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Bruins S, van Bergen E, Masselink MW, Barzeva SA, Hartman CA, Otten R, Rommelse NNJ, Dolan CV, Boomsma DI. Are Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Psychopathology Amplified in Children with Below-Average Intelligence? A Population-Based Twin Study. Behav Genet 2024; 54:278-289. [PMID: 38353893 PMCID: PMC11032279 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
There is a negative association between intelligence and psychopathology. We analyzed data on intelligence and psychopathology to assess this association in seven-year-old Dutch twin pairs (ranging from 616 to 14,150 depending on the phenotype) and estimated the degree to which genetic and environmental factors common to intelligence and psychopathology explain the association. Secondly, we examined whether genetic and environmental effects on psychopathology are moderated by intelligence. We found that intelligence, as assessed by psychometric IQ tests, correlated negatively with childhood psychopathology, as assessed by the DSM-oriented scales of the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL). The correlations ranged between - .09 and - .15 and were mainly explained by common genetic factors. Intelligence moderated genetic and environmental effects on anxiety and negative affect, but not those on ADHD, ODD, and autism. The heritability of anxiety and negative affect was greatest in individuals with below-average intelligence. We discuss mechanisms through which this effect could arise, and we end with some recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bruins
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elsje van Bergen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Institute LEARN!, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits W Masselink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefania A Barzeva
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Otten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Conor V Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Research and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Vos M, Rommelse NNJ, Franke B, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld DJ, Hoekstra PJ, Klein M, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Hartman CA. Characterizing the heterogeneous course of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity from childhood to young adulthood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1-11. [PMID: 33813662 PMCID: PMC9343304 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To advance understanding of the heterogeneity in the course of ADHD, joint symptom trajectories of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity from childhood to young adulthood were modelled and associated with genetic, demographic, and clinical characteristics. Data were obtained from the NeuroIMAGE cohort which includes 485 individuals with ADHD, their 665 siblings, and 399 typically developing children. Trajectories were based on scores of the Conners Parent Rating Scale Revised and estimated over seven homogeneous age bins (from 5 to 28 years) using parallel process latent class growth analysis on data collected across 2-4 time points. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression was used to identify characteristics that differentiated between the derived classes. A seven-class solution revealed "severe combined stable" (4.8%), "severe combined decreasing" (13%), "severe inattentive stable" (4.8%), "moderate combined increasing" (7.5%), "moderate combined decreasing" (12.7%), "stable mild" (12.9%), and "stable low" (44.3%) classes. Polygenic risk for depression, ADHD diagnosis, ADHD medication use, IQ, comorbid symptom levels (foremost oppositional behaviour), and functional impairment levels differentiated classes with similar ADHD symptom levels in childhood but a diverging course thereafter. The course of ADHD is highly heterogeneous, with stable, decreasing, and increasing trajectories. Overall, severe symptom levels in childhood are associated with elevated-to-severe symptom levels in adolescence and young adulthood, despite substantial symptom reductions. Beyond symptom severity in childhood, genetic, demographic, and clinical characteristics distinguish the heterogeneous course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Vos
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nanda N. J. Rommelse
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.461871.d0000 0004 0624 8031Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.16872.3a0000 0004 0435 165XDepartment of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Medical Center and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Section of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Klein
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.7692.a0000000090126352Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA ,grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biomedicine, K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- grid.461871.d0000 0004 0624 8031Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Müller AR, Zinkstok JR, Rommelse NNJ, van de Ven PM, Roes KCB, Wijburg FA, de Rooij-Askes E, Linders C, Boot E, van Eeghen AM. Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome: protocol for a series of N-of-1 trials. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:380. [PMID: 34496899 PMCID: PMC8424817 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability and severe behavioural and sleep disturbances. Often, patients with SMS are diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the effectiveness of methylphenidate (MPH), the first-line pharmacological treatment for ADHD, in patients with SMS is unclear. Our objective is to examine the effectiveness of MPH for ADHD symptoms in individuals with SMS, proposing an alternative trial design as traditional randomized controlled trials are complex in these rare and heterogeneous patient populations. Methods and analysis We will initiate an N-of-1 series of double-blind randomized and placebo-controlled multiple crossover trials in six patients aged ≥ 6 years with a genetically confirmed SMS diagnosis and a multidisciplinary established ADHD diagnosis, according to a power analysis based on a summary measures analysis of the treatment effect. Each N-of-1 trial consists of a baseline period, dose titration phase, three cycles each including randomized intervention, placebo and washout periods, and follow-up. The intervention includes twice daily MPH (doses based on age and body weight). The primary outcome measure will be the subscale hyperactivity/inattention of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), rated daily. Secondary outcome measures are the shortened version of the Emotion Dysregulation Inventory (EDI) reactivity index, Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS), and the personal questionnaire (PQ). Statistical analysis will include a mixed model analysis. All subjects will receive an assessment of their individual treatment effect and data will be aggregated to investigate the effectiveness of MPH for ADHD in SMS at a population level. Conclusions This study will provide information on the effectiveness of MPH for ADHD in SMS, incorporating personalized outcome measures. This protocol presents the first properly powered N-of-1 study in a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder, providing a much-needed bridge between science and practice to optimize evidence-based and personalized care. Trial registration This study is registered in the Netherlands Trial Register (NTR9125).
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Müller
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J R Zinkstok
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N N J Rommelse
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P M van de Ven
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K C B Roes
- Department of Health Evidence, Biostatistics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F A Wijburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - C Linders
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - E Boot
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,The Dalglish Family 22Q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A M van Eeghen
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo, Amersfoort, the Netherlands. .,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Ilbegi S, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Franke B, Faraone SV, Oosterlaan J, Luman M, van Lieshout M, Rommelse NNJ. Neurocognitive markers of late-onset ADHD: a 6-year longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:244-252. [PMID: 33059383 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increased interest in 'late-onset' attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), referring to the onset of clinically significant ADHD symptoms after the age of 12 years. This study aimed to examine whether unaffected siblings with late-onset ADHD could be differentiated from stable unaffected siblings by their neurocognitive functioning in childhood. METHODS We report findings from a 6-year prospective, longitudinal study of the Dutch part of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study, including individuals with childhood-onset (persistent) ADHD (n = 193), their siblings with late-onset ADHD (n = 34), their stable unaffected siblings (n = 111) and healthy controls (n = 186). At study entry (mean age: 11.3) and follow-up (mean age: 17.01), participants were assessed for ADHD by structured psychiatric interviews and multi-informant questionnaires. Several neurocognitive functions were assessed at baseline and after 6 years, including time reproduction, timing variability (reaction time variability and time production variability), reaction time speed, motor control and working memory; intelligence was taken as a measure of overall neurocognitive functioning. RESULTS Siblings with late-onset ADHD were similar to individuals with childhood-onset ADHD in showing longer reaction times and/or higher error rates on all neurocognitive measures at baseline and follow-up, when compared to healthy controls. They differed from stable unaffected siblings (who were similar to healthy controls) by greater reaction time variability and timing production variability at baseline. No significant group by time interaction was found for any of the tasks. CONCLUSIONS For unaffected siblings of individuals with ADHD, reaction time variability and timing production variability may serve as neurocognitive marker for late-onset ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ilbegi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Emma Neuroscience Group, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam/Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Emma Neuroscience Group, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam/Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes van Lieshout
- Emma Neuroscience Group, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam/Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Herpers PCM, Bakker-Huvenaars MJ, Greven CU, Wiegers EC, Nijhof KS, Baanders AN, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. Emotional valence detection in adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder or autism spectrum disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:1011-1022. [PMID: 30680520 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder (ODD/CD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) share poor empathic functioning and have been associated with impaired emotional processing. However, no previous studies directly compared similarities and differences in these processes for the two disorders. A two-choice emotional valence detection task requiring differentiation between positive, negative, and neutral IAPS pictures was administered to 52 adolescents (12-19 years) with ODD/CD, 52 with ASD and 24 typically developing individuals (TDI). Callous-unemotional (CU) traits were assessed by self- and parent reports using the Inventory of callous-unemotional traits. Main findings were that adolescents with ODD/CD or ASD both performed poorer than TDI in terms of accuracy, yet only the TDI-not both clinical groups-had relatively most difficulty in discriminating between positive versus neutral pictures compared to neutral-negative or positive-negative contrasts. Poorer performance was related to a higher level of CU traits. The results of the current study suggest youth with ODD/CD or ASD have a diminished ability to detect emotional valence which is not limited to facial expressions and is related to a higher level of CU traits. More specifically, youth with ODD/CD or ASD seem to have a reduced processing of positive stimuli and/or lack a 'positive perception bias' present in TDI that could either contribute to the symptoms and/or be a result of having the disorder and may contribute to the comorbidity of both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre C M Herpers
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mireille J Bakker-Huvenaars
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corina U Greven
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Evita C Wiegers
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin S Nijhof
- Pluryn, Industrieweg 50, 6541 TW, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Developmental Psychopathology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arianne N Baanders
- Ottho Gerhard Heldring Foundation, Wageningsestraat 104, 6671 DH, Zetten, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Möricke E, Greven CU, Visser JC, Oosterling IJ, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. Social-communicative and attention problems in infancy and toddlerhood as precursors of preschool autistic traits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 11:113-122. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-018-00284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Ilbegi S, Groenman AP, Schellekens A, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Franke B, Faraone SV, Rommelse NNJ, Buitelaar JK. Substance use and nicotine dependence in persistent, remittent, and late-onset ADHD: a 10-year longitudinal study from childhood to young adulthood. J Neurodev Disord 2018; 10:42. [PMID: 30587104 PMCID: PMC6307241 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-018-9260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with substance use disorders (SUD; alcohol and/or drug dependence) and nicotine dependence. This study aims to advance our knowledge about the association between SUD, nicotine dependence, and the course of ADHD (persistent versus remittent ADHD and late-onset ADHD). METHODS ADHD, SUD, and nicotine dependence were longitudinally assessed (mean age at study entry 11.3 years, mean age at follow-up 21.1 years) using structured psychiatric interviews and multi-informant questionnaires in a subsample of the Dutch part of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics study. Individuals with persistent ADHD (n = 62), remittent ADHD (n = 12), late-onset ADHD (n = 18; age of onset after 12 years), unaffected siblings (n = 50), and healthy controls (n = 47) were assessed. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by Cox regression and adjusted for clustered family data, gender, follow-up length, and current age. RESULTS Individuals with persistent ADHD were at significantly higher risk of development of SUD relative to healthy controls (HR = 4.56, CI 1.17-17.81). In contrast, levels of SUD in those with remittent ADHD were not different from healthy controls (HR = 1.00, CI .07-13.02). ADHD persisters had also higher prevalence rates of nicotine dependence (24.2%) than ADHD remitters (16.7%) and healthy controls (4.3%). A similar pattern was found in initially unaffected siblings who met ADHD criteria at follow-up ("late-onset" ADHD); they had also a higher prevalence of SUD (33%) compared to stable unaffected siblings (20%) and were at significantly increased risk of development of nicotine dependence compared to healthy controls (HR = 13.04, CI 2.08-81.83). CONCLUSIONS SUD and nicotine dependence are associated with a negative ADHD outcome. Results further emphasize the need for clinicians to comprehensively assess substance use when diagnosing ADHD in adolescents and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ilbegi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Donders Center for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Annabeth P Groenman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnt Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Nijmegen Institute for Scientist Practitioners in Addiction, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We modeled both psychopathology and executive function (EF) as bi-factor models to study if EF impairments are transdiagnostic or relate to individual syndromes, and concurrently, if such associations are with general EF or specific EF impairments. METHODS Data were obtained from the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS; N = 2230). Psychopathology was assessed with parent-report questionnaires at ages 11, 14, 16, and 19, and EF with tasks from the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks program at ages 11 and 19. Bi-factor models were fitted to the data using confirmatory factor analysis. Correlations were estimated to study the associations between general or specific components of both psychopathology and EF. RESULTS A bi-factor model with a general psychopathology factor, alongside internalizing (INT), externalizing, attention deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD), and autism spectrum (ASD) problem domains, and a bi-factor model with a general EF factor, alongside specific EFs were adequately fitting measurement models. The best-fitting model between EF and psychopathology showed substantial associations of specific EFs with the general psychopathology factor, in addition to distinct patterns of association with ASD, ADHD, and INT problems. CONCLUSIONS By studying very diverse psychopathology domains simultaneously, we show how EF impairments cross diagnostic boundaries. In addition to this generic relation, ADHD, ASD, and INT symptomatology show separable profiles of EF impairments. Thus, inconsistent findings in the literature may be explained by substantial transdiagnostic EF impairments. Whether general EF or specific EFs are related to psychopathology needs to be further studied, as differences in fit between these models were small.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J P Bloemen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Oldehinkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - O M Laceulle
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Ormel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N N J Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Oerlemans AM, Rommelse NNJ, Buitelaar JK, Hartman CA. Examining the intertwined development of prosocial skills and ASD symptoms in adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:1033-1046. [PMID: 29383553 PMCID: PMC6060879 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and reduced prosocial behaviour are strongly intertwined. However, social interactions with peers may be increasingly practiced over the course of development and may instigate a reduction in ASD symptoms and vice versa. We, therefore, sought to determine if, during adolescence, possible improvements in prosocial behaviours and ASD symptoms may benefit one another over time. Participants were 2773 adolescents from the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) cohorts. Measurements took place over three waves (mean ages: 11.1, 13.4, and 16.2 years). Longitudinal associations between teacher-rated classroom prosocial skills and parent-rated ASD symptoms were examined using the random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM). In addition to estimating the stable, between-person associations, the dynamical effects between prosocial skills and ASD symptoms over time were estimated at the within-person level. At the between-person level, prosocial skills and ASD symptoms were substantially negatively correlated. At the within-person level, a small and unexpected positive cross-lagged effect from wave 1 ASD symptoms on wave 2 prosocial skills was observed. We added to the existing literature by showing that, in addition to replicating the already firmly established between-person association between low prosocial skills and ASD, within-person gains in prosocial skills do not lead to subsequent reduction of ASD symptoms, and reductions in ASD symptoms do not lead to subsequent enhancement of prosocial skills. We, therefore, conclude from our findings that the inverse association between autistic symptoms and prosocial skills in adolescence is highly stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoek M Oerlemans
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Greven CU, van der Meer JMJ, Hartman CA, Lappenschaar MGA, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. Do High and Low Extremes of ADHD and ASD Trait Continua Represent Maladaptive Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes? A Population-Based Study. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:924-932. [PMID: 25823744 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715577136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are thought to reflect the high, symptomatic extreme of quantitative trait continua. However, extreme deviations in either direction on disorder continua, high and low, may both represent maladaptive behavioral and cognitive outcomes. We aimed to test this hypothesis. METHOD In a population sample of 378 children, ADHD and ASD traits were rated by parents on questionnaires that provide resolution at high and low extremes of the ADHD and ASD trait continua. ADHD and ASD traits were related to parent-ratings of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and tests of cognitive functioning using polynomial regression. RESULTS The low ends of the ADHD and ASD trait continua were related to fewer behavior problems and better cognitive functioning than symptomatic ends. CONCLUSION Studying the correlates of the low continuum ends may deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptive behavioral and cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina U Greven
- 1 Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,2 Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,3 King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, United Kingdrom
| | - Jolanda M J van der Meer
- 1 Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,2 Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jan K Buitelaar
- 1 Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,2 Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- 1 Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,2 Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Oostermeijer S, Smeets KC, Jansen LMC, Jambroes T, Rommelse NNJ, Scheepers FE, Buitelaar JK, Popma A. The role of self-serving cognitive distortions in reactive and proactive aggression. Crim Behav Ment Health 2017; 27:395-408. [PMID: 28543719 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggression is often divided into reactive and proactive forms. Reactive aggression is typically thought to encompass 'blaming others' and 'assuming the worst', while proactive aggression relates to 'self-centeredness' and 'minimising/mislabelling'. AIM Our aim was to evaluate relationships between reactive and proactive aggression and cognitive distortions and to test whether changes in these cognitions relate to changes in aggression. METHODS A total of 151 adolescents (60% boys; mean age 15.05 years, standard deviation 1.28) were enrolled in an evidence-based intervention to reduce aggression. Due to attrition and anomalous responses, the post-intervention sample involved 80 adolescents. Correlation and linear regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between cognitive distortions and aggression. RESULTS Blaming others was related to reactive aggression before the intervention, while all cognitive distortions were related to proactive aggression both pre- and post-intervention. Changes in reactive aggression were uniquely predicted by blaming others, while changes in proactive aggression were predicted by changes in cognitive distortions overall. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this study is the first to show a relationship between changes in cognitive distortions and changes in aggression. Treatment of reactive aggression may benefit from focusing primarily on reducing cognitive distortions involving misattribution of blame to others. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Oostermeijer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten C Smeets
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucres M C Jansen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tijs Jambroes
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floor E Scheepers
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Popma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Smeets KC, Oostermeijer S, Lappenschaar M, Cohn M, van der Meer JMJ, Popma A, Jansen LMC, Rommelse NNJ, Scheepers FE, Buitelaar JK. Are Proactive and Reactive Aggression Meaningful Distinctions in Adolescents? A Variable- and Person-Based Approach. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2017; 45:1-14. [PMID: 27113216 PMCID: PMC5219021 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine whether proactive and reactive aggression are meaningful distinctions at the variable- and person-based level, and to determine their associated behavioral profiles. Data from 587 adolescents (mean age 15.6; 71.6 % male) from clinical samples of four different sites with differing levels of aggression problems were analyzed. A multi-level Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify classes of individuals (person-based) with similar aggression profiles based on factor scores (variable-based) of the Reactive Proactive Questionnaire (RPQ) scored by self-report. Associations were examined between aggression factors and classes, and externalizing and internalizing problem behavior scales by parent report (CBCL) and self-report (YSR). Factor-analyses yielded a three factor solution: 1) proactive aggression, 2) reactive aggression due to internal frustration, and 3) reactive aggression due to external provocation. All three factors showed moderate to high correlations. Four classes were detected that mainly differed quantitatively (no ‘proactive-only’ class present), yet also qualitatively when age was taken into account, with reactive aggression becoming more severe with age in the highest affected class yet diminishing with age in the other classes. Findings were robust across the four samples. Multiple regression analyses showed that ‘reactive aggression due to internal frustration’ was the strongest predictor of YSR and CBCL internalizing problems. However, results showed moderate to high overlap between all three factors. Aggressive behavior can be distinguished psychometrically into three factors in a clinical sample, with some differential associations. However, the clinical relevance of these findings is challenged by the person-based analysis showing proactive and reactive aggression are mainly driven by aggression severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Smeets
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525, GC, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - S Oostermeijer
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - M Cohn
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J M J van der Meer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - A Popma
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - L M C Jansen
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N N J Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525, GC, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - F E Scheepers
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525, GC, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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13
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Visser JC, Rommelse NNJ, Lappenschaar M, Servatius-Oosterling IJ, Greven CU, Buitelaar JK. Variation in the Early Trajectories of Autism Symptoms Is Related to the Development of Language, Cognition, and Behavior Problems. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:659-668. [PMID: 28735695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to model more homogeneous subgroups within autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on early trajectories of core symptoms; and to further characterize these subgroups in terms of trajectories of language, cognition, co-occurring (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]-related) traits and clinical outcome diagnosis. METHOD Children (N = 203) referred for possible ASD at ages 1 to 4 years were assessed at three time points at intervals ranging from 9 months to 3 years. Assessments included standardized measures for ASD (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS]), language (ADOS-language item), nonverbal IQ (NV-IQ; different tests adequate to chronological/mental age), and parent-reported behavioral problems (Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment, Child Behavior Checklist). RESULTS Latent-class growth curve analysis with ADOS total scores led to the identification of three main stable and two small improving groups: a severe-stable group (19.5% of sample)-the only group without considerable language improvement-showed persistent low NV-IQ and marked increase in attention problems over time; a moderate-stable group (21.7%) with below-average increasing NV-IQ; and a mild-stable group (48%) with stable-average NV-IQ and the highest scores on ADHD-related traits, whose ASD outcome diagnoses increased despite stable-low ASD scores. Two groups (each 5.4%) improved: one moved from severe to moderate ASD scores, and the other moved from moderate to mild/nonspectrum scores. Both of these groups improved on language, NV-IQ, and ADHD-related traits. CONCLUSION Results support the high stability of ASD symptoms into various severity levels, but also highlight the significant contribution of non-ASD domains in defining and explaining the different ASD trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne C Visser
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen
| | | | | | - Corina U Greven
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, and King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen
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14
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Herpers PCM, Klip H, Rommelse NNJ, Taylor MJ, Greven CU, Buitelaar JK. Taxometric analyses and predictive accuracy of callous-unemotional traits regarding quality of life and behavior problems in non-conduct disorder diagnoses. Psychiatry Res 2017; 253:351-359. [PMID: 28427034 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Callous-unemotional (CU) traits have mainly been studied in relation to conduct disorder (CD), but can also occur in other disorder groups. However, it is unclear whether there is a clinically relevant cut-off value of levels of CU traits in predicting reduced quality of life (QoL) and clinical symptoms, and whether CU traits better fit a categorical (taxonic) or dimensional model. Parents of 979 youths referred to a child and adolescent psychiatric clinic rated their child's CU traits on the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional traits (ICU), QoL on the Kidscreen-27, and clinical symptoms on the Child Behavior Checklist. Experienced clinicians conferred DSM-IV-TR diagnoses of ADHD, ASD, anxiety/mood disorders and DBD-NOS/ODD. The ICU was also used to score the DSM-5 specifier 'with limited prosocial emotions' (LPE) of Conduct Disorder. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses revealed that the predictive accuracy of the ICU and LPE regarding QoL and clinical symptoms was poor to fair, and similar across diagnoses. A clinical cut-off point could not be defined. Taxometric analyses suggested that callous-unemotional traits on the ICU best reflect a dimension rather than taxon. More research is needed on the impact of CU traits on the functional adaptation, course, and response to treatment of non-CD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre C M Herpers
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Center, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Helen Klip
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Center, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Center, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Corina U Greven
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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van der Meer JMJ, Lappenschaar MGA, Hartman CA, Greven CU, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. Homogeneous Combinations of ASD-ADHD Traits and Their Cognitive and Behavioral Correlates in a Population-Based Sample. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:753-763. [PMID: 24819924 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714533194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and ADHD are assumed to be the extreme manifestations of continuous heterogeneous traits that frequently co-occur. This study aims to identify subgroups of children with distinct ASD-ADHD trait profiles in the general population, using measures sensitive across both trait continua, and show how these subgroups differ in cognitive functioning. METHOD We examined 378 children (6-13 years) from a population-based sample. RESULTS Latent class analyses (LCA) detected three concordant classes with low (10.1%), medium (54.2%), or high (13.2%) scores on both traits, and two discordant classes with more ADHD than ASD characteristics (ADHD > ASD, 18.3%) and vice versa (ASD > ADHD, 4.2%). Findings suggest that ASD and ADHD traits usually are strongly related in the unaffected population, and that a minority of children displays atypical discordant trait profiles characterized by differential visual-spatial functioning. CONCLUSION This dissociation suggests that heterogeneity in ASD and ADHD is rooted in heterogeneity in the lower unaffected end of the distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda M J van der Meer
- 1 Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,2 Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Catharina A Hartman
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corina U Greven
- 1 Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- 1 Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,2 Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- 2 Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen The Netherlands.,5 Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Hartman CA, Geurts HM, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. Changing ASD-ADHD symptom co-occurrence across the lifespan with adolescence as crucial time window: Illustrating the need to go beyond childhood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:529-541. [PMID: 27629802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Literature on the co-occurrence between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is strongly biased by a focus on childhood age. A review of the adolescent and adult literature was made on core and related symptoms of ADHD and ASD. In addition, an empirical approach was used including 17,173 ASD-ADHD symptom ratings from participants aged 0 to 84 years. Results indicate that ASD/ADHD constellations peak during adolescence and are lower in early childhood and old age. We hypothesize that on the border of the expected transition to independent adulthood, ASD and ADHD co-occur most because social adaptation and EF skills matter most. Lower correlations in childhood and older age may be due to more diffuse symptoms reflecting respectively still differentiating and de-differentiating EF functions. We plea for a strong research focus in adolescence which may -after early childhood- be a second crucial time window for catching-up pattern explaining more optimal outcomes. We discuss obstacles and oppportunities of a full lifespan approach into old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE) & Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hilde M Geurts
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, d'Arc, & Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dr Leo Kannerhuis, Autism Clinic, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Visser JC, Rommelse NNJ, Greven CU, Buitelaar JK. Autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in early childhood: A review of unique and shared characteristics and developmental antecedents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:229-63. [PMID: 27026637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have overlapping characteristics and etiological factors, but to which extent this applies to infant- and preschool age is less well understood. Comparing the pathways to ASD and ADHD from the earliest possible stages is crucial for understanding how phenotypic overlap emerges and develops. Ultimately, these insights may guide preventative and therapeutic interventions. Here, we review the literature on the core symptoms, temperament and executive function in ASD and ADHD from infancy through preschool age, and draw several conclusions: (1) the co-occurrence of ASD and ADHD increases with age, severity of symptoms and lower IQ, (2) attention problems form a linking pin between early ASD and ADHD, but the behavioral, cognitive and sensory correlates of these attention problems partly diverge between the two conditions, (3) ASD and ADHD share high levels of negative affect, although the underlying motivational and behavioral tendencies seem to differ, and (4) ASD and ADHD share difficulties with control and shifting, but partly opposite behaviors seem to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne C Visser
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corina U Greven
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda N J Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE) and Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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van der Meer JMJ, Hartman CA, Thissen AJAM, Oerlemans AM, Luman M, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. How 'core' are motor timing difficulties in ADHD? A latent class comparison of pure and comorbid ADHD classes. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:351-60. [PMID: 26154019 PMCID: PMC4820471 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have motor timing difficulties. This study examined whether affected motor timing accuracy and variability are specific for ADHD, or that comorbidity with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) contributes to these motor timing difficulties. An 80-trial motor timing task measuring accuracy (μ), variability (σ) and infrequent long response times (τ) in estimating a 1-s interval was administered to 283 children and adolescents (8-17 years) from both a clinic and population based sample. They were divided into four latent classes based on the SCQ and CPRS-R L data. These classes were: without behavioral problems 'Normal-class' (n = 154), with only ADHD symptoms 'ADHD-class' (n = 49), and two classes with both ASD and ADHD symptoms; ADHD(+ASD)-class (n = 39) and ASD(+ADHD)-class (n = 41). The pure ADHD-class did not deviate from the Normal class on any of the motor timing measures (mean RTs 916 and 925 ms, respectively). The comorbid ADHD(+ASD) and ASD(+ADHD) classes were significantly less accurate (more time underestimations) compared to the Normal class (mean RTs 847 and 870 ms, respectively). Variability in motor timing was reduced in the younger children in the ADHD(+ASD) class, which may reflect a tendency to rush the tedious task. Only patients with more severe behavioral symptoms show motor timing deficiencies. This cannot merely be explained by high ADHD severity with ASD playing no role, as ADHD symptom severity in the pure ADHD-class and the ASD(+ADHD) class was highly similar, with the former class showing no motor timing deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda M. J. van der Meer
- />Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands , />Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- />Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrieke J. A. M. Thissen
- />Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands , />Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anoek M. Oerlemans
- />Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands , />Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Luman
- />Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands , />Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- />Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands , />Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N. J. Rommelse
- />Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands , />Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van Lieshout M, Luman M, Twisk JWR, van Ewijk H, Groenman AP, Thissen AJAM, Faraone SV, Heslenfeld DJ, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ, Oosterlaan J. A 6-year follow-up of a large European cohort of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-combined subtype: outcomes in late adolescence and young adulthood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:1007-17. [PMID: 26837866 PMCID: PMC4990613 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are very few studies on the long-term outcome of children and adolescents with ADHD-combined type in Europe. The objective of the present study is to assess the 6-year outcome (including pharmacological treatment) of a large cohort of participants with ADHD-combined type (N = 347, mean age 11.4 years) in late adolescence and early adulthood. At study entry and follow-up (mean age 17.4 years), participants were comprehensively assessed on ADHD and comorbid disorders by structured psychiatric interviews and multi-informant questionnaires. Overall functioning was assessed by the Children's Global Assessment Scale. The retention rate was 75.6 %. The majority of participants (86.5 %) persisted in a DSM-5 ADHD diagnosis, 8.4 % had a subthreshold diagnosis, and 5.1 % remitted from the disorder at follow-up. Comorbidities decreased strongly; oppositional defiant disorder: 58 > 31 %, conduct disorder: 19 > 7 %. At follow-up, mood- and anxiety disorders were virtually non-existent following strict criteria (1-3 %). Percentage of children having had pharmacological treatment at any time increased from 79 to 91 %. On the Children's Global Assessment Scale, 48.5 % of participants were still functionally impaired at follow-up. Parental ADHD, higher ADHD symptom severity at baseline and higher parent-reported impairment at baseline positively predicted current ADHD symptom severity (R (2) = 20.9 %). Younger baseline age, higher ADHD symptom severity at baseline and higher parent-reported impairment at baseline were positively associated with poorer overall functioning (R (2) = 17.8 %). Pharmacological treatment had no (beneficial) impact on either ADHD symptom severity or overall functioning. Results confirm that ADHD is largely persistent into late adolescence with severity and family history for the disorder as important risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes van Lieshout
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W. R. Twisk
- Department of Health Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke van Ewijk
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annabeth P. Groenman
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrieke J. A. M. Thissen
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N. J. Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Thissen AJAM, Bralten J, Rommelse NNJ, Arias-Vasquez A, Greven CU, Heslenfeld D, Luman M, Oosterlaan J, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman C, Franke B, Buitelaar JK. The role of age in association analyses of ADHD and related neurocognitive functioning: A proof of concept for dopaminergic and serotonergic genes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:471-479. [PMID: 25586935 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating genetic mechanisms involved in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been challenging. Relatively unexplored is the fact that genetic mechanisms can differ with age. The current study explored the association between dopaminergic and serotonergic genes, ADHD symptoms, and neurocognitive functioning in relation to age. Associations of three genetic ADHD risk factors, DAT1, DRD4, and 5-HTT with symptoms and six neurocognitive measures were explored in two samples of the NeuroIMAGE study: 756 children, adolescents, and young adults with ADHD, their siblings, and controls (M age 17 years, SD 3.2), and 393 parents with and without ADHD (M age 48 years, SD 4.8). Association analyses were performed in both samples, and effects were compared to address dichotomous age effects. Gene*age interactions were examined to address continuous age effects. Moderating effects of age were found for DRD4-7R carriership and ADHD symptoms in the adult group only; in the adolescents the 5-HTT LL genotype was differentially associated with inhibition and with motor timing at different ages, and to inhibition in adults; DAT1 10-6 haplotype carriership showed differential working memory performance depending on age. None of our effects survived correction for multiple comparisons. Our results are preliminary, but may point to differential genotype-phenotype associations at different ages. This can be seen as a proof of concept for the importance of age in dopaminergic and serotonergic genetic association analyses. Our findings are consistent with the idea that genetic and neurocognitive mechanisms underlying ADHD may change throughout life. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrieke J A M Thissen
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corina U Greven
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Heslenfeld
- Department of Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Department of Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Oerlemans AM, Hartman CA, de Bruijn YGE, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. Cognitive impairments are different in single-incidence and multi-incidence ADHD families. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:782-791. [PMID: 25346282 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We may improve our understanding of the role of common versus unique risk factors in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by examining ADHD-related cognitive deficits in single- (SPX), and multi-incidence (MPX) families. Given that individuals from multiplex (MPX) families are likely to share genetic vulnerability for the disorder, whereas simplex (SPX) ADHD may be the result of sporadic (non-)genetic causes unique to the patient, we hypothesized that cognitive impairments may be different in SPX and MPX ADHD as indicated by (a) the presence of cognitive deficits in MPX, but not SPX unaffected siblings and (b) dissimilar cognitive profiles in SPX and MPX ADHD patients. METHODS Tasks measuring total IQ, verbal attention, executive functioning, motor functioning, and time estimation were administered to 31 SPX/264 MPX ADHD probands, 47 SPX/123 MPX unaffected siblings, and 263 controls, aged 6-19 years. RESULTS SPX unaffected siblings were unimpaired compared to controls, except for verbal working memory, whereas MPX unaffected siblings showed impairments on most cognitive domains. The cognitive profiles of SPX and MPX probands were highly similar, except that verbal attention, response inhibition and motor control deficits were more pronounced in MPX probands, and -compared to their unaffected siblings- impairments in IQ, visual working memory and timing abilities were more pronounced in SPX cases. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that a partly different cognitive architecture may underlie SPX and MPX forms of ADHD, which becomes evident when contrasting cognitive performances within families. Cognitive factors underlying MPX forms of ADHD are familial, whereas nonfamilial in SPX ADHD. SPX-MPX stratification may be a step forward in unraveling diverse causal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoek M Oerlemans
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette G E de Bruijn
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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23
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Smeets KC, Leeijen AAM, van der Molen MJ, Scheepers FE, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. Treatment moderators of cognitive behavior therapy to reduce aggressive behavior: a meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:255-64. [PMID: 25138144 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Maladaptive aggression in adolescents is an increasing public health concern. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is one of the most common and promising treatments of aggression. However, there is a lack of information on predictors of treatment response regarding CBT. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed examining the role of predictors on treatment response of CBT. Twenty-five studies were evaluated (including 2,302 participants; 1,580 boys and 722 girls), and retrieved through searches on PubMed, PsycINFO and EMBASE. Effect sizes were calculated for studies that met inclusion criteria. Study population differences and specific CBT characteristics were examined for their explanatory power. There was substantial variation across studies in design and outcome variables. The meta-analysis showed a medium treatment effect for CBT to reduce aggression (Cohen'd = 0.50). No predictors of treatment response were found in the meta-analysis. Only two studies did examine whether proactive versus reactive aggression could be a moderator of treatment outcome, and no effect was found of this subtyping of aggression. These study results suggest that CBT is effective in reducing maladaptive aggression. Furthermore, treatment setting and duration did not seem to influence treatment effect, which shows the need for development of more cost-effective and less-invasive interventions. More research is needed on moderators of outcome of CBT, including proactive versus reactive aggression. This requires better standardization of design, predictors, and outcome measures across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C Smeets
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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van Steijn DJ, Oerlemans AM, van Aken MAG, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. The reciprocal relationship of ASD, ADHD, depressive symptoms and stress in parents of children with ASD and/or ADHD. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:1064-76. [PMID: 24114582 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of parental Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depressive symptoms on parenting stress in 174 families with children with ASD and/or ADHD, using generalized linear models and structural equation models. Fathers and mothers reported more stress when parenting with their child with ASD and/or ADHD than when parenting with the unaffected sibling; they also experienced more stress than a norm population. Depressive symptoms were most pronounced in the parents of children with ASD and ASD+ADHD. Spouse correlations were found for ASD, depression, and parenting stress. Paternal ASD and maternal ADHD symptoms were related to increased parenting stress, and parental ADHD symptoms with depressive symptoms and parenting stress. The results highlight the increased burden of raising a child with ASD and/or ADHD and the reciprocal relationship this has with parents' ASD, ADHD, and depressive symptoms, and levels of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne J van Steijn
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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25
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Beuker KT, Schjølberg S, Lie KK, Swinkels S, Rommelse NNJ, Buitelaar JK. ESAT and M-CHAT as screening instruments for autism spectrum disorders at 18 months in the general population: issues of overlap and association with clinical referrals. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 23:1081-91. [PMID: 24867341 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) and the Early Screening of Autistic Traits (ESAT) were designed to screen for autism spectrum disorders in very young children. The aim of this study was to explore proportions of children that screened positive on the ESAT or the M-CHAT and to investigate if screening positive on the ESAT and M-CHAT is associated with clinical referral by 18 months and other aspects of children's development, health, and behavior. In this study, the mothers of 12,948 18-month-old children returned a questionnaire consisting of items from the ESAT and M-CHAT, plus questions about clinical and developmental characteristics. The M-CHAT identified more screen-positive children than the ESAT, but the ESAT was associated with more clinical referrals and tended to identify more children with medical, language, and behavioral problems. A post hoc analysis of combining the two instruments found this to be more effective than the individual instruments alone in identifying children referred to clinical services at 18 months. Further analysis at the level of single items is warranted to improve these screening instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin T Beuker
- Department of Psychiatry (966), Nijmegen Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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26
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Oerlemans AM, Droste K, van Steijn DJ, de Sonneville LMJ, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. Co-segregation of social cognition, executive function and local processing style in children with ASD, their siblings and normal controls. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 43:2764-78. [PMID: 23532348 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive research proposes that social cognition (SC), executive functions (EF) and local processing style (weak CC) may be fruitful areas for research into the familial-genetic underpinnings of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The performance of 140 children with ASD, 172 siblings and 127 controls on tasks measuring SC (face recognition, affective prosody, and facial emotion recognition), EF (inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and verbal working memory) and local processing style was assessed. Compelling evidence was found for the interrelatedness of SC and EF, but not local processing style, within individuals and within families, suggesting that these domains tend to co-segregate in ASD. Using the underlying shared variance of these constructs in genetic research may increase the power for detecting susceptibility genes for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoek M Oerlemans
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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27
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Thissen AJAM, Luman M, Hartman C, Hoekstra P, van Lieshout M, Franke B, Oosterlaan J, Rommelse NNJ, Buitelaar JK. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and motor timing in adolescents and their parents: familial characteristics of reaction time variability vary with age. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53:1010-1019.e4. [PMID: 25151424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is consistent evidence that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is strongly related to impaired motor timing as reflected in decreased accuracy and increased reaction time variability (RTV). It is not known whether motor timing impairments are present in adolescents and adults with ADHD and their unaffected relatives to the same extent as has been reported in children, and whether ADHD and motor timing share familial underpinnings, as reflected in parent-offspring co-segregation and sibling cross-correlations. METHOD A total of 589 parents and 808 children/adolescents from families with ADHD and control families (parent/offspring average age: 48.6/17.3 years) were included. All participants were thoroughly assessed for ADHD and performed a 40-trial motor timing task (1-second interval production). Dependent neurocognitive measures included RT median (RTM: representing accuracy), RTV and ex-Gaussian component τ (τ: representing infrequent long response times). Generalized estimating equations were used for analyses. RESULTS Unaffected children from families with ADHD had RTV (but not RTM or τ) scores in between those of affected and control children. However, during middle-to-late adolescence, unaffected offspring were not impaired compared to control offspring and differed from ADHD probands, whereas during late adolescence/early adulthood, all offspring groups performed equally. Affected and unaffected parents of families with ADHD showed increased RTV compared to controls, regardless of age (not significant after adjusting for IQ). There were indications for shared familiality between RTV and ADHD as reflected by sibling cross-correlations and between RTM and ADHD as reflected by sibling cross-correlations and a maternal parent-offspring relation (parent-of-origin effect). CONCLUSIONS RTV and its familial characteristics are influenced by development during adolescence. Increased RTV in children with ADHD appears to reflect immaturities in their neurocognitive functioning. Maternal ADHD effects might be involved in transmission of RTM (not RTV), but overall RTM showed less compelling (familial) relationships with ADHD than RTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrieke J A M Thissen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Pieter Hoekstra
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen
| | | | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center
| | | | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands
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28
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Thissen AJAM, Rommelse NNJ, Altink ME, Oosterlaan J, Buitelaar JK. Parent-of-origin effects in ADHD: distinct influences of paternal and maternal ADHD on neuropsychological functioning in offspring. J Atten Disord 2014; 18:521-31. [PMID: 22628139 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712443159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors examined parent-of-origin effects in transmission of ADHD and neuropsychological functioning. Proof of these effects can identify more etiologically homogeneous ADHD subgroups and facilitate genetic studies. METHOD The authors included 238 ADHD and 147 control families. ADHD in children was assessed using parent and teacher ratings, while parents completed self-reports. Children were assessed with neuropsychological paradigms measuring IQ, motor, timing, and executive functions. RESULTS Paternal and maternal ADHD were equally positively related to ADHD in offspring. Paternal ADHD was related to poorer time reproduction in offspring and to lower verbal and total IQ in daughters. Maternal ADHD was related to poorer inhibition and motor control in offspring. No mediating effects of neuropsychological functions were found between parent and offspring ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION Neuropsychological functions may be more sensitive to parent-of-origin effects than ADHD symptoms and possibly useful in detecting the transmission of different gene-brain network pathways depending on parental sex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marieke E Altink
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Netherlands Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Groenman AP, Oosterlaan J, Rommelse NNJ, Franke B, Greven CU, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Luman M, Roeyers H, Oades RD, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV. Authors' reply. Br J Psychiatry 2014; 204:490-1. [PMID: 25029693 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.204.6.490b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annabeth P Groenman
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
| | - Nanda N J Rommelse
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
| | - Barbara Franke
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
| | - Corina U Greven
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
| | - Herbert Roeyers
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
| | - Robert D Oades
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
| | - Joseph A Sergeant
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Annabeth P. Groenman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Jaap Oosterlaan, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Nanda N. J. Rommelse, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Barbara Franke, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Corina U. Greven, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Marjolein Luman, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Herbert Roeyers, Department of Experimental Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Robert D. Oades, Biopsychology Group, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany; Joseph A. Sergeant, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Jan K. Buitelaar, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University N
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Oerlemans AM, van der Meer JMJ, van Steijn DJ, de Ruiter SW, de Bruijn YGE, de Sonneville LMJ, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. Recognition of facial emotion and affective prosody in children with ASD (+ADHD) and their unaffected siblings. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 23:257-71. [PMID: 23824472 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-013-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a highly heritable and clinically heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disorder that frequently co-occurs with other psychopathologies, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). An approach to parse heterogeneity is by forming more homogeneous subgroups of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients based on their underlying, heritable cognitive vulnerabilities (endophenotypes). Emotion recognition is a likely endophenotypic candidate for ASD and possibly for ADHD. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether emotion recognition is a viable endophenotypic candidate for ASD and to assess the impact of comorbid ADHD in this context. A total of 90 children with ASD (43 with and 47 without ADHD), 79 ASD unaffected siblings, and 139 controls aged 6-13 years, were included to test recognition of facial emotion and affective prosody. Our results revealed that the recognition of both facial emotion and affective prosody was impaired in children with ASD and aggravated by the presence of ADHD. The latter could only be partly explained by typical ADHD cognitive deficits, such as inhibitory and attentional problems. The performance of unaffected siblings could overall be considered at an intermediate level, performing somewhat worse than the controls and better than the ASD probands. Our findings suggest that emotion recognition might be a viable endophenotype in ASD and a fruitful target in future family studies of the genetic contribution to ASD and comorbid ADHD. Furthermore, our results suggest that children with comorbid ASD and ADHD are at highest risk for emotion recognition problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoek M Oerlemans
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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Thissen AJAM, Rommelse NNJ, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman C, Heslenfeld D, Luman M, van Lieshout M, Franke B, Oosterlaan J, Buitelaar JK. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and executive functioning in affected and unaffected adolescents and their parents: challenging the endophenotype construct. Psychol Med 2014; 44:881-892. [PMID: 23721667 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of twin and sibling studies suggest that executive functioning is a prime candidate endophenotype in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, studies have not assessed the co-segregation of executive function (EF) deficits from parents to offspring directly, and it is unclear whether executive functioning is an ADHD endophenotype in adolescents, given the substantial changes in prefrontal lobe functioning, EF and ADHD symptoms during adolescence. METHOD We recruited 259 ADHD and 98 control families with an offspring average age of 17.3 years. All participants were assessed for ADHD and EF [inhibition, verbal (VWM) and visuospatial working memory (VsWM)]. Data were analysed using generalized estimating equations (GEEs). RESULTS Parental ADHD was associated with offspring ADHD and parental EF was associated with offspring EF but there were no cross-associations (parental ADHD was not associated with offspring EF or vice versa). Similar results were found when siblings were compared. EF deficits were only found in affected adolescents and not in their unaffected siblings or (un)affected parents. CONCLUSIONS The core EFs proposed to be aetiologically related to ADHD, that is working memory and inhibition, seem to be aetiologically independent of ADHD in adolescence. EF deficits documented in childhood in unaffected siblings were no longer present in adolescence, suggesting that children 'grow out' of early EF deficits. This is the first study to document ADHD and EF in a large family sample with adolescent offspring. The results suggest that, after childhood, the majority of influences on ADHD are independent from those on EF. This has potential implications for current aetiological models of causality in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J A M Thissen
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N N J Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Luman
- VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - B Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - J K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nijmeijer JS, Arias-Vásquez A, Rommelse NNJ, Altink ME, Buschgens CJM, Fliers EA, Franke B, Minderaa RB, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA. Quantitative Linkage for Autism Spectrum Disorders Symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Significant Locus on Chromosome 7q11. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:1671-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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van Steijn DJ, Oerlemans AM, de Ruiter SW, van Aken MAG, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. Are parental autism spectrum disorder and/or attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder symptoms related to parenting styles in families with ASD (+ADHD) affected children? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 22:671-81. [PMID: 23564208 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-013-0408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An understudied and sensitive topic nowadays is that even subthreshold symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in parents may relate to their parenting styles. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of (the combined) effect of child diagnosis (ASD or ASD + ADHD affected/unaffected children) and parental ASD and/or ADHD on parenting styles. Ninety-six families were recruited with one child with a clinical ASD (+ADHD) diagnosis, and one unaffected sibling. Parental ASD and ADHD symptoms were assessed using self-report. The Parenting Styles Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) self- and spouse-report were used to measure the authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles. Fathers and mothers scored significantly higher than the norm data of the PSDQ on the permissive style regarding affected children, and lower on the authoritative and authoritarian parenting style for affected and unaffected children. Self- and spouse-report correlated modestly too strongly. Higher levels of paternal (not maternal) ADHD symptoms were suboptimally related to the three parenting styles. Further, two parent-child pathology interaction effects were found, indicating that fathers with high ADHD symptoms and mothers with high ASD symptoms reported to use a more permissive parenting style only towards their unaffected child. The results highlight the negative effects of paternal ADHD symptoms on parenting styles within families with ASD (+ADHD) affected offspring and the higher permissiveness towards unaffected offspring specifically when paternal ADHD and/or maternal ASD symptoms are high. Parenting training in these families may be beneficial for the well-being of all family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne J van Steijn
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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Groenman AP, Oosterlaan J, Rommelse NNJ, Franke B, Greven CU, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Luman M, Roeyers H, Oades RD, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV. Stimulant treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk of developing substance use disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2013; 203:112-9. [PMID: 23846996 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.112.124784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to increased risk for substance use disorders and nicotine dependence. AIMS To examine the effects of stimulant treatment on subsequent risk for substance use disorder and nicotine dependence in a prospective longitudinal ADHD case-control study. METHOD At baseline we assessed ADHD, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Substance use disorders, nicotine dependence and stimulant treatment were assessed retrospectively after a mean follow-up of 4.4 years, at a mean age of 16.4 years. RESULTS Stimulant treatment of ADHD was linked to a reduced risk for substance use disorders compared with no stimulant treatment, even after controlling for conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.91, 95% CI 1.10-3.36), but not to nicotine dependence (HR = 1.12, 95% CI 0.45-2.96). Within the stimulant-treated group, a protective effect of age at first stimulant use on substance use disorder development was found, which diminished with age, and seemed to reverse around the age of 18. CONCLUSIONS Stimulant treatment appears to lower the risk of developing substance use disorders and does not have an impact on the development of nicotine dependence in adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabeth P Groenman
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Steijn DJ, Richards JS, Oerlemans AM, de Ruiter SW, van Aken MAG, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NNJ. The co-occurrence of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in parents of children with ASD or ASD with ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012; 53:954-63. [PMID: 22537103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) share about 50-72% of their genetic factors, which is the most likely explanation for their frequent co-occurrence within the same patient or family. An additional or alternative explanation for the co-occurrence may be (cross-)assortative mating, e.g., the tendency to choose a partner that is similar or dissimilar to oneself. Another issue is that of parent-of-origin effect which refers to the possibility of parents differing in the relative quantity of risk factors they transmit to the offspring. The current study sets out to examine (cross-)assortative mating and (cross-)parent-of-origin effects of ASD and ADHD in parents of children with either ASD or ASD with ADHD diagnosis. METHODS In total, 121 families were recruited in an ongoing autism-ADHD family genetics project. Participating families consisted of parents and at least one child aged between 2 and 20 years, with either autistic disorder, Asperger disorder or PDD-NOS, and one or more biological siblings. All children and parents were carefully screened for the presence of ASD and ADHD. RESULTS No correlations were found between maternal and paternal ASD and ADHD symptoms. Parental ASD and ADHD symptoms were predictive for similar symptoms in the offspring, but with maternal hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, but not paternal symptoms, predicting similar symptoms in daughters. ASD pathology in the parents was not predictive for ADHD pathology in the offspring, but mother's ADHD pathology was predictive for offspring ASD pathology even when corrected for maternal ASD pathology. CONCLUSIONS Cross-assortative mating for ASD and ADHD does not form an explanation for the frequent co-occurrence of these disorders within families. Given that parental ADHD is predictive of offspring' ASD but not vice versa, risk factors underlying ASD may overlap to a larger degree with risk factors underlying ADHD than vice versa. However, future research is needed to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne J van Steijn
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Altink ME, Rommelse NNJ, Slaats-Willemse DIE, Vásquez AA, Franke B, Buschgens CJM, Fliers EA, Faraone SV, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J, Buitelaar JK. The dopamine receptor D4 7-repeat allele influences neurocognitive functioning, but this effect is moderated by age and ADHD status: an exploratory study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13:293-305. [PMID: 22111665 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2011.595822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence suggests the involvement of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) in the pathogenesis of ADHD, but the exact mechanism is not well understood. Earlier reports on the effects of DRD4 polymorphisms on neurocognitive and neuroimaging measures are inconsistent. This study investigated the functional consequences of the 7-repeat allele of DRD4 on neurocognitive endophenotypes of ADHD in the Dutch subsample of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics study. METHODS Participants were 350 children (5-11.5 years) and adolescents (11.6-19 years) with ADHD and their 195 non-affected siblings. An overall measure of neuropsychological functioning was derived by principal component analysis from five neurocognitive and five motor tasks. The effects of DRD4 and age were examined using Linear Mixed Model analyses. RESULTS The analyses were stratified for affected and non-affected participants after finding a significant three-way interaction between ADHD status, age and the 7-repeat allele. Apart from a main effect of age, a significant interaction effect of age and DRD4 was found in non-affected but not in affected participants, with non-affected adolescent carriers of the 7-repeat allele showing worse neuropsychological performance. In addition, carrying the 7-repeat allele of DRD4 was related to a significantly worse performance on verbal working memory in non-affected siblings, independent of age. CONCLUSIONS These results might indicate that the effect of the DRD4 7-repeat allele on neuropsychological functioning is dependent on age and ADHD status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke E Altink
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Frazier-Wood AC, Bralten J, Arias-Vasquez A, Luman M, Ooterlaan J, Sergeant J, Faraone SV, Buitelaar J, Franke B, Kuntsi J, Rommelse NNJ. Neuropsychological intra-individual variability explains unique genetic variance of ADHD and shows suggestive linkage to chromosomes 12, 13, and 17. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:131-40. [PMID: 22223442 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder that is usually accompanied by neuropsychological impairments. The use of heritable, psychometrically robust traits that show association with the disorder of interest can increase the power of gene-finding studies. Due to the robust association of intra-individual variability with ADHD on a phenotypic and genetic level, intra-individual variability is a prime candidate for such an attempt. We aimed to combine intra-individual variability measures across tasks into one more heritable measure, to examine the relatedness to other cognitive factors, and to explore the genetic underpinnings through quantitative trait linkage analysis. Intra-individual variability measures from seven tasks were available for 238 ADHD families (350 ADHD-affected and 195 non-affected children) and 147 control families (271 children). Intra-individual variability measures from seven different tasks shared common variance and could be used to construct an aggregated measure. This aggregated measure was largely independent from other cognitive factors related to ADHD and showed suggestive linkage to chromosomes 12q24.3 (LOD = 2.93), 13q22.2 (LOD = 2.36), and 17p13.3 (LOD = 2.00). A common intra-individual variability construct can be extracted from very diverse neuropsychological tasks; this construct taps into unique genetic aspects of ADHD and may relate to loci conferring risk for ADHD (12q24.3 and 17p13.3) and possibly autism (12q24.3). Given that joining of data across sites boosts the power for genetic analyses, our findings are promising in showing that intra-individual variability measures are viable candidates for across site analyses where different tasks have been used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Frazier-Wood
- Department of Epidemiology and Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health, USA
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Rommelse NNJ. Life before birth: are the dice tossed for the rest of our lives? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 21:181-3. [PMID: 22382495 PMCID: PMC3314808 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-012-0264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanda N. J. Rommelse
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Arias-Vásquez A, Altink ME, Rommelse NNJ, Slaats-Willemse DIE, Buschgens CJM, Fliers EA, Faraone SV, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J, Franke B, Buitelaar JK. CDH13 is associated with working memory performance in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Genes Brain Behav 2011; 10:844-51. [PMID: 21815997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Different analytic strategies, including linkage, association and meta-analysis support a role of CDH13 in the susceptibility to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). CDH13 codes for cadherin 13 (or H-cadherin), which is a member of a family of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion proteins and a regulator of neural cell growth. We tested the association between CDH13 on three executive functioning tasks that are promising endophenotypes of ADHD. An adjusted linear regression analysis was performed in 190 ADHD-affected Dutch probands of the IMAGE project. Three executive functions were examined: inhibition, verbal and visuo-spatial working memory (WM). We tested 2632 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within CDH13 and 20 kb up- and downstream of the gene (capturing regulatory sequences). To adjust for multiple testing within the gene, we applied stringent permutation steps. Intronic SNP rs11150556 is associated with performance on the Verbal WM task. No other SNP showed gene-wide significance with any of the analyzed traits, but a 72-kb SNP block located 446 kb upstream of SNP rs111500556 showed suggestive evidence for association (P-value range 1.20E-03 to 1.73E-04) with performance in the same Verbal WM task. This study is the first to examine CDH13 and neurocognitive functioning. The mechanisms underlying the associations between CDH13 and the clinical phenotype of ADHD and verbal WM are still unknown. As such, our study may be viewed as exploratory, with the results presented providing interesting hypotheses for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Psychiatry (966), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Rommelse NNJ, Peters CTR, Oosterling IJ, Visser JC, Bons D, van Steijn DJ, Draaisma J, van der Gaag RJ, Buitelaar JK. A pilot study of abnormal growth in autism spectrum disorders and other childhood psychiatric disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2011; 41:44-54. [PMID: 20428954 PMCID: PMC3005115 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the current study were to examine whether early growth abnormalities are (a) comparable in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and other childhood psychiatric disorders, and (b) specific to the brain or generalized to the whole body. Head circumference, height, and weight were measured during the first 19 months of life in 129 children with ASD and 59 children with non-ASD psychiatric disorders. Both groups showed comparable abnormal patterns of growth compared to population norms, especially regarding height and head circumference in relation to height. Thus abnormal growth appears to be related to psychiatric disorders in general and is mainly expressed as an accelerated growth of height not matched by an increase in weight or head circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda N J Rommelse
- Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Wood AC, Rijsdijk F, Johnson KA, Andreou P, Albrecht B, Arias-Vasquez A, Buitelaar JK, McLoughlin G, Rommelse NNJ, Sergeant JA, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Uebel H, van der Meere JJ, Banaschewski T, Gill M, Manor I, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Steinhausen HC, Faraone SV, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. The relationship between ADHD and key cognitive phenotypes is not mediated by shared familial effects with IQ. Psychol Med 2011; 41:861-871. [PMID: 20522277 PMCID: PMC3430513 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171000108x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twin and sibling studies have identified specific cognitive phenotypes that may mediate the association between genes and the clinical symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is also associated with lower IQ scores. We aimed to investigate whether the familial association between measures of cognitive performance and the clinical diagnosis of ADHD is mediated through shared familial influences with IQ. METHOD Multivariate familial models were run on data from 1265 individuals aged 6-18 years, comprising 920 participants from ADHD sibling pairs and 345 control participants. Cognitive assessments included a four-choice reaction time (RT) task, a go/no-go task, a choice-delay task and an IQ assessment. The analyses focused on the cognitive variables of mean RT (MRT), RT variability (RTV), commission errors (CE), omission errors (OE) and choice impulsivity (CI). RESULTS Significant familial association (rF) was confirmed between cognitive performance and both ADHD (rF=0.41-0.71) and IQ (rF=-0.25 to -0.49). The association between ADHD and cognitive performance was largely independent (80-87%) of any contribution from etiological factors shared with IQ. The exception was for CI, where 49% of the overlap could be accounted for by the familial variance underlying IQ. CONCLUSIONS The aetiological factors underlying lower IQ in ADHD seem to be distinct from those between ADHD and RT/error measures. This suggests that lower IQ does not account for the key cognitive impairments observed in ADHD. The results have implications for molecular genetic studies designed to identify genes involved in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Wood
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
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Kuntsi J, Wood AC, Rijsdijk F, Johnson KA, Andreou P, Albrecht B, Arias-Vasquez A, Buitelaar JK, McLoughlin G, Rommelse NNJ, Sergeant JA, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Uebel H, van der Meere JJ, Banaschewski T, Gill M, Manor I, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Steinhausen HC, Faraone SV, Asherson P. Separation of cognitive impairments in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into 2 familial factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:1159-67. [PMID: 21041617 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with widespread cognitive impairments, but it is not known whether the apparent multiple impairments share etiological roots or separate etiological pathways exist. A better understanding of the etiological pathways is important for the development of targeted interventions and for identification of suitable intermediate phenotypes for molecular genetic investigations. OBJECTIVES To determine, by using a multivariate familial factor analysis approach, whether 1 or more familial factors underlie the slow and variable reaction times, impaired response inhibition, and choice impulsivity associated with ADHD. DESIGN An ADHD and control sibling-pair design. SETTING Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1265 participants, aged 6 to 18 years: 464 probands with ADHD and 456 of their siblings (524 with combined-subtype ADHD), and 345 control participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Performance on a 4-choice reaction time task, a go/no-go inhibition task, and a choice-delay task. RESULTS The final model consisted of 2 familial factors. The larger factor, reflecting 85% of the familial variance of ADHD, captured 98% to 100% of the familial influences on mean reaction time and reaction time variability. The second, smaller factor, reflecting 13% of the familial variance of ADHD, captured 62% to 82% of the familial influences on commission and omission errors on the go/no-go task. Choice impulsivity was excluded in the final model because of poor fit. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest the existence of 2 familial pathways to cognitive impairments in ADHD and indicate promising cognitive targets for future molecular genetic investigations. The familial distinction between the 2 cognitive impairments is consistent with recent theoretical models--a developmental model and an arousal-attention model--of 2 separable underlying processes in ADHD. Future research that tests the familial model within a developmental framework may inform developmentally sensitive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Kuntsi
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
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Rommelse NNJ, Franke B, Geurts HM, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK. Shared heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 19:281-95. [PMID: 20148275 PMCID: PMC2839489 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-010-0092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are both highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders. Evidence indicates both disorders co-occur with a high frequency, in 20-50% of children with ADHD meeting criteria for ASD and in 30-80% of ASD children meeting criteria for ADHD. This review will provide an overview on all available studies [family based, twin, candidate gene, linkage, and genome wide association (GWA) studies] shedding light on the role of shared genetic underpinnings of ADHD and ASD. It is concluded that family and twin studies do provide support for the hypothesis that ADHD and ASD originate from partly similar familial/genetic factors. Only a few candidate gene studies, linkage studies and GWA studies have specifically addressed this co-occurrence, pinpointing to some promising pleiotropic genes, loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but the research field is in urgent need for better designed and powered studies to tackle this complex issue. We propose that future studies examining shared familial etiological factors for ADHD and ASD use a family-based design in which the same phenotypic (ADHD and ASD), candidate endophenotypic, and environmental measurements are obtained from all family members. Multivariate multi-level models are probably best suited for the statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda N J Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Reinier Postlaan 10, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Altink ME, Slaats-Willemse DIE, Rommelse NNJ, Buschgens CJM, Fliers EA, Arias-Vásquez A, Xu X, Franke B, Sergeant JA, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK. Effects of maternal and paternal smoking on attentional control in children with and without ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 18:465-75. [PMID: 19288168 PMCID: PMC2718195 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-009-0001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a risk factor for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but data on its adverse effects on cognitive functioning are sparse and inconsistent. Since the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy may be due to correlated genetic risk factors rather than being a pure environmental effect, we examined the effect of prenatal exposure to smoking on attentional control, taking into account the effects of both maternal and paternal smoking, and examined whether these effects were genetically mediated by parental genotypes. We further examined whether the effect of prenatal exposure to smoking on attentional control interacted with genotypes of the child. Participants were 79 children with ADHD, ascertained for the International Multi-centre ADHD Gene project (IMAGE), and 105 normal controls. Attentional control was assessed by a visual continuous performance task. Three genetic risk factors for ADHD (DRD4 7-repeat allele of the exon 3 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), DAT1 10/10 genotype of the VNTR located in the 3' untranslated region, and the DAT1 6/6 genotype of the intron 8 VNTR) were included in the analyses. Paternal smoking had a negative effect on attentional control in children with ADHD and this effect appeared to be mediated by genetic risk factors. The prenatal smoking effect did not interact with genotypes of the child. Maternal smoking had no main effect on attentional control, which may be due to lower smoking rates. This study suggests that the effects of paternal smoking on attentional control in children with ADHD should be considered a proxy for ADHD and/or smoking risk genes. Future studies should examine if the results can be generalized to other cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke E. Altink
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, HP 966, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Karakter Child and Adolescent University Centre Nijmegen, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorine I. E. Slaats-Willemse
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, HP 966, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Karakter Child and Adolescent University Centre Nijmegen, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N. J. Rommelse
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cathelijne J. M. Buschgens
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, HP 966, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen A. Fliers
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, HP 966, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, HP 966, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, HP 855, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, HP 966, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, HP 855, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph A. Sergeant
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience & Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Weiskotten Hall 3285, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, HP 966, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Karakter Child and Adolescent University Centre Nijmegen, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Rommelse NNJ, Altink ME, Fliers EA, Martin NC, Buschgens CJM, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J. Comorbid problems in ADHD: degree of association, shared endophenotypes, and formation of distinct subtypes. Implications for a future DSM. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2009; 37:793-804. [PMID: 19308723 PMCID: PMC2708322 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-009-9312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess which comorbid problems (oppositional defiant behaviors, anxiety, autistic traits, motor coordination problems, and reading problems) were most associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); to determine whether these comorbid problems shared executive and motor problems on an endophenotype level with ADHD; and to determine whether executive functioning (EF)-and motor-endophenotypes supported the hypothesis that ADHD with comorbid problems is a qualitatively different phenotype than ADHD without comorbid problems. An EF-and a motor-endophenotype were formed based on nine neuropsychological tasks administered to 816 children from ADHD-and control-families. Additional data on comorbid problems were gathered using questionnaires. Results indicated that oppositional defiant behaviors appeared the most important comorbid problems of ADHD, followed by autistic traits, and than followed by motor coordination problems, anxiety, and reading problems. Both the EF-and motor-endophenotype were correlated and cross-correlated in siblings to autistic traits, motor coordination problems and reading problems, suggesting ADHD and these comorbid problems may possibly share familial/genetic EF and motor deficits. No such results were found for oppositional defiant behaviors and anxiety. ADHD in co-occurrence with comorbid problems may not be best seen as a distinct subtype of ADHD, but further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda N J Rommelse
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Nijmeijer JS, Hoekstra PJ, Minderaa RB, Buitelaar JK, Altink ME, Buschgens CJM, Fliers EA, Rommelse NNJ, Sergeant JA, Hartman CA. PDD symptoms in ADHD, an independent familial trait? J Abnorm Child Psychol 2009; 37:443-53. [PMID: 19051006 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-008-9282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate whether subtle PDD symptoms in the context of ADHD are transmitted in families independent of ADHD, and whether PDD symptom familiality is influenced by gender and age. The sample consisted of 256 sibling pairs with at least one child with ADHD and 147 healthy controls, aged 5-19 years. Children who fulfilled criteria for autistic disorder were excluded. The Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ) was used to assess PDD symptoms. Probands, siblings, and controls were compared using analyses of variance. Sibling correlations were calculated for CSBQ scores after controlling for IQ, ADHD, and comorbid anxiety. In addition, we calculated cross-sibling cross-trait correlations. Both children with ADHD and their siblings had higher PDD levels than healthy controls. The sibling correlation was 0.28 for the CSBQ total scale, with the CSBQ stereotyped behavior subscale showing the strongest sibling correlation (r = 0.35). Sibling correlations remained similar in strength after controlling for IQ and ADHD, and were not confounded by comorbid anxiety. Sibling correlations were higher in female than in male probands. The social subscale showed stronger sibling correlations in elder than in younger sibling pairs. Cross-sibling cross-trait correlations for PDD and ADHD were weak and not-significant. The results confirm that children with ADHD have high levels of PDD symptoms, and further suggest that the familiality of subtle PDD symptoms in the context of ADHD is largely independent from ADHD familiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Nijmeijer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Rommelse NNJ, Altink ME, Arias-Vásquez A, Buschgens CJM, Fliers E, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Sergeant JA, Franke B, Oosterlaan J. A review and analysis of the relationship between neuropsychological measures and DAT1 in ADHD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:1536-46. [PMID: 18729135 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses indicate that the gene coding for the dopamine transporter (DAT1 or SLC6A3) is associated with an increased risk for ADHD. The mechanisms of this gene for ADHD are unclear. We systematically reviewed studies linking the VNTR in the 3' UTR of the DAT1 to neurophysiological and neuropsychological measures. In addition, a broad set of executive/cognitive and motor tests was administered to 350 children (5-11 years) and adolescents (11-19 years) with ADHD and 195 non-affected siblings. Two VNTRs (in intron 8 and the 3' UTR) and four SNPs (two 5' and two 3') in DAT1 were genotyped. The effect of the polymorphisms on neuropsychological functioning was studied. The review indicated that the majority of studies did not find a relation between DAT1 and neurophysiological or neuropsychological measures. In our sample, several of the polymorphisms of DAT1 were associated with ADHD and ADHD was associated with impaired neuropsychological functioning. However, none of the DAT1 polymorphisms was convincingly associated with neuropsychological dysfunctioning. This suggests that the effect of DAT1 on ADHD was not mediated by neuropsychological performance. However, since DAT1 is mainly expressed in the striatum and not the prefrontal cortex, it may influence striatum-related functions (such as delay aversion) more heavily than prefrontal related functions (such as executive functions). Associations of DAT1 with ADHD were only found in adolescents, which may suggest that DAT1 mainly exerts its effect in adolescence, and/or that having a more persistent form of ADHD may mark a more severe or homogeneous genetic form of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda N J Rommelse
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rommelse NNJ, Altink ME, Arias-Vásquez A, Buschgens CJM, Fliers E, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J, Franke B. Differential association between MAOA, ADHD and neuropsychological functioning in boys and girls. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:1524-30. [PMID: 18726986 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more common in boys than in girls. It has been hypothesized that this sex difference might be related to genes on the X-chromosome, like Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA). Almost all studies on the role of MAOA in ADHD have focused predominantly on boys, making it unknown whether MAOA also has an effect on ADHD in girls, and few studies have investigated the relationship between MAOA and neuropsychological functioning, yet this may provide insight into the pathways leading from genotype to phenotype. The current study set out to examine the relationship between MAOA, ADHD, and neuropsychological functioning in both boys (265 boys with ADHD and 89 male non-affected siblings) and girls (85 girls with ADHD and 106 female non-affected siblings). A haplotype was used based on three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs12843268, rs3027400, and rs1137070). Two haplotypes (GGC and ATT) captured 97% of the genetic variance in the investigated MAOA SNPs. The ATT haplotype was more common in non-affected siblings (P = 0.025), conferring a protective effect for ADHD in both boys and girls. The target and direction of the MAOA effect on neuropsychological functioning was different in boys and girls: The ATT haplotype was associated with poorer motor control in boys (P = 0.002), but with better visuo-spatial working memory in girls (P = 0.01). These findings suggest that the genetic and neuropsychological mechanisms underlying ADHD may be different in boys and girls and underline the importance of taking into account sex effects when studying ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda N J Rommelse
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rommelse NNJ, Altink ME, Oosterlaan J, Buschgens CJM, Buitelaar J, Sergeant JA. Support for an independent familial segregation of executive and intelligence endophenotypes in ADHD families. Psychol Med 2008; 38:1595-1606. [PMID: 18261248 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291708002869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairments in executive functioning (EF) and intelligence quotient (IQ) are frequently observed in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this paper was twofold: first, to examine whether both domains are viable endophenotypic candidates for ADHD and second to investigate whether deficits in both domains tend to co-segregate within families. METHOD A large family-based design was used, including 238 ADHD families (545 children) and 147 control families (271 children). Inhibition, visuospatial and verbal working memory, and performance and verbal IQ were analysed. RESULTS Children with ADHD, and their affected and non-affected siblings were all impaired on the EF measures and verbal IQ (though unimpaired on performance IQ) and all measures correlated between siblings. Correlations and sibling cross-correlations were not significant between EF and IQ, though they were significant between the measures of one domain. Group differences on EF were not explained by group differences on IQ and vice versa. The discrepancy score between EF and IQ correlated between siblings, indicating that siblings resembled each other in their EF-IQ discrepancy instead of having generalized impairments across both domains. Siblings of probands who had an EF but not IQ impairment, showed a comparable disproportionate lower EF score in relation to IQ score. The opposite pattern was not significant. CONCLUSIONS The results supported the viability of EF and IQ as endophenotypic candidates for ADHD. Most findings support an independent familial segregation of both domains. Within EF, similar familial factors influenced inhibition and working memory. Within IQ, similar familial factors influenced verbal and performance IQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N J Rommelse
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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