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Sohi I, Shield KD, Rehm J, Monteiro M. Digital interventions for reducing alcohol use in general populations: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1813-1832. [PMID: 37864535 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
This article updates a 2017 review on the effectiveness of digital interventions for reducing alcohol use in the general population. An updated systematic search of the MEDLINE database was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from January 2017 to June 2022 that evaluated the effectiveness of digital interventions compared with no interventions, minimal interventions, and face-to-face interventions aimed at reducing alcohol use in the general population and, that also reported changes in alcohol use (quantity, frequency, quantity per drinking day, heavy episodic drinking (HED), or alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) scores). A secondary analysis was performed that analyzed data from RCTs conducted in students. The review was not preregistered. The search produced 2224 articles. A total of 80 studies were included in the review, 35 of which were published after the last systematic review. A total of 66, 20, 18, 26, and 9 studies assessed the impact of digital interventions on alcohol quantity, frequency, quantity per drinking day, HED, and AUDIT scores, respectively. Individuals randomized to the digital interventions drank 4.12 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.88, 5.36) fewer grams of alcohol per day, had 0.17 (95% CI 0.06, 0.29) fewer drinking days per week, drank approximately 3.89 (95% CI: 0.40, 7.38) fewer grams of alcohol per drinking day, had 1.11 (95% CI: 0.32, 1.91) fewer HED occasions per month, and had an AUDIT score 3.04 points lower (95% CI: 2.23, 3.85) than individuals randomized to the control condition. Significant reductions in alcohol quantity, frequency, and HED, but not quantity per drinking day, were observed among students. Digital interventions show potential for reducing alcohol use in general populations and could be used widely at the population level to reduce alcohol-attributable harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivneet Sohi
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin D Shield
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Gourlan M, Ricupero S, Carayol M, Cousson-Gélie F. Efficacy of theory-based interventions aimed at reducing binge drinking in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Soc Sci Med 2023; 317:115571. [PMID: 36455407 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Binge drinking is a widespread practice among adolescents worldwide and is associated with various harmful consequences. Theory-based interventions are a promising approach to prevent this drinking behaviour in this population. The aim of the present review was to determine: (1) the characteristics of theory-based interventions targeting binge drinking in adolescents, (2) the impact of such interventions on binge drinking, and (3) the quality of theoretical implementation. METHODS For this systematic review, randomised controlled trials were eligible for inclusion if the binge drinking-targeting intervention was based at least on one theoretical framework, and if the population's mean age was between 10 and 18 years. Two authors extracted relevant data. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of interventions on binge drinking. Effect sizes were calculated with the Hedges's g. Binge drinking was measured as a continuous or dichotomous outcome. The quality of theoretical implementation of interventions was measured using an existing "theory coding scheme". RESULTS Sixteen studies were identified. Ten were based on a single theory, and six on a combination of theories. The number and type of behaviour change techniques used in each intervention varied greatly. Theory-based interventions led to a small but significant decrease in binge drinking (Hedges's g = 0.10; 95% confidence interval = 0.04, 0.16). The quality of theoretical implementation was globally low, and the reciprocal link between behaviour change techniques and theoretical constructs was unclear for most studies. CONCLUSIONS Theory-based interventions have a small but significant beneficial impact on decreasing binge drinking in adolescents. Future research should try to be more effective in matching theoretical determinants of behaviour with the content of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gourlan
- Epidaure-Prevention Department of the Montpellier Cancer Institute, France; Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 -EPSYLON EA 4556, F34000, Montpellier, France.
| | - Sarah Ricupero
- Epidaure-Prevention Department of the Montpellier Cancer Institute, France; Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 -EPSYLON EA 4556, F34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Carayol
- Epidaure-Prevention Department of the Montpellier Cancer Institute, France; Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 -EPSYLON EA 4556, F34000, Montpellier, France; IAPS Laboratory "Impact of Physical Activity on Health", University of Toulon, France
| | - Florence Cousson-Gélie
- Epidaure-Prevention Department of the Montpellier Cancer Institute, France; Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 -EPSYLON EA 4556, F34000, Montpellier, France
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Ronteltap A, Bukman AJ, Nagelhout GE, Hermans RCJ, Hosper K, Haveman-Nies A, Lupker R, Bolman CAW. Digital health interventions to improve eating behaviour of people with a lower socioeconomic position: a scoping review of behaviour change techniques. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:145. [PMID: 36482430 PMCID: PMC9733085 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific approaches are needed to reach and support people with a lower socioeconomic position (SEP) to achieve healthier eating behaviours. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that digital health tools exhibit potential to address these needs because of its specific features that enable application of various behaviour change techniques (BCTs). The aim of this scoping review is to identify the BCTs that are used in diet-related digital interventions targeted at people with a low SEP, and which of these BCTs coincide with improved eating behaviour. The systematic search was performed in 3 databases, using terms related to e/m-health, diet quality and socioeconomic position. A total of 17 full text papers were included. The average number of BCTs per intervention was 6.9 (ranged 3-15). BCTs from the cluster 'Goals and planning' were applied most often (25x), followed by the clusters 'Shaping knowledge' (18x) and 'Natural consequences' (18x). Other frequently applied BCT clusters were 'Feedback and monitoring' (15x) and 'Comparison of behaviour' (13x). Whereas some BCTs were frequently applied, such as goal setting, others were rarely used, such as social support. Most studies (n = 13) observed a positive effect of the intervention on eating behaviour (e.g. having breakfast) in the low SEP group, but this was not clearly associated with the number or type of applied BCTs. In conclusion, more intervention studies focused on people with a low SEP are needed to draw firm conclusions as to which BCTs are effective in improving their diet quality. Also, further research should investigate combinations of BCTs, the intervention design and context, and the use of multicomponent approaches. We encourage intervention developers and researchers to describe interventions more thoroughly, following the systematics of a behaviour change taxonomy, and to select BCTs knowingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Ronteltap
- grid.438049.20000 0001 0824 9343Knowledge Centre Healthy and Sustainable Living, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, P.O. box 12011, 3501 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea J. Bukman
- grid.438049.20000 0001 0824 9343Knowledge Centre Healthy and Sustainable Living, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, P.O. box 12011, 3501 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gera E. Nagelhout
- IVO Research Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel C. J. Hermans
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.491176.c0000 0004 0395 4926Netherlands Nutrition Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Annemien Haveman-Nies
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Consumption and Healthy Lifestyles Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remko Lupker
- grid.36120.360000 0004 0501 5439Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine A. W. Bolman
- grid.36120.360000 0004 0501 5439Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Unhealthy alcohol and drug use are common among adolescents. A range of evidence-based interventions are available, but are rarely accessed by adolescents because of barriers such as cost, limited dissemination, lack of motivation to change, and logistical obstacles such as lack of transportation. Technology-delivered approaches may facilitate receipt of treatment in this vulnerable population. The limited number of controlled trials in this area present a mixed picture in terms of efficacy. Although sufficient to merit close attention and expanded research, the current literature points to a strong need for larger samples and greater use of rigorous and replicable methods.
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Im EO, Ji X, Kim S, Chee E, Bao T, Mao JJ, Chee W. Challenges in a Technology-Based Cancer Pain Management Program Among Asian American Breast Cancer Survivors. Comput Inform Nurs 2019; 37:243-249. [PMID: 31094913 PMCID: PMC6530489 DOI: 10.1097/cin.0000000000000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to discuss the challenges faced during a pilot study that tested a technology-based cancer pain management program among Asian American survivors of breast cancer and provide directions for future technology-based interventions for racial and ethnic minorities. Data consisting of research diaries and meeting minutes underwent content analysis to extract themes that reflected the challenges. The challenges included those related to (1) diversities within the population of Asian American survivors of breast cancer; (2) survivors' treatment and healing process; (3) Internet resources from the participants' countries of origin; (4) building trust between researchers and participants/gatekeepers; (5) fidelity of the intervention; and (6) cultural sensitivity. Future design and implementation of technology-based programs for racial and ethnic minorities must consider these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Im
- Author Affiliations: School of Nursing, Duke University (Drs Im, Kim, and W. Chee), Durham, NC; School of Nursing, University of Delaware (Dr Ji), Newark; School of Engineering, North Carolina State University (Ms E. Chee), Raleigh; and Integrative Breast Oncology (Dr Bao) and Integrative Medicine (Dr Mao), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Byrnes HF, Miller BA, Grube JW, Bourdeau B, Buller DB, Wang-Schweig M, Woodall WG. Prevention of alcohol use in older teens: A randomized trial of an online family prevention program. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2019; 33:1-14. [PMID: 30640504 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examines effects of a randomized controlled trial for an online, family-based prevention program for older teens, Smart Choices 4 Teens, on alcohol use and related outcomes. Families (N = 411; teen age M = 16.4, SD = 0.5) were randomly assigned to the intervention or control condition in 2014-2015. Both intent to treat (ITT) and dosage models were conducted. ITT models: At the 6-month follow-up, teens in the experimental condition reported fewer friends who had been drunk, and parents in the experimental group reported more communication about social host laws. At the 12-month follow-up, parents in the experimental condition reported consuming fewer drinks than parents in the control group. Dosage models: At the 6-month follow-up, dosage was inversely related to teen drinking in the past 6 months or 30 days, frequency of teen drinking during the past 6 months and 30 days, drinks consumed by teens over the past 6 months, teen drunkenness and binge-drinking during the past 30 days, teen reported communication about safe drinking and positively related to parent and teen reported communication about social host laws. At 12 months, dosage was inversely related to teen alcohol use, frequency of teen drinking over the past 30 days, drinks consumed by teens over the past 6 months and 30 days, and teen drunkenness over the past 6 months. Results suggest that Smart Choices 4 Teens is beneficial for families. Dissemination and implementation strategies that motivate completion of program content will improve outcomes related to older teens' alcohol use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary F Byrnes
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
| | - Brenda A Miller
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
| | - Joel W Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
| | - Beth Bourdeau
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
| | | | - Meme Wang-Schweig
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
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Kaner EFS, Beyer FR, Garnett C, Crane D, Brown J, Muirhead C, Redmore J, O'Donnell A, Newham JJ, de Vocht F, Hickman M, Brown H, Maniatopoulos G, Michie S. Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in community-dwelling populations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 9:CD011479. [PMID: 28944453 PMCID: PMC6483779 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011479.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol use contributes significantly to physical and psychological illness, injury and death, and a wide array of social harm in all age groups. A proven strategy for reducing excessive alcohol consumption levels is to offer a brief conversation-based intervention in primary care settings, but more recent technological innovations have enabled people to interact directly via computer, mobile device or smartphone with digital interventions designed to address problem alcohol consumption. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption, alcohol-related problems, or both, in people living in the community, specifically: (i) Are digital interventions more effective and cost-effective than no intervention (or minimal input) controls? (ii) Are digital interventions at least equally effective as face-to-face brief alcohol interventions? (iii) What are the effective component behaviour change techniques (BCTs) of such interventions and their mechanisms of action? (iv) What theories or models have been used in the development and/or evaluation of the intervention? Secondary objectives were (i) to assess whether outcomes differ between trials where the digital intervention targets participants attending health, social care, education or other community-based settings and those where it is offered remotely via the internet or mobile phone platforms; (ii) to specify interventions according to their mode of delivery (e.g. functionality features) and assess the impact of mode of delivery on outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ERIC, HTA and Web of Knowledge databases; ClinicalTrials.com and WHO ICTRP trials registers and relevant websites to April 2017. We also checked the reference lists of included trials and relevant systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effectiveness of digital interventions compared with no intervention or with face-to-face interventions for reducing hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption in people living in the community and reported a measure of alcohol consumption. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration. MAIN RESULTS We included 57 studies which randomised a total of 34,390 participants. The main sources of bias were from attrition and participant blinding (36% and 21% of studies respectively, high risk of bias). Forty one studies (42 comparisons, 19,241 participants) provided data for the primary meta-analysis, which demonstrated that participants using a digital intervention drank approximately 23 g alcohol weekly (95% CI 15 to 30) (about 3 UK units) less than participants who received no or minimal interventions at end of follow up (moderate-quality evidence).Fifteen studies (16 comparisons, 10,862 participants) demonstrated that participants who engaged with digital interventions had less than one drinking day per month fewer than no intervention controls (moderate-quality evidence), 15 studies (3587 participants) showed about one binge drinking session less per month in the intervention group compared to no intervention controls (moderate-quality evidence), and in 15 studies (9791 participants) intervention participants drank one unit per occasion less than no intervention control participants (moderate-quality evidence).Only five small studies (390 participants) compared digital and face-to-face interventions. There was no difference in alcohol consumption at end of follow up (MD 0.52 g/week, 95% CI -24.59 to 25.63; low-quality evidence). Thus, digital alcohol interventions produced broadly similar outcomes in these studies. No studies reported whether any adverse effects resulted from the interventions.A median of nine BCTs were used in experimental arms (range = 1 to 22). 'B' is an estimate of effect (MD in quantity of drinking, expressed in g/week) per unit increase in the BCT, and is a way to report whether individual BCTs are linked to the effect of the intervention. The BCTs of goal setting (B -43.94, 95% CI -78.59 to -9.30), problem solving (B -48.03, 95% CI -77.79 to -18.27), information about antecedents (B -74.20, 95% CI -117.72 to -30.68), behaviour substitution (B -123.71, 95% CI -184.63 to -62.80) and credible source (B -39.89, 95% CI -72.66 to -7.11) were significantly associated with reduced alcohol consumption in unadjusted models. In a multivariable model that included BCTs with B > 23 in the unadjusted model, the BCTs of behaviour substitution (B -95.12, 95% CI -162.90 to -27.34), problem solving (B -45.92, 95% CI -90.97 to -0.87), and credible source (B -32.09, 95% CI -60.64 to -3.55) were associated with reduced alcohol consumption.The most frequently mentioned theories or models in the included studies were Motivational Interviewing Theory (7/20), Transtheoretical Model (6/20) and Social Norms Theory (6/20). Over half of the interventions (n = 21, 51%) made no mention of theory. Only two studies used theory to select participants or tailor the intervention. There was no evidence of an association between reporting theory use and intervention effectiveness. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is moderate-quality evidence that digital interventions may lower alcohol consumption, with an average reduction of up to three (UK) standard drinks per week compared to control participants. Substantial heterogeneity and risk of performance and publication bias may mean the reduction was lower. Low-quality evidence from fewer studies suggested there may be little or no difference in impact on alcohol consumption between digital and face-to-face interventions.The BCTs of behaviour substitution, problem solving and credible source were associated with the effectiveness of digital interventions to reduce alcohol consumption and warrant further investigation in an experimental context.Reporting of theory use was very limited and often unclear when present. Over half of the interventions made no reference to any theories. Limited reporting of theory use was unrelated to heterogeneity in intervention effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen FS Kaner
- Newcastle UniversityInstitute of Health and SocietyRichardson RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE2 4AX
| | - Fiona R Beyer
- Newcastle UniversityInstitute of Health and SocietyRichardson RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE2 4AX
| | - Claire Garnett
- University College LondonResearch Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology1‐19 Torrington PlaceLondonUKWC1E 7HB
| | - David Crane
- University College LondonResearch Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology1‐19 Torrington PlaceLondonUKWC1E 7HB
| | - Jamie Brown
- University College LondonResearch Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology1‐19 Torrington PlaceLondonUKWC1E 7HB
| | - Colin Muirhead
- Newcastle UniversityInstitute of Health and SocietyRichardson RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE2 4AX
| | - James Redmore
- University of BristolPopulation Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School39 Whatley RoadBristolUKBS8 2PS
| | - Amy O'Donnell
- Newcastle UniversityInstitute of Health and SocietyRichardson RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE2 4AX
| | - James J Newham
- King's College LondonPrimary Care & Public Health SciencesAddison House, Guy's campusLondonUKSE1 1UL
| | - Frank de Vocht
- University of BristolSchool of Social and Community Medicine39 Whatley RoadBristolUKBS8 2PS
| | - Matthew Hickman
- University of BristolSchool of Social and Community Medicine39 Whatley RoadBristolUKBS8 2PS
| | - Heather Brown
- Newcastle UniversityInstitute of Health and SocietyRichardson RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE2 4AX
| | - Gregory Maniatopoulos
- Newcastle UniversityInstitute of Health and SocietyRichardson RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE2 4AX
| | - Susan Michie
- University College LondonResearch Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology1‐19 Torrington PlaceLondonUKWC1E 7HB
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Schinke S, Schwinn TM. Computer-Based Prevention and Intervention to Reduce Substance Use in Youth. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2017; 4:410-421. [PMID: 29354389 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-017-0171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Computer-based programs for substance use prevention and intervention among youth are on the ascendancy. Whether delivered by computer per se or by electronic tablet or smartphone, technology-driven programs are harmonious with how young people access information and interact with their worlds. This review examines recent evidence on computer-based programs aimed at substance use among youth, with particular attention to results from randomized trials. Recent Findings Outcome studies of computer-based, substance use-related programs published over the past 5 years reveal mixed results amidst diverse intervention approaches and delivery settings. Many studies are marred by high attrition. Notable in the recent literature is the international nature of technology-driven substance use prevention and intervention programs. With some exceptions, most programs appear to not have been customized for their recipient populations. Though few in number, the highest-quality studies of computer-based programs show positive outcomes in reduced substance use rates. Summary Based on recent findings, considerable work needs to happen before computer-delivered approaches are a proven means for reducing substance use among youth. Original programs, expressly developed for subgroups of youth, are in short supply. Though controlled designs are becoming commonplace, too many studies of computer-based programs suffer from flaws-including high rates of attrition-that limit the discovery of positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Schinke
- Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027
| | - Traci Marie Schwinn
- Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027
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Garnett C, Crane D, Michie S, West R, Brown J. Evaluating the effectiveness of a smartphone app to reduce excessive alcohol consumption: protocol for a factorial randomised control trial. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:536. [PMID: 27392430 PMCID: PMC4939028 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive alcohol consumption is a leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide and interventions to help people reduce their consumption are needed. Interventions delivered by smartphone apps have the potential to help harmful and hazardous drinkers reduce their consumption of alcohol. However, there has been little evaluation of the effectiveness of existing smartphone interventions. A systematic review, amongst other methodologies, identified promising modular content that could be delivered by an app: self-monitoring and feedback; action planning; normative feedback; cognitive bias re-training; and identity change. This protocol reports a factorial randomised controlled trial to assess the comparative potential of these five intervention modules to reduce excessive alcohol consumption. Methods A between-subject factorial randomised controlled trial. Hazardous and harmful drinkers aged 18 or over who are making a serious attempt to reduce their drinking will be randomised to one of 32 (25) experimental conditions after downloading the ‘Drink Less’ app. Participants complete baseline measures on downloading the app and are contacted after 1-month with a follow-up questionnaire. The primary outcome measure is change in past week consumption of alcohol. Secondary outcome measures are change in AUDIT score, app usage data and usability ratings for the app. A factorial between-subjects ANOVA will be conducted to assess main and interactive effects of the five intervention modules for the primary and secondary outcome measures. Discussion This study will establish the extent to which the five intervention modules offered in this app can help reduce hazardous and harmful drinking. This is the first step in optimising and understanding what component parts of an app could help to reduce excessive alcohol consumption. The findings from this study will be used to inform the content of a future integrated treatment app and evaluated against a minimal control in a definitive randomised control trial with long-term outcomes. Trial registration ISRCTN40104069 Date of registration: 10/2/2016 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3140-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Garnett
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1 -19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
| | - David Crane
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1 -19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Susan Michie
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1 -19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.,National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training, London, UK
| | - Robert West
- Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1 -19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.,Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
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Arnaud N, Baldus C, Elgán TH, De Paepe N, Tønnesen H, Csémy L, Thomasius R. Effectiveness of a Web-Based Screening and Fully Automated Brief Motivational Intervention for Adolescent Substance Use: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2016; 18:e103. [PMID: 27220276 PMCID: PMC4897296 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mid-to-late adolescence is a critical period for initiation of alcohol and drug problems, which can be reduced by targeted brief motivational interventions. Web-based brief interventions have advantages in terms of acceptability and accessibility and have shown significant reductions of substance use among college students. However, the evidence is sparse among adolescents with at-risk use of alcohol and other drugs. Objective This study evaluated the effectiveness of a targeted and fully automated Web-based brief motivational intervention with no face-to-face components on substance use among adolescents screened for at-risk substance use in four European countries. Methods In an open-access, purely Web-based randomized controlled trial, a convenience sample of adolescents aged 16-18 years from Sweden, Germany, Belgium, and the Czech Republic was recruited using online and offline methods and screened online for at-risk substance use using the CRAFFT (Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble) screening instrument. Participants were randomized to a single session brief motivational intervention group or an assessment-only control group but not blinded. Primary outcome was differences in past month drinking measured by a self-reported AUDIT-C-based index score for drinking frequency, quantity, and frequency of binge drinking with measures collected online at baseline and after 3 months. Secondary outcomes were the AUDIT-C-based separate drinking indicators, illegal drug use, and polydrug use. All outcome analyses were conducted with and without Expectation Maximization (EM) imputation of missing follow-up data. Results In total, 2673 adolescents were screened and 1449 (54.2%) participants were randomized to the intervention or control group. After 3 months, 211 adolescents (14.5%) provided follow-up data. Compared to the control group, results from linear mixed models revealed significant reductions in self-reported past-month drinking in favor of the intervention group in both the non-imputed (P=.010) and the EM-imputed sample (P=.022). Secondary analyses revealed a significant effect on drinking frequency (P=.037) and frequency of binge drinking (P=.044) in the non-imputation-based analyses and drinking quantity (P=.021) when missing data were imputed. Analyses for illegal drug use and polydrug use revealed no significant differences between the study groups (Ps>.05). Conclusions Although the study is limited by a large drop-out, significant between-group effects for alcohol use indicate that targeted brief motivational intervention in a fully automated Web-based format can be effective to reduce drinking and lessen existing substance use service barriers for at-risk drinking European adolescents. Trial Registration International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Registry: ISRCTN95538913; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN95538913 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6XkuUEwBx)
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Arnaud
- German Centre for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Drost RMWA, Paulus ATG, Jander AF, Mercken L, de Vries H, Ruwaard D, Evers SMAA. A Web-Based Computer-Tailored Alcohol Prevention Program for Adolescents: Cost-Effectiveness and Intersectoral Costs and Benefits. J Med Internet Res 2016; 18:e93. [PMID: 27103154 PMCID: PMC4858595 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preventing excessive alcohol use among adolescents is important not only to foster individual and public health, but also to reduce alcohol-related costs inside and outside the health care sector. Computer tailoring can be both effective and cost-effective for working with many lifestyle behaviors, yet the available information on the cost-effectiveness of computer tailoring for reducing alcohol use by adolescents is limited as is information on the costs and benefits pertaining to sectors outside the health care sector, also known as intersectoral costs and benefits (ICBs). Objective The aim was to assess the cost-effectiveness of a Web-based computer-tailored intervention for reducing alcohol use and binge drinking by adolescents from a health care perspective (excluding ICBs) and from a societal perspective (including ICBs). Methods Data used were from the Alcoholic Alert study, a cluster randomized controlled trial with randomization at the level of schools into two conditions. Participants either played a game with tailored feedback on alcohol awareness after the baseline assessment (intervention condition) or received care as usual (CAU), meaning that they had the opportunity to play the game subsequent to the final measurement (waiting list control condition). Data were recorded at baseline (T0=January/February 2014) and after 4 months (T1=May/June 2014) and were used to calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), both from a health care perspective and a societal perspective. Stochastic uncertainty in the data was dealt with by using nonparametric bootstraps (5000 simulated replications). Additional sensitivity analyses were conducted based on excluding cost outliers. Subgroup cost-effectiveness analyses were conducted based on several background variables, including gender, age, educational level, religion, and ethnicity. Results From both the health care perspective and the societal perspective for both outcome measures, the intervention was more costly and more effective in comparison with CAU. ICERs differed for both perspectives, namely €40 and €79 from the health care perspective to €62 and €144 for the societal perspective per incremental reduction of one glass of alcohol per week and one binge drinking occasion per 30 days, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed, from both perspectives and for both outcome measures, that the intervention was cost-effective for older adolescents (aged 17-19 years) and those at a lower educational level and, from a health care perspective, the male and nonreligious adolescent subgroups. Conclusions Computer-tailored feedback could be a cost-effective way to target alcohol use and binge drinking among adolescents. Including ICBs in the economic evaluation had an impact on the cost-effectiveness results of the analysis. It could be worthwhile to aim the intervention specifically at specific subgroups. Trial Registration Nederlands Trial Register: NTR4048; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=4048 (Archived by Webcite at http://www.webcitation.org/6c7omN8wG)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M W A Drost
- Department of Health Services Research, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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12
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Jander A, Crutzen R, Mercken L, De Vries H. Web-based interventions to decrease alcohol use in adolescents: a Delphi study about increasing effectiveness and reducing drop-out. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:340. [PMID: 25881254 PMCID: PMC4404642 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Web-based computer-tailored (CT) interventions have a high potential to reach a large number of people and effectively change health risk behaviors and their determinants. However, effect studies show small and variable effect sizes, and these interventions also suffer from high drop-out. In this study we explored how Web-based CT interventions can be used effectively to reduce binge drinking in 16- to 18-year-old adolescents. METHOD A three-round Delphi study was conducted. We invited experts to identify strategies to be used in Web-based CT interventions that can effectively decrease binge drinking in adolescents and to rate these strategies by importance. We asked to discriminate between interventions targeted for adolescents and those targeted for parents. Furthermore, we asked experts to suggest strategies for reducing drop-out and to indicate their importance. RESULTS Important strategies mentioned by the experts were: encouraging parents to set appropriate rules, encouraging consistent communication, and training refusal skills among adolescents. Concerning the reduction of drop-out from Web-based CT interventions experts came up with suggestions involving the content of the intervention (e.g., relevant material, use of language, tailored messages) but also involving the use of reminders and incentives. CONCLUSIONS The results of this explorative study provide useful strategies to increase effectiveness and decrease drop-out in future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Jander
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, School for Public Health and Primary Care CAPHRI, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Rik Crutzen
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, School for Public Health and Primary Care CAPHRI, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Liesbeth Mercken
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, School for Public Health and Primary Care CAPHRI, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Hein De Vries
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, School for Public Health and Primary Care CAPHRI, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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Choo EK, Beauchamp G, Beaudoin FL, Bernstein E, Bernstein J, Bernstein SL, Broderick KB, Cannon RD, D'Onofrio G, Greenberg MR, Hawk K, Hayes RB, Jacquet GA, Lippmann MJ, Rhodes KV, Watts SH, Boudreaux ED. A research agenda for gender and substance use disorders in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2014; 21:1438-46. [PMID: 25444022 DOI: 10.1111/acem.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For many years, gender differences have been recognized as important factors in the etiology, pathophysiology, comorbidities, and treatment needs and outcomes associated with the use of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco. However, little is known about how these gender-specific differences affect ED utilization; responses to ED-based interventions; needs for substance use treatment and barriers to accessing care among patients in the ED; or outcomes after an alcohol-, drug-, or tobacco-related visit. As part of the 2014 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference on "Gender-Specific Research in Emergency Care: Investigate, Understand and Translate How Gender Affects Patient Outcomes," a breakout group convened to generate a research agenda on priority questions related to substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther K. Choo
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence RI
| | - Gillian Beauchamp
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Oregon Health & Sciences University; Portland OR
| | - Francesca L. Beaudoin
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence RI
| | - Edward Bernstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston MA
- Department of Community Health Sciences; Boston University School of Public Health; Boston MA
| | - Judith Bernstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston MA
- Department of Community Health Sciences; Boston University School of Public Health; Boston MA
| | | | - Kerryann B. Broderick
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Denver Health; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Denver CO
| | - Robert D. Cannon
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Lehigh Valley Hospital; University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine; Allentown PA
| | - Gail D'Onofrio
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Yale School of Medicine; New Haven CT
| | - Marna R. Greenberg
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Lehigh Valley Hospital; University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine; Allentown PA
| | - Kathryn Hawk
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Yale School of Medicine; New Haven CT
| | - Rashelle B. Hayes
- Department of Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA
| | - Gabrielle A. Jacquet
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston MA
| | - Melanie J. Lippmann
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence RI
| | - Karin V. Rhodes
- Department of Emergency Medicine; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA
| | - Susan H. Watts
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; El Paso TX
| | - Edwin D. Boudreaux
- Department of Emergency Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA
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