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Do family characteristics contribute to a socioeconomic gradient in overweight in early childhood? - Single mediation analyses of data on preschool children of Germany. Prev Med Rep 2023; 33:102178. [PMID: 37008454 PMCID: PMC10060745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Children's overweight is strongly associated with family socioeconomic position (SEP) and family characteristics (FC). There is limited research on the extent to which FC account for a socioeconomic gradient in childhood overweight. This study examined whether FC explain SEP differences in the prevalence of overweight. The study used baseline data of preschool-aged children from the German 'PReschool INtervention Study'. The sample (n = 872, 48% girls) was recruited at kindergartens in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Data included children's measured weight status and parents' reports on socioeconomic indicators (e.g., school education, vocational education, income) and FC. Variables represent main determinants of overweight (nutrition: sweets consumption in front of TV, soft drink consumption, regular breakfast, child sets table; physical activity: outdoor sports; parental role model). In single mediation analyses indirect effects of SEP on overweight were analysed (OR[95%CI]). Preschool girls and boys with low parental education had higher odds for overweight than children with high parental education. Among boys, low levels of parental education contributed to the odds of overweight via indirect effects by both factors 'sweets consumption in front of TV' (OR = 1.31[1.05-1.59]) and 'no sports' (OR = 1.14[1.01-1.38]). Among girls, FC measured did not explain SEP differences in overweight. Family nutrition and parental/family physical activity contribute to inequalities in overweight among preschool boys, but not girls. Research is needed to identify FC that explain inequalities in overweight for both.
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2
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Chang R, Li C, Qi H, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Birth and Health Outcomes of Children Migrating With Parents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:810150. [PMID: 35911841 PMCID: PMC9326113 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.810150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the birth and health outcomes of children migrating with parents internationally and domestically, and to identify whether the healthy migration effect exist in migrant children. Methods Five electronic databases were searched for cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort studies published from January 1, 2000 to January 30, 2021and written by English language, reporting the risk of health outcomes of migrant children (e.g., birth outcome, nutrition, physical health, mental health, death, and substance use) We excluded studies in which participants' age more than 18 years, or participants were forced migration due to armed conflict or disasters, or when the comparators were not native-born residents. Pooled odd ratio (OR) was calculated using random-effects models. Results Our research identified 10,404 records, of which 98 studies were retrained for analysis. The majority of the included studies (89, 91%) focused on international migration and 9 (9%) on migration within country. Compared with native children, migrant children had increased risks of malnutrition [OR 1.26 (95% CI 1.11-1.44)], poor physical health [OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.11-1.61)], mental disorder [OR 1.24 (95% CI 1.00-1.52)], and death [OR 1.11 (95% CI 1.01-1.21)], while had a lower risk of adverse birth outcome [OR 0.92 (95% CI 0.87-0.97)]. The difference of substance use risk was not found between the two groups. Conclusion Migrant children had increased risk of adverse health outcomes. No obvious evidence was observed regarding healthy migration effect among migrant children. Actions are required to address the health inequity among these populations. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#myprospero, identifier: CRD42021214115.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jianduan Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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3
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Hoffmann S, Sander L, Wachtler B, Blume M, Schneider S, Herke M, Pischke CR, Fialho PMM, Schuettig W, Tallarek M, Lampert T, Spallek J. Moderating or mediating effects of family characteristics on socioeconomic inequalities in child health in high-income countries - a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:338. [PMID: 35177014 PMCID: PMC8851861 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By explaining the development of health inequalities, eco-social theories highlight the importance of social environments that children are embedded in. The most important environment during early childhood is the family, as it profoundly influences children's health through various characteristics. These include family processes, family structure/size, and living conditions, and are closely linked to the socioeconomic position (SEP) of the family. Although it is known that the SEP contributes to health inequalities in early childhood, the effects of family characteristics on health inequalities remain unclear. The objective of this scoping review is to synthesise existing research on the mediating and moderating effects of family characteristics on socioeconomic health inequalities (HI) during early childhood in high-income countries. METHODS This review followed the methodology of "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews". To identify German and English scientific peer-reviewed literature published from January 1st, 2000, to December 19th, 2019, the following search term blocks were linked with the logical operator "AND": (1) family structure/size, processes, living conditions, (2) inequalities, disparities, diversities, (3) income, education, occupation, (4) health and (5) young children. The search covered the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. RESULTS The search yielded 7,089 records. After title/abstract and full-text screening, only ten peer-reviewed articles were included in the synthesis, which analysed the effects of family characteristics on HI in early childhood. Family processes (i.e., rules /descriptive norms, stress, parental screen time, parent-child conflicts) are identified to have mediating or moderating effects. While families' living conditions (i.e., TVs in children's bedrooms) are suggested as mediating factors, family structure/size (i.e., single parenthood, number of children in the household) appear to moderate health inequalities. CONCLUSION Family characteristics contribute to health inequalities in early childhood. The results provide overall support of models of family stress and family investment. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding the role of family health literacy, regarding a wide range of children's health outcomes (e.g., oral health, inflammation parameters, weight, and height), and the development of health inequalities over the life course starting at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hoffmann
- Department of Public Health, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitaetsplatz 1, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany.
| | - Lydia Sander
- Department of Public Health, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitaetsplatz 1, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wachtler
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Blume
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg (CPD-BW), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Max Herke
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Claudia R Pischke
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Paula Mayara Matos Fialho
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wiebke Schuettig
- Chair of Health Economics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Tallarek
- Department of Public Health, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitaetsplatz 1, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lampert
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Spallek
- Department of Public Health, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitaetsplatz 1, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany
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Rangelov N, Nogueira Avelar E Silva R, Suggs LS. Policy and Food Consumption: What Nutrition Guidelines Are Swiss Children Meeting and What Determines Adherence? Front Nutr 2021; 8:641799. [PMID: 34150824 PMCID: PMC8211762 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.641799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To describe the adherence of the children to the Swiss Society for Nutrition (SSN) dietary guidelines, assess determinants of adherence, and compare these findings with a previous study in the same population. Methods: Data from 312 children ages 5–12 were collected through a survey and a 2-day food record. The associations of children- and parent-related factors with adherence of the children to guidelines were assessed by logistic regression analyses. Results: SSN guidelines were not met for any food category, although there were improvements: vegetables (4.5% in this study vs. 0% in the previous study), sweets, snacks, and soft drinks (SSD) (12.5 vs. 9.5%), and fruit (45.5 vs. 10.4%). Higher Body Mass Index (BMI) in children was associated with higher adherence to guidelines for protein intake. Higher parental BMI was associated with higher adherence to vegetables. Parental lower educational level was associated with higher adherence for cereal. Conclusion: Despite improvements since the last eating behavior assessment in this population, children consume too little fruit, vegetables, cereal, and milk and dairy products, and too much SSD and proteins. Further efforts are needed to promote healthy eating to children and achieve adherence to guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rangelov
- BeCHANGE Research Group, Institute of Public Health and Institute of Public Communication, Universitá della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Nogueira Avelar E Silva
- BeCHANGE Research Group, Institute of Public Health and Institute of Public Communication, Universitá della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Medicine-Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L Suzanne Suggs
- BeCHANGE Research Group, Institute of Public Health and Institute of Public Communication, Universitá della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.,Swiss School of Public Health, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Ahmed S, Uddin R, Ziviani J, Khan A. Global Prevalence of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep of Immigrant Children: a Systematic Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 8:1364-1376. [PMID: 33124002 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although insufficient physical activity (PA), high sedentary behaviour (SB), and inadequate sleep are fairly common among children, little is known about these behaviours in immigrant children. This systematic review examined the prevalence of PA, SB, and sleep among immigrant children aged 5-17 years around the globe. METHODS Four electronic databases were searched to retrieve the English language peer-reviewed original articles published between 2000 and 2019. Cross-sectional, cohort, or longitudinal studies that reported on the prevalence of PA, SB, or sleep-related outcomes among immigrant children were included. RESULTS Of 2724 retrieved articles, 55 were selected for full-text screening and 12 met the eligibility criteria. Five studies were based on nationally representative samples. Over half (n = 7; 58%) of the studies assessed only PA, one reported only sleep, three reported both PA and SB, and one reported all three behaviours. Only one study used device-based measure. Assessment of PA and SB varied greatly across the studies with their differing definitions. The prevalence of doing PA ranged from 48 to 72%. Three studies reported an average sedentary time ranging from 1 to 3 h/day. One study reported that 10-13% of immigrant children in the USA had inadequate sleep. All of the studies reviewed were from Western countries with no study from non-Western countries. CONCLUSIONS Future studies should include all three movement behaviours and use standard assessment tools and definitions. Future research should extend beyond Western countries to non-Western countries with immigrant children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz Ahmed
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Therapies Annexe (84A), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Riaz Uddin
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Therapies Annexe (84A), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jenny Ziviani
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Therapies Annexe (84A), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Asaduzzaman Khan
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Therapies Annexe (84A), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Valarani F, Giuriato M, Puci MV, Vandoni M, Codella R, Lovecchio N. Cardiorespiratory fitness assessment using the PREFIT test in Italian children: a preliminary dataset. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:709-712. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Pereira JR, Zhang Z, Sousa-Sá E, Santos R, Cliff DP. Correlates of sedentary time in young children: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:118-130. [PMID: 32154761 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1741689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Young children appear to spend large portions of their waking time being sedentary. Understanding the correlates of sedentary time would assist in developing effective interventions among young children. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the current literature on the correlates of objectively measured sedentary time in young children aged 1-5.99y. Methods: This review was registered with PROSPERO (registration no. CRD42017081374) and aligned with the PRISMA Statement for systematic reviews. Five electronic databases (MEDline, CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, SportDiscus, Scopus) were searched up to October 26, 2017 for studies investigating correlates of sedentary time measured using objective devices. A semiquantitative approach was used to synthesize data. Results: Forty-five studies were retrieved comprising 13,430 participants, and 84 correlates of sedentary time in young children were evaluated. The associations between sex, sleep habits, daily patterns (childcare vs. non-childcare hours), childcare type and sedentary time were indeterminate. Thirty-nine correlates were consistently unrelated. Forty-one potential correlates were examined in too few studies (<4) to make confident conclusions. Parental sedentary behaviour was reported 3 times and maternal sedentary behaviour was reported once. Out of these four studies, three were positively associated with child sedentary time. Conclusions: Despite reviewing 45 studies that evaluated associations for 84 correlates, this review was unable to identify any consistent correlates of sedentary time in young children. Additional research is needed in this area to provide robust evidence of the correlates of sedentary time in young children, particularly for those examined in only a small number of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Pereira
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal.,Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity - CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Z Zhang
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - E Sousa-Sá
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - R Santos
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - D P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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8
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Arhab A, Messerli-Bürgy N, Kakebeeke TH, Stülb K, Zysset A, Leeger-Aschmann CS, Schmutz EA, Meyer AH, Munsch S, Kriemler S, Jenni OG, Puder JJ. Association of physical activity with adiposity in preschoolers using different clinical adiposity measures: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:397. [PMID: 31672126 PMCID: PMC6824011 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More research is needed about the association between physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and adiposity in preschoolers, particularly using more direct clinical measures of adiposity. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the association between objectively measured PA and different clinical adiposity measures in a large sample of preschoolers. METHODS Four hundred sixty-three predominantly normal-weight (77%) 2-6-year-old preschool children participated in the Swiss Preschoolers' Health Study (SPLASHY). Physical activity was measured using accelerometers and was analyzed using 15-s (uni-axial) epoch length using validated cut-offs. Adiposity measures included body mass index (BMI), the sum of four skinfolds, and waist circumference (WC). Multilevel linear regression modeling, adjusted for age, sex and wear time, was used to assess the association between PA and SB with BMI, WC, and skinfold thickness. RESULTS Total PA and different PA intensities were positively and SB was inversely associated with BMI in the total sample and in the normal-weight children (p < 0.05). Total PA was inversely associated with skinfold thickness in overweight and obese children (p < 0.05), while there was only a weak association for vigorous PA (p > 0.05). Moderate and moderate-to-vigorous PA were positively, and SB was negatively associated with WC in the total sample and in the normal-weight children (p < 0.05). Additional adjustment for potential sociocultural and biological confounding variables attenuated some of the results. CONCLUSIONS In this very young and predominantly normal-weight population, PA is positively related to BMI and WC, but this relationship is not observed in overweight and obese children. In this latter population, PA is inversely, and SB is positively related to skinfold thickness. Skinfold thickness could represent a useful and simple clinical measure of body fat in preschoolers. The role of vigorous PA in the prevention of early childhood obesity should be further investigated in future studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN ISRCTN41045021 . Retrospectively registered 06 May 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Arhab
- Obstetric Service, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Messerli-Bürgy
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology and Biological Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Stülb
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology and Biological Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Annina Zysset
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Einat A. Schmutz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea H. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jardena J. Puder
- Obstetric Service, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Factors Related to Physical Activity in Early Childhood: A Systematic Review. J Phys Act Health 2019; 16:925-936. [PMID: 31444315 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between biologico-demographical, sociocultural, and environmental factors and the performance of physical activity in early childhood. METHODOLOGY A systematic search was carried out of the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and LILACS, as well as Google Scholar, Open Grey, ClinicalTrials.gov, DARE, PROSPERO, Health Technology Assessment, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, from their first records to June 2018. The selection criteria were previously defined with respect to population age and article theme. No meta-analyses were carried out due to the heterogeneity of the studies. RESULTS The percentage of moderate to vigorous physical activity runs between 3% and 47%. Environmental and sociocultural factors were identified as exerting a greater influence on children's physical activity in early childhood, with the environmental factors being, according to almost all the study authors, the greater of the two. CONCLUSIONS According to the studies included in this research project, the factors identified as associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity are environmental (play in open spaces) and sociocultural (the role of the family and the physical activity of the mother). The evidence is not strong enough to conclude that biologico-demographic factors are significantly influential in the physical activity at this age.
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Merino-De Haro I, Mora-Gonzalez J, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Borras PA, Benito PJ, Chiva-Bartoll O, Torrijos-Niño C, Samaniego-Sánchez C, Quesada-Granados JJ, Sánchez-Delgado A, Dorado-García C, García-Martínez JM, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Labayen I, Ortega FB. Higher socioeconomic status is related to healthier levels of fatness and fitness already at 3 to 5 years of age: The PREFIT project. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:1327-1337. [PMID: 30588878 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1558509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and fatness and fitness in preschoolers. 2,638 preschoolers (3-5 years old; 47.2% girls) participated. SES was estimated from the parental educational and occupational levels, and the marital status. Fatness was assessed by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Physical fitness components were assessed using the PREFIT battery. Preschoolers whose parents had higher educational levels had lower fatness (P < 0.05). BMI significantly differed across occupational levels of each parent (P < 0.05) and WHtR across paternal levels (P = 0.004). Musculoskeletal fitness was different across any SES factor (P < 0.05), except handgrip across paternal occupational levels (P ≥ 0.05). Preschoolers with high paternal occupation had higher speed/agility (P = 0.005), and those with high or low maternal education had higher VO2max (P = 0.046). Odds of being obese and having low musculoskeletal fitness was lower as SES was higher (P < 0.05). Those with married parents had higher cardiorespiratory fitness than single-parent ones (P = 0.010). School-based interventions should be aware of that children with low SES are at a higher risk of obesity and low fitness already in the first years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Merino-De Haro
- a PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- a PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- a PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Pere A Borras
- b Physical activity and sport sciences research group, Schools for Health Europe Network Research Group , University of the Balearic Islands , Palma , Spain
| | - Pedro J Benito
- c LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF , Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Oscar Chiva-Bartoll
- d Department of Education and Specific Didactics, LIFE Research Group , University of Jaume I , Castellón , Spain
| | - Coral Torrijos-Niño
- e Health and Social Research Center , University of Castilla-La Mancha , Cuenca , Spain
| | - Cristina Samaniego-Sánchez
- f Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Sánchez-Delgado
- g Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences , University of Cádiz , Puerto Real , Spain
| | - Cecilia Dorado-García
- h Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Dept Physical Education , Palmas de Gran Canaria University , Las Palmas , Spain
| | - José M García-Martínez
- i Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences , University of Almeria , Almería , Spain.,j SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center , University of Almería , Almería , Spain
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- k GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) research group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001-Huesca, Spain), Department of Physiatry and Nursing , University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Idoia Labayen
- l Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra , Campus de Arrosadía , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- a PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,m Department of Biosciences and Nutrition , Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden
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Arhab A, Messerli-Bürgy N, Kakebeeke TH, Lanzi S, Stülb K, Zysset AE, Leeger-Aschmann CS, Schmutz EA, Meyer AH, Munsch S, Kriemler S, Jenni OG, Puder JJ. Childcare Correlates of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Adiposity in Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the SPLASHY Study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:9157194. [PMID: 30651743 PMCID: PMC6311763 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9157194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The childcare (CC) environment can influence young children's physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and adiposity. The aim of the study was to identify a broad range of CC correlates of PA, SB, and adiposity in a large sample of preschoolers. Methods 476 preschool children (mean age 3.9 yrs; 47% girls) participated in the Swiss Preschoolers' Health Study (SPLASHY). PA and SB were measured by accelerometry. Outcome measures included total PA (TPA), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), SB, body mass index (BMI), and skinfold thickness (SF). PA measures consisted of both daily PA during CC attendance days and overall daily PA (CC and non-CC days). Results We identified the following CC correlates for higher TPA and/or higher MVPA or lower SB during CC attendance days: older age, sex (boys), more frequent child-initiated interactions during CC, mixing different ages within a group, and the presence of a written PA policy in the CC (all p ≤ 0.02). The CC correlates for overall TPA and/or MVPA or lower overall SB including both CC and non-CC days were the following: older age, sex (boys), more frequent child-initiated interactions during CC, mixing different ages within a group, less parental PA involvement in the CC, and having a larger surface area in CC (all p ≤ 0.046). Correlates for lower SF were sex (boys) and parental PA involvement in the CC (all p ≤ 0.02), and, for lower BMI, only increased age (p=0.001) was a correlate. Conclusions More frequent child-initiated interactions and mixing different ages in CC, the presence of a written PA policy, and a larger CC surface are correlates of PA and SB during CC attendance days and/or of overall PA. Parental involvement in CC PA projects was a correlate for reduced body fat. These novel factors are mostly modifiable and can be tackled/addressed in future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Arhab
- Obstetric Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Messerli-Bürgy
- Obstetric Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Lanzi
- Obstetric Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Stülb
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Annina E. Zysset
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Einat A. Schmutz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea H. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jardena J. Puder
- Obstetric Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bringolf-Isler B, de Hoogh K, Schindler C, Kayser B, Suggs LS, Dössegger A, Probst-Hensch N. Sedentary Behaviour in Swiss Children and Adolescents: Disentangling Associations with the Perceived and Objectively Measured Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E918. [PMID: 29734712 PMCID: PMC5981957 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying correlates of sedentary behaviour across all levels of the ecological model and understanding their interrelations is a promising method to plan effective interventions. The present study examined whether the objectively assessed and the perceived neighbourhood are associated with children’s sedentary behaviour time (SBT). A comprehensive set of factors at different levels of influence across the ecological model were taken into account and analysed for mediating and modifying effects. Analyses were based on 1306 children and adolescents (6⁻16 years) participating in the population-based SOPHYA-study. Accelerometers were used to assess SBT, the perceived environment was examined by a validated parental questionnaire, and objective environmental data were allocated using GIS (ArcMap 10.2, Esri, Redlands, CA, USA) for each family’s residential address. A high perceived safety was associated with less SBT. Boys, those whose residential neighbourhood was characterized by dead ends in urban areas, a low main street density in the neighbourhood of children and greenness were less likely to exhibit SBT. The association of the objective environment with the respective parental perceptions was low and no significant mediating effect was found for the perceived environment. We conclude for land-use planning to reduce sedentary behaviour objective environments should be complemented with efforts to increase parental sense of security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bringolf-Isler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Schindler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - L Suzanne Suggs
- Institute of Public Communication, University della Svizzera italiana, Via G. Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Dössegger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland.
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Hands B, McIntyre F, Parker H. The General Motor Ability Hypothesis: An Old Idea Revisited. Percept Mot Skills 2018; 125:213-233. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512517751750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
While specific motor abilities have become a popular explanation for motor performance, the older, alternate notion of a general motor ability should be revisited. Current theories lack consensus, and most motor assessment tools continue to derive a single composite score to represent motor capacity. In addition, results from elegant statistical procedures such as higher order factor analyses, cluster analyses, and Item Response Theory support a more global motor ability. We propose a contemporary model of general motor ability as a unidimensional construct that is emergent and fluid over an individual’s lifespan, influenced by both biological and environmental factors. In this article, we address the implications of this model for theory, practice, assessment, and research. Based on our hypothesis and Item Response Theory, our Lifespan Motor Ability Scale can identify motor assessment tasks that are relevant and important across varied phases of lifespan development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Hands
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Fleur McIntyre
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Helen Parker
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
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Walsh AD, Crawford D, Cameron AJ, Campbell KJ, Hesketh KD. Associations between the physical activity levels of fathers and their children at 20 months, 3.5 and five years of age. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:628. [PMID: 28679435 PMCID: PMC5498873 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early childhood (under five years of age) is a critical developmental period when children’s physical activity behaviours are shaped and when physical activity patterns begin to emerge. Physical activity levels track from early childhood through to adolescence with low levels of physical activity associated with poorer health. The aims of this study were to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the physical activity levels of fathers and their children at the ages of 20 months, 3.5 and 5 years, and to investigate whether these associations differed based on paternal body mass index (BMI) and education. Methods The Melbourne Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial (InFANT) Program was a cluster randomized-controlled trial delivered to pre-existing first-time parent groups. Physical activity levels of fathers and their first-born children were assessed using the Active Australia Survey and ActiGraph accelerometers respectively. Cross-sectional associations between father and child physical activity behaviours were assessed at each time point. Longitudinal associations between father and child physical activity were also investigated from child age 20 months to both 3.5 and 5 years. Additional stratified analyses were conducted based on paternal BMI and paternal education as a proxy for socioeconomic position (SEP). Data from the control and interventions groups were pooled and all analyses adjusted for intervention status, clustering by first-time parent group and accelerometer wear time. Results Physical activity levels of fathers and their children at child age 20 months were not associated cross-sectionally or longitudinally at child age 3.5 and 5 years. Positive associations were observed between light physical activity of healthy weight fathers and children at age 3.5 years. Inverse associations were observed for moderate/vigorous physical activity between fathers and children at age 5 years, including between overweight/obese fathers and their children at this age in stratified analyses. Conclusions There were no clear associations between the physical activity of fathers and children. Future research should include the use of more robust measures of physical activity among fathers to allow in-depth assessment of their physical activity behaviours. Investigation of well-defined correlates of physical activity in young children is warranted to confirm these findings and further progress research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Walsh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia.
| | - David Crawford
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Adrian J Cameron
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia.,Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Karen J Campbell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie D Hesketh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
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15
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Walsh AD, Hesketh KD, van der Pligt P, Cameron AJ, Crawford D, Campbell KJ. Fathers' perspectives on the diets and physical activity behaviours of their young children. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179210. [PMID: 28604810 PMCID: PMC5467895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children’s learning about food and physical activity is considerable during their formative years, with parental influence pivotal. Research has focused predominantly on maternal influences with little known about the relationships between fathers’ and young children’s dietary and physical activity behaviours. A greater understanding of paternal beliefs regarding young children’s dietary and physical activity behaviours is important to inform the design and delivery of child-focussed health promotion interventions. This study aimed to describe fathers’ perceived roles in their children’s eating and physical activity behaviours. It also sought to document fathers’ views regarding how they could be best supported to promote healthy eating and physical activity behaviours in their young children. Methods In depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty fathers living in socio-economically diverse areas of metropolitan Melbourne, Australia who had at least one child aged five years or less. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. Results Thematic analysis of the transcripts revealed eight broad themes about fathers’ beliefs, perceptions and attitudes towards the dietary and physical activity behaviours of their young children: (i) shared responsibility and consultation; (ii) family meal environment; (iii) parental role modelling; (iv) parental concerns around food; (v) food rewards; (vi) health education; (vii) limiting screen time; and (viii) parental knowledge. Analysis of themes according to paternal education/employment revealed no substantial differences in the views of fathers. Conclusions This exploratory study presents the views of a socio-economically diverse group of fathers regarding the dietary and physical activity behaviours of their young children and the insights into the underlying perceptions informing these views. The findings suggest that fathers believe healthy eating behaviours and being physically active are important for their young children. Fathers believe these behaviours can be promoted and supported in different ways including through the provision of appropriate meal and physical activity environments and parental role modelling of desired dietary and physical activity behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Walsh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kylie D. Hesketh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Paige van der Pligt
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adrian J. Cameron
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - David Crawford
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Karen J. Campbell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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16
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Kakebeeke TH, Lanzi S, Zysset AE, Arhab A, Messerli-Bürgy N, Stuelb K, Leeger-Aschmann CS, Schmutz EA, Meyer AH, Kriemler S, Munsch S, Jenni OG, Puder JJ. Association between Body Composition and Motor Performance in Preschool Children. Obes Facts 2017; 10:420-431. [PMID: 28934745 PMCID: PMC5741161 DOI: 10.1159/000477406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Being overweight makes physical movement more difficult. Our aim was to investigate the association between body composition and motor performance in preschool children. METHODS A total of 476 predominantly normal-weight preschool children (age 3.9 ± 0.7 years; m/f: 251/225; BMI 16.0 ± 1.4 kg/m2) participated in the Swiss Preschoolers' Health Study (SPLASHY). Body composition assessments included skinfold thickness, waist circumference (WC), and BMI. The Zurich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNA) was used to assess gross and fine motor tasks. RESULTS After adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status, sociocultural characteristics, and physical activity (assessed with accelerometers), skinfold thickness and WC were both inversely correlated with jumping sideward (gross motor task β-coefficient -1.92, p = 0.027; and -3.34, p = 0.014, respectively), while BMI was positively correlated with running performance (gross motor task β-coefficient 9.12, p = 0.001). No significant associations were found between body composition measures and fine motor tasks. CONCLUSION The inverse associations between skinfold thickness or WC and jumping sideward indicates that children with high fat mass may be less proficient in certain gross motor tasks. The positive association between BMI and running suggests that BMI might be an indicator of fat-free (i.e., muscle) mass in predominately normal-weight preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Prof. Dr. Tanja H. Kakebeeke, Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland,
| | - Stefano Lanzi
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annina E. Zysset
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amar Arhab
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Messerli-Bürgy
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Stuelb
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Einat A. Schmutz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea H. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jardena J. Puder
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Obesity, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Educational Level Is Related to Physical Fitness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes - A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164176. [PMID: 27732627 PMCID: PMC5061350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low educational level (EL) and low physical fitness are both predictors of increased morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. It is unknown if EL is related to physical fitness. This would have important implication for the treatment approach of patients of low EL. Materials and Methods In 2011/12, we invited participants of a new nationwide Swiss physical activity program for patients with type 2 diabetes to participate in this study. EL was defined by self-report and categorized as low (mandatory education), middle (professional education) or high (high school/university). Physical fitness was determined using 5 validated measures that assessed aerobic fitness, functional lower limb muscle strength, walking speed, balance and flexibility. Potential confounder variables such as other socio-cultural factors, physical activity level, body composition, diabetes-related parameters and complications/co-morbidities as well as well-being were assessed. Results All invited 185 participants (mean age 59.6 ±9.8 yrs, 76 women) agreed to be included. Of all patients, 23.1% had a low, 32.7% a middle and 44.2% a high EL; 41.8% were professionally active. The study population had a mean BMI of 32.4±5.2 kg/m2 and an HbA1c of 7.3±1.3%. The mean diabetes duration was 8.8±7.4 years. In the baseline assessment, higher EL was associated with increased aerobic fitness, increased functional lower limb muscle strength, and increased walking speed using linear regression analysis (values for low, middle and high EL, respectively: 91.8 ± 27.9, 116.4 ± 49.7 and 134.9 ± 60.4 watts for aerobic fitness (p = 0.002), 15 ± 4.7, 13.9 ± 2.7, 12.6 ± 2.9 seconds for strength (p = 0.001) and 8.8 ± 1.6, 8.3 ± 1.4, 7.8 ± 1.4 seconds for walking speed (p = 0.004)). These associations were independent of potential confounders. Overall, aerobic fitness was 46%, functional limb muscle strength 16%, and walking speed 11% higher in patients of high compared to those of low EL. EL was not related to balance or flexibility. Discussion A main strength of the present study is that it addresses a population of importance and a factor (EL) whose understanding can influence future interventions. A second strength is its relatively large sample size of a high-risk population. Third, unlike studies that have shown an association between self-reported fitness and educational level we assessed physical fitness measures by a quantitative and validated test battery using assessors blinded to other data. Another novelty is the extensive evaluation of the role of many relevant confounder variables. Conclusions In conclusion, we show that in patients with type 2 diabetes EL correlates favorably and independently with important health-related physical fitness measures such as aerobic fitness, walking speed, and lower limb strength. Our findings underline that diabetic patients with low EL should be specifically encouraged to participate in physical activity intervention programs to further reduce social disparities in healthcare. Such programs should be structured and integrate the norms, needs and capacities (financial, time, physical capacities and self-efficacy) of this population, and their effectiveness should be tested in future studies. Trial Registration University of Lausanne clinicaltrials.gov NCT01289587
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Abstract
We provide an overview of Swiss child health care, describe the organizational structures of primary care services and hospital care in pediatrics, and analyze such significant challenges as the decline of the number of primary care physicians in communities and the economic and regulatory pressures on hospitals. We also offer thoughts and ideas for future directions, initiatives, and innovations to ensure that each child achieves the best possible health and quality of life, which is the ultimate goal of health care professionals. New developments should be promoted from a position of strength because Swiss pediatrics is well positioned, and its future remains bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar G Jenni
- Children's Research Center and the Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix H Sennhauser
- Children's Research Center and the Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Bingham DD, Costa S, Hinkley T, Shire KA, Clemes SA, Barber SE. Physical Activity During the Early Years: A Systematic Review of Correlates and Determinants. Am J Prev Med 2016; 51:384-402. [PMID: 27378255 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Being physically active during the early years (age 0-6 years) is vital for healthy development. Identifying correlates and determinants of physical activity (PA) is crucial to guide effective interventions. This systematic review synthesized studies investigating potential correlates and determinants of PA during the early years, accounting for different types of PA assessment. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Nine electronic databases were searched from inception year (1900) until September 2014; data were analyzed/interpreted in April 2015. The following inclusion criteria were used: written in English, published in peer-reviewed journals, participants not in statutory/school education, and an observational design investigating associations between an exposure/variable, and a quantitative measure of PA. Correlates/determinants of total, moderate to vigorous, and light PA were reported using an ecologic model. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Of 22,045 identified studies, 130 were included. All took place in high-income countries and few (6%) were of high quality. Correlates of total PA were sex (male, ++); parental PA (+); parental support (+); and time outdoors (+). Determinants of total PA were sex (+) and time spent playing with parents (+). The only correlate of moderate to vigorous PA was sex (male, ++). No determinants of moderate to vigorous or light PA were found. PA correlates/determinants were relatively consistent between objective and subjective PA measures. CONCLUSIONS Numerous studies investigated potential correlates and determinants of PA, but overall quality was low. A small number of demographic/biological and social/cultural factors were associated with PA. There is a need for high-quality studies exploring correlates/determinants across all domains of the ecologic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bingham
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom; Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom.
| | - Silvia Costa
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trina Hinkley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Katy A Shire
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stacy A Clemes
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Sally E Barber
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
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Ewart-Pierce E, Mejía Ruiz MJ, Gittelsohn J. "Whole-of-Community" Obesity Prevention: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities in Multilevel, Multicomponent Interventions. Curr Obes Rep 2016; 5:361-74. [PMID: 27379620 PMCID: PMC5962013 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-016-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The causes of obesity worldwide are complex and multilevel, including changing food environments, physical activity levels, policies, and food production systems. This intricate context requires multilevel and multicomponent (MLMC) interventions to improve health outcomes. We conducted a literature review of MLMC interventions for obesity prevention and mitigation; 14 studies meeting search criteria were identified. We found examples of successes in preventing obesity, reducing overweight, improving healthful behaviors, and enhancing some psychosocial indicators. Of eight studies that reported health and behavioral results, five showed no significant impact and three showed reductions in obesity. Four studies showed significant improvement in dietary behavior, and five reported significant desirable effects in physical activity or screen time. Five studies reported psychosocial impacts, and three of these showed significant improvements. MLMC approaches show promising results, particularly when they are able to integrate components at the policy, community, and interpersonal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Ewart-Pierce
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - María José Mejía Ruiz
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joel Gittelsohn
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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21
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Messerli-Bürgy N, Kakebeeke TH, Arhab A, Stülb K, Zysset AE, Leeger-Aschmann CS, Schmutz EA, Fares F, Meyer AH, Munsch S, Kriemler S, Jenni OG, Puder JJ. The Swiss Preschoolers' health study (SPLASHY): objectives and design of a prospective multi-site cohort study assessing psychological and physiological health in young children. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:85. [PMID: 27390933 PMCID: PMC4939002 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children’s psychological and physiological health can be summarized as the child’s thinking, feeling, behaving, eating, growing, and moving. Children’s psychological and physiological health conditions are influenced by today’s life challenges: Thus, stress exposure and lack of physical activity represent important health challenges in older children. However, corresponding evidence for young children is scarce. The aim of Swiss Preschoolers’ Health Study (SPLASHY) is to examine the role of stress and physical activity on children’s psychological and physiological health, particularly on cognitive functioning, psychological well-being, adiposity and motor skills in children at an early stage of childhood. We will also assess the role of child and environmental characteristics and aim to define sensitive time points. Methods/design In a total of 84 child care centers, children at preschool age (2–6 years) are recruited and are assessed immediately and one year later. Assessments include direct measurements of the children in the child care centers and at home as well as assessments of children’s behavior and environmental factors through informants (parents and child care educators). Discussion SPLASHY is one of the first studies in early childhood aiming to investigate the influence of stress and physical activity on children’s psychological and physiological health in a community-based longitudinal design. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN41045021 (date of registration: 21.03.14)
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Messerli-Bürgy
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Tanja H Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amar Arhab
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Stülb
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Annina E Zysset
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Einat A Schmutz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fady Fares
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea H Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jardena J Puder
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Obesity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Imhof K, Faude O, Donath L, Bean-Eisenhut S, Hanssen H, Zahner L. The association of socio-economic factors with physical fitness and activity behaviours, spinal posture and retinal vessel parameters in first graders in urban Switzerland. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1271-80. [PMID: 26548899 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1109703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Socio-economic status during childhood has been shown to be a strong predictor of adult health outcome. Therefore, we examined associations of parental educational level, household income and migrant background with physical fitness, spinal flexibility, spinal posture as well as retinal vessel diameters in children of an urban Swiss region. A total of 358 first graders of the Swiss canton Basel-Stadt (age: 7.3, SD: 0.4) were examined. Physical fitness (20 m shuttle run test, 20 m sprint, jumping sidewards and balancing backwards), spinal flexibility and spinal posture (MediMouse®, Idiag, Fehraltdorf, Switzerland) and retinal microcirculation (Static Retinal Vessel Analyzer, Imedos Systems UG, Jena, Germany) were assessed. Parental education, household income, migrant background and activity behaviour were evaluated with a questionnaire. Parental education was associated with child aerobic fitness (P = 0.03) and screen time (P < 0.001). Household income was associated with jumping sidewards (P = 0.009), balancing backwards (P = 0.03) and sports club participation (P = 0.02). Migrant background was associated with BMI (P = 0.001), body fat (P = 0.03), aerobic fitness (P = 0.007), time spent playing outdoors (P < 0.001) and screen time (P < 0.001). For spinal flexibility and retinal vessel diameter, no associations were found (0.06 < P < 0.8). Low parental education, low household income and a migrant background are associated with poor physical fitness, higher BMI and body fat percentage and low-activity behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Imhof
- a Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Medical Faculty , University of Basel , Basel-Stadt , Switzerland
| | - Oliver Faude
- a Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Medical Faculty , University of Basel , Basel-Stadt , Switzerland
| | - Lars Donath
- a Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Medical Faculty , University of Basel , Basel-Stadt , Switzerland
| | - Salome Bean-Eisenhut
- a Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Medical Faculty , University of Basel , Basel-Stadt , Switzerland
| | - Henner Hanssen
- a Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Medical Faculty , University of Basel , Basel-Stadt , Switzerland
| | - Lukas Zahner
- a Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Medical Faculty , University of Basel , Basel-Stadt , Switzerland
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23
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Bringolf-Isler B, Mäder U, Dössegger A, Hofmann H, Puder JJ, Braun-Fahrländer C, Kriemler S. Regional differences of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Swiss children are not explained by socio-demographics or the built environment. Int J Public Health 2015; 60:291-300. [PMID: 25567770 PMCID: PMC4342508 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-014-0645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether regional differences in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) existed along language boundaries within Switzerland and whether potential differences would be explained by socio-demographics or environmental characteristics. METHODS We combined data of 611 children aged 4 to 7 years from four regional studies. PA and SB were assessed by accelerometers. Information about the socio-demographic background was obtained by questionnaires. Objective neighbourhood attributes could be linked to home addresses. Multivariate regression models were used to test associations between PA and SB and socio-demographic characteristics and neighbourhood attributes. RESULTS Children from the German compared to the French-speaking region were more physically active and less sedentary (by 10-15 %, p < 0.01). Although German-speaking children lived in a more favourable environment and a higher socioeconomic neighbourhood (differences p < 0.001), these characteristics did not explain the differences in PA behaviour between French and German speaking. CONCLUSIONS Factors related to the language region, which might be culturally rooted were among the strongest correlates of PA and SB among Swiss children, independent of individual, social and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bringolf-Isler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland,
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24
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Systematic Review and Proposal of a Field-Based Physical Fitness-Test Battery in Preschool Children: The PREFIT Battery. Sports Med 2014; 45:533-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Hnatiuk JA, Salmon J, Hinkley T, Okely AD, Trost S. A review of preschool children's physical activity and sedentary time using objective measures. Am J Prev Med 2014; 47:487-97. [PMID: 25084681 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Identifying current physical activity levels and sedentary time of preschool children is important for informing government policy and community initiatives. This paper reviewed studies reporting on physical activity and time spent sedentary among preschool-aged children (2-5 years) using objective measures. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Databases were searched for studies published up to and including April 2013 that reported on, or enabled the calculation of, the proportion of time preschool children spent sedentary and in light- and moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity. A total of 40 publications met the inclusion criteria for physical activity and 31 met the inclusion criteria for sedentary time. Objective measures included ActiGraph, Actiwatch, Actical, Actiheart, and RT3 accelerometers, direct observation, and Quantum XL telemetry heart rate monitoring. Data were analyzed in May 2013. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Considerable variation in prevalence estimates existed. The proportion of time children spent sedentary ranged from 34% to 94%. The time spent in light-intensity physical activity and moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity ranged from 4% to 33% and 2% to 41%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The considerable variation of prevalence estimates makes it difficult to determine the "true" prevalence of physical activity and sedentary time in preschool children. Future research should aim to reduce inconsistencies in the employed methodologies to better understand preschoolers' physical activity levels and sedentary behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Hnatiuk
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria.
| | - Jo Salmon
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Trina Hinkley
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Interdisciplinary Education Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales
| | - Stewart Trost
- School of Human Movement Studies , University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Labree W, Lötters F, van de Mheen D, Rutten F, Rivera Chavarría A, Neve M, Rodenburg G, Machielsen H, Koopmans G, Foets M. Physical activity differences between children from migrant and native origin. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:819. [PMID: 25107379 PMCID: PMC4150961 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children from migrant origin are at higher risk for overweight and obesity. As limited physical activity is a key factor in this overweight and obesity risk, in general, the aim of this study is to assess to what degree children from migrant and native Dutch origin differ with regard to levels of physical activity and to determine which home environment aspects contribute to these differences. METHODS A cross-sectional survey among primary caregivers of primary school children at the age of 8-9 years old (n = 1943) from 101 primary schools in two urban areas in The Netherlands. We used bivariate correlation and multivariate regression techniques to examine the relationship between physical and social environment aspects and the child's level of physical activity. All outcomes were reported by primary caregivers. Outcome measure was the physical activity level of the child. Main independent variables were migrant background, based on country of birth of the parents, and variables in the physical and social home environment which may enhance or restrict physical activity: the availability and the accessibility of toys and equipment, as well as sport club membership (physical environment), and both parental role modeling, and supportive parental policies (social environment). We controlled for age and sex of the child, and for socio-economic status, as indicated by educational level of the parents. RESULTS In this sample, physical activity levels were significantly lower in migrant children, as compared to children in the native population. Less physical activity was most often seen in Turkish, Moroccan, and other non-western children (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Although traditional home characteristics in both the physical, and the social environment are often associated with child's physical activity, these characteristics provided only modest explanation of the differences in physical activity between migrant and non-migrant children in this study. The question arises whether interventions aimed at overweight and obesity should have to focus on home environmental characteristics with regard to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Labree
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University, P,O, Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Puder J, Pinto AM, Bonvin A, Bodenman P, Munsch S, Kriemler S, Marques-Vidal P. Health-related quality of life in migrant preschool children. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:384. [PMID: 23617686 PMCID: PMC3641990 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minority groups have a lower health-related quality of life (HRQOL), but there is little information if this finding also applies to children. In this study, we compared HRQOL between young children with and without migrant parents. METHODS Two cross-sectional studies of culturally diverse preschool populations in Switzerland: Ballabeina (40 preschools, 258 girls and 232 boys aged 4 to 6 years) and Youp'là Bouge (58 child care centers, 453 girls and 522 boys aged 2 to 4 years). Most children were born in Switzerland (Ballabeina: 92.3%; Youp'là Bouge: 93.7%). Number of migrant parents was considered as the main exposure. HRQOL was measured using the 23-item Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. RESULTS Children of migrant parents had a significantly lower HRQOL total score (mean ± SD, Ballabeina: 84.2 ± 9.1; 82.7 ± 9.6 and 81.7 ± 11.7 for children with none, one or two migrant parents, respectively; Youp'là Bouge: 83.8 ± 8.6; 82.9 ± 9.5; 80.7 ± 11.7, all p < 0.05). Similar results were found in Ballabeina and Youp'là Bouge for social, school and physical functioning (all p < 0.05), but not for emotional functioning. The differences in HRQOL measures were partly mediated by children's place of birth, parental education, paternal occupational level, children's BMI, screen time and physical activity in one study (Ballabeina), but not in the other (Youp'là Bouge). CONCLUSION In preschoolers, children of migrant parents have lower HRQOL than children of non-migrant parents. These differences are only partly mediated by other sociocultural characteristics or lifestyle behavior. These families may need assistance to prevent further inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardena Puder
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Bammann K, Gwozdz W, Lanfer A, Barba G, De Henauw S, Eiben G, Fernandez-Alvira JM, Kovács E, Lissner L, Moreno LA, Tornaritis M, Veidebaum T, Pigeot I. Socioeconomic factors and childhood overweight in Europe: results from the multi-centre IDEFICS study. Pediatr Obes 2013; 8:1-12. [PMID: 22888012 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED What is already known about this subject Overweight and obesity can be linked to different parental socioeconomic factors already in very young children. In Western developed countries, the association of childhood overweight and obesity and parental socioeconomic status shows a negative gradient. Ambiguous results have been obtained regarding the association between socioeconomic factors and childhood overweight and obesity in different countries and over time. What this study adds European regions show heterogeneous associations between socioeconomic factors and overweight and obesity in a multi-centre study with highly standardized study protocol. The strength of association between SES and overweight and obesity varies across European regions. In our study, the SES gradient is correlated with the regional mean income and the country-specific Human development index indicating a strong influence not only of the family but also of region and country on the overweight and obesity prevalence. OBJECTIVE To assess the association between different macro- and micro-level socioeconomic factors and childhood overweight. METHODS Data from the IDEFICS baseline survey is used to investigate the cross-sectional association between socioeconomic factors, like socioeconomic status (SES), and the prevalence of childhood overweight. Differences and similarities regarding this relationship in eight European regions (located in Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain and Sweden) are explored. 11 994 children (50.9% boys, 49.1% girls) and their parents were included in the analyses. RESULTS In five of the eight investigated regions (in Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Spain and Sweden), the prevalence of childhood overweight followed an inverse SES gradient. In the other three regions (in Cyprus, Hungary and Italy), no association between SES and childhood overweight was found. The SES-overweight association in a region was best explained by the country-specific human development index and the centre-specific mean income. For the investigated association between other socioeconomic factors and overweight, no clear pattern could be found in the different regions. CONCLUSION The association between socioeconomic factors and childhood overweight was shown to be heterogeneous across different European regions. Further research on nationwide European data is needed to confirm the results and to identify target groups for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bammann
- Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Herzig M, Dössegger A, Mäder U, Kriemler S, Wunderlin T, Grize L, Brug J, Manios Y, Braun-Fahrländer C, Bringolf-Isler B. Differences in weight status and energy-balance related behaviors among schoolchildren in German-speaking Switzerland compared to seven countries in Europe. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012. [PMID: 23190549 PMCID: PMC3541166 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight in children and adolescents have increased significantly and are a major public health problem. To allow international comparisons, Switzerland joined the European study ‘ENERGY’ cross sectional survey consortium that investigated the prevalence of overweight and obesity as well as selected dietary, physical and sedentary behaviors of 10–12 years old pupils across seven other countries in Europe. The aims of the present study was to compare body composition and energy-balance related behaviors of Swiss schoolchildren to those of the seven European ENERGY-countries and to analyze overweight and energy-balance related behaviors of Swiss children according to socio-demographic factors. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study among 10–12 year old children was conducted in Switzerland and seven other European countries using a standardized protocol. Body height, weight and waist-circumference were measured by trained research assistants. Energy-balance related behaviors –i.e. selected dietary, physical activity and screen-viewing behaviors were assessed by questionnaires. Weight status and behaviors in Switzerland were compared to the seven European ENERGY countries. Within the Swiss sample, analyses stratified by gender, parental education and ethnicity were performed. Results Data of 546 Swiss children (mean age 11.6±0.8y, 48% girls) were obtained and compared to the ENERGY- results (N=7.148; mean age 11.5±0.8y, 48% girls). In Switzerland significantly less children were overweight (13.9%) or obese (2.3%) compared to the average across the ENERGY-countries (23.7% and 4.7%, respectively), and were even somewhat lower than the ENERGY countries with the lowest prevalence. Sugar sweetened beverage intakes and breakfast habits of Swiss children did not differ significantly from those of ENERGY. However, the mean time devoted by Swiss children to walking or cycling to school and attending sports activities was significantly higher and screen time significantly lower compared to the other ENERGY-countries. Within the Swiss, sample relatively large and consistent differences were observed between children from native and non-native ethnicity. Conclusions The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Swiss children are substantial but significantly lower compared to all other European ENERGY-Partners, probably due to the fact that Swiss children were found to be more active and less sedentary comparing to the rest of the European sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Herzig
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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30
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The health of migrant children in Switzerland. Int J Public Health 2012; 57:659-71. [PMID: 22699954 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-012-0375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over 22 % of children and adolescents living in Switzerland have a migrant background. The aim of this systematic literature review is to give an overview of health needs of paediatric migrants in Switzerland. METHODS Three databases (Embase, Medline, Global health) were systematically searched for quantitative primary research on the health outcomes of migrant minors (<18-year old) in Switzerland, including articles published since 2000 in French, German, Italian or English. Citation chasing and search of non-indexed literature was also performed. RESULTS Thirty publications were identified. Compared to their Swiss peers, migrant children had higher hospitalisation (+40 %) and intensive care admission rates, more dental cavities, twice the odds of being obese, and migrant adolescents seemed more frequently affected by psychological problems and twice as often requesting abortions. Certain infectious diseases (tuberculosis, intestinal parasites, H. pylori infection, Hepatitis A) were more prevalent. Increased neonatal and infant mortality rates were found in Turkish and African babies. CONCLUSION Children of migrants may have distinct health needs. They should benefit from migrant paediatric care and health promotion activities that recognise these.
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Effect of a lifestyle intervention on adiposity and fitness in socially disadvantaged subgroups of preschoolers: a cluster-randomized trial (Ballabeina). Prev Med 2012; 54:335-40. [PMID: 22373886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A multidimensional lifestyle intervention performed in 652 preschoolers (72% of migrant, 38% of low educational level (EL) parents) reduced body fat, but not BMI and improved fitness. The objective of this study is to examine whether the intervention was equally effective in children of migrant and/or low EL parents. METHODS Cluster-randomized controlled single blinded trial, conducted in 2008/09 in 40 randomly selected preschools in Switzerland. The culturally tailored intervention consisted of a physical activity program and lessons on nutrition, media use and sleep. Primary outcomes included BMI and aerobic fitness. Secondary outcomes included %body fat, waist circumference and motor agility. RESULTS Children of migrant parents benefitted similarly from the intervention compared to their counterparts (p for interaction≥ 0.09). However, children of low EL parents benefitted less, although these differences did not reach statistical significance (p for interaction≥ 0.06). Average intervention effect sizes for BMI were -0.10, -0.05, -0.11 and 0.04 kg/m(2) and for aerobic fitness were 0.55, 0.20, 0.37 and -0.05 stages for children of non-migrant, migrant, middle/high EL and low EL parents, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This intervention was similarly effective among preschoolers of migrant parents compared to their counterparts, while children of low EL parents benefitted less.
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