aebi M, van Donkelaar MMJ, Poelmans G, Buitelaar JK, Sonuga‐Barke EJS, Stringaris A, consortium IMAGE, Faraone SV, Franke B, Steinhausen H, van Hulzen KJE. Gene-set and multivariate genome-wide association analysis of oppositional defiant behavior subtypes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:573-88. [PMID: 26184070 PMCID: PMC4715802 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a frequent psychiatric disorder seen in children and adolescents with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ODD is also a common antecedent to both affective disorders and aggressive behaviors. Although the heritability of ODD has been estimated to be around 0.60, there has been little research into the molecular genetics of ODD. The present study examined the association of irritable and defiant/vindictive dimensions and categorical subtypes of ODD (based on latent class analyses) with previously described specific polymorphisms (DRD4 exon3 VNTR, 5-HTTLPR, and seven OXTR SNPs) as well as with dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin genes and pathways in a clinical sample of children and adolescents with ADHD. In addition, we performed a multivariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the aforementioned ODD dimensions and subtypes. Apart from adjusting the analyses for age and sex, we controlled for "parental ability to cope with disruptive behavior." None of the hypothesis-driven analyses revealed a significant association with ODD dimensions and subtypes. Inadequate parenting behavior was significantly associated with all ODD dimensions and subtypes, most strongly with defiant/vindictive behaviors. In addition, the GWAS did not result in genome-wide significant findings but bioinformatics and literature analyses revealed that the proteins encoded by 28 of the 53 top-ranked genes functionally interact in a molecular landscape centered around Beta-catenin signaling and involved in the regulation of neurite outgrowth. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular basis of ODD and inform future genetic studies of oppositional behavior. © 2015 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Aebi
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Child and Youth Forensic ServiceUniversity Hospital of PsychiatryZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Marjolein M. J. van Donkelaar
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Geert Poelmans
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Animal PhysiologyDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Edmund J. S. Sonuga‐Barke
- Developmental Brain‐Behaviour LaboratoryDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health PsychologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | | | - IMAGE consortium
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Child and Youth Forensic ServiceUniversity Hospital of PsychiatryZurichSwitzerland
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Department of PsychiatrySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew York
- Departmentof Neuroscience and PhysiologySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew York
- Department of BiomedicineK.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychiatric DisordersUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hans‐Christoph Steinhausen
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and EpidemiologyUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Research Unit for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric HospitalAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
| | - Kimm J. E. van Hulzen
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Groenman AP, Greven CU, van Donkelaar MMJ, Schellekens A, van Hulzen KJE, Rommelse N, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Luman M, Franke B, Faraone SV, Oosterlaan J, Buitelaar JK. Dopamine and serotonin genetic risk scores predicting substance and nicotine use in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Addict Biol 2016; 21:915-23. [PMID: 25752199 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk of developing substance use disorders (SUDs) and nicotine dependence. The co-occurrence of ADHD and SUDs/nicotine dependence may in part be mediated by shared genetic liability. Several neurobiological pathways have been implicated in both ADHD and SUDs, including dopamine and serotonin pathways. We hypothesized that variations in dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission genes were involved in the genetic liability to develop SUDs/nicotine dependence in ADHD. The current study included participants with ADHD (n = 280) who were originally part of the Dutch International Multicenter ADHD Genetics study. Participants were aged 5-15 years and attending outpatient clinics at enrollment in the study. Diagnoses of ADHD, SUDs, nicotine dependence, age of first nicotine and substance use, and alcohol use severity were based on semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Genetic risk scores were created for both serotonergic and dopaminergic risk genes previously shown to be associated with ADHD and SUDs and/or nicotine dependence. The serotonin genetic risk score significantly predicted alcohol use severity. No significant serotonin × dopamine risk score or effect of stimulant medication was found. The current study adds to the literature by providing insight into genetic underpinnings of the co-morbidity of ADHD and SUDs. While the focus of the literature so far has been mostly on dopamine, our study suggests that serotonin may also play a role in the relationship between these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabeth P. Groenman
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology; VU University Amsterdam; The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience; Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience; The Netherlands
| | - Corina U. Greven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience; Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience; The Netherlands
- Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; UK
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre; The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M. J. van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; The Netherlands
| | - Arnt Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience; The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Science Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA); The Netherlands
| | - Kimm J. E. van Hulzen
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre; The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience; The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology; VU University Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry; Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience; The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse NY USA
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders; University of Bergen; Norway
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology; VU University Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience; Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience; The Netherlands
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre; The Netherlands
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von Rhein D, Oldehinkel M, Beckmann CF, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld D, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Franke B, Cools R, Buitelaar JK, Mennes M. Aberrant local striatal functional connectivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:697-705. [PMID: 26871610 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Task-based and resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies report attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related alterations in brain regions implicated in cortico-striatal networks. We assessed whether ADHD is associated with changes in the brain's global cortico-striatal functional architecture, or whether ADHD-related alterations are limited to local, intrastriatal functional connections. METHODS We included a cohort of adolescents with ADHD (N = 181) and healthy controls (N = 140) and assessed functional connectivity of nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, anterior putamen, and posterior putamen. To assess global cortico-striatal functional architecture we computed whole-brain functional connectivity by including all regions of interest in one multivariate analysis. We assessed local striatal functional connectivity using partial correlations between the time series of the striatal regions. RESULTS Diagnostic status did not influence global cortico-striatal functional architecture. However, compared to controls, participants with ADHD exhibited significantly increased local functional connectivity between anterior and posterior putamen (p = .0003; ADHD: z = .30, controls: z = .24). Results were not affected by medication use or comorbid oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support hypotheses that ADHD is associated with alterations in cortico-striatal networks, but suggest changes in local striatal functional connectivity. We interpret our findings as aberrant development of local functional connectivity of the putamen, potentially leading to decreased functional segregation between anterior and posterior putamen in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel von Rhein
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Oldehinkel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heslenfeld
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Miranda A, Colomer C, Berenguer C, Roselló R, Roselló B. Substance use in young adults with ADHD: Comorbidity and symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2016; 16:157-165. [PMID: 30487859 PMCID: PMC6225094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at high risk of substance use (SU). The aims of the current study were: 1) to examine the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and other illegal drugs by adults with and without ADHD; 2) to compare the oppositional, conduct, anxiety, depression, sleep and antisocial personality symptoms of ADHD adults with SU and ADHD adults without SU; 3) to examine the ability of ADHD symptoms and conduct problems to predict SU. A total of 93 young adults, 43 without ADHD and 50 with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD, who were part of the Spanish sample of the Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study, collaborated in a follow-up evaluation 10.1 years later. ADHD participants were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of SU. Statistically significant differences were found between young adults with and without ADHD in their use of tobacco, marijuana and alcohol. A statistically significant association was also shown between externalization problems and a greater risk of SU. Conduct problems, to a greater degree than ADHD symptoms, affect SU in ADHD adults.
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Oldehinkel M, Beckmann CF, Pruim RHR, van Oort ESB, Franke B, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld D, Buitelaar JK, Mennes M. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms coincide with altered striatal connectivity. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:353-363. [PMID: 27812554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortico-striatal network dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is generally investigated by comparing functional connectivity of the main striatal sub-regions (i.e., putamen, caudate, and nucleus accumbens) between an ADHD and a control group. However, dimensional analyses based on continuous symptom measures might help to parse the high phenotypic heterogeneity in ADHD. Here, we focus on functional segregation of regions in the striatum and investigate cortico-striatal networks using both categorical and dimensional measures of ADHD. METHODS We computed whole-brain functional connectivity for six striatal sub-regions that resulted from a novel functional parcellation technique. We compared functional connectivity maps between adolescents with ADHD (N=169) and healthy controls (N=122), and investigated dimensional ADHD-related measures by relating striatal connectivity to ADHD symptom scores (N=444). Finally, we examined whether altered connectivity of striatal sub-regions related to motor and cognitive performance. RESULTS We observed no case-control differences in functional connectivity patterns of the six striatal networks. In contrast, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom scores were associated with increases in functional connectivity in the networks of posterior putamen and ventral caudate. Increased connectivity of posterior putamen with motor cortex and cerebellum was associated with decreased motor performance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support hypotheses of cortico-striatal network dysfunction in ADHD by demonstrating that dimensional symptom measures are associated with changes in functional connectivity. These changes were not detected by categorical ADHD versus control group analyses, highlighting the important contribution of dimensional analyses to investigating the neurobiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Oldehinkel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Raimon H R Pruim
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik S B van Oort
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Psychology, Section of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heslenfeld
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Psychology, Section of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Francx W, Llera A, Mennes M, Zwiers MP, Faraone SV, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld D, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Beckmann CF. Integrated analysis of gray and white matter alterations in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 11:357-367. [PMID: 27298764 PMCID: PMC4893015 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is able to provide detailed insights into the structural organization of the brain, e.g., by means of mapping brain anatomy and white matter microstructure. Understanding interrelations between MRI modalities, rather than mapping modalities in isolation, will contribute to unraveling the complex neural mechanisms associated with neuropsychiatric disorders as deficits detected across modalities suggest common underlying mechanisms. Here, we conduct a multimodal analysis of structural MRI modalities in the context of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Gray matter volume, cortical thickness, surface areal expansion estimates, and white matter diffusion indices of 129 participants with ADHD and 204 participants without ADHD were entered into a linked independent component analysis. This data-driven analysis decomposes the data into multimodal independent components reflecting common inter-subject variation across imaging modalities. RESULTS ADHD severity was related to two multimodal components. The first component revealed smaller prefrontal volumes in participants with more symptoms, co-occurring with abnormal white matter indices in prefrontal cortex. The second component demonstrated decreased orbitofrontal volume as well as abnormalities in insula, occipital, and somato-sensory areas in participants with more ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our results replicate and extend previous unimodal structural MRI findings by demonstrating that prefrontal, parietal, and occipital areas, as well as fronto-striatal and fronto-limbic systems are implicated in ADHD. By including multiple modalities, sensitivity for between-participant effects is increased, as shared variance across modalities is modeled. The convergence of modality-specific findings in our results suggests that different aspects of brain structure share underlying pathophysiology and brings us closer to a biological characterization of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winke Francx
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Alberto Llera
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heslenfeld
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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van Lieshout M, Luman M, Twisk JWR, van Ewijk H, Groenman AP, Thissen AJAM, Faraone SV, Heslenfeld DJ, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ, Oosterlaan J. A 6-year follow-up of a large European cohort of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-combined subtype: outcomes in late adolescence and young adulthood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:1007-17. [PMID: 26837866 PMCID: PMC4990613 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are very few studies on the long-term outcome of children and adolescents with ADHD-combined type in Europe. The objective of the present study is to assess the 6-year outcome (including pharmacological treatment) of a large cohort of participants with ADHD-combined type (N = 347, mean age 11.4 years) in late adolescence and early adulthood. At study entry and follow-up (mean age 17.4 years), participants were comprehensively assessed on ADHD and comorbid disorders by structured psychiatric interviews and multi-informant questionnaires. Overall functioning was assessed by the Children's Global Assessment Scale. The retention rate was 75.6 %. The majority of participants (86.5 %) persisted in a DSM-5 ADHD diagnosis, 8.4 % had a subthreshold diagnosis, and 5.1 % remitted from the disorder at follow-up. Comorbidities decreased strongly; oppositional defiant disorder: 58 > 31 %, conduct disorder: 19 > 7 %. At follow-up, mood- and anxiety disorders were virtually non-existent following strict criteria (1-3 %). Percentage of children having had pharmacological treatment at any time increased from 79 to 91 %. On the Children's Global Assessment Scale, 48.5 % of participants were still functionally impaired at follow-up. Parental ADHD, higher ADHD symptom severity at baseline and higher parent-reported impairment at baseline positively predicted current ADHD symptom severity (R (2) = 20.9 %). Younger baseline age, higher ADHD symptom severity at baseline and higher parent-reported impairment at baseline were positively associated with poorer overall functioning (R (2) = 17.8 %). Pharmacological treatment had no (beneficial) impact on either ADHD symptom severity or overall functioning. Results confirm that ADHD is largely persistent into late adolescence with severity and family history for the disorder as important risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes van Lieshout
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W. R. Twisk
- Department of Health Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke van Ewijk
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annabeth P. Groenman
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrieke J. A. M. Thissen
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N. J. Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Francx W, Zwiers MP, Mennes M, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld D, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Franke B, Faraone SV, O’Dwyer L, Buitelaar JK. White matter microstructure and developmental improvement of hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:1289-97. [PMID: 25581343 PMCID: PMC4499023 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A developmental improvement of symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently reported, but the underlying neurobiological substrate has not been identified. The aim of this study was to determine whether white matter microstructure is related to developmental improvement of ADHD symptoms. METHODS A cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis was embedded in a prospective follow-up of an adolescent cohort of ADHD and control subjects (NeuroIMAGE). Mean age at baseline was 11.9 years, mean interval of follow-up was 5.9 years. About 75.3% of the original cohort was retained successfully. Data of 101 participants with ADHD combined type at baseline and 40 healthy controls were analysed. ADHD symptoms were measured with semistructured, investigator-based interviews and Conners' questionnaires, on the basis of DSM-IV criteria. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) indices of white matter microstructure were measured using whole brain diffusion tensor imaging at follow-up only. In a dimensional analysis FA and MD were related to change in ADHD symptoms. To link this analysis to DSM-IV diagnoses, a post hoc categorical group analysis was conducted comparing participants with persistent (n = 59) versus remittent (n = 42) ADHD and controls. RESULTS Over time, participants with ADHD showed improvement mainly in hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. This improvement was associated with lower FA and higher MD values in the left corticospinal tract at follow-up. Findings of the dimensional and the categorical analysis strongly converged. Changes in inattentive symptoms over time were minimal and not related to white matter microstructure. CONCLUSIONS The corticospinal tract is important in the control of voluntary movements, suggesting the importance of the motor system in the persistence of hyperactive/impulsive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winke Francx
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands,Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands,Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands,Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heslenfeld
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Laurence O’Dwyer
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands,Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands,Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Garcia Rosales A, Vitoratou S, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Oades RD, Rothenberger A, Steinhausen HC, Faraone SV, Chen W. Are all the 18 DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria equally useful for diagnosing ADHD and predicting comorbid conduct problems? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:1325-37. [PMID: 25743746 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In view of ICD-11 revision, we evaluate whether the 18 DSM-IV diagnostic items retained by DSM-5 could be further improved (i) in predicting ADHD 'caseness' and 'impairment' and (ii) discriminating ADHD without CD (ADHD - CD) cases from ADHD with CD (ADHD + CD) cases. In a multi-centre study sample consisting of 1497 ADHD probands and 291 unaffected subjects, 18 diagnostic items were examined for redundancy; then each item was evaluated for association with caseness, impairment and CD status using Classical Test Theory, Item-Response Theory and logistic regression methods. First, all 18 DSM-IV items contributed significantly and independently to the clinical diagnosis of ADHD. Second, not all the DSM-IV items carried equal weighting. "Often loses things", "forgetfulness" and "difficulty sustaining attention" mark severity for Inattentiveness (IA) items and "often unduly noisy", "exhibits a persistent pattern of restlessness", "leaves seat in class" and "often blurts out answers" for Hyperactivity/Impulsivity (HI) items. "Easily distracted", "inattentive to careless mistakes", "often interrupts" and "often fidgets" are associated with milder presentations. In the IA domain, "distracted" yields most information in the low-severity range of the latent trait, "careless" in the mid-severity range and "loses" in the high-severity range. In the HI domains, "interrupts" yields most information in the low-severity range and "motor" in the high-severity range. Third, all 18 items predicted impairment. Fourth, specific ADHD items are associated with ADHD + CD status. The DSM-IV diagnostic items were valid and not redundant; however, some carried more weight than others. All items were associated with impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Garcia Rosales
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
- Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust, London, UK.
| | - Silia Vitoratou
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philip Asherson
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert D Oades
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Steinhausen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Wai Chen
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Complex ADHD Service (CAHDS), Department of Health, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Paediatrics and Child Health and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6840, Australia
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Francx W, Oldehinkel M, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld D, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Franke B, Beckmann CF, Buitelaar JK, Mennes M. The executive control network and symptomatic improvement in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Cortex 2015; 73:62-72. [PMID: 26363140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One neurodevelopmental theory hypothesizes remission of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to result from improved prefrontal top-down control, while ADHD, independent of the current diagnosis, is characterized by stable non-cortical deficits (Halperin & Schulz, 2006). We tested this theory using resting state functional MRI (fMRI) data in a large sample of adolescents with remitting ADHD, persistent ADHD, and healthy controls. METHODS Participants in this follow-up study were 100 healthy controls and 129 adolescents with ADHD combined type at baseline (mean age at baseline 11.8 years; at follow-up 17.5 years). Diagnostic information was collected twice and augmented with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning at follow-up. We used resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the executive control network to investigate whether improved prefrontal top-down control was related to a developmental decrease in ADHD symptoms. In addition, we tested whether non-cortical RSFC, i.e., cerebellar and striatal RSFC, was aberrant in persistent and/or remittent ADHD compared to controls. RESULTS Higher connectivity within frontal regions (anterior cingulate cortex) of the executive control network was related to decreases in ADHD symptoms. This association was driven by change in hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and not by change in inattention. Participants with remitting ADHD showed stronger RSFC than controls within this network, while persistent ADHD cases exhibited RSFC strengths intermediate to remittent ADHD cases and controls. Cerebellar and subcortical RSFC did not differ between participants with ADHD and controls. CONCLUSIONS In line with the neurodevelopmental theory, symptom recovery in ADHD was related to stronger integration of prefrontal regions in the executive control network. The pattern of RSFC strength across remittent ADHD, persistent ADHD, and healthy controls potentially reflects the presence of compensatory neural mechanisms that aid symptomatic remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winke Francx
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marianne Oldehinkel
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heslenfeld
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Schweren LJS, Hartman CA, Heslenfeld DJ, van der Meer D, Franke B, Oosterlaan J, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV, Hoekstra PJ. Thinner Medial Temporal Cortex in Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Effects of Stimulants. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015. [PMID: 26210335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with widespread changes in cortical thickness (CT). Findings have been inconsistent, however, possibly due to age differences between samples. Cortical changes have also been suggested to be reduced or to disappear with stimulant treatment. We investigated differences in CT between adolescents/young adults with and without ADHD in the largest ADHD sample to date, the NeuroIMAGE sample. Second, we investigated how such differences were related to age and stimulant treatment. METHOD Participants (participants with ADHD = 306; healthy controls = 184, 61% male, 8-28 years of age, mean age = 17 years) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Participants and pharmacies provided detailed information regarding lifetime stimulant treatment, including cumulative intake and age of treatment initiation and cessation. Vertexwise statistics were performed in Freesurfer, modeling the main effect of diagnosis on CT and its interaction with age. Effects of stimulant treatment parameters on CT were modeled within the sample with ADHD. RESULTS After correction for multiple comparisons, participants with ADHD showed decreased medial temporal CT in both left (pCLUSTER = .008) and right (pCLUSTER = .038) hemispheres. These differences were present across different ages and were associated with symptoms of hyperactivity and prosocial behavior. There were no age-by-diagnosis interaction effects. None of the treatment parameters predicted CT within ADHD. CONCLUSION Individuals with ADHD showed thinner bilateral medial temporal cortex throughout adolescence and young adulthood compared to healthy controls. We found no association between CT and stimulant treatment. The cross-sectional design of the current study warrants cautious interpretation of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne J S Schweren
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dennis van der Meer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre Nijmegen
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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van Rooij D, Hoekstra PJ, Mennes M, von Rhein D, Thissen AJ, Heslenfeld D, Zwiers MP, Faraone SV, Oosterlaan J, Franke B, Rommelse N, Buitelaar JK, Hartman CA. Distinguishing Adolescents With ADHD From Their Unaffected Siblings and Healthy Comparison Subjects by Neural Activation Patterns During Response Inhibition. Am J Psychiatry 2015; 172:674-83. [PMID: 25615565 PMCID: PMC4490085 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysfunctional response inhibition is a key executive function impairment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Still, behavioral response inhibition measures do not consistently differentiate affected from unaffected individuals. The authors therefore investigated neural correlates of response inhibition and the familial nature of these neural correlates. METHODS Functional MRI measurements of neural activation during the stop-signal task and behavioral measures of response inhibition were obtained in adolescents and young adults with ADHD (N=185), their unaffected siblings (N=111), and healthy comparison subjects (N=124). RESULTS Stop-signal task reaction times were longer and error rates were higher in participants with ADHD, but not in their unaffected siblings, while reaction time variability was higher in both groups than in comparison subjects. Relative to comparison subjects, participants with ADHD and unaffected siblings had neural hypoactivation in frontal-striatal and frontal-parietal networks, whereby activation in inferior frontal and temporal/parietal nodes in unaffected siblings was intermediate between levels of participants with ADHD and comparison subjects. Furthermore, neural activation in inferior frontal nodes correlated with stop-signal reaction times, and activation in both inferior frontal and temporal/parietal nodes correlated with ADHD severity. CONCLUSIONS Neural activation alterations in ADHD are more robust than behavioral response inhibition deficits and explain variance in response inhibition and ADHD severity. Although only affected participants with ADHD have deficient response inhibition, hypoactivation in inferior frontal and temporal-parietal nodes in unaffected siblings supports the familial nature of the underlying neural process. Activation deficits in these nodes may be useful as endophenotypes that extend beyond the affected individuals in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan van Rooij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands,Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel von Rhein
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrieke J.A.M. Thissen
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heslenfeld
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, Syracuse, USA
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Human Genetics Department, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Miranda A, Colomer C, Fernández MI, Presentación MJ, Roselló B. Analysis of personal and family factors in the persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results of a prospective follow-up study in childhood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128325. [PMID: 26024216 PMCID: PMC4449179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the course of ADHD during childhood and analyze possible personal and family predictor variables of the results. METHOD Sixty-one children with ADHD who were between 6 and 12 years old at the baseline assessment were evaluated 30 months later (mean age at baseline: 8.70 ± 1.97; mean age at follow-up: 10.98 ± 2.19). Status of ADHD in follow-up was identified as persistent (met DSM-IV-TR criteria according to parents' and teachers' ratings), contextually persistent (met ADHD criteria according to one informant, and there was functional impairment) and remitted ADHD (with subthreshold clinical symptomatology). Associated psychological disorders of the three groups were analyzed in the follow-up with the Conners' Rating Scales. The groups were compared on ADHD characteristics (symptoms of ADHD and impairment), child psychopathology, executive functioning (EF; inhibition, working memory) and parenting characteristics (parental stress and discipline styles) at baseline. RESULTS At the follow-up, 55.7% of the children continued to meet the DSM-IV-TR criteria for ADHD, 29.5% showed contextual persistence, and 14.8% presented remission of the disorder. The persistent and contextually persistent ADHD groups showed more associated psychological disorders. Inattention, oppositional problems, cognitive problems and impairment at baseline distinguished the remitted ADHD children from the persistent and contextually persistent ADHD children. Moreover, the persistent groups had significantly more emotional liability and higher parental stress than the group in remission, while no differences in EF where found among the groups. CONCLUSIONS ADHD children continue to present symptoms, as well as comorbid psychological problems, during adolescence and early adulthood. These findings confirm that persistence of ADHD is associated with child psychopathology, parental stress and impairment in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Miranda
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Colomer
- Departamento de Educación, Universidad Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - M. Inmaculada Fernández
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Jesús Presentación
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva, Educativa, Social i Metodología, Universidad Jaume I, Spain
| | - Belén Roselló
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva, Educativa, Social i Metodología, Universidad Jaume I, Spain
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Groenman AP, Oosterlaan J, Greven CU, Vuijk PJ, Rommelse N, Franke B, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Sergeant J, Faraone SV, Buitelaar J. Neurocognitive predictors of substance use disorders and nicotine dependence in ADHD probands, their unaffected siblings, and controls: a 4-year prospective follow-up. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:521-9. [PMID: 25139331 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for substance use disorders (SUDs) and nicotine dependence (ND). Neurocognitive deficits may predict the increased risk of developing SUDs and nicotine dependence. METHODS This study comprised three groups derived from the Dutch part of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study: ADHD probands (n = 294), unaffected siblings (n = 161), and controls (n = 214). At baseline (age = 12.2), a range of neurocognitive functions was assessed including executive functions (inhibition, working memory, timing), measures of motor functioning (motor timing and tracking) and IQ. After a mean follow-up of 4.2 years, SUDs and ND were assessed. RESULTS None of the neurocognitive functions predicted later SUDs or ND in ADHD probands, even after controlling for medication use and conduct disorder. Slower response inhibition predicted later nicotine dependence in unaffected siblings (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.22-3.48), and lower IQ predicted increased risk for SUDs in controls (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.12-3.44). CONCLUSIONS Cold executive functions, motor functioning, and IQ did not predict the elevated risk of SUDs and ND in ADHD. Future studies should target 'hot' executive functions such as reward processing as risk factors for SUDs or ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabeth P Groenman
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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The NeuroIMAGE study: a prospective phenotypic, cognitive, genetic and MRI study in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Design and descriptives. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:265-81. [PMID: 25012461 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a persistent neuropsychiatric disorder which is associated with impairments on a variety of cognitive measures and abnormalities in structural and functional brain measures. Genetic factors are thought to play an important role in the etiology of ADHD. The NeuroIMAGE study is a follow-up of the Dutch part of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) project. It is a multi-site prospective cohort study designed to investigate the course of ADHD, its genetic and environmental determinants, its cognitive and neurobiological underpinnings, and its consequences in adolescence and adulthood. From the original 365 ADHD families and 148 control (CON) IMAGE families, consisting of 506 participants with an ADHD diagnosis, 350 unaffected siblings, and 283 healthy controls, 79 % participated in the NeuroIMAGE follow-up study. Combined with newly recruited participants the NeuroIMAGE study comprehends an assessment of 1,069 children (751 from ADHD families; 318 from CON families) and 848 parents (582 from ADHD families; 266 from CON families). For most families, data for more than one child (82 %) and both parents (82 %) were available. Collected data include a diagnostic interview, behavioural questionnaires, cognitive measures, structural and functional neuroimaging, and genome-wide genetic information. The NeuroIMAGE dataset allows examining the course of ADHD over adolescence into young adulthood, identifying phenotypic, cognitive, and neural mechanisms associated with the persistence versus remission of ADHD, and studying their genetic and environmental underpinnings. The inclusion of siblings of ADHD probands and controls allows modelling of shared familial influences on the ADHD phenotype.
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Kim J, Kim G, Seo S. Validation of the FSA as screening tool for children with ADHD. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fisher BC, Garges DM, Yoon SYR, Maguire K, Zipay D, Gambino M, Shapiro CM. Sex differences and the interaction of age and sleep issues in neuropsychological testing performance across the lifespan in an ADD/ADHD sample from the years 1989 to 2009. Psychol Rep 2014; 114:404-38. [PMID: 24897898 DOI: 10.2466/15.10.pr0.114k23w0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chart review of population (9 to 80 years) neuropsychological test battery for ADHD diagnosis, questionnaires with multiple responders were evaluated in outpatient setting from 1989-2009. The focus was gender differences across age, diagnostic group (ADHD-Inattentive/ADHD plus), neuropsychological test performance, and reported sleep symptoms over the lifespan. Individuals were assigned to ADHD-I group or ADHD plus group (based upon secondary diagnosis of sleep, behavioral, emotional disturbance); ADHD not primary was excluded (brain insult, psychosis). Among these were 1,828 children (ages 9 to 14), adolescents (ages 15 to 17), and adults (ages 18 and above); 446 children (312 diagnosed ADHD-I), 218 adolescents (163 diagnosed ADHD-I), and 1,163 adults (877 ADHD-I). Sleep was problematic regardless of age, ADHD subtype, and gender. The type and number of sleep problems and fatigue were age dependent. ADHD subtype, gender, fatigue, age, and sleep (sleep onset, unrefreshing sleep, sleep maintenance) were significant variables affecting neuropsychological test performance (sequencing, cognitive flexibility, slow- and fast-paced input, divided attention, whole brain functioning). Findings suggest that ADHD involves numerous factors and symptoms beyond attention, such as sleep which interacts differently dependent upon age.
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Alawam K. Application of proteomics in diagnosis of ADHD, schizophrenia, major depression, and suicidal behavior. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2014; 95:283-315. [PMID: 24985776 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800453-1.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This report focuses on the application of different proteomic techniques in diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders such as major depression, suicidal behavior, schizophrenia, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Firstly, we briefly describe different analytic approaches that can be applied for the discovery of specific biomarkers for diagnosing the above disorders, as well as for monitoring the effect of their treatment. Secondly, we discussed the types of biomarkers in general used in biomedicine for characterizing different disorders and diseases. Next, the potential applications of these biomarkers for diagnosing and managing major depression, suicidal behavior, schizophrenia, and ADHD are discussed in details. Forensic aspects of these biomarkers for the above disorders are also considered. Finally, we discuss the potential of specific biomarkers for distinguishing between comorbid psychiatric disorders in clinical setup as well as their potential for understanding mechanisms underlying the disorders and in discovery of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alawam
- Forensic Medicine Department, Ministry of Interior, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
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Brain volumetric correlates of autism spectrum disorder symptoms in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101130. [PMID: 24979066 PMCID: PMC4076257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms frequently occur in subjects with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While there is evidence that both ADHD and ASD have differential structural correlates, no study to date has investigated these structural correlates within a framework that robustly accounts for the phenotypic overlap between the two disorders. The presence of ASD symptoms was measured by the parent-reported Children’s Social and Behavioural Questionnaire (CSBQ) in ADHD subjects (n = 180), their unaffected siblings (n = 118) and healthy controls (n = 146). ADHD symptoms were assessed by a structured interview (K-SADS-PL) and the Conners’ ADHD questionnaires. Whole brain T1-weighted MPRAGE images were acquired and the structural MRI correlates of ASD symptom scores were analysed by modelling ASD symptom scores against white matter (WM) and grey matter (GM) volumes using mixed effects models which controlled for ADHD symptom levels. ASD symptoms were significantly elevated in ADHD subjects relative to both controls and unaffected siblings. ASD scores were predicted by the interaction between WM and GM volumes. Increasing ASD score was associated with greater GM volume. Equivocal results from previous structural studies in ADHD and ASD may be due to the fact that comorbidity has not been taken into account in studies to date. The current findings stress the need to account for issues of ASD comorbidity in ADHD.
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van Ewijk H, Heslenfeld DJ, Luman M, Rommelse NN, Hartman CA, Hoekstra P, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Oosterlaan J. Visuospatial working memory in ADHD patients, unaffected siblings, and healthy controls. J Atten Disord 2014; 18:369-78. [PMID: 23569155 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713482582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to (a) test the usefulness of visuospatial working memory (VSWM) as an endophenotype for ADHD and (b) study the developmental trajectory of VSWM in ADHD. METHOD A total of 110 ADHD patients, 60 unaffected siblings, and 109 controls, aged 8 to 29 years, were assessed on VSWM functioning. Multilevel analyses were carried out to account for the correlation between measurements within families. RESULTS ADHD patients showed impaired VSWM performance compared with unaffected siblings and controls, with comparable performance between unaffected siblings and controls. Impaired VSWM in ADHD patients was not more pronounced on higher memory loads, signifying executive rather than storage deficits as an underlying mechanism. ADHD patients, unaffected siblings, and controls showed parallel developmental trajectories of VSWM. CONCLUSION Current findings question the usefulness of VSWM as a neurocognitive endophenotype for ADHD and provide unique insights into the developmental trajectory of VSWM in ADHD.
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